Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Injury rates and work-related diseases following workforce reduction among South Korean on-site workers in basic local governments between 2016 and 2018: Dongwhan Suh, Nahyun Kim, Han-Na Jung, Woo Chul Jeong, Hyunjoo Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e17. Published online July 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e17

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: Background
South Korean on-site workers in the public sector, fully covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act, often perform hazardous tasks. However, their status and injury rates remain poorly documented. This study aimed to analyze changes in injury rates and the proportion of work-related diseases (WRDs) among on-site workers in basic local governments (BLGs) following workforce reductions between 2016 and 2018.
Methods
Data from two sources provided by the Ministry of Employment and Labor were analyzed: organizational data on the number of on-site workers, and cases of injuries, deaths, and diseases among on-site workers in 226 BLGs from 2016 to 2018; and workers’ compensation claims data (individual data) for on-site workers in BLGs during the same period. Injury, mortality, and disease incidence rates were calculated and compared between BLGs with increased and decreased workforce. The proportion of WRDs among all the injuries was also examined.
Results
The total number of on-site workers in BLGs decreased by 18.1% in 2018 compared with 2016. The injury rate increased from 0.46% in 2016 to 0.62% in 2018. BLGs with workforce reductions showed higher injury rates, particularly in those with fewer than 1,000 on-site workers. The proportion of WRDs among all injuries increased by 1.34 times in 2018 compared with 2016.
Conclusions
Workforce reductions among on-site workers in BLGs are associated with higher injury rates and a great proportion of WRDs. These findings highlight the need for improved occupational safety and health practices within the public sector and serve as an important basis for establishing workforce management and injury prevention policies. However, limitations in the available data made it challenging to identify worker groups particularly vulnerable to WRDs. Further research is needed, as it is critical for the development of effective occupational safety and health policies.; 한국 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자의 인력감소에 따른 재해율 및 작업관련질병 구성비 변화: 2016 - 2018년 산업재해 승인 자료 분석
목적
산업안전보건법의 전면 적용 대상인 공공행정 기관의 현업업무 종사자들은 종종 위험한 업무를 수행하고 있으나, 이들의 현황과 이들이 겪는 재해에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구는 2016년부터 2018년까지 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자에서의 인력 감소 이후 재해율 및 작업관련질병 구성비의 변화를 분석하고자 하였다.
방법
고용노동부에서 제공한 2가지 자료를 분석하였다: (1) 2016년부터 2018년까지 226개 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자 수, 재해자 수, 사망자 수, 질병 이환자 수를 포함한 조직 수준 자료, (2) 2016년부터 2018년까지 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자의 산업재해 승인 자료 (개별 수준 자료). 이를 통해 재해율, 사망률, 질병 이환율을 산출하고, 전년 대비 근로자 수 증감에 따라 기초자치단체를 구분하여 두 집단 간 이러한 수치를 비교하였다. 또한, 전체 산업재해 중 작업관련질병의 구성비도 분석하였다.
결과
2018년 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자 수는 2016년 대비 18.1% 감소하였다. 재해율은 2016년 0.46%에서 2018년 0.62%로 증가하였다. 전년 대비 현업업무 종사자 수가 감소한 기초자치단체에서의 재해율은 전년 대비 증가한 기초자치단체에서의 재해율보다 더 높았으며, 이는 현업업무 종사자 수가 1,000명 미만인 기초자치단체에서 더 두드러졌다. 전체 산업재해 중 작업관련질병의 구성비는 2016년에 비해 2018년에 1.34배 증가하였다.
결론
기초자치단체의 현업업무 종사자 수 감소는 재해율 및 작업관련질병 구성비 증가와 관련이 있다. 본 연구 결과는 공공부문 현업업무 종사자의 산업안전보건에 대한 인식을 제고하고, 향후 인력관리 및 재해 예방 정책 수립을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다. 다만, 원 자료의 한계로 인해 작업관련질병에 특히 취약한 근로자 집단을 구체적으로 파악하는 데는 어려움이 있었다. 이는 산업안전보건 정책 수립 시 중요한 문제이므로 향후 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

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Case Report

Recognized cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in automobile workers by the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee: Yongjin Kim, Jong-Hyeop O, Hyungyoel Cho, Shinhee Ye; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e28. Published online October 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e28

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
Three automobile company workers (one from Factory D and two from Factory E) were diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The Korean Epidemiologic Investigation and Evaluation Committee determined that there is considerable scientific evidence supporting the association between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and combined exposure to heavy metals, organic solvents, and diesel exhaust at the manufacturing plant.
Case presentation
Patient A, who primarily engaged in engine processing and completed vehicle inspection at Factory D, was exposed to considerable amounts of heavy metals and organic solvents during medium- and large-engine processing, welding, and painting for over 23 years. Additionally, the patient was likely exposed to diesel exhaust for 33 years from forklifts delivering engines in the workshop. Patients B and C, who were responsible for engine assembly, ignition testing, and engine shipment at Factory E since around 1990, were exposed to lead and benzene from gasoline during engine ignition tests in the engine department for 15 and 16 years, respectively. They also encountered welding fumes, heavy metals, and organic solvents during welding and painting tasks. In addition, Patients B and C were continuously exposed to diesel exhaust from logistics vehicles on standby during work hours for 25 and 30 years, respectively.
Conclusions
Although the specific level of lead exposure causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains undetermined, numerous studies have consistently reported a relationship between lead exposure and disease development. Limited evidence suggests that exposure to organic solvents and diesel exhaust may increase the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, the Epidemiological Investigation and Evaluation Committee concluded that the three patients’ work-related exposure to heavy metals, organic solvents, and diesel exhaust is significantly supported by scientific evidence as a cause of their amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.; 일개 자동차 회사 근로자에서 발생한 근위축성 측삭경화증: 3개 사례보고
배경
일개 자동차 회사의 3명의 근로자(공장 D에서 1명, 공장 E에서 2명)가 근위축성 측삭경화증(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) 진단을 받았다. 역학조사평가위원회는 근로자에서 중금속, 유기용제, 디젤 배기가스에 대한 복합 노출과 근위축성 측삭경화증 발병 사이에 상당한 과학적 증거가 있다고 판단하였다.
증례
근로자 A는 공장 D에서 주로 엔진 가공 및 완성 차량 검사 업무를 담당하며, 약 23년 동안 중대형 엔진 가공, 용접 및 도장 작업 중 상당한 양의 중금속 및 유기용제에 노출되었다. 또한, 약 33년동안 지게차로 엔진을 운반하는 업무를 하며 발생하는 디젤 배기가스에 노출되었다. 근로자 B와 C는 1990년대 초부터 공장 E에서 엔진 조립, 엔진 착화테스트 및 엔진 출하 업무를 담당했으며, 각각 약 15년, 약 16년 동안 엔진 착화테스트 업무를 하며 휘발유에 포함된 납 및 벤젠 등에 노출되었다. 그리고 용접 및 도장 작업을 하며 용접 흄, 중금속 및 유기용제 등에 노출되었다. 또한 근로자 B와 C는 각각 약 25년, 약 30년 동안 작업 중 인근에 대기 중인 물류 차량으로부터 지속적으로 디젤 배기가스에 노출되었다.
결론
근위축성 측삭경화증을 발생시킬 수 있는 납 노출 수준은 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았지만, 비교적 많은 연구에서 납 노출과 질병의 발병 사이 관계를 일관되게 보고하고 있었다. 유기용제 및 디젤 배기가스에 대한 노출이 근위축성 측삭경화증의 발생 위험을 증가시킬 수 있다는 제한적인 증거도 있었다. 따라서, 역학조사평가위원회는 3명의 근로자가 근무 중 노출된 중금속, 유기용제 및 디젤 배기가스가 근위축성 측삭경화증의 원인이라는 과학적 근거가 상당하다고 판단하였다.

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Original Article

Rotating shift and BMI increase among healthcare workers in a military hospital: pre- and post-pandemic analysis in Taiwan: Zong-Ming Chen, Ro-Ting Lin; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e15. Published online June 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e15

Abstract PDF

Background

The increasing prevalence of high body mass index (BMI) emphasizes the need for action. Understanding of BMI factors among military hospital healthcare workers remains limited. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing BMI risk factors and changes pre- and post-coronavirus 2019 pandemic among military hospital healthcare workers in central Taiwan from 2019 to 2021.

Methods

Conducted at a military hospital in central Taiwan, this study analyzed anonymized health examination data from 2019 to 2021 for 483 healthcare workers. We performed generalized estimating equations to investigate trends in BMI and its association with various factors, including age, sex, job titles, military status, job tenure, work shifts, and lifestyle habits.

Results

The risk of increased BMI was higher in 2021 compared to 2019 (risk ratio [RR]: 1.008, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001–1.014). Individuals on rotating shifts had a higher risk of increased BMI compared to day shift workers (RR: 1.021; 95% CI: 1.008–1.035) and higher odds of obesity (odds ratio: 1.546; 95% CI: 1.099–2.175). Among obese individuals, BMI in soldiers was approximately 4.9% lower than in non-soldiers (RR: 0.951; 95% CI: 0.915–0.988).

Conclusions

This study identified a significant post-pandemic increase in BMI among healthcare workers in a Taiwanese military hospital, with rotating shifts being a key risk factor for both increased BMI and obesity. Work-related factors influenced BMI changes among obese individuals, while non-work-related factors were significant for non-obese individuals. These findings highlight the broader effects of the pandemic and the specific impact of work-related factors on obese healthcare workers.

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Association of whole-body and regional body fat mass indexes with depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors in Korean adults: The moderating role of age
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Journal of Affective Disorders.2025; 385: 119362. CrossRef
Relationships Between Work, Lifestyles, and Obesity: Comparative Analysis Between the Spanish National Health Survey 2017 and the European Health Survey 2020 in Spain
Guillermo Moreno, Marta M. Hernández-Martín, Alfonso Meneses-Monroy, Antonio Moreno-Pimentel, L. Iván Mayor-Silva, Domingo de-Pedro-Jiménez
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2025; 67(9): e662. CrossRef
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Original Article

Impact of neck posture and insulating stick use on neck disability in Korean line workers: a cross-sectional study: Bounggyun Ju, Jaehoo Lee, Hye-min Kim, Chul Gab Lee, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e11. Published online April 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e11

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Occupational neck disability is a prevalent issue, especially among line workers, who are often exposed to elevated levels of cervical ergonomic stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of neck posture and insulating stick use on neck disability in a specific occupational group in Korea.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 483 line workers in Gwangju and Jeonnam, Korea. Data were collected using the Neck Disability Index, Cervical Degenerative Index, and a structured questionnaire focusing on demographic and occupational factors. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for neck posture and factors related to neck disability.

Results

Neck disability prevalence was 17.2% among the participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors related to neck disability included age over 60 years (adjusted OR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.63–5.83), depression (adjusted OR: 8.33; 95% CI: 3.85–18.00), a history of cervical trauma (adjusted OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04–4.40), and radiological degenerative changes in the cervical spine (adjusted OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.26–4.33). In particular, the adjusted OR of neck disability among live-line workers was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.12–3.92) when compared with support workers (model 1). Other analysis models showed that use of insulating sticks for more than 10 hours per week (adjusted OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.32–4.61) and higher neck extension (adjusted OR: 2.98; 95% CI: 1.14–3.46) were significant work-related risk factors (model 2,3).

Conclusions

Neck posture, age, depression, cervical trauma history, degenerative changes in the cervical spine, and use of insulating sticks are significant risk factors for neck disability among line workers in Korea. These findings highlight the need to improve the working environment and reduce the burden of cervical ergonomic stress among line workers.

한국 배전보수원의 목 부담자세와 절연스틱사용이 목 장애에 미치는 영향
목적
직업성 목 장애는 특히 높은 수준의 목 부담에 자주 노출되는 배전보수원 사이에서 흔한 문제다. 본 연구는 배전보수원을 대상으로 목 부담자세와 절연스틱사 용이 목 장애에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다.
방법
본 단면연구는 광주와 전남 지역의 배전보수원 483명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 목 장애 지수, 경추퇴행성 지수, 인구통계학적 및 직업적 요인에 초점을 맞춘 구조화된 설문지를 사용하여 데이터를 수집했다. 목 부담자세와 목 장애 관련 요인에 대한 보정 교차비와 95% 신뢰구간(CI)을 알아보기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다.
결과
목 장애 유병률은 활선작업자(22.6%)에서 가장 높았으며, 연령이 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 목 장애 관련 요인은 우울증(8.13, 95% CI: 4.02~16.43), 경추 외상 병력(3.53, 95% CI: 1.88~6.63), 경추 방사선학적 퇴행성 변화(2.35, 95% CI: 1.36-4.07)였다. 직업적 요인으로 활선작업자의 보정교차비는 2.10 (95% CI: 1.12-3.92)이었고, 절연스틱을 주당 10시간 이상 사용하는 경우 보정교차비는 2.46 (95% CI: 1.32-4.61)이었다. 또한, 높은 목 신전 부담의 보정교차비는 1.98 (95% CI: 1.14-3.46)이었다.
결론
연령, 우울증, 경추 외상, 경추의 퇴행성 변화와 같은 일반적 요인뿐만 아니라 활선작업, 절연스틱 사용, 목 부담 자세와 같은 직업적 요인은 국내 배전보수원의 목 장애를 유발하는 위험 요인이다. 이러한 결과는 배전보수원의 작업환경 개선의 필요성을 시사한다.

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Original Article

Exploring the association between non-regular employment and adverse birth outcomes: an analysis of national data in Japan: Tasuku Okui, Naoki Nakashima; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e6. Published online March 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e6; Correction in: Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36(0):e30

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

As few studies have explored the association between non-regular or precarious employment in parents and adverse birth outcomes, this study aimed to investigate this association using national data in Japan.

Methods

This study utilized the census data from 2020 and birth data from the vital statistics in 2021 and 2022 in the analysis. Adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth, term low birth weight (TLBW), and small-for-gestational-age, were examined. Data linkage was conducted between birth data and census data to link parental employment statuses and educational attainments with birth data. Rates of adverse birth outcomes were calculated for each parental employment status. Additionally, regression analysis was used to determine adjusted risk ratios (RRs) of parental employment statuses for each birth outcome.

Results

After data linkage, 334,110 birth records were included in the statistical analysis. Rates for non-regular workers were consistently higher than those for regular workers across all adverse birth outcomes for maternal employment status. Results of regression analyses indicated that the risks of preterm birth for non-regular workers were statistically significantly higher than those for regular workers, both in mothers and fathers with a RR (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of 1.053 (1.004–1.104) and 1.142 (1.032–1.264), respectively. Furthermore, the risk of TLBW birth for non-regular workers was statistically significantly higher than that for regular workers in fathers (RR [95% CI]: 1.092 [1.043–1.143]).

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that non-regular workers have a higher risk of some adverse birth outcomes compared to regular workers.

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Case Report

Prostate cancer in workers exposed to night-shift work: two cases recognized by the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee: Sungkyun Park, Seongwon Ma, Hoekyeong Seo, Sang Gil Lee, Jihye Lee, Shinhee Ye; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e52. Published online December 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e52

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

In 2019, the International Agency for Research on Cancer re-evaluated the carcinogenicity of night-shift work and reported that there is limited evidence that night-shift work is carcinogenic for the development of prostate cancer. Therefore, in 2020 and 2021, the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee concluded that 2 cases of prostate cancer were occupational diseases related to the night-shift work. Here, we report the 2 cases of prostate cancer in night-shift workers which were first concluded as occupational diseases by the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee.

