1Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
2Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
Copyright © 2021 Korean Society of Occupational & Environmental Medicine
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Number | Author | Publication year | Country | Study design | Participants | Tuberculosis assessment | Prevalence or incidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chen et al. [16] | 2019 | China | Cross-sectional study | 487 | Questionnaire and IGRA for TB | IGRA positive: 33.9% |
2 | Nichimura et al. [51] | 2018 | Japan | Prospective cohort study | 328 | IGRA for TB | HW: 0.149/100 person-years |
Nursing student: 0.0825/100 person-years | |||||||
3 | Bukhary et al. [52] | 2018 | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional study | 520 | IGRA for TB | QFT-GIT positive: 56/520 (10.8%) |
4 | Henderson et al. [7] | 2017 | UK | Cross-sectional study | 587 | IGRA for TB | IGRA positive: 27% |
5 | Shrestha et al. [22] | 2017 | Nepal | Cross-sectional study | 560 | Self-administered questionnaire and CXR | Direct contact with patients: 76.8% |
Cough > 2 weeks: 10.4% | |||||||
Chest radiography: 20.0% | |||||||
6 | Lacerda et al. [25] | 2017 | Brazil | Cross-sectional study | 708 | Questionnaire and IGRA | LTBI prevalence: 27% (n = 196; 95% CI: 24%–31%) |
7 | Lacerda et al. [25] | 2017 | Brazil | Cross-sectional study | 218 | TST | TST positive: 39.4% (95% CI: 32.9–45.9) and 54.1% (95% CI: 47.4–60.7) |
8 | Yoon et al. [32] | 2017 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 902 | TST, IGRA | TB patient care ≥ 1 year or more: 19.5% (176/902) |
TST positive: 26.9% (243/902) | |||||||
LTBI: 5.8% (52/902) | |||||||
9 | Janagond et al. [24] | 2017 | India | Prospective cohort study | 206 | Questionnaires, TST | TST positive: 36.8% (76/206) |
10 | Napoli et al. [5] | 2017 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 2,290 | QFT, TST | TST positive: 141 (6.1%) |
QFT positive: 16.4% | |||||||
11 | Gehanno et al. [40] | 2017 | France | Retrospective study | 233,389 | Questionnaires | Nurse, health care assistants: 5.7/100,000 |
Administrative staff: 1.27/100,000 | |||||||
12 | Pan et al. [13] | 2015 | Taiwan | Matched cohort study | 44 | AFB staining | Smear positive: 26.8% (11/41) |
Culture proven: 70.7% (29/41) | |||||||
Pathologically diagnosed: 9.8% (4/41) | |||||||
Clinically diagnosed: 24.4% (10/41) | |||||||
13 | He et al. [17] | 2015 | China | Longitudinal study | 880 | TST, QFT | TST positive: 11.4% |
QFT-GIT: 19.1% (OR: 142.62, 95% CI: 1.39–4.97) | |||||||
BCG scar: OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.28–1.00 | |||||||
14 | Adams et al. [33] | 2015 | South Africa | Prospective cohort study | 764 | TST, QFT, CXR | TST positive: 38% |
QFT-GIT positive: 13%–22% | |||||||
15 | Hung et al. [14] | 2015 | Taiwan | Prospective cross-sectional study | 193 | QFT-G, TST | TST positive: 88.8% |
QFT-GIT positive: 14.5% | |||||||
Multivariable logistic regression: only the QFT-G test was associated with age (35 years or greater) (adjusted OR: 2.53, p = 0.03) | |||||||
16 | Chen et al. [31] | 2014 | China | Retrospective study | 996 | Sputum smear | TB: females > males (58.0% > 42.0%) |
TB positive: males > females (88.5% > 83.4%, p = 0.031) | |||||||
17 | Garcell et al. [34] | 2014 | Qatar | Cross-sectional study | 202 | TST, QFT-G | TST positive: 6.9% |
