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Original Article
Association between sudden work recall and psychological health issues: a cross-sectional analysis of the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey
Dong-Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, In-Ho Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e33.   Published online September 8, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e33
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background
The impact of global integration has led to an increase in non-standard work patterns, threatening workers' health. Psychological health problems, such as anxiety and fatigue, negatively affect workers' health and safety. Sudden work recall, a situation where workers are asked to return to work under unpredictable circumstances, is associated with uncertainty. Research on the relationship between sudden work recall and anxiety and fatigue is limited, and this study aims to investigate this relationship among Korean workers.
Methods
The study used data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey. To analyze the pure effects of sudden work recall, the final sample was limited to 15,702 non-shift workers with a ‘good’ subjective health status. The presence of sudden work recall was categorized into three frequency groups: “several times a month,” “rarely,” and “never.” Anxiety and fatigue were each categorized into "yes" or "no" responses. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed.
Results
After adjusting for demographic and occupational characteristics, the odds ratio (OR) for anxiety in the 'several times a month' group was 4.066 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.787–5.931), indicating a significantly higher risk. Conversely, the OR for the 'rarely' group was 1.363 (95% CI: 0.921–2.017), which was not statistically significant. A similar pattern was observed for fatigue: the 'several times a month' group had a significantly higher risk (OR: 1.875; 95% CI: 1.490–2.359), but the 'rarely' group (OR: 0.955; 95% CI: 0.750–1.215) did not.
Conclusions
The relationship between sudden work recall and psychological health may not be a simple linear one. The results suggest that only a high frequency of sudden work recall is associated with an increased risk of anxiety and fatigue. Therefore, it is necessary to establish appropriate measures and to conduct additional research in this area.
돌발적 업무 복귀 요청과 심리적 건강 문제의 연관성 : 제 6차 근로환경조사를 이용한 단면 분석
목적
세계화로 인한 비정형적 근무 형태의 증가는 노동자의 건강을 위협하고 있습니다. 특히 불안과 피로와 같은 심리적 건강 문제는 삶의 질과 안전에 부정적인 영향을 미칩니다. 본 연구는 예측 불가능한 상황에서 갑자기 업무에 복귀하라는 요청을 받는 ‘돌발적 업무 복귀 요청’이 한국 노동자의 불안 및 피로와 어떤 연관성을 가지는지 조사하고자 합니다.
방법
본 연구는 제6차 근로환경조사 자료를 활용했으며, 돌발적 업무 복귀 요청의 순수한 영향을 분석하기 위해 교대 근무자와 주관적 건강 상태가 ‘보통’ 이하인 근로자를 제외한 총 15,702명을 최종 분석 대상으로 선정했습니다. 돌발적 업무 복귀 요청의 빈도에 따라 ‘없음’, ‘드물게’, ‘한 달에 여러 번’으로 범주를 나누었으며, 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 돌발적 업무 복귀 요청과와 불안 및 피로 간의 연관성을 분석했습니다.