Case presentation

Patient A: A 61-year-old man worked as a city bus driver for approximately 17 years, from 2002 to 2019, and was exposed to night-shift work during this period. In March 2017, the patient was diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer through core-needle biopsy after experiencing stinging pain lasting for 2 months. Patient B: A 56-year-old man worked as an electrician and an automated equipment operator in a cement manufacturing plant for 35 years from 1976 to 2013 and was exposed to night-shift work during this period. In 2013, the patient was diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer through core needle biopsy at a university hospital because of dysuria that lasted for 6 months.

Conclusions

The 2 workers were diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer after working night shifts for 17 and 35 years respectively. Additionally, previous studies have reported that high-grade prostate cancer has a stronger relationship with night-shift work than low or medium-grade prostate cancer. Therefore, the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee concluded that night-shift work in these 2 patients contributed to the development of their prostate cancer.

야간교대근무 근로자에서 발생한 전립선암 2례
배경
2019년 국제암연구소(IARC)은 야간교대근무의 발암성을 재평가하였고 야간교대근무와 전립선암이 양의 연관성을 가지고 있다고 보고하였다. 2020년과 2021년에 역학조사평가위원회는 두 명의 야간교대근무 근로자에서 발생한 전립선암이 야간교대근무와 관련된 직업병이라고 결론지었다. 따라서 국내에서 처음으로 직업병으로 인정된 야간교대근무 근로자에서 발생한 전립선암 2건의 사례를 소개하고자 한다.
증례
남성 근로자 A는 만 61세에 두 달간 지속된 찌르는 듯한 증상으로 비뇨기과를 방문하였고전립성특이항원 검사와 전립선 중심바늘생검을 받은 후 전립선암을 진단받았다. 근로자 A 는 2002년부터 2019년까지 시내버스를 운행하였고, 약 17년간 야간교대근무를 하면서 하루에 10시간 이상, 주당 6일간 업무를 수행하였다. 남성 근로자 B는 6개월간 지속된 배뇨곤란 증상으로 병원에서 중심바늘생검을 통해 전립선암을 진단받았다. 근로자 B는 1976년부터 2013년까지 시멘트 제조공장에서 전기기사와 자동화기기 오퍼레이터로 근무하였으며, 약 35년간 야간교대근무에 노출되었다. 근로자 A와 B는 전립선암 조직검사에서 Gleason’s score가 높은 공격적인 전립선암을 진단받았고, 업무 중 디젤엔진배출물질에도 노출되었다.
고찰
국제암연구소는 야간교대근무가 전립선암 발암성에 미치는 영향에 대해 제한적인 근거가 있다고 하였다. 이 외에도 2018년에 보고된 프랑스의 환자-대조군 연구는 긴 교대시간 길이(>10시간), 최소 6박 연속 야간근무, 장기간(20년 이상 또는 1,314일 이상)의 영구적인 야간근무가 공격적인 전립선암과 특히 유의한 연관성이 있다고 하였다. 몇 건의 메타분석 연구에서도 야간교대근무가 전립선암과 유의하다는 결과가 있었고, 특히 아시아 국가 남성에서 그 결과가 유의하다고 하였다. 또한, 디젤엔진배출물질과 전립선암이 유의한 연관성이 있다는 문헌이 일부 확인되었다. 따라서, 역학조사평가위원회는 두 근로자에서 발생한 전립선암에 대한 업무관련성의 과학적 근거가 상당하다고 판단하였다. 따라서, 야간교대근무가 전립선암 발병에 기여하는 위험성을 인지하고, 야간교대근무 근로자를 대상으로 작업시간 조절과 전립선암의 조기발견을 위한 적절한 건강검진 제공에 대한 고려가 필요하다.

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Original Article

Association between exposure to violence, job stress and depressive symptoms among gig economy workers in Korea: Min-Seok Kim, Juyeon Oh, Juho Sim, Byung-Yoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e43. Published online October 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e43

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Gig workers, also known as platform workers, are independent workers who are not employed by any particular company. The number of gig economy workers has rapidly increased worldwide in the past decade. There is a dearth of occupational health studies among gig economy workers. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to violence and job stress in gig economy workers and depressive symptoms.

Methods

A total of 955 individuals (521 gig workers and 434 general workers) participated in this study and variables were measured through self-report questionnaires. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 when the score was greater than or equal to 10 points. The odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, working hours, education level, exposure to violence and job stress.

Results

19% of gig economy workers reported depressive symptoms, while only 11% of general workers reported the depressive symptoms. In association to depressive symptoms among gig economy workers, the mainly result of odds ratios for depressive symptoms were as follows: 1.81 for workers type, 3.53 for humiliating treatment, 2.65 for sexual harassment, 3.55 for less than three meals per day, 3.69 for feeling too tired to do housework after leaving work.

Conclusions

Gig economic workers are exposed to violence and job stress in the workplace more than general workers, and the proportion of workers reporting depressive symptoms is also high. These factors are associated to depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the gig workers associated between depressive symptoms and exposure to violence, job stress.

한국 긱경제 근로자에서 폭력 및 직무 스트레스 노출과 우울 증상관의 연관성
목적
긱경제 근로자 또는 플랫폼 근로자는 특정 회사에 고용되지 않은 독립적인 근로자들을 말한다. 긱경제는 그 규모가 커지고 있고, 종사하는 근로자들도 많아지고 있으나, 긱경제 노동자들의 산업 보건 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 우리는 긱경제 근로자에서 폭력 노출과 직무 스트레스에 노출되는 것이 우울 증상과 연관성이 있는지 조사하는 것을 목표로 했다.
방법
총 955명(긱 근로자 521명, 일반 근로자 434명)이 본 연구에 참여하였으며, 우울 증상은 PHQ-9(Patient Health Questionnaire-9) 점수가 10점 이상일 때로 평가하였다. 폭력 노출과 직무 스트레스는 자기보고식 설문지를 이용하여 측정하였다. 연령, 성별, 근무시간, 교육수준을 보정한 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval를 산출했다.
결과
긱 근로자의 19%가 우울 증상을 보고한 반면, 일반 근로자의 11%만이 우울 증상을 보고했습니다. 긱경제 근로자의 우울상과 관련하여 우울상 Odds ratio의 주요 결과는표3에서 ‘긱경제 근로자’ 1.89, ‘굴욕적 처우 경험’ 3.53, ‘성희롱 경험’ 2.65, ‘하루 세 끼 미만의 식사’ 3.55, ‘퇴근 후 집안일을 하기엔 너무 피곤함’ 3.69로 나타났다.
결론
긱경제 근로자는 일반 근로자에 비해 직장 내 폭력과 직무스트레스에 더 많이 노출되고, 우울 증상을 호소하는 근로자의 비율도 높다. 이러한 요인은 우울 증상과 관련이 있다. 더욱이, 긱경제 근로자들은 우울 증상과 폭력 노출, 직업 스트레스와 관련이 있다.

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Original Article

Dynamics of pre-shift and post-shift lung function parameters among wood workers in Ghana: John Ekman, Philip Quartey, Abdala Mumuni Ussif, Niklas Ricklund, Daniel Lawer Egbenya, Gideon Akuamoah Wiafe, Korantema Mawuena Tsegah, Akua Karikari, Håkan Löfstedt, Francis Tanam Djankpa; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e39. Published online September 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e39

Abstract PDF

Background

Diseases affecting the lungs and airways contribute significantly to the global burden of disease. The problem in low- and middle-income countries appears to be exacerbated by a shift in global manufacturing base to these countries and inadequate enforcement of environmental and safety standards. In Ghana, the potential adverse effects on respiratory function associated with occupational wood dust exposure have not been thoroughly investigated.

Methods

Sixty-four male sawmill workers and 64 non-woodworkers participated in this study. The concentration of wood dust exposure, prevalence and likelihood of association of respiratory symptoms with wood dust exposure and changes in pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters in association with wood dust exposure were determined from dust concentration measurements, symptoms questionnaire and lung function test parameters.

Results

Sawmill workers were exposed to inhalable dust concentration of 3.09 ± 0.04 mg/m³ but did not use respirators and engaged in personal grooming habits that are known to increase dust inhalation. The sawmill operators also showed higher prevalence and likelihoods of association with respiratory symptoms, a significant cross-shift decline in some PFT parameters and a shift towards a restrictive pattern of lung dysfunction by end of daily shift. The before-shift PFT parameters of woodworkers were comparable to those of non-woodworkers, indicating a lack of chronic effects of wood dust exposure.

Conclusions

Wood dust exposure at the study site was associated with acute respiratory symptoms and acute changes in some PFT parameters. This calls for institution and enforcement of workplace and environmental safety policies to minimise exposure at sawmill operating sites, and ultimately, decrease the burden of respiratory diseases.

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Original Article

The relationship between fatigue and sickness absence from work: Minsun Kim, Jiho Kim, SeongCheol Yang, Dong-Wook Lee, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem, Hwan-Cheol Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e32. Published online August 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e32

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Although many studies have been conducted on worker fatigue and sickness absence, the association between fatigue and sickness absence is unclear in Korean workers. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of worker fatigue on future sickness absence.

Methods

The study was conducted on workers who received medical check-ups at a university hospital for two consecutive years (2014–2015). During check-ups in the first year, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was used to assess fatigue levels, and during check-ups in the second year, sickness absence was surveyed to determine whether they had been absent from work due to physical or mental illness during previous 12 months. The χ² test was used to analyze relationships between sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, fatigue levels, and sickness absence. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression analysis controlled for confounding factors.

Results

A total of 12,250 workers were included in the study, and 396 (3.2%) workers experienced more than one day of sickness absence during the study period. Adjusted ORs for sickness absence were 3.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.64–4.28) in the moderate-fatigue group and 6.87 (95% CI: 4.93–9.57) in the high-fatigue group versus the low-fatigue group. For men in the moderate- and high-fatigue groups, adjusted ORs for sickness absence were 3.40 (95% CI: 2.58–4.48) and 8.94 (95% CI: 6.12–13.07), and for women in the moderate- and high-fatigue groups, adjusted ORs for sickness absence were 2.93 (95% CI: 1.68–5.10) and 3.71 (95% CI: 1.84–7.49), respectively.

Conclusions

Worker fatigue is associated with sickness absence during the following 12 months, and this association appears to be stronger for men than women. These results support the notion that sickness absence can be reduced by evaluating and managing work-related fatigue.

근로자의 피로와 질병 결근의 연관성
목적
근로자의 피로와 질병 결근에 관한 많은 연구가 이루어졌으나, 한국 근로자의 피로와 질병 결근의 연관성은 불분명하다. 본 연구는 근로자의 피로가 미래의 질병 결근에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다.
방법
본 연구는 2년 연속(2014년-2015년) 대학병원에서 건강검진을 받은 근로자들을 대상으로 실시되었다. 첫번째 2014년 건강검진에서는 피로 심각도 척도를 이용하여 피로도를 평가했고, 다음해인 2015년 건강검진에서는 같은 근로자를 대상으로 지난 12개월 간 신체적 질환 또는 정신적 질환으로 인한 결근한 적이 있는지를 조사했다. χ2 분석으로 사회인구학적 특성과 직업적 특성, 피로도와 질병 결근의 연관성을 분석하였다. 오즈비는 교란 요인들을 통제 후 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 통해 측정되었다.
결과
연구 대상에는 총 12,250명의 근로자가 포함되었으며, 12개월 동안 396명(3.2%)의 근로자가 하루 이상의 질병 결근을 하였다. 질병 결근에 대한 조정된 오즈비는 낮은 피로 그룹에 비해 중간 피로 그룹에서 3.35 (95% CI: 2.64-4.28), 고 피로 그룹에서 6.87 (95% CI: 4.93-9.57)였다. 남성의 질병 결근에 대한 조정된 오즈비는 중간 피로 그룹에서 3.40 (95% CI: 2.58-4.48), 고 피로 그룹에서 8.94 (95% CI: 6.12-13.07)였으며, 여성의 질병 결근에 대한 조정된 오즈비는 중간 피로 그룹에서 2.93 (95% CI: 1.68-5.10), 고 피로 그룹에서 3.71 (95% CI: 1.84-7.49)이었다.
결론
근로자의 피로는 이후 12개월 동안의 질병 결근과 관련이 있으며, 이 연관성은 여성보다 남성에게 더 강한 것으로 보인다. 이러한 결과는 업무 관련 피로를 평가하고 관리함으로써 질병 결근을 줄일 수 있다는 개념을 뒷받침한다.

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Original Article

Incidence rates of injury, musculoskeletal, skin, pulmonary and chronic diseases among construction workers by classification of occupations in South Korea: a 1,027 subject-based cohort of the Korean Construction Worker’s Cohort (KCWC): Seungho Lee, Yoon-Ji Kim, Youngki Kim, Dongmug Kang, Seung Chan Kim, Se-Yeong Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e26. Published online July 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e26

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

The objective of this study is to investigate the differences in incidence rates of targeted diseases by classification of occupations among construction workers in Korea.

Methods

In a subject-based cohort of the Korean Construction Worker’s Cohort, we surveyed a total of 1,027 construction workers. As occupational exposure, the classification of occupations was developed using two axes: construction business and job type. To analyze disease incidence, we linked survey data with National Health Insurance Service data. Eleven target disease categories with high prevalence or estimated work-relatedness among construction workers were evaluated in our study. The average incidence rates were calculated as cases per 1,000 person-years (PY).

Results

Injury, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes had the highest incidence rate of 344.08 per 1,000 PY, followed by disease of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue for 208.64 and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue for 197.87 in our cohort. We especially found that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was more common in construction painters, civil engineering welders, and civil engineering frame mold carpenters, asthma in construction painters, landscape, and construction water proofers, interstitial lung diseases in construction water proofers.

Conclusions

This is the first study to systematically classify complex construction occupations in order to analyze occupational diseases in Korean construction workers. There were differences in disease incidences among construction workers based on the classification of occupations. It is necessary to develop customized occupational safety and health policies for high-risk occupations for each disease in the construction industry.

한국 건설업 종사자의 손상, 근골격계 질환, 피부, 호흡기 및 만성질환의 건설 직종에 따른 발생률: 한국 건설업 종사자 코호트(KCWC) 의 1027명 대상자 기반 세부 코호트 분석
목적
본 연구의 목적은 한국 건설업 종사자에 있어 주요 질환의 건설 직종별 발생률 차이를 알아보는 것이다.
방법
한국 건설업 종사자 코호트(KCWC)의 대상자 기반 세부 코호트로 총 1,027명의 건설업 종사자가 1:1면접설문조사를 통해 입적되었다. 직업적 노출요인으로 직종은 크게 건설산업환경과 직무 두 가지 축으로 분류되었다: 직업적 노출(설문조사) 자료와 국민건강보험공단 청구 맞춤형 자료를 연계하여 질환의 평균 발생률을 분석하였다. 주요 질환은 건설업 종사자에서 유병률이 높거나 업무 관련성이 있을 것으로 추정되는 11개의 대상 질환을 평가하였다. 질환별 평균 발생률은 1,000인년당 발병 사례수(명)으로 계산하였다.
결과
손상, 중독 및 외인에 의한 특정 기타 결과가 1,000인년당 344.08명으로 가장 높은 발생률을 보였고, 그 다음으로 근골격계 및 결체조직의 질환이 1,000인년당 208.64명, 피부 및 피하조직 질환이 1,000인녕당 197.87명 순으로 높았다. 특히, 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환이 건축 도장공, 토목 용접공, 토목 형틀목공에서 타 직종에 비해 상대적으로 높은 발생률을 보였고, 천식은 건축 도장공, 조경, 건축 방수공에서, 간질성 폐질환은 건축 방수공에서 상대적으로 높은 발생률을 보였다.
결론
본 연구는 한국 건설업 종사자의 주요 직업성 질환 및 호발 질환 등을 복잡한 건설산업의 직종을 체계적으로 분류하여 분석한 최초의 연구로 연구진들은 건설업 종사자의 질환별 발생률에 있어 직종별 차이를 확인하였다. 건설 산업에서 각 질환별 고위험 직종별로 맞춤형 산업안전보건정책 개발이 필요하다.