QFT-G positive: 3.0% | |||||||
TB positive is older than negative (44.5 vs. 38.9 years) | |||||||
More experience as HWs (21.7 vs. 16.8 years) | |||||||
Direct contact with Tb patients (83.3% vs. 25%) | |||||||
18 | Szep et al. [27] | 2014 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 95 | TST | TST positive: 4.2% or 6.87 per 1,000 person weeks (95% CI: 1.87–17.60). |
19 | Muzzi et al. [6] | 2014 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 388 | TST | TST at T1 was positive: 11 (4.3%). ARTI was 1.6 (95% CI: 0.9–2.9) per 100 person-years |
TST at T2 was positive: 9 (3.7%) | |||||||
HWs PEARTI was 26 (95% CI 13.6–50) per 100 person-years | |||||||
20 | Wei et al. [18] | 2013 | China | Observational study | 210 | IGRA, TST | QFT-GIT positive: 161 (76.7%) |
QFT-GIT negative: 10 (19.01%) | |||||||
Indeterminate results: 9 (4.3%) | |||||||
(κ = 0.456, p < 0.001) | |||||||
21 | Gran et al. [8] | 2013 | Norway | Cross-sectional study | 387 | QFT, TST | QFT-GIT positive: 3.4% |
TST (≥ 6 mm): 214 (55.3%) | |||||||
TST (≥ 15 mm): 53 (13.7%) | |||||||
QFT, TST positive: 10 (4.7%) | |||||||
22 | Whitaker et al. [9] | 2013 | Georgia | Prospective longitudinal study | 319 | TST, QFT-GIT | HWs from TB unit had higher prevalence of positive QFT-GIT and TST than those from non-TB unit: 107/194 (55%) vs. 30/125 (31%) QFT-GIT positive (p < 0.0001) and 128/189 (69%) vs. 64/119 (54%) TST positive (p = 0.01) |
23 | Kiertiburanakul et al. [15] | 2012 | Thailand | Prospective study | 1,438 | TST | TST positive: 66.3% |
TST conversion: 4.8 per 100 HCP-year | |||||||
9 (0.6%) HCP were diagnosed with active TB | |||||||
24 | Larcher et al. [53] | 2012 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 621 | TST, QFT | TST positive: 29.1% |
QFT positive: 18.5% | |||||||
25 | Zwerling et al. [29] | 2012 | Canada | Prospective longitudinal study | 388 | TST, QFT | TST positive: 5.7% (22/388, 95% CI: 3.6%–8.5%) |
QFT positive: 6.2% (24/388, 95% CI: 4%–9.1%) | |||||||
26 | Borroto et al. [30] | 2011 | Cuba | Cross-sectional study | 350 | TST | LTBI prevalence: 15.4%: it was highest in professionals (20.6%); 60.3% were non-reactors, and at the second test a year later 1.4% were converters |
27 | Moon et al. [21] | 2011 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 173 | TST, QFT | QFT-GIT positive: 21.4% |
TST positive: 33.3% | |||||||
κ = 0.234 | |||||||
28 | Sherman et al. [10] | 2011 | Germany | Retrospective cohort study | 450 | TST | TST conversion: 93 |
29 | Kehinde et al. [54] | 2011 | Nigeria | Descriptive study | 271 | Pre-tested questionnaire | AFB stain positive: 9 (3.3%) |
Culture positive: 6 (2.2%) | |||||||
The culture contamination: 1.8 per cent | |||||||
30 | Costa et al. [12] | 2011 | Portugal | Cross-sectional study | 376 | QFT, TST | TST positive: 61 |
31 | Rafiza et al. [23] | 2011 | Malaysia | Cross-sectional study | 954 | QFT, TST | The overall prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among Health workers was 10.6% (CI: 8.6%–12.6%) |
32 | Park et al.[55] | 2010 | Korea | Prospective study | 322 | QFT, TST | Both positive: 25 subjects (8%) |
Follow-up after 1 year | |||||||
QFT-GIT positive: between 3.3% and 5.7% | |||||||
33 | Cadmus et al. [56] | 2010 | Nigeria | Retrospective study | 101 | AFB | AFB positive: 10 (13%) |