결과
인구통계학적 및 직업적 특성을 보정한 후, ‘한 달에 여러 번’ 돌발적 업무 복귀를 경험한 그룹은 불안(OR: 4.066, 95% CI: 2.787–5.931)과 피로(OR: 1.875, 95% CI: 1.490–2.359)의 위험이 유의미하게 높았습니다. 반면, ‘드물게’ 경험한 그룹은 불안(OR: 1.363, 95% CI: 0.921–2.017)과 피로(OR: 0.955, 95% CI: 0.750–1.215) 모두에서 통계적으로 유의미한 연관성이 나타나지 않았습니다.
결론
돌발적 업무 복귀 요구와 불안 및 피로의 관계는 단순히 선형적이지 않으며, 높은 빈도로 경험할 때만 유의미한 위험 증가와 관련이 있음을 시사합니다. 돌발적인 업무 복귀 요청이 신체적 및 정신적 장애를 유발할 수 있는 가능성에 대한 연구는 제한적이며, 이러한 문제를 예방하기 위한 대책이 충분히 발전되지 않았습니다. 따라서 돌발적 업무 복귀와 관련된 근로자 건강 보호 및 예측 가능한 근무 환경 조성 분야에서 적절한 대책을 수립하고 추가적인 연구를 수행할 필요가 있습니다.
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Special Article
Occupational stress (KOSS®19): scale development and validation in the Korean context
Hansoo Song, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Inah Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Da-Yee Jeung, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei-Jin Chang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e12.   Published online May 7, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e12
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary Material
Background
The Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) was developed in 2004. During this time, industrial structures have evolved, and societal awareness of occupational stress has changed. This study aims to develop and validate a revised version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS®19), tailored for workers, reflecting these changes.
Methods
The KOSS®19 was developed based on the 26-item KOSS–short form (SF) through a review by eight experts. A survey was conducted including 359 service industry workers, comprising the KOSS®19, Burnout, and Depression scales. The KOSS®19 subscales were restructured, and their reliability and validity were evaluated.
Results
The KOSS®19 composed of eight subscales: hazardous physical environment (2 items), high job demand (3 items), insufficient job control (2 items), low social support (2 items), job insecurity (2 items), organizational injustice (4 items), lack of reward (2 items), and work-life imbalance (2 items). The reliability and validity of the KOSS®19 were found to be satisfactory.
Conclusions
The KOSS®19 is a suitable tool for assessing occupational stress, effectively replacing the original KOSS and KOSS-SF.
직무 스트레스: 한국적 맥락에서의 척도 개발 및 타당화
목적
한국형 직무스트레스 척도(KOSS)가 2004년에 개발된 이후 산업 구조가 변화하고 직무 스트레스에 대한 사회적 인식도 달라졌다. 본 연구는 이러한 변화를 반영하여 한국형 직무스트레스 척도 개정판(KOSS®19)을 개발하고 타당성을 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다.
방법
KOSS®19는 기존의 26문항 KOSS-SF를 기반으로 8명의 전문가 검토를 거쳐 개발되었다. 서비스업 종사자 359명을 대상으로 KOSS®19, 소진(Burnout) 척도, 우울 척도를 포함한 설문조사를 실시하였으며, KOSS®19의 요인을 재구성하고 신뢰도 및 타당도를 평가하였다.
결과
KOSS®19는 8개 요인으로 구성되었다: 위해물리환경(2문항), 높은직무요구 (3문항), 직무자율성결여(2문항), 낮은사회적지지(2문항), 직업불안정(2문항), 조직불공정(4문항), 보상부적절(2문항), 일-삶의불균형 (2문항). KOSS®19의 신뢰도 및 타당도는 만족할 만한 수준으로 확인되었다.
결론
KOSS®19는 직무 스트레스를 평가하는 데 적절한 도구로, 기존 KOSS 및 KOSS-SF를 효과적으로 대체할 수 있다.