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Case Report

Occupational asthma related to indoor air pollution in a worker at an indoor air gun shooting range: a case report: Kwang Min Lee, Seungho Lee, Yoon-Ji Kim, Seung-eun Lee, Youngki Kim, Dongmug Kang, Se-Yeong Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e13. Published online June 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e13

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Indoor air pollution can cause and exacerbate asthma. We report a previously undescribed case of occupational asthma related to indoor air pollution in a worker at an indoor air gun shooting range and highlight the potential risk of developing occupational asthma in this environment.

Case presentation

A 31-year-old man presented with dyspnea, cough, and sputum and was diagnosed with asthma complicated by pneumonia. Objective evidence of asthma was obtained by performing a methacholine bronchial provocation test. It was suspected that the patient had occupational asthma, which began one month after changing jobs to work within the indoor air gun shooting range. The highest peak expiratory flow (PEF) diurnal variability on working days was 15%, but the highest variation was 24%, with 4 days out of 4 weeks having a variation of over 20% related to workplace exposure. Conversely, the diurnal variability on the rest days was 7%, and no day showed a variation exceeding 20%. The difference in the average PEF between working and rest days was 52 L/min. PEF deterioration during working days and improvement on rest days were noted.

Conclusions

The results obtained from the in-depth analysis of the PEF were adequate to diagnose the patient with occupational asthma. Exposure to indoor air pollution and lead and the patient’s atopy and allergic rhinitis may have contributed to the development of occupational asthma.

실내 공기총 사격장 근로자의 실내공기오염관련 직업성 천식 증례보고
a배경: 실내공기오염은 천식을 유발하고 악화시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 실내 공기총 사격장에서 일하는 근로자의 실내 공기 오염과 관련된 이전에 기술되지 않은 직업성 천식 사례를 보고하고, 이러한 환경에서 직업성 천식 발병의 잠재적 위험을 강조한다.
증례
31세 남자가 호흡곤란, 기침, 가래 증상이 나타나 내원하였고, 폐렴이 동반된 천식으로 진단되었다. 천식의 객관적인 증거는 메타콜린 기관지유발검사를 시행하여 획득하였다. 환자는 실내공기총 사격장에서 근무하기 위해 이직한지 한달만에 직업성 천식을 앓고 있는 것으로 의심되었다. 근무일의 최고호기유량(PEF) 주간 변동성은 15%였지만, 가장 높은 변동성은 24%였으며, 4주 중 4일은 작업장 노출과 관련하여 20% 이상의 변동성을 보였다. 반대로 쉬는 날의 일교차는 7%로 20%를 넘는 날은 없었다. 근무일과 휴식일 사이의 평균 최고호기유량(PEF) 차이는 52 L/min이었다. 근무일 동안 PEF 악화 및 휴식일의 개선이 주목되었다.
결론
최고호기유량(PEF)의 심층분석결과는 직업성 천식 환자를 진단하기에 적합하였다. 실내공기오염과 납 노출, 환자의 아토피와 알레르기성 비염이 직업성 천식 발병에 기여했을 가능성이 있다.

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[Special Collection] Working hours as a social determinants of workers' health

Special Article

Problems and suggested improvement plans for occupational health service in Korea: Dongmug Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e10. Published online May 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e10

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

The purpose of this paper was to review the problems relating to Korea’s occupational health services and suggest ways to improve them. Korea can be classified as a welfare state type of conservative corporatism partially interwoven with liberalism. While experiencing compressed economic growth, the economic sectors of developed (excess areas) and developing (deficient areas) countries are interwoven. Therefore, it is necessary to perfect conservative corporatism along with a complementary reinforcement of liberal contents and to apply a multilayered approach focusing on complementing the deficient areas. It is essential to form a national representative indicator related to occupational health, and a strategy for selection and concentration is needed. The proposed central indicator is the occupational health coverage rate (OHCR), which is the number of workers who have applied for mandatory occupational health services under the Occupational Safety and Health Act in the numerator with the total working population in the denominator. This paper proposes ways to raise the OHCR, which is currently at the level of 25%–40%, to 70%–80%, which is the level of Japan, Germany, and France. To achieve this target, it is necessary to focus on small businesses and vulnerable workers. This is an area of market failure and requires the active input of community-oriented public resources. For access to larger workplaces, the marketability of services should be strengthened and personal intervention using digital health resources should be actively attempted. Taking a national perspective, work environment improvement committees with tripartite (labor, management, and government) participation for improvement of the working environment need to be established at the center and in the regions. Through this, prevention funds linked to industrial accident compensation and prevention could be used efficiently. A national chemical substance management system must be established to monitor the health of workers and the general public.

한국의 직업보건서비스의 문제점과 개선 방안
한국의 직업보건서비스의 문제점을 살펴보고 개선 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 발간된 논문과 보고서 및 2022년의 산업보건환경 변화에 따른 대응방안 연구(정책포럼)1의 결과를 중심으로 조사하였다. 한국은 보수적조합주의를 근간으로 한 자유주의가 가미된 형태의 복지국가유형으로 분류할 수 있고, 압축적 경제성장을 경험하면서 선진국과 개발도상국의 영역이 섞여 있어 과잉과 결핍이 혼재되어 있다. 따라서 한국의 직업보건서비스의 발전을 위해서는 보수조합주의적 완성도를 높이면서 부수적으로 자유주의적 내용을 보완하여야 하며, 동일한 발전단계에 대한 단일한 접근법 보다는 결핍영역에 대한 보완을 중심으로 한 중층적 접근법이 필요하다. 직업보건관련 중심적 지표를 형성하고 이에 대한 선택과 집중전략이 필요하며, 중심지표로는 현재 25~40% 수준에 머물러 있는 직업보건 적용율을 독일, 프랑스, 일본 수준인 70~80% 수준으로 제고하는 것을 목표로 삼기를 제안한다. 이렇게 하기 위해서는 소규모 사업장과 취약한 노동자에 대해 집중하여야 하며, 이 영역은 시장실패영역으로서 지역중심의 공공자원의 적극적 투입이 필요한데, 전국 보건소 숫자인 256개 정도의 지역에 지역 직업보건 지원센터를 건립할 것을 제안한다. 중규모 이상의 사업장에 대한 접근으로는 서비스의 수요에 기반한 시장성을 강화하고 디지털헬스를 이용한 개인영역의 중재를 적극 시도하여야 한다. 전국적차원에서 사업장 작업환경개선과 중재를 위한 노사정이 참여하는 작업환경개선위원회를 중앙과 지역에 설치하고, 이를 통해 산재보상과 예방을 연계한 예방기금을 효율적으로 사용하도록 한다. 국가 차원의 화학물질 관리체계를 구축하고, 근로자와 일반국민의 건강을 모니터링할 수 있어야 한다

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Sang Baek Ko
Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e1. CrossRef
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Original Article

Association between shift work and serum homocysteine level in female electronic manufacturing services workers: Jae Won Lim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Eui Yup Chung, Changho Chae, JunSeok Son, Young Hoo Shin, Seung Hyun Park, Sang Moon Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e4. Published online March 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e4

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Shift work has been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on several evidences. The classic risk factors of CVD include age, hypertension, smoking, obesity and diabetes. Recently, the serum homocysteine level has been reported to be a valuable indicator of CVD risk. This study aimed to determine the variation in serum homocysteine level as a cardiovascular risk indicator among female workers according to shift work.

Methods

The data of regular health examination of workers at an electronic manufacturing services company in Yeongnam region, South Korea in 2019 were examined in this study. The investigation was based on a cross-sectional study conducted on 697 female workers (199 day workers and 498 shift workers). The sociodemographic and biochemical characteristics were compared between day workers and shift workers. Through a logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of the increased serum homocysteine level in relation to shift work was determined.

Results

Compared to female day workers, female shift workers showed significantly higher level of serum homocysteine (8.85 ± 2.16 vs. 9.42 ± 2.04 μmol/mL; p = 0.001). The OR of day workers against shift workers was 1.81 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–2.63). With the adjustment of variables that may influence the level of serum homocysteine, the adjusted OR was 1.68 (95% CI: 1.09–2.60).

Conclusions

The serum homocysteine level was significantly higher in shift workers than in day workers. It is thus likely to be a useful predictor of CVD in shift workers.

전자제조서비스업 회사의 여성 근로자에서 교대근무와 혈청 호모시스테인 수준과의 연관성
목적
교대근무가 심혈관계질환의 발병위험도를 증가시킨다는 여러 증거들이 있다. 심혈관계질환의 고전적 위험인자로는 나이, 고혈압, 흡연, 비만, 이상지질, 당뇨병 등이 있으며, 최근 혈청 호모시스테인 수치는 심혈관계 질환의 위험도 지표로 유용한 것으로 알려지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 여성 근로자에서 교대근무 여부에 따라 심혈관계 질환의 위험도 지표인 혈청 호모시스테인의 수준 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2019년 영남지방의 한 전자제조서비스업회사 근로자의 정기건강검진 자료를 이용하여 수행하였다. 총 697명의 여성근로자(주간근무자 199명, 교대근무자 498명)의 데이터로 단면연구를 수행하였다. 주간 근무자와 교대근무자의 인구사회학적, 생화학적 특성을 비교하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 교대근무와 상승된 혈청 호모시스테인 수치의 교차비를 조사하였다.
결과
여성 주간 근로자와 비교하여 여성 교대근무자의 혈청 호모시스테인 수치가 통계적으로 유의하게 더 높았다. (8.85 ± 2.16 vs 9.42 ± 2.04 μmol/ml ; p=0.001). 교대근무자에 비해 주간 근무자의 교차비는 1.81(95% CI : 1.25-2.63) 였으며, 혈청 호모시스테인 수치에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변수를 보정한 후, 수정된 OR은 1.68(95% CI : 1.09-2.60) 이었다.
결론
혈청 호모시스테인 수치는 주간 근무자에 비해 교대근무자에서 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 교대근로자의 심혈관계 질환 발병의 예측에 있어 혈청 호모시스테인 수치가 유용하겠다.

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Case Report

Carbon monoxide poisoning-induced encephalopathy in a carbon dioxide arc welder: a case report: Seongwon Ma, Hoekyeong Seo, Dong Joon Park, Byeongju Choi, Shinhee Ye; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e19. Published online August 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e19

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
It is widely known that carbon dioxide (CO₂) arc welding generates carbon monoxide (CO). However, to the best of our knowledge, no case reports have been published regarding CO poisoning in CO₂ arc welders. Therefore, we aimed to report a case of CO poisoning-induced encephalopathy in a CO₂ arc welder in the Republic of Korea to inform about the dangers of CO exposure among CO₂arc welders.
Case presentation
A 40-year-old man working as a CO₂ arc welder for 15 years visited a local hospital with a tremor, involuntary urination, and speaking gibberish, on April 9, 2019. He stated that he had intermittent headache and forgetting symptoms for the last 5 years, and had been lost on the way to work several times. On April 9, 2019, he was diagnosed with CO poisoning-induced encephalopathy through brain magnetic resonance imaging. He received hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and some of his symptoms improved. According to the exposure assessment of his work environment, he was continuously exposed to high concentrations of CO for 15 years while operating CO₂ arc welding machines.
Conclusions
After evaluating the patient's work environment and evaluating his medical history, we concluded that his encephalopathy was caused by CO exposure during CO₂ arc welding. Thus CO₂ arc welders must be aware of the risk of CO poisoning and strive to avoid CO exposure.; 이산화탄소 아크 용접작업자에서 발생한 일산화탄소 중독으로 인한 뇌병증 사례 보고
배경
이산화탄소(CO2) 아크 용접을 시행할 때, 일산화탄소(CO)가 발생하는 것은 널리 알려진 사실이다. 하지만 선행문헌 조사 결과 CO2 아크 용접 근로자에게 발생한 CO 중독으로 인한 뇌병증 사례보고는 확인할 수 없었다. 따라서 CO2 아크 용접을 하는 국내 근로자에게 발생한 CO 중독 뇌병증 사례 보고를 통해서, CO2 아크 용접 근로자들에서 발생할 수 있는 CO노출의 위험성을 알리고자 한다.
증례
15년 간 용접공으로 일하고 있는 40세 남성이 몸이 떨리고, 의도하지 않은 소변을 보고, 대화 중 횡설수설하는 증상을 호소하며 2019년 4월 9일에 병원을 내원하였다. 이 환자는 최근 5년 동안 간헐적인 두통과 잦은 건망증이 있었고, 출근하는 길이 익숙한 길임에도 불구하고 여러 번 길을 잃어버린 적이 있다고 진술하였다. 이 환자는 내원 당일, 뇌 자기공명영상 검사를 하였고, 그 결과 일산화탄소 중독에 의한 뇌병증을 진단받았다. 이후 환자는 고압산소치료를 받았고, 간이정신상태 검사 결과 점수가 호전되었다. 본 연구진은 이 환자의 작업환경에 대한 유해물질 노출을 평가하였고, 환자가 CO2 아크 용접을 하는 동안 지속적으로 높은 농도의 일산화탄소에 약 15년간 노출되었다고 판단하였다.
고찰
따라서, 본 연구진은 이 환자가 약 15년 간 CO2 아크 용접 작업을 할 때 발생한 CO 노출이 CO 중독으로 인한 뇌병증 발병에 기여하였을 것이라고 판단하였다. CO2 아크 용접 작업 근로자들은 반드시 CO 중독의 위험성을 인지하고, CO 노출을 피하기 위해 업무 중 작업환경을 적절하게 환기시키고 보호구를 착용해야 한다.

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Original Article

Transnational ties with the home country matters: the moderation effect of the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-reported health among foreign workers in Korea: Yaena Song, Sou Hyun Jang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e18. Published online July 19, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e18

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Little attention has been paid to the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-rated health (SRH) among foreign workers in Korea. Transnational ties with the home country are known to be critical among immigrants, as they allow the maintenance of social networks and support. Nonetheless, as far as we know, no studies have examined the impact of transnational ties on SRH itself and the relationship between perceived discrimination and SRH, which the current study tries to examine.

Methods

Logistic regression analyses were conducted using the 2013 Survey on Living Conditions of Foreign Workers in Korea. Adult foreign workers from different Asian countries (n = 1,370) participated in this study. The dependent variable was good SRH and the independent variable was perceived discrimination. Transnational ties with the home country, as a moderating variable, was categorized into broad (i.e., contacting family members in the home country) vs. narrow types (i.e., visiting the home country).

Results

Foreign workers who perceived discrimination had a lower rate of good SRH than those who did not perceive discrimination. Broad social transnational ties moderated the relationship between perceived discrimination and SRH; narrow social transnational ties did not.

Conclusions

In line with previous studies, an association was found between perceived discrimination and SRH. Broad social transnational ties can be a good source of social support and buffer against the distress of perceived discrimination.