34 | Escombe et al. [26] | 2010 | Peru | Cross-sectional study | 845 | QFT | QFT-GIT positive: 39 (56%) |
35 | Lambert et al. [28] | 2012 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 200,744 | TST | TST positive: 6,049 (3%) |
36 | Schablon et al. [11] | 2010 | Germany | Cross-sectional study | 2,028 | IGRA | QFT-GIT positive: 198 (9.9%) |
TST positive: 480 (24.0%) | |||||||
37 | Jo et al. [20] | 2013 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 493 | TST, QFT | Doctors (n = 99): TST positive: 63 (41.4%)/QFT-GIT positive: 36 (23.7%) |
Nurse (n = 168): TST positive: 119 (34.9%)/QFT-positive: 49 (14.4%) |
Number | Author | Year | Country | Study design | Participants | Tuberculosis assessment | Estimate of risk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wang et al. [35] | 2018 | China | Cross-sectional study | 212 | Positive sputum acid-fast stains | TB: 760/100,000, RF: 51 years and above (aOR: 6.17, 95% CI: 1.35–28.28), being a nurse (aOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.15–8.32) |
2 | Kim et al. [19] | 2017 | Korea | Prospective cohort study | 872 | TST, CXR | Age over 30 years: (p = 0.02), LTBI point prevalence: 6.6%, LTBI incidence: 2.4 per 100 HWs |
3 | Davidson et al. [57] | 2017 | UK | Retrospective cohort study | 2,320 | TB surveillance, genotyping data | HWs: 23.4 (95% CI: 22.5–24.4), non-HWs: 16.2 (95% CI: 16.0–16.3) |
4 | Belo et al. [38] | 2017 | Mozambique | Cross-sectional study | 316 | Symptom screening questionnaire | LTBI: 34.4%, working > 8 years: 39.3%, no BCG vaccine: 39.6%, immunocompromised: 78.1% |
5 | Du et al. [48] | 2017 | China | Cross-sectional study | 186 | Questionnaires | Medical professionals (PR = 2.40), laboratory technicians (PR = 2.17), other hospital staff (PR = 1.04) |
6 | Bonini et al. [39] | 2017 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 580 | Questionnaires, TST | Previous BCG vaccination: OR: 344, CI: 43.72–2,718.41, p < 0.001, origin in high-risk countries: OR: 401.68, CI: 50.60–3,188.69, p < 0.001 |
7 | Weng et al. [58] | 2016 | Swaziland | Cross-sectional study | 186 | Questionnaires | Nurses (OR: 39.87, 95% CI: 2.721–584.3), other HWs (OR: 99.34, 95% CI: 7.469–1,321) |
8 | Nonghanphithak et al. [36] | 2016 | Thailand | Cross-sectional study | 112 | QFT, questionnaires | Age ≥ 30 years (OR: 18.88, 95% CI: 1.52–234.36), nurse (OR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.19–6.49), job for ≥ 10 years (OR: 8.78, 95% CI: 1.26–61.29) |
9 | Tudor et al. [43] | 2016 | South Africa | Case-control study | 307 | Questionnaires | HWs living with HIV (OR: 6.35, 95% CI: 3.54–11.37) spent time working in areas with patients (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.40–3.59) |
10 | Ito et al. [41] | 2016 | Japan | Retrospective study | 875 | IGRA, CXR | Multivariate analysis (OR: 8.2, 95% CI: 1.3–78.3, p = 0.03), longer duration of contact (> 7 days, 12/12 [100%], vs. ≤ 7 days, 18/43 [41.9%]; p = 0.0002), fewer symptoms (> 7 days, 5/12 [41.7%] vs. ≤ 7 days, 35/43 [81.4%]; p = 0.01). |
11 | Tsang et al. [59] | 2015 | Hong Kong | Prospective cohort study | 279 | IGRA, QFT | QFT-GIT positive: (exposed: 19.5%, non-exposed: 20.8%, RR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.74–1.25, p > 0.05) |
12 | Agaya et al. [60] | 2015 | Kenya | Cross-sectional survey | 1,416 | Standardized questionnaire | LTBI prevalence: (p = 0.72), work year: p < 0.01 |