Citations

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  • Work-related risk factors of sleep apnea: evidence from the Korean work, sleep, and health study
    Heejoo Ko, Seong-Sik Cho, Hye-Eun Lee, Jeehee Min, Mo-Yeol Kang
    International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 321 Download
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Original Article
Commuting time and musculoskeletal pain in the relationship with working time: a cross-sectional study
Hoje Ryu, Seong-Sik Cho, Jung Il Kim, Sun-Haeng Choi, Nathan Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e4.   Published online February 19, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e4
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary Material
Background
Commuting is essential for working life; however, prolonged travel times can negatively affect health, particularly musculoskeletal pain. This study aims to examine the relationship between commuting time and musculoskeletal pain (back, upper extremity, and lower extremity pain), in the context of working time.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used data from the Sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in Korea between October 2020 and April 2021. Variables such as commuting time, weekly working hours, and shift work were assessed using the survey questions. Musculoskeletal pain was determined based on self-reported pains in the previous year. The covariates included demographics, employment status, ergonomic risks, and job stress. The association between commuting time and musculoskeletal pain stratified by weekly working hours or shift work was analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression analysis.
Results
This study found a significant association between longer commuting times and increased prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, particularly back, upper extremity, and lower extremity pain. When commuting time was ≤60, 61–120, >120 minutes, the odds ratio was 1.00, 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–1.52), and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.77–3.29) for back pain; 1.00, 1.29 (95% CI: 1.13–1.46), and 2.27 (95% CI: 1.71–3.00) for upper extremity pain; and 1.00, 1.24 (95% CI: 1.05–1.45), and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.13–2.08) for lower extremity pain, respectively. Furthermore, except for upper extremity pain, this trend was amplified when participants were concurrently exposed to long working hours, and for lower extremity pain, this trend was aggravated among shift workers.
Conclusions
Long commuting time may be a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain, and its’ effects could be aggravated when combined with long working hours or shift work. This study observed the detrimental impact of prolonged commuting on musculoskeletal health, particularly among employees with extended working hours or shift work.
노동 시간 및 교대근무 여부에 따른 통근 시간과 근골격계 통증의 연관성
목적
통근 시간은 업무에 필수적인 요소이며 긴 통근 시간은 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수도 있다. 이 연구에서는 통근 시간과 근골격계 통증(허리, 상지 및 하지 통증)의 연관성을 노동 시간(장시간 노동 및 교대근무)을 고려하여 조사하였다.
방법
이 연구는 제6차 취업자근로환경조사의 자료를 이용하였다. 통근 시간, 주당 근무 시간, 교대근무 여부는 설문조사를 통해 조사하였다. 근골격계 통증은 지난 1년간 자가 보고된 건강 문제를 통해 평가하였다. 공변량에는 인구통계학적 요인, 고용 상태, 인간공학적 요인 및 직업 스트레스 요인이 포함되었다. 통근 시간과 근골격계 통증과의 연관성을 주당 근무시간 또는 교대근무 여부에 따라 계층화하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다.
결과
통근 시간이 60분 이하, 61~120분, 120분 이상일 때 요통에 대한 odds ratio는 1.00, 1.33(95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.16-1.52), 2.41(95% CI: 1.77-3.29); 상지 통증은 1.00, 1.29(95% CI: 1.13-1.46), 2.27(95% CI: 1.71-3.00); 하지 통증은 1.00, 1.24(95% CI: 1.05-1.45), 1.53(95% CI: 1.13-2.08)이었다. 또한 상지 통증을 제외하고는 장시간 노동을 병행하는 경우 오즈비가 증가하는 경향과 하지 통증의 경우 교대 근무자에서 증가되는 경향이 관찰되었다.
결론
긴 통근시간은 근골격계 통증의 위험 요인이 될 수 있으며, 장시간 노동이나 교대근무에 동시에 노출되면 해로운 영향이 증가될 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 긴 통근시간이 근골격계 건강에 해로운 영향을 미칠 수도 있다는 점을 보여주며, 특히 장시간 노동이나 교대근무를 하는 근로자 집단에서 그 영향이 커질 수 있음을 시사한다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association between shift work and brain age gap: a neuroimaging study using MRI-based brain age prediction algorithms
    Youjin Kim, Joon Yul Choi, Evgeny Petrovskiy, Wanhyung Lee
    Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Bidirectional genetic associations between chronotype and shift work: A Mendelian randomization study
    Youjin Kim, Jongin Lee, Jeehee Min, Min Young Park, Seung-Yeon Lee, Seunghyun Lee, Wanhyung Lee
    Chronobiology International.2025; 42(12): 1736.     CrossRef
  • 4,709 View
  • 347 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
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Original Article
Relationship between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4
Siyoung Kim, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon, Daehwan Kim, Hyun Woo Park, Jisoo Kang, Sung Woo Huh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e20.   Published online August 6, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e20
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary Material
Background

Benzophenone-3 is a type of ketone with 2 benzene rings attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) and one benzene ring attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH). As an endocrine-disrupting chemical, benzophenone-3 is known to be associated with reproductive, developmental, thyroid, and endocrine toxicities. Benzophenone-3 is commonly used in hair products, cosmetics, and ultraviolet (UV) filters because of its characteristic property to absorb UV light. This study aims to investigate the association between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3 using the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4 (2018–2020), which represents the Korean population.

Methods

Using the KoNEHS cycle 4 survey, the data of 3,796 adults aged ≥ 19 years were analyzed. Based on the 75th percentile concentration of urine benzophenone-3, the participants were divided into the low- and high-concentration groups. Chi-square test was conducted to analyze the association of urine benzophenone-3 with distribution of general characteristics, use of personal care products, consumption of marine foods, and use of plastic products as the variable. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine benzophenone-3 based on the use of hair products.

Results

Women with < 6 times or ≥ 6 times of hair product usage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those who did not use hair products. The calculated ORs were 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–1.38) for women with < 6 times of usage and 1.54 (95% CI: 1.33–1.79) for women with ≥ 6 times of usage.

Conclusions

This study revealed the association between the use of hair products and the concentration of urine benzophenone-3 in the general Korean population.