한국거주 외국인 노동자의 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 관계: 모국과의 초국가적 연계의 조절효과를 중심으로
목적
1990년대 이후 외국인노동자의 숫자는 한국 사회에서 점차 증가하고 있다. 여러 선행연구들에서 연구자들은 차별인식과 주관적 건강이 부(-)의 관계가 있음을 밝혔으나, 한국적 맥락에서 외국인 노동자들의 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계를 본 연구는 드물다. 최근 기술의 발전에 따라 이주민들의 모국과의 초국가적 연계(transnational ties with the home country)가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 초국가적 연계가 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계를 조절하는지에 대한 연구는 부재하여, 본 연구에서 고찰해 보고자 한다.
방법
본 연구는 2013년 체류외국인실태조사를 이용하여 1) 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계와 2) 모국과의 초국가적 연계의 조절 효과를 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 알아본다 (N=1,370). 종속변수는 양호한 주관적 건강(good self-rated health)이었으며, 독립변수는 한국에 거주하는 동안 인식한 차별(perceived discrimination) 여부이다. 조절변수로는 넓은 모국과의 초국가적 연계(모국에 있는 가족이나 친구와 연락하는 빈도)와 좁은 연계(모국 방문 빈도)로 측정되었다.
결과
한국 내에서의 차별인식과 주관적 건강은 부의 관계가 있었다. 모국에 있는 가족이나 친구와의 연락을 통한 넓은 의미의 초국가적 연계는 이 관계를 조절하였으나 모국을 방문하는 좁은 의미의 초국가적 연계는 조절 효과가 없었다.
결론
한국 내에 외국인 노동자에 대한 차별을 줄이는 노력과 더불어 외국인 노동자들이 모국에 있는 가족, 친구들과 초국가적으로 긴밀히 연결되어 이를 통해 사회적 지지를 받을 수 있도록 돕는 정책과 지원이 필요하다.

Citations

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Transnationalism and the International Counseling Student: An Interpretative Phenomenological Approach
Malvika Behl, John J. S. Harrichand
Counselor Education and Supervision.2025; 64(2): 266. CrossRef
Innocent Comrades or Blameworthy Foreigners: Transborder Ethnic Boundary Formation by South Korean Newspapers and Readers Amidst Anti‐Asian Racism in the US
Ji‐won Lee, Hyerim Jo
Sociological Inquiry.2024; 94(4): 747. CrossRef
Ethnic discrimination, asking for fair treatment, and poor self-rated health: a gender stratified analysis of 13,443 Korean Chinese waged workers in South Korea
Hayoung Lee, Ji-Hwan Kim, Garin Lee, Hyelin Lee, Mita Huq, Delanjathan Devakumar, Seung-Sup Kim
International Journal for Equity in Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Support or Strain?: Transnational Social Ties and Deviant Behaviors Among Multicultural Adolescents in South Korea
Sou Hyun Jang, Hyojong Song, Juyeon Kim
Deviant Behavior.2024; : 1. CrossRef
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The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific.2024; 52: 101228. CrossRef

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Original Article

Analyzing decline in quality of life by examining employment status changes of occupationally injured workers post medical care: Won-Tae Lee, Sung-Shil Lim, Min-Seok Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e17. Published online July 18, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e17

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

This study aimed to investigate the decline in quality of life (QOL) by examining changes in the employment status of workers who had completed medical treatment after an industrial accident.

Methods

This study utilized the Panel Study of Worker’s Compensation Insurance cohort (published in October 2020) containing a sample survey of 3,294 occupationally injured workers who completed medical care in 2017. We divided this population into four groups according to changes in working status. A multivariate logistic regression model was utilized for evaluating QOL decline by adjusting for the basic characteristics and working environment at the time of accident. Subgroup analysis evaluated whether QOL decline differed according to disability grade and industry group.

Results

The QOL decline in the “maintained employment,” “employed to unemployed,” “remained unemployed,” and “unemployed to employed” groups were 15.3%, 28.1%, 20.2%, and 11.9%, respectively. The “maintained employment” group provided a reference. As a result of adjusting for the socioeconomic status and working environment, the odds ratios (ORs) of QOL decline for the “employed to unemployed” group and the “remained unemployed” group were 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51–3.01) and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.13–1.90), respectively. The “unemployed to employed” group had a non-significant OR of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.54–1.07).

Conclusions

This study revealed that continuous unemployment or unstable employment negatively affected industrially injured workers’ QOL. Policy researchers and relevant ministries should further develop and improve “return to work” programs that could maintain decent employment avenues within the workers’ compensation system.

한국 산업재해 근로자의 요양 종료 후 고용상태의 변화와 삶의 질 저하와의 관계 분석
목적
산업재해 근로자의 요양 이후 직업 복귀와 삶의 질에 대한 사안은 이전부터 큰 사회적 관심사였다. 하지만 요양 종결 이후의 경제활동상태의 종적인 변화와 삶의 질과 연관시킨 연구는 거의 없다. 본 연구는 산업재해 후 요양을 마친 근로자의 고용상태 변화를 조사하여 삶의 질(QOL) 저하를 조사하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2017년에 요양을 마친 3,294명의 산업재해 근로자를 대상으로 한 산재보험패널조사의 자료를 활용하였다. 우리는 이 산재노동자 인구를 근로 상태의 변화에 따라 ”고용 상태 유지”, ”고용에서 미취업 상태”, ”미취업 상태 유지” 및 ”미취업에서 고용 상태”의 4개 그룹으로 나누었다. 다변량 로지스틱 회귀모형은 기본 특성과 산업재해 당시의 작업환경을 보정하여 삶의 질 저하를 평가하는데 활용하였다. 하위집단 분석은 장애등급과 산업군에 따라 삶의 질 저하가 다른 지를 평가하였다.
결과
“고용 상태 유지”, ”고용에서 미취업 상태”, ”미취업 상태 유지” 및 ”미취업에서 고용 상태” 그룹의 삶의 질 감소 비율은 각각 15.3%, 28.1%, 20.2%, 그리고 11.9%이었다. 고용 상태를 유지한 그룹을 기준으로 하였을 때 사회경제적 상태와 근로환경을 보정한 결과 “고용에서 미취업 상태” 집단과 “미취업 상태 유지” 집단의 삶의 질 하락의 오즈비는 2.13 (95% 신뢰구간: 1.51–3.01)과 1.47로 분석되었다. (95% 신뢰구간: 1.13–1.90). "미취업에서 고용 상태" 그룹은 유의하지 않은 오즈비 0.76(95% 신뢰구간: 0.54–1.07)을 가졌다.
결론
본 연구에서는 지속적인 실업과 불안정한 고용이 산업재해 근로자의 삶의 질에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 높은 장해등급, 건설업종의 경우 위험성이 더 높다. 정책 연구자와 관련 부처는 산업재해 보상 시스템 내에서 적절한 고용 수단을 유지할 수 있는 프로그램의 개발 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

Citations

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Work Performance Among Workers without Disabilities after Industrial Accidents: A Longitudinal Study
Chong Min Hong
The Open Public Health Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Self-Esteem Trajectories After Occupational Injuries and Diseases and Their Relation to Changes in Subjective Health: Result From the Panel Study of Workers’ Compensation Insurance (PSWCI)
Seong-Uk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Macro Aspect of Quality of Life Can Be Affected by Occupational Accidents, a Macro Vision for Managers
Farahnaz Khajehnasiri, Vida Zaroushani
Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology.2023; 12(3): 130. CrossRef
Prevalence and Consequences of Verbal Aggression among Bank Workers: A Survey into an Italian Banking Institution
Daniela Acquadro Maran, Antonella Varetto, Cristina Civilotti, Nicola Magnavita
Administrative Sciences.2022; 12(3): 78. CrossRef

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Original Article

Relationship between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety, separating the types of perpetrators: a cross-sectional study using data from the fourth and fifth Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS): Na-Rae Lee, Sang-Woo Kim, Jae-Han Joo, Jae-Han Lee, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e13. Published online June 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e13

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Work is an inseparable element of a person’s life, and violence in the workplace has various effects on individual workers and companies. While most studies have focused on specific industries, very few studies have investigated the influence of workplace violence by co-workers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety in various occupations by differentiating the perpetrators of violence as co-workers and clients.

Methods

This study was conducted based on data from the 4th and 5th Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS). The experience of workplace violence was classified in terms of the perpetrator: workplace violence by co-workers and that by clients. Work-related depression and anxiety were assessed using questions about health problems related to depression and anxiety and whether the problems were related to work. Descriptive statistics, χ² tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using the SPSS 26.0.

Results

After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, income, subjective health status) and occupational characteristics (occupation, weekly working hours, type of employment, size of workplace, and shift work), male workers with experience of workplace violence by co-workers were found to be at a higher risk of work-related depression/anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 11.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.65–15.36). The same was confirmed for female workers (OR, 10.89; 95% CI, 7.90–15.02).

Conclusions

Employees who experienced workplace violence from co-workers were found to be more vulnerable to work-related depression/anxiety. Continuous contact between the victim and the perpetrator may occur, and the possibility of a secondary assault can frighten the victim. Appropriate prevention and intervention measures that focus on the perpetrators of violence are needed.

가해자 유형별 작업장 폭력과 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성
목적
작업장 폭력은 근로환경에서 타인에게 의도적으로 상해, 사망, 정신적 손상, 발달장애 또는 결핍을 일으키는 행위나 위협을 가하는 것으로, 근로자의 신체적·정신적 건강에 부정적 영향을 미치며 기업의 생산성을 저해한다. 작업장 폭력에 대한 대다수의 연구는 특정 직종에 초점을 맞추고 있어 직장 동료에 의해 내부에서 발생하는 작업장 폭력의 영향이 잘 반영되지 않을 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 가해자 유형별 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성을 비교‧확인하고자 한다.
방법
제 4차 및 제 5차 근로환경조사를 바탕으로, 만 18세 이상 피고용자 55,201 명에서 작업장 폭력에 대한 경험과 그 가해자 및 업무 관련 우울/불안 유무를 분석하였다. SPSS 26.0을 통해 기술통계, 카이제곱검정 및 다중로짓회귀분석을 시행했고, 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자에서 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안이 있을 위험에 대한 Odds ratio [OR]를 구하였다.
결과
성별을 막론하여 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자의 경우 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 빈도가 유의하게 높았다. 작업장 폭력을 경험한 남성 근로자에서 업무 관련 우울/불안에 대한 OR은 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 11.52 (95% Confidence interval [CI] 8.65-15.36), 고객일 경우 5.06 (95% CI 3.73-6.88)으로 나타났으며, 여성 근로자의 경우에도 마찬가지로 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 OR 10.89 (95% CI 7.90-15.02), 고객일 경우 OR 4.94 (95% CI 3.77-6.47)로 나타났다.
결론
작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자는 작업장 폭력 경험이 없는 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우, 피해자와 가해자가 동일 작업장 내에서 지속적으로 접촉하여 폭력에 대한 반복적인 회상 또는 2차 가해 등이 이루어지기 쉬운 환경이 조성되기 때문에 고객에 의한 작업장 폭력에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크게 나타날 수 있다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자를 고려한 적절한 예방 및 중재 조치가 필요하며, 해당 분야에 대해 후속 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

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Original Article

Analysis of self-reported mental health problems among the self-employed compared with paid workers in the Republic of Korea: Yongho Lee, Junhyeong Lee, Ui-Jin Kim, Eunseun Han, Seunghon Ham, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang, Wanhyung Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e8. Published online April 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e8

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

As self-employed workers are vulnerable to health problems, this study aimed to analyze mental health problems and sleep disturbances among self-employed workers compared with paid workers in Korea.

Methods

A total of 34,750 workers (23,938 paid workers and 10,812 self-employed workers) were analyzed from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey, which included 50,205 households collected by stratified sampling in 2017. To compare mental health problems and sleep disturbance among self-employed workers and paid workers, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

The odds ratio in self-employed workers compared with paid workers was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.42) for anxiety, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.17) for overall fatigue, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.20) for difficulty falling asleep, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02–1.18) for difficulty maintaining sleep and 1.24 (95% CI: 1.16–1.32) for extreme fatigue after waking up.

Conclusions

Self-employed workers in Korea have a higher risk of self-reported mental health problems and sleep disturbances than paid workers. Further studies with a longitudinal design and structured evaluation are required to investigate the causal relationship between health problems and self-employment.

한국 자영업자의 주관적 정신건강 문제 : 제 5차 근로환경조사를 이용하여
목적
자영업자는 고용, 사업체 운영 등에 대한 스트레스를 받고 있으며 자신들의 건강관리에 취약한 것으로 여겨지고 있다. 이 연구는 자영업자들에게 초점을 맞춰 유급근로자들과 비교하여 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하는 것을 목표로 하였다.
방법
이 연구는 한국의 5차 근로환경조사 데이터를 바탕으로 23,938명의 유급근로자와 10,812명의 자영업자들을 선택하여 분석을 수행하였다. 정신건강 문제는 ‘우울감’, ‘불안감’, ‘전신 피로’에 대한 설문과 수면 장애는 ‘잠들기가 어려움’, ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’, ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’ 설문의 답변을 이용하였다. 자영업자의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하기 위해 다변량 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 시행하였다.
결과
자영업자에서의 ‘불안감’에 대한 보정된 오즈비는 1.25 (95% CI=1.09-1.42), ‘전신피로’는 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.17), ‘잠들기가 어려움’은 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.20), ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’은 1.10 (95% CI=1.02-1.18) 그리고 ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’은 1.24 (95% CI=1.16-1.32)이었다.
결론
본 연구는 유급근로자에 비해 자영업자들의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애의 위험성이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 자영업자들의 건강 보호와 증진을 위해 구조화된 설문, 전향적 연구 등의 추가적인 연구와 사회의 관심이 필요하다.

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Original Article

Mental health symptoms among dependent contractors in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey: Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e1. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e1

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Recently, there has been a call to improve the holistic welfare of dependent contractors (DCs). Thus, our study examined the relationship between DCs and mental health symptoms and how this relationship was modified by age, sex, and income status of workers.

Methods

A total of 27,980 workers from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey are included in our study. The participants who reported having depression or anxiety over the last 12 months are defined those who had mental health symptoms. We performed exact matching for age group and sex, followed by conditional logistic regression with survey weights. Finally, stratified analyses by age, sex and income level were conducted.

Results

DCs were found to be at increased risk of depression/anxiety compared to other workers. The odds ratio (OR) is 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–2.17). In the stratified analyses, vulnerable groups were middle-aged (OR [95% CI]: 1.68 [1.10–2.54]), female (OR [95% CI]: 1.85 [1.20–2.84]), and low-income (OR [95% CI]: 3.18 [1.77–5.73]) workers.

Conclusions

Our study's results reinforce those of other studies that show that DCs are at greater risk of experiencing mental health issues than other workers and that and this risk is greater for middle-aged, female, and low-income workers. These results suggest that appropriate policy efforts should be made to improve the psychological well-being of DCs.