13 | McCarthy et al. [61] | 2015 | South Africa | Cross-sectional study | 199 | IGRA, TST | Incident LTBI (IGRA): 25/97 (26%; incident rate 29 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI: 20–44), TST: 25/93 (27%; incident rate 29 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI: 19–42) |
14 | Rutanga et al. [62] | 2015 | Rwanda | Cross-sectional study | 1,131 | TST | LTBI prevalence: (62.1%), TST positive odds TST: 2.71 times greater (95% CI: 2.01–3.67), work year odds: increasing 4% (aOR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02%–1.05%) per year |
15 | Chu et al. [63] | 2014 | Taiwan | Population-based cohort study | 11,811 | Chart review | TB incidence: HWs vs matched subjects (61.08 vs. 37.81 per 100,000 person-years) |
Risk of TB: HWs (aHR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.08–2.43) | |||||||
16 | Tudor et al. [43] | 2014 | South Africa | Retrospective cohort study | 1,313 | Chart review | HWs living with HIV had a greater incidence of TB (IRR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.54–6.66) than HIV-negative HWs |
17 | Zhou et al. [64] | 2014 | China | Cross-sectional study | 712 | TST | TB hospital: 58.0% (n = 127), non-TB hospital: 33.9% (n = 105) (OR: 2.40, 95% CI:1.59–3.62), (6–10 years vs. ≤ 5 years [OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.10–3.25] and > 10 vs. ≤ 5 [OR:1.80; 95% CI: 1.20–2.68]) |
18 | Claassens et al. [65] | 2013 | South Africa | Cross-sectional study | 133 | Sputum smear | The infection control audit score: OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.08, p = 0.02, the number of staff: OR: 3.78, 95% CI: 1.77–8.08, the number of staff remained: OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.37–8.08 |
19 | Durando et al. [66] | 2013 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 881 | TST | Born in high TB incidence areas (≥ 20 cases per 100,000 population) |
20 | Kim et al. [37] | 2013 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 2,132 | TST | TST positive: 778 (36.5%), being older (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06–1.13, p < 0.001), male (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.21–2.62, p = 0.003), re-joining the hospital workforce (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.04–2.40, p = 0.032) |
21 | Casas et al. [67] | 2013 | Spain | Cohort analysis | 614 | TST | High risk worker hazard ratio: 1.55 (95% CI: 1.05–2.27) gender, age and professional status |
22 | Mathew et al. [42] | 2013 | South India | Case-control study | 101 | TST | BMI < 19 kg/m2 (OR: 2.96, 95% CI: 1.49–5.87), contact with patients (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.47–5.45), being employed in medical wards (OR: 12.37, 95% CI: 1.38–110.17), microbiology laboratories (OR: 5.65, 95% CI: 1.74–18.36) |
23 | He et al. [68] | 2012 | China | Cross-sectional study | 999 | TST, QFT-GIT | QFT-GIT-positive: 683 (68%) associated with greater age, longer HW career, TB disease in a co-worker and greater daily patient exposure using multivariable analysis |
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Author Contributions:
AFB
aOR
ARTI
BCG
BMI
CI
CXR
GIT
HIV
HR
HW
IGRA
IRR
LTBI
OR
PR
QFT
QTF-PEARTI
RF
RR
TB
TST
WHO