제4기 (2018-2020) 국민환경보건 기초조사를 이용한 헤어제품사용과 요중 벤조페논-3(benzophenone-3)과의 관계
목적
벤조페논-3은 2개의 벤젠고리가 카르보닐기(C=O)에 결합된 케톤 형태로 이루어져 있으며, 한개의 벤젠고리에 히드록시기(-OH)가 결합된 형태를 가지고 있다. 벤조페논-3은 내분비계교란화합물(Endocrine disrupting chemical)로서 생식독성, 발달독성, 갑상선 및 내분비계 독성 등을 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 벤조페논-3은 자외선을 흡수하는 특성이 있어, 헤어제품(hair product), 화장품, 자외선차단제 등에 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 대한민국 인구집단를 대표하는 국민환경보건기초조사(KoNEHS) 4주기(2018-2020)의 데이터를 이용하여 헤어제품 사용과 요중 벤조페논-3과의 연관성을 확인하고자 한다.
방법
KoNEHS 4주기의 데이터에서 19세 이상 성인 3,796명의 참가자를 분석하였다. 요중 벤조페논-의 75번째 백분위 수 농도를 기준으로 저농도군과 고농도군으로 나누었다. 연구대상의 요중 벤조페논- 3농도와 일반적 특성, 개인 및 위생용품사용, 해양생물 섭취, 플라스틱용품사용 간의 분포 및 평균을 비교하기 위하여 독립 t-검정과 χ2 테스트를 실시하였다. 헤어제품에 대한 요중 벤조페논-3 대한 승산비(ORs)는 일반적 특성, 개인 및 위생용품사용, 해양생물 섭취, 그리고 플라스틱용품 사용을 보정한 후 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 계산하였다.
결과
본 연구에서는 여성에서 헤어제품 ‘주 6회 미만 사용군’과 ‘주 6회 이상 사용군’은 ‘사용안함군’에 비해 요중 벤조페논-3 고농도군에 속할 OR 값이 증가하였다. 계산된 OR값은 ‘주 6회 미만 사용군’ 1.24(95% CI: 1.12-1.38), ‘주 6회 이상 사용군’ 1.54 (95% CI: 1.33-1.79)이었다.
결론
본 연구를 통해서 헤어제품 사용과 요중 벤죠페논-3과의 연관성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Citations

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  • Environmental disease monitoring by regional Environmental Health Centers in Korea: a narrative review
    Myung-Sook Park, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Woo Jin Kim, Yun-Chul Hong, Won-Jun Choi, Seock-Yeon Hwang, Jiho Lee, Young-Seoub Hong, Yong-Dae Kim, Seong-Chul Hong, Joo Hyun Sung, Inchul Jeong, Kwan Lee, Won-Ju Park, Hyun-Joo Bae, Seong-Yong Yoon, Cheolmin Lee, Kyoung
    The Ewha Medical Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between exposure to VOCs mixture and impaired renal function in Korean adults
    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
    American Journal of Epidemiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Exposure Status of Environmental Chemicals in South Korea: The Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2018–2020
    Sooyeon Hong, Ok-Jin Kim, Sun Kyoung Jung, Hye Li Jeon, Suejin Kim, Jihyon Kil
    Toxics.2024; 12(11): 829.     CrossRef
  • 4,173 View
  • 239 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
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Original Article
Telecommuting during the COVID-19: the role of job demand and control on health outcomes
Seung-Woo Ryoo, Jin-Young Min, Seok-Yoon Son, Baek-Yong Choi, Juho Choi, Kyoung-Bok Min
Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e14.   Published online June 14, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e14
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary Material
Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic drastically modified the occupational system wherein telecommuting has risen as the major form of work. Few studies have incorporated Karasek’s job demand-control (JDC) model into explaining the health effects of telecommuting. This study aimed to investigate the health risk in South Korean telecommuters during the pandemic, and its distribution according to the job stress-related factors.

Methods

A nationwide population-based cross-sectional study of South Korean laborers was conducted, utilizing the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020–2021). Following the previously described concept of telecommuting, 14,478 white-collar employees were eligible study participants. Telecommuting, job demand, job control, and various health indicators were measured by the responses to the survey. Participants were stratified into 4 job profiles classified by the JDC model. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses between telecommuting and health-related outcomes to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

One hundred forty-six low-strain, 223 active, 69 passive, and 148 high-strain workers were screened as telecommuters. Compared to office workers, telecommuters had a higher proportion in high job control groups. Subgroup analysis demonstrated different relationships between telecommuting and health, where only active telecommuters showed a higher prevalence of depression (OR: 1.980, 95% CI: 1.126–3.481), and high-strain telecommuters were affected in most outcomes including insomnia (OR: 2.555, 95% CI: 1.473–4.433), musculoskeletal pain (OR: 2.786, 95% CI: 1.719–4.517), headache/eye strain (OR: 3.074, 95% CI: 1.992–4.745) and presenteeism (OR: 1.932, 95% CI: 1.193–3.131).