한국의 특수형태근로종사자의 정신건강증상: 제5차 한국근로실태조사에 근거한 단면 연구
목적
최근 특수형태근로종사자의 법적 지위와 근로환경에 대한 사회적 관심이 증가하고 있다. 우리의 연구 목표는 특수형태근로종사자와 정신 건강 증상 사이의 관계를 조사하며,이 관계가 근로자의 연령, 성별 및 소득수준에 따라 구분된 층화 그룹에 따라 어떻게 변화되는지를 조사하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구에는 제5차 한국 근로 환경 조사의 총 27,980명의 임금근로자가 포함되었다. 정신건강증상을 가진 근로자는 지난 12개월 이내 우울증 혹은 불안감으로 인한 건강장애를 경험했다고 대답한 근로자로 정의되었다. 참여 근로자를 연령 그룹과 성별에 따라 매칭하였으며, 설문 조사 가중치를 사용한 조건부 로지스틱 회귀를 수행하여 분석하였다. 연령, 성별, 소득수준에 따라 그룹별로 층화분석이 추가적으로 진행되었다.
결과
특수형태근로종사자로서의 지위는 정신 건강 증상의 위험 증가와 관련이 있었다 (오즈비 1.52, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.06-2.17). 층화분석에서 취약 그룹은 40대와 50대의 중년 (오즈비 1.68, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.10-2.54), 여성 (오즈비 1.85, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.20-2.84) 및 저소득층 (오즈비 3.18, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.77-5.73)에 속하는 근로자로 분석되었다.
결론
우리의 연구는 특수형태근로자로서 일하는 것이 그 자체로 불안감이나 우울감과 관련이 있다는 이전 연구 결과를 재확인하였다. 또한 중장년층, 여성, 저소득층에서 그 영향이 더 크다는 사실도 처음으로 밝혀냈다. 본 연구는 특수형태근로종사자의 정신 건강을 보호하기 위한 적절한 정책적 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

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Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Review

Tuberculosis infection status and risk factors among health workers: an updated systematic review: Sanga Lee, Wanhyung Lee, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e17. Published online May 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e17

Abstract PDF

Tuberculosis (TB) infection is a common occupational risk for health workers (HWs) and poses a threat to the patients under their care and to other HWs. Hence, the development of a prevention strategy is crucial. We conducted a study to understand the status and risk factors of TB infection among HWs. The existing literature was searched for all published reports from 1 August 2010 to 31 December 2018, related to TB among HWs according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: (1) study participants working in a health care facility; (2) TB cases diagnosed by medical professionals; (3) original research articles; and (4) English reports in a peer-reviewed journal. We finally included 61 studies from 642 articles searched initially. The TB infection rate in HWs was higher than that of the general population. Based on 39 studies, the prevalence of TB in HWs (tuberculin skin test positive) was 29.94%. In contrast, the global burden of latent TB infection was 23.0% (95% uncertainty interval: 20.4%–26.4%) in 2014. The risk factors of TB among HWs were aging, long duration of employment, nursing professionals, lack of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination, and low body mass index. HWs have an increased risk for TB infection, which can cause secondary infections in patients or other HWs. An effective prevention strategy must be developed to enable early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

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Research Article

Relationship between fatigue severity scale and occupational injury in Korean workers: Hyeonwoo Ju, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Sung Wook Jang, Youna Won, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e15. Published online May 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e15

Abstract PDF

Background

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between fatigue and occupational injury.

Methods

This study was conducted at a university hospital in 2014 and 2015. In 2014, the fatigue severity scale (FSS) was used to evaluate workers' fatigue levels. Later, when the same workers were examined in 2015, a questionnaire survey was conducted to determine whether they had experienced absences or treatment for work-related accidents. The χ² test was used to analyse the relationship between demographic characteristics, fatigue levels, and occupational injuries. After controlling for confounders, a logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs).

Results

In 2014, 19,218 workers were screened during health examination and their fatigue level were evaluated using FSS questionnaires. in 2015, workers' occupational injury was evaluated. In result, men in the moderate- and high-fatigue groups, after adjusting for age, smoking and drinking habits, chronic diseases, and occupational factors such as size of company industrial classification and type of work (shift or non-shift), adjusted ORs for hospital treatment due to occupational injury were 1.76 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39–2.24) and 2.61 (95% CI:1.68–4.06), respectively. Among men in the medium- and high-fatigue groups, the adjusted ORs for absence due to occupational injury were 2.06 (95% CI: 1.52–2.80) and 3.65 (95% CI: 2.20–6.05), respectively. No significant association was observed between fatigue and occupational injury in women.

Conclusions

Male workers with high fatigue levels have a higher risk of experiencing work injuries. This study suggests that active intervention be considered to prevent injuries in workers with high scores on workplace fatigue evaluation scales.

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Integrative Medicine Research.2024; 13(1): 101025. CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between nicotine dependency with occupational injury in Korean men: Sung Wook Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Ji Ho Kim, Min Sun Kim, Youna Won, Hyeonwoo Ju, Hyung Doo Kim, Go Choi, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e14. Published online May 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e14

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

The relationship between smoking status or second-hand smoking and occupational injuries has been the subject of considerable study, but few have studied the relationship between nicotine dependence and occupational injuries. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between nicotine dependence and occupational injury among employees at a range of Korean companies.

Methods

Initially, the personal and occupational characteristics and nicotine dependences of workers were measured, and 12 months later a survey was used to determine whether subjects had experienced any occupational injury. This study was conducted in several workplaces on 6,893 male workers in manufacturing and service industries that received health screening at Inha University Hospital in Incheon.

Results

The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of occupational injury in the low, moderate, and high nicotine dependence groups were 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.84), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.10–2.10), and 1.71 (95% CI: 0.92–3.19), respectively. For smokers only, adjusted ORs tended to increase linearly (p for trend < 0.05). When only smokers were included, analysis of continuous FTND (Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence) scores showed that adjusted OR increased by 1.10 (95% CI: 1.03–1.19) per FTND point. After stratifying the data by working type and working hours per week, the non-shift work group maintained this relationship (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04–1.24) and OR was higher in the group that works more than 60 hours per week with FTND score as a continuous variable (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.07–1.44).

Conclusions

The study shows nicotine dependency might affect occupational injury. From a short-term perspective, addressing worker's nicotine dependence by giving an adequate break time or smoking area might reduce work-related injuries.

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Changes in the Health Indicators of Hospital Medical Residents During the Four-Year Training Period in Korea
Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Impacts of presenteeism on work-related injury absence and disease absence
Youna Won, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jiho Kim, Minsun Kim, Seong-Cheol Yang, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

The relationship between working hours and the intention to quit smoking in male office workers: data from the 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2017): Eui Hyek Choi, Dae Hwan Kim, Ji Young Ryu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e13. Published online May 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e13

Abstract PDF

Background

The intention to quit smoking is one of the most important factors in smoking cessation. Long working hours is also a constant issue, and many studies have shown an association between the working hours and diseases, including cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. This study evaluated the relationship between working hours and the intention to quit smoking among Korean male office workers, and blue collar workers for comparison.

Methods

This study was based on the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2017). A total of 1,389 male workers were smokers, and then office workers and blue collar workers were selected. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for the intention to quit smoking according to smoking-related characteristics and working hours after adjusting for age group, body mass index (kg/m²), marital status, household income (quartile), educational level, drinking, exercise, smoking-related characteristics (smoking initiation age, smoking amount, and attempt to quit smoking more than 1day in the past year) and working hours.

Results

The percentage of workers who had the intention to quit smoking in 6 months was higher in office workers (38.9% for office workers and 29.4% for blue collars, p = 0.017). Blue collar workers had higher percentages of workers who worked more than 52 hours per week (19.8% for office workers and 38.9% for blue collar workers, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that working > 52 hours per week was significantly associated with a lower intention to quit smoking within 6 months among male office workers (OR = 0.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.14–0.66).

Conclusions

Working more than 52 hours per week was positively related with a lower intention to quit smoking among currently smoking male office workers. Further studies are needed considering more work-related variables such as job stress and physical load.

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Dimpal Pathak, Naina Purkayastha, Himani Sharma, Partha J. Hazarika, Jiten Hazarika
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Associations of long working hours with the use of combustible cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products among young adults: a population-based study of South Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Association between long working hours and diet quality and patterns: A latent profile analysis of a nationally representative sample of Korean workers
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107890. CrossRef
Long Working Hours and Unhealthy Lifestyles of Workers: A Protocol for a Scoping Review
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Merits.2024; 4(4): 431. CrossRef
Association between weekly working hours and risky alcohol use: A 12-year longitudinal, nationwide study from South Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Association between long working hours and cigarette smoking, leisure-time physical activity, and risky alcohol use: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2023; 175: 107691. CrossRef
Association between job satisfaction and current smoking and change in smoking behavior: a 16‐year longitudinal study in South Korea
Seong‐Uk Baek, Won‐Tae Lee, Min‐Seok Kim, Myeong‐Hun Lim, Jin‐Ha Yoon, Jong‐Uk Won
Addiction.2023; 118(11): 2118. CrossRef
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Xiaochen Yang, Lanchao Zhang, Hao Lin, Haoxiang Lin, Wangnan Cao, Chun Chang
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Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park
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Research Article

The association between non-regular work patterns and insomnia among Korean wage workers: the fifth Korean working condition survey: Ho-Yeon Kim, Juho Choi, Hyun-Mook Lim, Chamjin Park, Yun-Chul Hong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e9. Published online March 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e9

Abstract PDF

Background

Non-regular workers are steadily increasing on account of improving corporate productivity. They are classified as non-permanent, part-time, or non-typical workers. Non-regular work has a negative impact on workers' physical and mental health. This study analyzed the relationship between non-permanent, part-time and non-typical work and insomnia among Korean wage workers, and investigated the differences and interactions between different work patterns.

Methods

The Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey was used in this study. Non-regular work patterns were classified into 7 types: type 1, sole non-permanent; type 2, sole part-time; type 3, sole non-typical; type 4, part-time-non-typical; type 5, non-permanent-non-typical; type 6, non-permanent-part-time; type 7, all inclusive. Insomnia was measured on a scale from “normal sleep” to “insomnia” based on the 3-item Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between non-regular work patterns and insomnia among wage workers.

Results

After multivariate adjustment, a significantly increased odds ratio (OR) for insomnia was found in types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of non-regular work patterns compared to regular work patterns. After stratification for shift and night work, the OR of the group with shift and night work was higher than that of the group without shift and night work.

Conclusions

Insomnia was significantly associated with non-regular work patterns. This association was prominent in workers with shifts and night work. This finding suggests that proper work patterns may be needed to reduce the risk of insomnia among Korean wage workers and workers who initially had insomnia should consider these results before placement.

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Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Journal of Psychiatric Research.2025; 181: 7. CrossRef
Association between depressive symptoms and employment type of Korean workers: the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey
Yun-Jung Yang, Jihye Lee
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Association between single-person household wage workers in South Korea and insomnia symptoms: the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS)
Yoon Ho Lee, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Soon-Chan Kwon
Ann Occup Environ Med.2024; 36: e25. CrossRef
Telecommuting-related health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea: a national population-based cross-sectional study
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Health-Related Productivity Loss According to Health Conditions among Workers in South Korea
Dong-Wook Lee, Jongin Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Mo-Yeol Kang
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Research Article

Relationship between long work hours and self-reported sleep disorders of non-shift daytime wage workers in South Korea: data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Hongsuk Choi, Sungho Lee, Man-Joong Jeon, Young-Sun Min; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e35. Published online November 3, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e35

Abstract PDF

Background

Studies have investigated the relationship between long work hours and sleep disorders; however, they have focused on shift workers or specific workers who are at high risk of industrial accidents rather than wage workers in general. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of long work hours on sleep disorders among non-shift daytime wage workers.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey. From the 50,205 total participants, we included 26,522 non-shift daytime wage workers after excluding self-employed people, business owners, unpaid family employees, and wage workers who work nights and shifts. Sleep disorders were categorized into “difficulty in falling asleep,” “frequent waking,” and “waking up with fatigue.” Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of long work hours on sleep disorders, and the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated.

Results

The OR of working > 52 hours per week was 1.183 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.002–1.394) for the risk of developing insomnia compared with working ≤ 40 hours per week. The OR of waking up with fatigue was 1.531 (95% CI: 1.302–1.801). Long work hours showed no significant relationship with difficulty in falling asleep or with frequent waking.

Conclusions

Working for extended hours was associated with increased fatigue upon waking in non-shift daytime wage workers.

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Association Between Types of Shift Work and Physical Health Symptoms, Including Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Sleep Disturbance: Evidence From the Seventh Korean Working Conditions Survey
Ji-Soo Jang, Sung-Kyung Kim, Sangwon Hwang, Hoon Jo, Hye-Seon Jeon
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2026; 68(1): 34. CrossRef
A Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS‐42) Study on the Mental Health Conditions of Japanese Employees
Niklas Holzapfel
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Positive relationship between Work-to-Sleep hours Ratio and obesity: a cross-sectional study, evidence from NHANES 2017–2023
Jinggang Zhou
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Relationship between working hours and sleep quality with consideration to effect modification by work style: a community-based cross-sectional study
Aya Yoshida, Keiko Asakura, Haruhiko Imamura, Sachie Mori, Minami Sugimoto, Takehiro Michikawa, Yuji Nishiwaki
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.2024; 29: 19. CrossRef
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Christine Ulina Tarigan, Wara Kushartanti, Yustinus Sukarmin, Komarudin, Wenny Pinta Litna Tarigan
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The role of work–family conflict in the association between long working hours and workers’ sleep disturbance and burnout: results from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey
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I-Ming Chen, Tzu-Yun Lin, Yi-Ling Chien, Jennifer Yi-Ying Chen, Jen-Hui Chan, Shih-Cheng Liao, Po-Hsiu Kuo, Hsi-Chung Chen
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Min Kyung Hyun
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Inho Park, Seunghan Kim, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Research Article

Association between sleep duration and impaired fasting glucose according to work type in non-regular workers: data from the first and second year (2016, 2017) of the 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination (KNHANE) (a cross-sectional study): JaeHan Joo, Jae-Gwang Lee, SangWoo Kim, JaeHan Lee, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e29. Published online July 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e29

Abstract PDF

Background

We aimed to find the relationship between sleep duration and impaired fasting glucose according to working type in non-regular workers using the 2016 and 2017 Korean National Health And Nutrition Examination (KNHANE, 7th revision).

Method

In the 1st and 2nd year (2016, 2017) of the 7th KNHANE, 16,277 people participated. Minors were excluded because this study was intended for individuals aged 19 years and older. As this study was based on wage workers, unemployment, self-employed workers, employers, unpaid family workers, and those who have insufficient answers such as unknown or no response were excluded. Regular workers were excluded because this study was intended for non-regular workers. Finally, a total of 2,168 people were included in the survey, except those who had been diagnosed with diabetes, had a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher, or taking hypoglycemic agents or receiving insulin injections. To find the relationship between sleep duration and impaired fasting glucose according to work type in non-regular workers, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed by adjusting the general and occupational characteristics after stratification according to work type. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software (version 26.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

In the case of insufficient sleep duration in irregular female workers, the odds ratio (OR) of impaired fasting glucose was statistically insignificant, but in the case of insufficient sleep duration in irregular male workers who have shift work, the odds ratio (OR) of impaired fasting glucose was significantly higher than that of sufficient sleep duration (Model 1, OR: 3.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18–7.90; Model 2, OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.08–7.29).

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that insufficient sleep duration was associated with an increase in fasting blood glucose levels in non-regular male workers working shifts. This means that non-regular workers are in desperate need for adequate sleep and health care. We hope that our study will help improve the health of non-regular workers and more systematic and prospective follow-up studies will be conducted to further improve the health of non-regular workers.

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Munwar us Salam, Binafsha Manzoor Syed, Husan Bano Channar, Fasiha Shah, Shaneela Khowaja, Rubina Parveen
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Katarzyna Czyż-Szypenbejl, Wioletta Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska
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Nutritional Biomarkers and Factors Correlated with Poor Sleep Status among Young Females: A Case-Control Study
Sara AL-Musharaf, Lama AlAjllan, Ghadeer Aljuraiban, Munirah AlSuhaibani, Noura Alafif, Syed Danish Hussain
Nutrients.2022; 14(14): 2898. CrossRef

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Research Article

A study of job stress, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in display manufacturing workers: a cross-sectional study: Seung-hwan Ahn, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Seung-Hoon Ryu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e16. Published online June 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e16

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to investigate the association between job stress and suicide ideation/attempts among display manufacturing workers.