Number | Author | Publication year | Country | Study design | Participants | Tuberculosis assessment | Prevalence or incidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chen et al. [ | 2019 | China | Cross-sectional study | 487 | Questionnaire and IGRA for TB | IGRA positive: 33.9% |
2 | Nichimura et al. [ | 2018 | Japan | Prospective cohort study | 328 | IGRA for TB | HW: 0.149/100 person-years |
Nursing student: 0.0825/100 person-years | |||||||
3 | Bukhary et al. [ | 2018 | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional study | 520 | IGRA for TB | QFT-GIT positive: 56/520 (10.8%) |
4 | Henderson et al. [ | 2017 | UK | Cross-sectional study | 587 | IGRA for TB | IGRA positive: 27% |
5 | Shrestha et al. [ | 2017 | Nepal | Cross-sectional study | 560 | Self-administered questionnaire and CXR | Direct contact with patients: 76.8% |
Cough > 2 weeks: 10.4% | |||||||
Chest radiography: 20.0% | |||||||
6 | Lacerda et al. [ | 2017 | Brazil | Cross-sectional study | 708 | Questionnaire and IGRA | LTBI prevalence: 27% (n = 196; 95% CI: 24%–31%) |
7 | Lacerda et al. [ | 2017 | Brazil | Cross-sectional study | 218 | TST | TST positive: 39.4% (95% CI: 32.9–45.9) and 54.1% (95% CI: 47.4–60.7) |
8 | Yoon et al. [ | 2017 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 902 | TST, IGRA | TB patient care ≥ 1 year or more: 19.5% (176/902) |
TST positive: 26.9% (243/902) | |||||||
LTBI: 5.8% (52/902) | |||||||
9 | Janagond et al. [ | 2017 | India | Prospective cohort study | 206 | Questionnaires, TST | TST positive: 36.8% (76/206) |
10 | Napoli et al. [ | 2017 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 2,290 | QFT, TST | TST positive: 141 (6.1%) |
QFT positive: 16.4% | |||||||
11 | Gehanno et al. [ | 2017 | France | Retrospective study | 233,389 | Questionnaires | Nurse, health care assistants: 5.7/100,000 |
Administrative staff: 1.27/100,000 | |||||||
12 | Pan et al. [ | 2015 | Taiwan | Matched cohort study | 44 | AFB staining | Smear positive: 26.8% (11/41) |
Culture proven: 70.7% (29/41) | |||||||
Pathologically diagnosed: 9.8% (4/41) | |||||||
Clinically diagnosed: 24.4% (10/41) | |||||||
13 | He et al. [ | 2015 | China | Longitudinal study | 880 | TST, QFT | TST positive: 11.4% |
QFT-GIT: 19.1% (OR: 142.62, 95% CI: 1.39–4.97) | |||||||
BCG scar: OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.28–1.00 | |||||||
14 | Adams et al. [ | 2015 | South Africa | Prospective cohort study | 764 | TST, QFT, CXR | TST positive: 38% |
QFT-GIT positive: 13%–22% | |||||||
15 | Hung et al. [ | 2015 | Taiwan | Prospective cross-sectional study | 193 | QFT-G, TST | TST positive: 88.8% |
QFT-GIT positive: 14.5% | |||||||
Multivariable logistic regression: only the QFT-G test was associated with age (35 years or greater) (adjusted OR: 2.53, p = 0.03) | |||||||
16 | Chen et al. [ | 2014 | China | Retrospective study | 996 | Sputum smear | TB: females > males (58.0% > 42.0%) |
TB positive: males > females (88.5% > 83.4%, p = 0.031) | |||||||
17 | Garcell et al. [ | 2014 | Qatar | Cross-sectional study | 202 | TST, QFT-G | TST positive: 6.9% |
QFT-G positive: 3.0% | |||||||
TB positive is older than negative (44.5 vs. 38.9 years) | |||||||
More experience as HWs (21.7 vs. 16.8 years) | |||||||
Direct contact with Tb patients (83.3% vs. 25%) | |||||||
18 | Szep et al. [ | 2014 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 95 | TST | TST positive: 4.2% or 6.87 per 1,000 person weeks (95% CI: 1.87–17.60). |
19 | Muzzi et al. [ | 2014 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 388 | TST | TST at T1 was positive: 11 (4.3%). ARTI was 1.6 (95% CI: 0.9–2.9) per 100 person-years |
TST at T2 was positive: 9 (3.7%) | |||||||
HWs PEARTI was 26 (95% CI 13.6–50) per 100 person-years | |||||||
20 | Wei et al. [ | 2013 | China | Observational study | 210 | IGRA, TST | QFT-GIT positive: 161 (76.7%) |
QFT-GIT negative: 10 (19.01%) | |||||||
Indeterminate results: 9 (4.3%) | |||||||
(κ = 0.456, p < 0.001) | |||||||
21 | Gran et al. [ | 2013 | Norway | Cross-sectional study | 387 | QFT, TST | QFT-GIT positive: 3.4% |
TST (≥ 6 mm): 214 (55.3%) | |||||||
TST (≥ 15 mm): 53 (13.7%) | |||||||
QFT, TST positive: 10 (4.7%) | |||||||
22 | Whitaker et al. [ | 2013 | Georgia | Prospective longitudinal study | 319 | TST, QFT-GIT | HWs from TB unit had higher prevalence of positive QFT-GIT and TST than those from non-TB unit: 107/194 (55%) vs. 30/125 (31%) QFT-GIT positive (p < 0.0001) and 128/189 (69%) vs. 64/119 (54%) TST positive (p = 0.01) |
23 | Kiertiburanakul et al. [ | 2012 | Thailand | Prospective study | 1,438 | TST | TST positive: 66.3% |
TST conversion: 4.8 per 100 HCP-year | |||||||
9 (0.6%) HCP were diagnosed with active TB | |||||||
24 | Larcher et al. [ | 2012 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 621 | TST, QFT | TST positive: 29.1% |
QFT positive: 18.5% | |||||||
25 | Zwerling et al. [ | 2012 | Canada | Prospective longitudinal study | 388 | TST, QFT | TST positive: 5.7% (22/388, 95% CI: 3.6%–8.5%) |
QFT positive: 6.2% (24/388, 95% CI: 4%–9.1%) | |||||||
26 | Borroto et al. [ | 2011 | Cuba | Cross-sectional study | 350 | TST | LTBI prevalence: 15.4%: it was highest in professionals (20.6%); 60.3% were non-reactors, and at the second test a year later 1.4% were converters |
27 | Moon et al. [ | 2011 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 173 | TST, QFT | QFT-GIT positive: 21.4% |
TST positive: 33.3% | |||||||
κ = 0.234 | |||||||
28 | Sherman et al. [ | 2011 | Germany | Retrospective cohort study | 450 | TST | TST conversion: 93 |
29 | Kehinde et al. [ | 2011 | Nigeria | Descriptive study | 271 | Pre-tested questionnaire | AFB stain positive: 9 (3.3%) |
Culture positive: 6 (2.2%) | |||||||
The culture contamination: 1.8 per cent | |||||||
30 | Costa et al. [ | 2011 | Portugal | Cross-sectional study | 376 | QFT, TST | TST positive: 61 |
31 | Rafiza et al. [ | 2011 | Malaysia | Cross-sectional study | 954 | QFT, TST | The overall prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among Health workers was 10.6% (CI: 8.6%–12.6%) |
32 | Park et al.[ | 2010 | Korea | Prospective study | 322 | QFT, TST | Both positive: 25 subjects (8%) |
Follow-up after 1 year | |||||||
QFT-GIT positive: between 3.3% and 5.7% | |||||||
33 | Cadmus et al. [ | 2010 | Nigeria | Retrospective study | 101 | AFB | AFB positive: 10 (13%) |
34 | Escombe et al. [ | 2010 | Peru | Cross-sectional study | 845 | QFT | QFT-GIT positive: 39 (56%) |
35 | Lambert et al. [ | 2012 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 200,744 | TST | TST positive: 6,049 (3%) |
36 | Schablon et al. [ | 2010 | Germany | Cross-sectional study | 2,028 | IGRA | QFT-GIT positive: 198 (9.9%) |
TST positive: 480 (24.0%) | |||||||
37 | Jo et al. [ | 2013 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 493 | TST, QFT | Doctors (n = 99): TST positive: 63 (41.4%)/QFT-GIT positive: 36 (23.7%) |