Methods

Data were collected from 836 workers in a display manufacturing company who participated in health screenings from May 22 to June 16, 2017. The data included general characteristics, night work, job tenure, previous physician-diagnosed chronic diseases, suicidal ideation/suicide attempts, and job stress. We investigated suicidal ideation/suicide attempts that covered the past year by using a self-reported questionnaire. Job stress was measured using the 43-item Korean Occupational Stress Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between job stress and suicidal ideation/suicide attempts. The mediator effect of depression on suicidal ideation/suicide attempts was tested using a series of logistic regression by applying Baron and Kenny's mediation method.

Results

In the model adjusting for variables (e.g., age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, shift work, job tenure, chronic disease and depression), physical environment (OR: 3.60, 95% CI: 1.08–12.02), lack of reward (OR: 5.31, 95% CI: 1.54–18.34), and occupation climate (OR: 7.36, 95% CI: 2.28–23.72) were correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts in women. However, all subscales of job stress were not significantly correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts in men. In mediation analysis, job instability and occupational climate were correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts and were mediated by depression in men workers.

Conclusions

In women workers, the experiences of suicidal ideation/suicide attempts were significantly correlated with the physical environment, lack of reward, and occupational climate that were subscales of job stress. In men workers, depression rather than job stress was correlated with experiences of suicidal ideation/suicide attempts.

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Relationship between job stress and impaired fasting glucose in male steel industry workers: a cross-sectional study
Hyun-Kyo Lee, Inho Lee, Jisuk Yun, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Soon-Chan Kwon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
General work stress and suicide cognitions in health-care workers: mediating effect of hopelessness and job satisfaction
Abdulselami Sarigül, Alican Kaya, Izaddin Ahmad Aziz, Murat Yıldırım, Halil Ibrahim Özok, Francesco Chirico, Salvatore Zaffina
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Ethics, Medicine and Public Health.2022; 21: 100756. CrossRef

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Research Article

Longitudinal associations between occupational stress and depressive symptoms: Hyung Doo Kim, Shin-Goo Park, Youna Won, Hyeonwoo Ju, Sung Wook Jang, Go Choi, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jong-Han Leem; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e13. Published online May 7, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e13

Abstract PDF

Background

Most of the studies that have examined the association between the sub-factors of occupational stress and depressive symptoms have used cross-sectional data. However, our study has longitudinally measured the occupational stress and depressive symptoms of Korean workers of a semiconductor manufacturing company across six years to intending to investigate the associations between the sub-factors of occupational stress and depressive symptoms using longitudinal data.

Methods

Data collected from the workers of a semiconductor manufacturing company. Out of 1,013 recruited workers, 405 (40.0%) completed the survey questionnaires at 3 and 6-year follow-ups. Occupational stress was measured using a shorter version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), whereas depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depressive Symptoms Scale (CES-D). The data of male and female participants independently analyzed. Longitudinal associations were analyzed using panel data analysis with fixed effects.

Results

In panel data analysis with fixed effects, job insecurity (B = 0.048, p-value = 0.004) was associated with depressive symptoms among male workers. In female workers, inadequate social support (B = 0.080, p-value < 0.001), job insecurity (B = 0.039, p-value = 0.004), lack of reward (B = 0.059, p-value = 0.004) and discomfort in occupational climate (B = 0.074, p-value < 0.001) were associated with depressive symptoms among female workers.

Conclusions

Temporal changes in the sub-factors of occupational stress were associated with changes in depressive symptoms within the same period. There was a gender difference in occupational stress sub-factors related to depressive symptoms.

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Xiaoyi Li, Huiqing Chen, Xiqing Liao, Manqi Huang, Xiaoman Liu, Yao Guo, Jiabin Chen, Shuang Li
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Giulia Bassi, Valeria Orso, Silvia Salcuni, Luciano Gamberini
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Fernanda Corsino Lima Hubner, Rosa Weiss Telles, Luana Giatti, Luciana A. C. Machado, Rosane Harter Griep, Maria Carmen Viana, Sandhi Maria Barreto, Lidyane V. Camelo
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Research Article

The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being in Korean wage workers through the Cantril ladder Scale: Go Choi, Shin-Goo Park, Youna Won, Hyeonwoo Ju, Sung Wook Jang, Hyung Doo Kim, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jong-Han Leem; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e11. Published online April 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e11

Abstract PDF

Background

The global labor market is moving towards increasing job instability. Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being using quantitative scales. We evaluated the association between wage workers' employment status and their subjective well-being through the Cantril ladder scale using Korean Welfare Panel Survey data (KOWEPS).

Methods

This study used KOWEPS data. A total of 4,423 wage workers were divided into permanently employed workers, temporarily employed workers and daily employed workers. The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being was analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounding factors.

Results

The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being, which can be expressed by the Cantril ladder scale. The mean score of both temporarily employed and daily employed workers were statistically significantly lower (B = −0.454, p < 0.001; B = −0.994, p < 0.001, respectively) than permanently employed workers. This appeared to be the same when occupational and sociodemographic factors were adjusted (B = −0.153, p = 0.002 for temporarily employed, B = −0.610, p < 0.001 for daily employed).

Conclusions

The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being score according to the Cantril ladder scale.

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Research Article

Distribution of age, gender, and occupation among individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome based on the National Health Insurance data and National Employment Insurance data: Il-Ho Lee, Young-Ki Kim, Dong-Mug Kang, Se-Yeong Kim, In-Ah Kim, Eun-Mi Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e31. Published online November 7, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e31

Abstract PDF

Background

The present study aimed to investigate the basic characteristics of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and its differences between occupations using Korea's National Health Insurance (NHI) and National Employment Insurance (NEI).

Methods

The study participants were obtained from the NEI and NHI data from 2008 to 2015, with a diagnosis code of G560 (CTS) as the main or sub-diagnosis. Data about gender, age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, drinking, and length of employment, information about type of occupation, and number of employees according to age and occupation were obtained from NHI and NEI data. In total, 240 occupations were classified into blue-collar (BC) and white-collar (WC) work. In addition, each occupation was classified as high-risk and low-risk groups depending on the degree of wrist usage.

Results

The number of patients with CTS per 100,000 individuals increased with advancing age, and it was higher in women (4,572.2) than in men (1,798.5). Furthermore, the number was higher in BC workers (3,247.5) than in WC workers (1,824.1) as well as in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group in both BC workers (3,527.8 vs. 1,908.2) and WC workers (1,829.9 vs. 1,754.4). The number of patients with CTS was higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group among male and female BC workers and female WC workers. However, the number was higher in the low-risk group among male WC workers. In the BC category, the number of patients with CTS was highest among food processing-related workers (19,984.5). In the WC category, the number of patients with CTS was highest among social workers and counselors (7,444.1).

Conclusions

The results of this study are expected to help identify occupational differences in patterns of CTS. High number of patients with CTS was seen in new jobs, as well as in previous studies.

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Gregory R. Vance, Katherine Benedict, Clay B. Thames, Bradley F. Hathaway, Evan C. Bowen, Marc E. Walker
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Georgiana-Anca Vulpoi, Cătălina Elena Bistriceanu, Lenuța Bîrsanu, Codrina-Madalina Palade, Dan Iulian Cuciureanu
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A. Shalu, Ashish Yadav, Shweta Chaubey, Avinash Muraleedharan
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Mahshid Malakootian, Mahdieh Soveizi, Akram Gholipour, Maziar Oveisee
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Armaghan Dabbagh, Christina Ziebart, Joy C MacDermid, Tara Packham, Ruby Grewal
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Seher Kurtul, Nejdiye Mazican
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Research Article

The association between dependent self-employment and self-reported depression/anxiety and sleep disorder in South Korea: Guyeon Won, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Ryun Ha, Seungho Lee, Inchul Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e13. Published online July 29, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e13

Abstract PDF

Background

Dependent self-employment is precarious employment, which can be vulnerable to mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate the association of dependent self-employment with depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder in South Korea.

Methods

This study used data from the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey and included 32,691 paid workers. Dependent self-employment and self-reported depression/anxiety, and sleep disorder were investigated using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between dependent self-employment and mental health problems.

Results

Of the 32,691 paid workers, 2,371 (7.3%) were dependent self-employed workers. The odds ratio (OR) of dependent self-employment for self-reported depression/anxiety was 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–2.45) and the OR of dependent self-employment for self-reported sleep disorder was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.01–1.59) compared to other paid workers.

Conclusions

Dependent self-employment is related to an increased risk of self-reported depression/anxiety and sleep disorder in South Korea.

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Hao Wen, Yun Gao
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Factors Affecting Subjective Well-Being in Workers at Small-Sized Enterprises: A Cross-Sectional Study from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey
SangJin Park, Mi-Ji Kim, Joo Hyun Sung
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Yunjun Park, Wanhyung Lee
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Association between precarious employment and the onset of depressive symptoms in men and women: a 13-year longitudinal analysis in Korea (2009–2022)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Byungyoon Yun, Heejoo Park, Jaesung Choi, Juyeon Oh, Juho Sim, Yangwook Kim, Jongmin Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Kyusung Kim, Hi-Ju Kim, Seunghyun Lee, Wanhyung Lee
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Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Lei Zuo, Xia Chen, Mingliang Liu, Shan Dong, Li Chen, Guangzhen Li, Zhiyu Zhai, Long Zhou, Haiyan Chen, Yuan Wei, Liping Shi, Guang Hao
Sleep Health.2022; 8(6): 691. CrossRef
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SangJin Park, Chulyong Park, Joo Hyun Sung
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(2): 1011. CrossRef
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Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Peter A. Creed, Michelle Hood, Eva Selenko, Shi Hu, Louella Bagley
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High Emotional Demands at Work and Poor Mental Health in Client-Facing Workers
Chunhui Suh, Laura Punnett
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Wenzhen Li, Wenyu Ruan, Ying Peng, Zuxun Lu, Dongming Wang
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Research Article

The effect of diabetes on 4-year changes of hearing thresholds in male workers exposed to noise in a single company: a longitudinal study: Dae Yun Kim, A Ram Kim, Joo Hyun Sung, Choong Ryeol Lee, Jiho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e11. Published online June 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e11

Abstract PDF

Background

Recently, several studies have assessed the association between diabetes and hearing impairment. However, the effect of diabetes on hearing impairment is not well known in diabetic patients exposed to noise, a typical cause of hearing impairment. The aim of this study is to longitudinally analyze the effect of diabetes on hearing impairment in workers exposed to similar noise levels from 2013 to 2017 who had experienced little change in their working conditions.

Methods

The study subjects included 2,087 male workers exposed to noise in a single company and who underwent health examinations at the same hospital in Ulsan city in 2013 and 2017. Hearing impairment was defined that a pure-tone average of pure-tone audiometry (PTA) thresholds at 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 Hz was 25 dB and over in both ears. Statistical analyses were conducted using χ² tests, ANOVA, and Cox proportional hazard models. We analyzed covariates that might affect hearing impairment, including age; working period; levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and serum creatinine; smoking and alcohol history; and noise level.

Results

The average PTA thresholds and their average changes between 2013 and 2017 were significant in the diabetes mellitus (DM) group than those in the normal and impaired fasting glucose group. Among the subjects with the same status of fasting glucose group in 2013 and 2017, the adjusted hazard ratios for incident hearing impairment among those in the DM group compared to normal group were 3.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54–7.29) in the left ear and 5.66 (95% CI, 2.01–15.98) in the right ear.

Conclusions

This study suggested that the risk of hearing impairment in the DM group was significantly higher than that in the normal group in both ears, even when exposed to similar noise levels.

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Individual and combined effects of noise exposure and diabetes mellitus on hearing
Lan Zhang, Hui Liao, Zongnan Li, Jianhui Yuan
Noise and Health.2024; 26(123): 449. CrossRef
Noise-induced Hearing Loss among Non-Medical Workers in a Healthcare Institution
Manju Deena Mammen, Ann Mary Augustine, Anjali Lepcha, Jessie Sophia Sharma, Arockiaraj Arul Prakash, Ajay Philip
The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health.2023; 13(1): 13. CrossRef

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Research Article

Validation of health screening questionnaire used for screening gastrointestinal disorder in worker's special health examination for night time work: JaeYong Lee, Ji-Won Lee, WonSeon Choi, Jun-Pyo Myong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e8. Published online June 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e8

Abstract PDF: Background
Since the night time work was introduced as a ‘harmful factor’ for the worker's special health examination (WSHE) in 2014, the validation of the questionnaire used for screening gastrointestinal (GI) disorder has not been conducted. The purpose of this study is to verify the validity of the questionnaire using the data of specific health screening cluster.
Methods
We used WSHE screening data for 3 years, from 2014 to 2016, in health screening cluster. The subjects who had received upper GI endoscopy in opportunistic screening and WSHE simultaneously regardless of the results of the questionnaire were selected. We tested the validity of the questionnaire using upper GI endoscopy as a gold standard.
Results
This study was conducted on 5,057 examinees in 2014, 8,352 examinees in 2015, and 10,587 examinees in 2016. The validity of the questionnaire for each year was as follows: sensitivity 12.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.1–13.4), specificity 88.6% (95% CI, 87.2–90.1), accuracy 41.1% (95% CI, 39.8–42.5) in 2014, sensitivity 5.9% (95% CI, 5.2–6.5), specificity 93.6% (95% CI, 92.7–94.4), accuracy 38.6% (95% CI, 37.6–39.6) in 2015, sensitivity 6.0% (95% CI, 5.4–6.5), a specificity of 9.42% (95% CI, 93.4–95.0), accuracy of 34.2% (95% CI, 33.3–35.1) in 2016. In generally, questionnaire showed sensitivity of 10%, specificity of 90%, and accuracy of 40%.
Conclusions
Despite the purpose of WSHEs aiming to identify target disease early, the sensitivity of the questionnaire for GI disease was too low as 10%. The reasons for this are the problem of the question itself, and the problem of ambiguous target disease. In the future, the questionnaire should be improved to meet the purpose of the WSHE, and further correction of the target disease should be made.

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Research Article

The effect of shift work on high sensitivity C-reactive protein level among female workers: Ho Sung Kwak, Hyoung Ouk Park, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Seung Hyun Park, Eui Yup Chung, Chang Ho Chae; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e5. Published online May 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e5

Abstract PDF

Background

This study assessed the association between shift work and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), in female workers in electronics manufacturing services (EMS).

Methods

Female EMS workers who received special medical examinations for workers in Gyeongnam, Korea between January 2017 and December 2017 were enrolled in this study. Their age, marital status, education level, alcohol consumption, smoking habit, regular exercise, quality of sleep, work stress, and depression were investigated, and blood tests were conducted. The t- and χ² tests were conducted to compare the general and biochemical characteristics between daytime and shift worker groups. Age-adjusted partial correlation analysis was performed to examine the linear relationship between hs-CRP level and other risk factors for CVDs. In addition, the difference in hs-CRP levels according to work schedule was analyzed by ANCOVA after adjusting for variables that could affect the hs-CRP level.

Results

Although the average hs-CRP levels did not differ significantly between daytime and shift workers (0.92 ± 1.87 and 1.07 ± 2.20 mg/dL, respectively), shift workers tended to show a higher hs-CRP level (p = 0.067). After adjusting for variables that can affect the hs-CRP level, the estimated average hs-CRP level was significantly higher in shift workers (1.325 ± 0.156 mg/dL) than that in daytime workers (0.652 ± 0.350 mg/dL) (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

The results of this study identified a relationship between shift work and hs-CRP level increase in women. Because multiple studies have reported associations between increased hs-CRP and CVD, follow-up of hs-CRP may help early detection of CVD in shift workers.