Nurse (n = 168): TST positive: 119 (34.9%)/QFT-positive: 49 (14.4%) |
Number | Author | Year | Country | Study design | Participants | Tuberculosis assessment | Estimate of risk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wang et al. [ | 2018 | China | Cross-sectional study | 212 | Positive sputum acid-fast stains | TB: 760/100,000, RF: 51 years and above (aOR: 6.17, 95% CI: 1.35–28.28), being a nurse (aOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.15–8.32) |
2 | Kim et al. [ | 2017 | Korea | Prospective cohort study | 872 | TST, CXR | Age over 30 years: (p = 0.02), LTBI point prevalence: 6.6%, LTBI incidence: 2.4 per 100 HWs |
3 | Davidson et al. [ | 2017 | UK | Retrospective cohort study | 2,320 | TB surveillance, genotyping data | HWs: 23.4 (95% CI: 22.5–24.4), non-HWs: 16.2 (95% CI: 16.0–16.3) |
4 | Belo et al. [ | 2017 | Mozambique | Cross-sectional study | 316 | Symptom screening questionnaire | LTBI: 34.4%, working > 8 years: 39.3%, no BCG vaccine: 39.6%, immunocompromised: 78.1% |
5 | Du et al. [ | 2017 | China | Cross-sectional study | 186 | Questionnaires | Medical professionals (PR = 2.40), laboratory technicians (PR = 2.17), other hospital staff (PR = 1.04) |
6 | Bonini et al. [ | 2017 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 580 | Questionnaires, TST | Previous BCG vaccination: OR: 344, CI: 43.72–2,718.41, p < 0.001, origin in high-risk countries: OR: 401.68, CI: 50.60–3,188.69, p < 0.001 |
7 | Weng et al. [ | 2016 | Swaziland | Cross-sectional study | 186 | Questionnaires | Nurses (OR: 39.87, 95% CI: 2.721–584.3), other HWs (OR: 99.34, 95% CI: 7.469–1,321) |
8 | Nonghanphithak et al. [ | 2016 | Thailand | Cross-sectional study | 112 | QFT, questionnaires | Age ≥ 30 years (OR: 18.88, 95% CI: 1.52–234.36), nurse (OR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.19–6.49), job for ≥ 10 years (OR: 8.78, 95% CI: 1.26–61.29) |
9 | Tudor et al. [ | 2016 | South Africa | Case-control study | 307 | Questionnaires | HWs living with HIV (OR: 6.35, 95% CI: 3.54–11.37) spent time working in areas with patients (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.40–3.59) |
10 | Ito et al. [ | 2016 | Japan | Retrospective study | 875 | IGRA, CXR | Multivariate analysis (OR: 8.2, 95% CI: 1.3–78.3, p = 0.03), longer duration of contact (> 7 days, 12/12 [100%], vs. ≤ 7 days, 18/43 [41.9%]; p = 0.0002), fewer symptoms (> 7 days, 5/12 [41.7%] vs. ≤ 7 days, 35/43 [81.4%]; p = 0.01). |
11 | Tsang et al. [ | 2015 | Hong Kong | Prospective cohort study | 279 | IGRA, QFT | QFT-GIT positive: (exposed: 19.5%, non-exposed: 20.8%, RR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.74–1.25, p > 0.05) |
12 | Agaya et al. [ | 2015 | Kenya | Cross-sectional survey | 1,416 | Standardized questionnaire | LTBI prevalence: (p = 0.72), work year: p < 0.01 |
13 | McCarthy et al. [ | 2015 | South Africa | Cross-sectional study | 199 | IGRA, TST | Incident LTBI (IGRA): 25/97 (26%; incident rate 29 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI: 20–44), TST: 25/93 (27%; incident rate 29 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI: 19–42) |
14 | Rutanga et al. [ | 2015 | Rwanda | Cross-sectional study | 1,131 | TST | LTBI prevalence: (62.1%), TST positive odds TST: 2.71 times greater (95% CI: 2.01–3.67), work year odds: increasing 4% (aOR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02%–1.05%) per year |
15 | Chu et al. [ | 2014 | Taiwan | Population-based cohort study | 11,811 | Chart review | TB incidence: HWs vs matched subjects (61.08 vs. 37.81 per 100,000 person-years) |
Risk of TB: HWs (aHR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.08–2.43) | |||||||
16 | Tudor et al. [ | 2014 | South Africa | Retrospective cohort study | 1,313 | Chart review | HWs living with HIV had a greater incidence of TB (IRR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.54–6.66) than HIV-negative HWs |
17 | Zhou et al. [ | 2014 | China | Cross-sectional study | 712 | TST | TB hospital: 58.0% (n = 127), non-TB hospital: 33.9% (n = 105) (OR: 2.40, 95% CI:1.59–3.62), (6–10 years vs. ≤ 5 years [OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.10–3.25] and > 10 vs. ≤ 5 [OR:1.80; 95% CI: 1.20–2.68]) |
18 | Claassens et al. [ | 2013 | South Africa | Cross-sectional study | 133 | Sputum smear | The infection control audit score: OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.08, p = 0.02, the number of staff: OR: 3.78, 95% CI: 1.77–8.08, the number of staff remained: OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.37–8.08 |
19 | Durando et al. [ | 2013 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 881 | TST | Born in high TB incidence areas (≥ 20 cases per 100,000 population) |
20 | Kim et al. [ | 2013 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 2,132 | TST | TST positive: 778 (36.5%), being older (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06–1.13, p < 0.001), male (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.21–2.62, p = 0.003), re-joining the hospital workforce (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.04–2.40, p = 0.032) |
21 | Casas et al. [ | 2013 | Spain | Cohort analysis | 614 | TST | High risk worker hazard ratio: 1.55 (95% CI: 1.05–2.27) gender, age and professional status |
22 | Mathew et al. [ | 2013 | South India | Case-control study | 101 | TST | BMI < 19 kg/m2 (OR: 2.96, 95% CI: 1.49–5.87), contact with patients (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.47–5.45), being employed in medical wards (OR: 12.37, 95% CI: 1.38–110.17), microbiology laboratories (OR: 5.65, 95% CI: 1.74–18.36) |
23 | He et al. [ | 2012 | China | Cross-sectional study | 999 | TST, QFT-GIT | QFT-GIT-positive: 683 (68%) associated with greater age, longer HW career, TB disease in a co-worker and greater daily patient exposure using multivariable analysis |
TB: tuberculosis; HW: health worker; IGRA: interferon-gamma releasing assay; QFT-GIT: QuantiFERON-TB Gold-In-Tube; CXR: chest X-ray; LTBI: latent TB infection; CI: confidence interval; TST: tuberculin skin test; QFT: QuantiFERON-TB; AFB: acid fast bacilli; BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin; QFT-G: QuantiFERON-TB Gold; PEARTI: post-exposure rate of tuberculosis infection.
TB: tuberculosis; HW: health worker; RF: risk factor; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; TST: tuberculin skin test; CXR: chest X-ray; LTBI: latent tuberculosis infection; BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin; PR: prevalence ratio; OR: odds ratio; QFT: QuantiFERON-TB; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IGRA: interferon-gamma releasing assay; QFT-GIT: QuantiFERON-TB Gold-In-Tube; RR: risk ratio; BMI: body mass index.