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Johanna Samulin Erdem, Mrinal K. Das, Evi De Ryck, Øivind Skare, Jenny-Anne S. Lie, Merete Bugge, Barbara Harding, Ingrid L. Jorgensen, Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum, Manolis Kogevinas, Karl-Christian Nordby, Shan Zienolddiny-Narui
Environmental Research.2025; 276: 121503. CrossRef
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Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2025; 34: 102088. CrossRef
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Vanessa M. Oddo, Sherif Mabrouk, Sarah B. Andrea, Emily Q. Ahonen, Megan R. Winkler, Emilia F. Vignola, Anjum Hajat
Preventive Medicine.2024; 187: 108123. CrossRef
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Velarie Ansu Baidoo, Kristen L. Knutson
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Kelsie M. Full, Tianyi Huang, Neomi A. Shah, Matthew A. Allison, Erin D. Michos, Daniel A. Duprez, Susan Redline, Pamela L. Lutsey
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Isabel Silva, Daniela Costa
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Sanaa A. El-Benhawy, Rasha A. El-Tahan, Sameh F. Nakhla
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O. A. Polyakova, A. A. Kirichenko, A. I. Kochetkov
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Helena C. Kaltenegger, Linda Becker, Nicolas Rohleder, Dennis Nowak, Matthias Weigl
Systematic Reviews.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

The association between long working hours and marital status change: middle-aged and educated Korean in 2014–2015: Hyunil Kim, Byung-Seong Suh, Won-Cheol Lee, Han-Seur Jeong, Kyung-Hun Son, Min-Woo Nam, Hyeong-Cheol Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e3. Published online May 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e3

Abstract PDF

Background

We investigated the association between long workhours and marital status change from married to divorced or separated status that might have bad health effects.

Methods

A total of 40,654 participants with married status in 2014 were followed up in 2015. Weekly workhours were categorized into four groups: ≤ 40, 41–52, 53–60, and > 60 hours per week. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between groups of workhours and marital status change after adjusting for age, total monthly household income, working type, and depression with sex stratification.

Results

The study populations consisted of 8,346 (20.5%) females and 32,308 (79.5%) males. Odd ratios (ORs) of marital status change for females working for more than 60 hours per week was 4.26 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–14.5), when working less than or equal to 40 hours per week was used as reference in the crude model. ORs of working more than 60 hours per week was 4.57 (95% CI: 1.02–20.5) in female workers when considering age, total household earning per month, working type of daytime, and depression in a dose-response manner. However, for male workers, long workhours were not significantly related to change of marriage status.

Conclusions

Long workhours for more than 60 hours per week had significantly higher risk of divorce or separation in females, but not in males. Further follow-up studies are needed to evaluate long term effects of long workhours on divorce risk.

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Research Article

Violence at work: determinants & prevalence among health care workers, northwest Ethiopia: an institutional based cross sectional study: Dawit Getachew Yenealem, Manay Kifle Woldegebriel, Ararso Tafese Olana, Tesfaye Hambisa Mekonnen; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:8. Published online April 3, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0288-6

Abstract PDF

Background

Workplace violence is the intentional use of power, threatened or actual, against another person or against a group, in work-related circumstances, that either results in or has a high degree of likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development, or deprivation. The aim of this study is to assess magnitude and predictors of workplace violence among healthcare workers in health facilities of Gondar city.

Methods

Institutional based cross sectional study design was employed to conduct this study. The study conducted in Gondar town from February 21 to march 21, 2016. Five hundred fifty three health care workers selected from health facilities of Gondar City administration. A stratified sampling technique was used for selecting the study subjects through simple random sampling. Data was collected by structured self administered questionnaire which is adapted from ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI after it is pretested & prepared in Amharic. The data was coded and entered in to EPI info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 software for analysis. The degree of association for variables was assessed using odds ratios with 95% confidence interval and p-value ≤0.05.

Results

The prevalence of workplace violence was found to be 58.2% with [95% confidence interval (CI): (53.7, 62.3)] in which verbal abuse 282(53.1%) followed by physical attack 117(22.0%) and 38(7.2%) sexual harassment. Working at emergency departments [AOR = 3.99,95% CI:(1.49,10.73)], working at shifts [AOR = 1.98,95%, CI: (1.28,3.03)],short experiences [AOR = 3.09,95% CI: (1.20,7.98)], being nurse or midwife [AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: (1.20,13.74)] were positively associated with workplace violence. The main sources of violence are visitors/patient relatives followed by colleagues and patients.

Conclusion

workplace violence is major public health problem across health facilities and the Ministry of Health should incorporate interventions in its different health sector development & management safety initiative.

Citations

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Research Article

Factors related with quality on sleep of daytime workers: Bu-il Kim, Seong-yong Yoon, Jin-seok Kim, Kuck-Hyeun Woo, Seong-yong Cho, Ho Lee, Jong-min An; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:63. Published online October 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0271-7

Abstract PDF

Background

This study was conducted to identify the sleep status of daytime workers who do not work in shifts. This study analyzed factors affecting sleep duration and sleep quality.

Methods

This study was conducted on 1171 daytime workers at a manufacturing workshop. We used a self-administered questionnaire to investigate demographic variables, work type, working period, musculoskeletal symptoms and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess sleep. Regular health checkup was conducted for the worker’s clinical examination.

Results

The mean sleep duration was 6.36 h and the mean score on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was 4.46. Work type and obesity were related to sleep duration. Age, obesity and musculoskeletal pain were significantly related to sleep quality. The prevalence ratio of researcher group for short sleep duration was 1.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.58). The prevalence ratio of those aged 50 years and over was 0.47 (0.25–0.91) and of those in their 40s was 0.56 (0.35–0.91) for poor sleep quality compared to those in their 20s. The prevalence ratio of the obesity group for poor sleep quality was 1.53 (1.10–2.12). The prevalence ratio of musculoskeletal pain group for poor sleep quality was 1.92 (1.29–2.84).

Conclusions

Age, obesity and musculoskeletal pain were factors affecting the poor quality on sleep of daytime workers. In addition, work type related to short sleep duration.

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Research Article

The characteristics of asbestos-related disease claims made to the Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service (KCOMWEL) from 2011 to 2015: Yon Soo An, Hyung Doo Kim, Hyeoung Cheol Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Yeon Soon Ahn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:45. Published online July 11, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0256-6

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to enhance understanding of the epidemiologic characteristics of asbestos-related diseases, and to provide information that could inform policy-making aimed at prevention and compensation for occupational asbestos exposure, through analyzing asbestos-related occupational disease claims to Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service from 2011 to 2015.

Methods

We analyzed 113 workers who filed medical care claims or survivor benefits for asbestos exposure and occupational-related disease from 2011 to 2015. Among these claims, we selected approved workers’ compensation claims relating to malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer, and analyzed the general characteristics, exposure characteristics, pathological characteristics, and occupation and industry distribution.

Results

Malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer occurred predominantly in males at 89.7 and 94%, respectively. The mean age at the time of diagnosis for malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer was 59.5 and 59.7 years, respectively, while the latency period for malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer was 34.1 and 33.1 years, respectively. The companies involving exposed workers were most commonly situated within the Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam region. Histology results for lung cancer indicated adenocarcinoma as the most common form, accounting for approximately one half of all claims, followed by squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung cancer. The most common occupation type was construction in respect of malignant mesothelioma, and shipbuilding in respect of lung cancer.

Conclusions

Considering the long latency period of asbestos and that the peak period of asbestos use in Korea was throughout the mid-1990s, damage due to asbestos-related diseases is expected to show a continued long-term increase. Few studies providing an epidemiologic analysis of asbestos-related diseases are available; therefore, this study may provide baseline data to assist in predicting and preparing for future harm due to asbestos exposure.

Trial registration

DUIH 2018–02–004-001. Registered 28 Februrary 2018.

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Research Article

Effects of changes in occupational stress on the depressive symptoms of Korean workers in a large company: a longitudinal survey: Jaehyuk Jung, Inchul Jeong, Kyung-Jong Lee, Guyeon Won, Jae Bum Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:39. Published online June 8, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0249-5

Abstract PDF

Background

Prospective studies on occupational stress and depression among Korean workers are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between changes in occupational stress and the presence of depression.

Methods

This study analyzed data from a survey conducted with workers in a large Korean company (2015–2016). Occupational stress was measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale, and depression was screened using the WHO-5 Well-being Index. The levels of occupational stress were grouped in quartiles based on subjects’ occupational stress scores in 2015, and changes in occupational stress were measured using the score changes between the 2015 and 2016 surveys. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of depression in 2015 and 2016: a non-depressed group whose mental health did not change, a non-depressed group whose mental health deteriorated, a depressed group that continued to be depressed, and a depressed group whose symptoms of depression were alleviated. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of the subjects’ deterioration in mood or alleviation of depression by occupational stress levels and changes.

Results

The OR for developing depressive symptoms was 2.51 (95% CI 1.46–4.33) and 2.73 (95% CI 1.39–5.36) in the third and the fourth quartiles of occupational stress, respectively, compared to the first quartile. When the occupational stress score increased by 1 point, the OR for increasing depressive symptoms was 1.07 (95% CI 1.04–1.10). There was no significant difference in the alleviation of depressive symptoms between the groups by level of occupational stress. However, when the occupational stress score decreased by 1 point, the OR for alleviating depressive symptoms was 1.08 (95% CI 1.05–1.11).

Conclusion

The results showed that increased occupational stress increased the presence of depressive symptoms, and that reduced occupational stress suppressed the development of depressive symptoms. More attention should be paid to stress management among workers.

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Research Article

Comparison of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms between male cameramen and male office workers: Han-Seur Jeong, Byung-Seong Suh, Soo-Geun Kim, Won-Sool Kim, Won-Cheol Lee, Kyung-Hun Son, Min-Woo Nam; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:28. Published online May 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0243-y

Abstract PDF

Background

Previous studies have classified cameramen’s job as physiologically heavy work and identified the risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) in cameramen. However, those studies limited their research subjects to cameramen. In this study, we compared the frequency and severity of WRMDs between cameramen and office workers.

Methods

A total of 293 subjects working in four broadcasting companies in Korea were recruited. A questionnaire survey was conducted for a month, starting in October 2016. The subjects were divided into cameramen and office workers according to their occupation. We compared the frequency and severity of WRMDs and ergonomic risk assessment results between the two groups.

Results

The high-risk WRMD group had a higher proportion of cameramen than office workers. Moreover, the high ergonomic risk group also had a higher proportion of cameramen than office workers for WRMDs in the upper extremities and waist+lower extremities. In the multivariable-adjusted model comparing cameramen and office workers, the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for high-risk WRMDs was 3.50 (95% CI: 1.92–7.72) for the upper extremities and 3.18 (95% CI: 1.62–6.21) for the waist and the lower extremities. The ORs by body parts were 3.11 (95% CI: 1.28–7.57) for the neck, 3.90 (95% CI: 1.79–8.47) for the shoulders, and 4.23 (95% CI: 1.04–17.18) for the legs and feet.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that cameramen are at high risk of WRMDs. Workplace improvements and management of the neck, shoulders, and lower extremities, which are susceptible to WRMDs, are necessary to prevent musculoskeletal disorders among cameramen.

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Rahman Sheikhhoseini, Sajjad Abdollahi, Mohammad Salsali, Mehrdad Anbarian
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Reem S. AlOmar, Nouf A. AlShamlan, Saad Alawashiz, Yaser Badawood, Badr A. Ghwoidi, Hassan Abugad
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Research Article

Sick at work: prevalence and determinants among healthcare workers, western Ethiopia: an institution based cross-sectional study: Tesfaye Hambisa Mekonnen, Mekuriaw Alemayewu Tefera, Yayehirad Alemu Melsew; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:2. Published online February 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0213-4

Abstract PDF

Background

Going to work despite feeling sick also known as sickness presenteeism is one of the emerging global occupational health challenges. Sickness presenteeism negatively affects both health of work forces and productivity of organizations in general. However, there is insufficient research exploring this situation in majority of the Sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia. Thus this study intended to investigate the prevalence and determinant factors of sickness presenteeism among health care workers, Western Ethiopia.

Methods

This study used an institution based cross-sectional quantitative study design. The study period was from February to March, 2017. We employed simple random sampling method to select 360 study samples. Data collection was performed by pre-tested structured and self- administered questionnaire. We used SPSS version 20 to carry out binary logistic regression analysis. Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was calculated and significance of associations was determined at p-value < 0.05.

Results

A total of 344 respondents fully completed the survey questionnaire. Mean age with standard deviation was 30.28 ± 6.181. Prevalence of sickness Presenteeism was 52.6% [95%CI: (47.4, 57.8)] in the past 12 months. Educational status [AOR:2.1, 95%CI: (1.17,3.90)], financial problem [AOR:1.9,95%CI:(1.07,3.46)], sickness absenteeism [AOR:2.7,95% CI:(1.50,5.02)], lack of staff replacement [AOR:2.7,95%CI:(1.50,5.02)], absence of occupational health services [AOR:3.0,95%CI:(1.34,6.70)], and pressure from supervisor [AOR:1.8,95% CI:(1.01,3.31)] were significant predictors of the dependent variable.

Conclusion

Relatively higher proportions of workers indicated sickness presenteeism as compared to other studies. Risk factors like educational status, personal financial problem, sickness absenteeism, lack of staff replacement, absence of occupational health services, and pressure from supervisors considerably increased the likely occurrence of employees’ sick attendance. It is advisable for health care managers to hire adequate health care staffs, to implement basic occupational health services and to design strategies which reduce pressure from supervisors.

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Sónia Magalhães, Joselina Barbosa, Elisabete Borges
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Research Article

Does formaldehyde have a causal association with nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia?: Soon-Chan Kwon, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Jungsun Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:5. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0218-z

Abstract PDF

Background

The South Korean criteria for occupational diseases were amended in July 2013. These criteria included formaldehyde as a newly defined occupational carcinogen, based on cases of “leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure”. This inclusion was based on the Internal Agency for Research on Cancer classification, which classified formaldehyde as definite human carcinogen for nasopharyngeal cancer in 2004 and leukemia in 2012.

Methods

We reviewed reports regarding the causal relationship between occupational exposure to formaldehyde in Korea and the development of these cancers, in order to determine whether these cases were work-related.

Results

Previous reports regarding excess mortality from nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure seemed to be influenced by excess mortality from a single plant. The recent meta-risk for nasopharyngeal cancer was significantly increased in case-control studies, but was null for cohort studies (excluding unexplained clusters of nasopharyngeal cancers). A recent analysis of the largest industrial cohort revealed elevated risks of both leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma at the peak formaldehyde exposure, and both cancers exhibited significant dose-response relationships. A nested case-control study of embalmers revealed that mortality from myeloid leukemia increased significantly with increasing numbers of embalms and with increasing formaldehyde exposure. The recent meta-risks for all leukemia and myeloid leukemia increased significantly. In South Korea, a few cases were considered occupational cancers as a result of mixed exposures to various chemicals (e.g., benzene), although no cases were compensated for formaldehyde exposure. The peak formaldehyde exposure levels in Korea were 2.70–14.8 ppm in a small number of specialized studies, which considered anatomy students, endoscopy employees who handled biopsy specimens, and manufacturing workers who were exposed to high temperatures.

Conclusion

Additional evidence is needed to confirm the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and nasopharyngeal cancer. All lymphohematopoietic malignancies, including leukemia, should be considered in cases with occupational formaldehyde exposure.

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Research Article

Carbon disulfide exposure estimate and prevalence of chronic diseases after carbon disulfide poisoning-related occupational diseases: Hweemin Chung, Kanwoo Youn, Kyuyeon Kim, Kyunggeun Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:52. Published online October 26, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0208-6

Abstract PDF

Background

In Korea, Carbon disulfide (CS₂) toxicity was an important social problem from the late 1980s to the early 1990s but there have been few large-scale studies examining the prevalence of diseases after CS₂ exposure discontinuance. So we investigated past working exposure to CS₂ characteristics from surviving ex-workers of a rayon manufacturing plant including cumulative CS₂ exposure index. Furthermore, we studied the prevalence of their chronic diseases recently after many years.

Methods

We interviewed 633 ex-workers identified as CS₂ poisoning-related occupational diseases to determine demographic and occupational characteristics and reviewed their medical records. The work environment measurement data from 1992 was used as a reference. Based on the interviews and foreign measurement documents, weights were assigned to the reference concentrations followed by calculation of individual exposure index, the sum of the portion of each time period multiplied by the concentrations of CS₂ during that period.

Results

The cumulative exposure index was 128.2 ppm on average. Workers from the spinning, electrical equipment repair, and motor repair departments were exposed to high concentrations of ≥10 ppm. Workers from the maintenance of the ejector, manufacturing of CS_2, post-process, refining, maintenance and manufacturing of viscose departments were exposed to low concentrations below 10 ppm. The prevalence for hypertension, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, arrhythmia, psychoneurotic disorder, disorders of the nervous system and sensory organ were 69.2%, 13.9%, 24.8%, 24.5%, 1.3%, 65.7%, 72.4% respectively.

Conclusions

We estimated the individual cumulative CS₂ exposure based on interviews and foreign measurement documents, and work environment measurement data. Comparing the work environment measurement data from 1992, these values were similar to them. After identified as CS₂ poisoning, there are subjects over 70 years of average age with disorders of the nervous system and sensory organs, hypertension, psychoneurotic disorder, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmia. Because among ex-workers of the rayon manufacturing plant, only 633 survivors recognized as CS₂ poisoning were studied, the others not identified as CS₂ poisoning should also be investigated in the future.

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Ultrafast Luminescence Detection with Selective Adsorption of Carbon Disulfide in a Gold(I) Metal−Organic Framework
Haruka Yoshino, Masaki Saigo, Takumi Ehara, Kiyoshi Miyata, Ken Onda, Jenny Pirillo, Yuh Hijikata, Shinya Takaishi, Wataru Kosaka, Ken‐ichi Otake, Susumu Kitagawa, Hitoshi Miyasaka
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Ultrafast Luminescence Detection with Selective Adsorption of Carbon Disulfide in a Gold(I) Metal−Organic Framework
Haruka Yoshino, Masaki Saigo, Takumi Ehara, Kiyoshi Miyata, Ken Onda, Jenny Pirillo, Yuh Hijikata, Shinya Takaishi, Wataru Kosaka, Ken‐ichi Otake, Susumu Kitagawa, Hitoshi Miyasaka
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The impacts of long-term carbon disulfide exposure on glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes: a multifaceted gene-environment-lifestyle interaction study of Chinese adults
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Joaquín Hernández-Fernández, Heidi Cano, Susana Rodríguez-Couto
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Research Article

What causes the experience of discrimination in non-regular workers?: Seong-Hoon Kang, Jin-Ho Song, Tae Hwan Koh, Do Myung Paek, Jong-Tae Park, HoSun Chun; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:35. Published online August 15, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0192-x

Abstract PDF

Background

Discrimination based on type of employment against non-regular workers is still a social issue. However, there are few studies on job factors that affect the discrimination experience in each type of employment or the association between discrimination and health impact indicators. This study examined occupational health characteristics according to discrimination experience and relating factors that affect discrimination experience.

Methods

This study used the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey (2014) provided by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. Among the 50,000 workers, 7731 non-regular wage workers were selected as study population. To examine differences in discrimination experience, we used a t-test on occupational risk factors, occupational stress, occupational characteristics, health impact indicators. To identify the factors that affected discrimination experience, we performed binomial logistic regression analysis.

Results

The discrimination experience rate was significantly higher in male, aged less than 40 years old, above high school graduate than middle school graduate, higher wage level, shorter employment period and larger company’s scale. As factors related to discrimination experience, they experienced discrimination more as occupational stress was higher and when they were temporary or daily workers rather than permanent workers, work patterns were not consistent, and the support of boss was low. It showed that physical, musculoskeletal, and mental occupational risk scores and subjective job instability were higher and work environment satisfaction was lower in discrimination experienced group.

Conclusions

The present study showed that the demographic and occupational factors were complexly related to discrimination experience in non-regular workers. The experience of discrimination had increased when occupational stress was higher, they were temporary or daily workers rather than permanent workers, work patterns were not consistent, and their boss’ support was low. Improving various relating factors, (e.g. occupational stresses, employment status and occupational characteristics), this would ultimately expect to improve non-regular workers’ discrimination.

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Research Article

The relationship between emotional labor status and workplace violence among toll collectors: Yosub Joo, Jeongbae Rhie; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:34. Published online August 10, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0193-9

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to identify the emotional labor and workplace violence status among toll collectors by assessing and comparing the same with that in workers in other service occupation. It also aimed to analyze the relationship between emotional labor and workplace violence.

Methods

This study examined emotional labor and workplace violence status in 264 female toll collectors from August 20 to September 4, 2015. The emotional labor was assessed using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS), and a questionnaire was used to examine the presence or absence, and type and frequency of workplace violence experienced by the subjects. A linear regression analysis was also performed to analyze the relationship between workplace violence and emotional labor.

Results

The scores on “emotional demanding and regulation (p < 0.001),” “overload and conflict in customer service (p = 0.005),” “emotional disharmony and hurt (p < 0.001),” and “organizational surveillance and monitoring (p < 0.001)” among the sub-categories of emotional labor were significantly high and indicated “at-risk” levels of emotional labor in those who experienced workplace violence, whereas they were “normal” of emotional labor in those who did not. Even after being adjusted in the linear regression analysis, the emotional labor scores for the above 4 sub-categories were still significantly high in those who experienced workplace violence. On comparing the present scores with 13 other service occupations, it was found that toll collectors had the highest level in “emotional disharmony and hurt,” “organizational surveillance and monitoring,” and “organizational supportive and protective system”.

Conclusions

This study found that the toll collectors engaged in a high level of emotional labor. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between emotional labor and the experience of workplace violence among the toll collectors.

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Research Article

Hepatitis B vaccination coverage and the determinants of vaccination among health care workers in selected health facilities in Lusaka district, Zambia: an exploratory study: Namwaka Mungandi, Mpundu Makasa, Patrick Musonda; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:32. Published online August 10, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0191-y

Abstract PDF

Background

Hepatitis B is a viral infection of the liver and causes both acute and chronic disease. It is transmitted through contact with an infected person’s bodily fluids. It is an occupational hazard for healthcare workers and can be prevented by the administration of a vaccine. It is recommended that healthcare workers be vaccinated against vaccine preventable diseases including hepatitis B. The study objective was to determine the prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B vaccination among healthcare workers in selected health facilities in Lusaka.

Methods

The study took place in seven health facilities across Lusaka district in Zambia. A total sample size of 331 healthcare workers was selected of which; 90 were nurses, 88 were doctors, 86 were laboratory personnel and 67 were general workers. A self-administered structured questionnaire was given to a total of 331 healthcare workers. Investigator led stepwise approach was used to select the best predictor variables in a multiple logistic regression model and all analyses were performed using STATA software, version 12.1 SE (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).

Results

Only 64(19.3%) of the healthcare workers were vaccinated against hepatitis B, with 35 (54.7%) of these being fully vaccinated and 29 (45.3%) partially vaccinated. Analysis showed that; age of the healthcare worker, sharp injuries per year and training in infection control were the variables that were statistically significant in predicting a healthcare worker’s vaccination status.

Conclusion

It is reassuring to learn that healthcare workers have knowledge regarding hepatitis B and the vaccine and are willing to be vaccinated against it. Health institutions should bear the cost for vaccinating staff and efforts should be made for appropriate health education regarding hepatitis B infection and its prevention. Establishment of policies on compulsory hepatitis B vaccination for healthcare workers in Zambia is recommended.

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Research Article

Factors affecting heat-related diseases in outdoor workers exposed to extreme heat: Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim, Inbo Oh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:30. Published online June 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0183-y

Abstract PDF

Background

The objectives of the present study are to: (i) evaluate the effect of environmental and metabolic heat on heat-related illnesses in outdoor workers; and (ii) evaluate the effect of personal factors, including heat acclimation, on the risk of heat-related illnesses in outdoor workers.

Methods

We identified 47 cases of illnesses from exposure to environmental heat in outdoor workers in Korea from 2010 to 2014, based on review of workers’ compensation data. We also obtained the information on location, time, and work environment of each heat-related illness.

Results

Our major results are that 29 cases (61.7%) occurred during a heat wave. Forty five cases (95.7%) occurred when the maximum estimated WBGT (WBGTmax) was equal to or greater than the case specific threshold value which was determined by acclimatization and metabolic rate. Twenty two cases (46.8%) were not acclimated to the heat. Thirty-seven cases (78.7%) occurred after tropical night (temperature above 25 °C), during which many people may find it hard to sleep.

Conclusion

Personal risk factors such as heat acclimation as well as environmental factors and high metabolic rate during work are the major determinants of heat-related illnesses.

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Research Article

The relationship between serum vitamin D levels and sleep quality in fixed day indoor field workers in the electronics manufacturing industry in Korea: Young Saeng Jung, Chang Ho Chae, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Ho Sung Kwak; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:25. Published online June 24, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0187-7

Abstract PDF

Background

Although recent studies have investigated the influence of vitamin D on sleep patterns, there is a lack of research on the relationship between vitamin D and sleep patterns in Korean workers. This study focused on the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and sleep in fixed day indoor field workers in the electronics manufacturing industry in Korea.

Methods

The 1472 subjects who were included in this study were selected from fixed day workers in the electronics manufacturing industry who had received a worker’s special health examination at a hospital in Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province between January 2015 and December 2015. Nighttime workers and those who showed symptoms of depression were excluded from this study. The sociodemographic and lifestyle variables of the participants were investigated, including age, sex, marital status, level of education, body mass index, smoking habits, alcohol consumption habits, and regular exercise. Work-related factors were evaluated, such as employee tenure and occupational stress. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured as an indicator of vitamin D levels, and quality of sleep was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) translated into Korean.

Results

The subjects had a mean serum vitamin D level of 13.70 ± 5.93 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency, defined as a serum vitamin D level of <10 ng/mL, was found in 24.8% of males and significantly more frequently in females (47.6%). Poor sleep quality was reported by 19.8% of participants with serum vitamin D levels ≥10 ng/mL and by 21.7% of those with serum vitamin D levels <10 ng/mL, which was a significant difference (P = .007). Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for significant variables found that poor sleep quality was more likely in those with vitamin D deficiency than those with higher serum vitamin D levels (odds ratio = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01–1.82). A comparison of serum vitamin D levels and PSQI components showed that the mean scores for subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, and sleep duration were significantly higher in the vitamin D-deficient participants, indicating that the vitamin D-deficient participants had poorer sleep quality.

Conclusions

This study investigated serum vitamin D levels in fixed day indoor field workers in the manufacturing industry in Korea and analyzed the relationship of vitamin D deficiency with sleep quality. A significant correlation was found between serum vitamin D deficiency and poor sleep quality. Based on the results of this study, sleep disorder management for workers can be improved by providing regular examinations checking their serum vitamin D levels and supplying vitamin D to workers with serum vitamin D deficiency to enhance their quality of sleep.

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Research Article

The current condition of the workers’ general health examination in South Korea: a retrospective study: Young Joong Kang, Jun-Pyo Myong, Huisu Eom, Bowha Choi, Jong Heon Park, Eun-A L Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:6. Published online March 7, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0157-0

Abstract PDF

Background

Business owners in the Republic of Korea must take part in the workers’ general health examination. However, there have been few formal analyses of the uptake of this examination by employees. In the present study, we examined the rates of participation in medical examinations according to age group, health insurance type, and enterprise size, and then compared these results with those of the national general health screening. Furthermore, we determined the distribution of patients with abnormal results for diabetes and hypertension, and outlined the significance and history of domestic health examinations.

Methods

We started by comparing participation rates extracted from the among health examination data of the National Health Insurance Service from 2006–2013 by sex, age, insurance type, and enterprise size of workplace health insurance beneficiaries (i.e., those whose insurance is provided by their workplace). In addition, we analyzed the prevalence rates of abnormal results for hypertension and diabetes, and explored the history and significance of health examinations in the Republic of Korea.

Results

The overall participation rate in the primary health examination in 2006 was 56%, and this increased to 72% in 2013. However, the rates of the secondary screening did not increase much. Among workplace policyholders (i.e., those whose insurance is provided by their workplace), the participation rates of workers in enterprises with less than 50 employees were lower than were those in enterprises with 50 or more employees. Notably, the rates and odds ratios of patients with abnormal results for diabetes and hypertension were relatively high, particularly among those working in smaller enterprises.

Conclusions

Although the workers’ general health examination has been replaced with the national general health screening, it remains necessary to ensure uniform health management services among all workers in the Republic of Korea. This can, in turn, promote occupational health and improve working conditions throughout the Republic of Korea.

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Research Article

Practice status of specialized agencies for occupational health management of small- to medium-size enterprises and the factors improving their performance: a cross-sectional survey study: Saerom Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong, Eun-A Kim, Huisu Eom, Bowha Choi, Young Joong Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:4. Published online February 27, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0161-4

Abstract PDF

Background

We examined the current status of specialized agencies for occupational health management (SAs) and their workforce. Furthermore, we aimed to clarify the current practice status of SA healthcare professionals and factors that influence their performance.

Methods

To examine the current SA workforce, we analyzed data from the 2014 Survey of Current Status of SA and their Workforce from the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL). Furthermore, we mailed out an original questionnaire to SA professionals to determine their current health management status and factors that affect their performance. Data from the respondents (N = 384) were analyzed.

Results

In 2014, the workforce performing health management in SAs comprised 232 physicians, 507 nurses, and 312 occupational hygienists, with no significant regional differences in the distribution of physicians and nurses. According to the findings of the questionnaire, the average daily number of worker consultations by physicians and nurses was 22.8, while the average time taken for health management ranged from 74.3 to 104.3 min, depending on the size of the firm. Most of the respondents (41.5%) answered that they were following-up on more than 80% of individuals with illnesses. Among health management tasks, performance scores of “consultations for general diseases” and “consultations for lifestyle habits” were relatively high, whereas health promotion activities at workplaces were relatively low. There was a significant correlation between the utilization of general and special health examination results and task performance.

Conclusion

Among health management tasks, follow-up management of individuals with illnesses and consultations for disease/lifestyle habits were relatively well performed, whereas health promotion activities at workplaces were not performed well. Among factors that positively influenced SA performance at workplaces, only the utilization of health examination results had significant effects. Therefore, to accomplish health management goals and perform effective health management at workplaces, there is a need to establish a comprehensive system of occupational health service outsourcing integrating health examinations and health management services. Furthermore, the current task system, which focuses on follow-up management, should be expanded to incorporate preventive and health promotion functions—the fundamental functions of occupational health services (OHS).

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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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