Conclusions

This study revealed significantly increased odds of multiple health outcomes among South Korean telecommuters during the COVID-19 pandemic era. High-strain job holders were prominently susceptible to the negative health impacts of telecommuting. Occupational health management towards telecommuters should approach mitigating high job demand and low job control.

코로나19 시기 재택근무: 건강 결과에 대한 직무 요구와 직무 재량의 역할
목적
코로나19 팬데믹으로 인해 재택근무는 직무 체계에서 주요한 업무 형태로 떠올랐다. 재택근무가 노동자의 건강에 미치는 영향을 설명하는데 있어 직무 요구-재량 모델을 도입한 연구가 부족하다. 본 연구는 팬데믹 기간 동안 한국 재택근무자들의 건강 위험과 상기 직무 스트레스 관련 요인에 따른 분포를 조사하는 것을 목표로 했다.
방법
본 연구는 제6차 근로환경조사(2020~2021년)를 활용하여 한국 노동자에 대한 전국 인구 기반 횡단면 연구를 실시했다. 이전 연구에서 확립한 재택근무 개념에 따라 14,478명의 화이트 칼라 피고용인 노동자들을 적격집단으로 선정했다. 설문조사 응답 결과를 토대로 재택근무, 직무 요구, 직무 재량 및 다양한 건강 지표를 측정했다. 연구대상자들을 직무 요구-재량 모델에 따라 분류된 네 가지 직무 유형으로 구분하였고, 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 재택근무 여부에 따른 건강 변수의 오즈비(OR)와 95% 신뢰구간(CI)을 측정하였다.
결과
저-긴장 노동자 146명, 능동적 노동자 223명, 수동적 노동자 69명, 고-긴장 노동자148명이 재택근무자로 분류되었다. 통근근무자와 비교했을 때, 재택근무자들은 직무 재량이 높은 군에서 그 비중이 높았다. 층화분석 결과 재택근무와 건강 사이의 연관성은 군별로 상이하였는데, 오직 능동적 재택근무자들만이 통근근무자들보다 높은 우울증 유병률을 보였고 (OR 1.980, 95% CI 1.126-3.481) 고-긴장 재택근무자들이 가장 많은 결과 변수에서 유의한 오즈비를 보였다; 불면증 (OR 2.555, 95% CI 1.473-4.433), 근골격계 통증 (OR 2.786, 95% CI 1.719-4.517), 두통/안구 피로 (OR 3.074, 95% CI 1.992-4.745), 상병 시 근무 (OR 1.932, 95% CI 1.193-3.131).
결론
본 연구에 따르면 코로나19 팬데믹 기간 동안 한국 재택근무자들에서 다수의 건강 문제가 발생할 오즈가 유의하게 증가하였다. 그중 고-긴장 업무에 종사하는 노동자들은 재택근무가 건강에 미치는 부정적인 영향에 가장 취약하였다. 따라서 재택근무자들에 대한 산업보건 관리는 높은 직무 요구와 낮은 직무 재량을 완화하는 방향으로 접근해야 할 것이다.

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  • Impact of Teleworking on Work‐Related and Home‐Related Stress at During the First Global Lockdown–The International COVISTRESS Study
    Sébastien Couarraze, Guillaume Decormeille, Louis Delamarre, Fouad Marhar, Karen Gbaglo, Raimundo Avilès Dorlhiac, Mickael Berthon, Andy Su‐I Liu, Samuel Antunes, Bruno Pereira, Julien S Baker, Morteza Charkhabi, Ukadike C Ugbolue, Reza Bagheri, José J. G
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    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2025; 37: e12.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Relationship between crustacean consumption and serum perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4
Sung Woo Huh, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon, Daehwan Kim, Hyun Woo Park, Jisoo Kang, Keon Woo Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e12.   Published online April 19, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e12
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are non-aromatic organic compounds, whose hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain substituted by fluorine atoms. PFASs exhibit developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, and hormone toxicity. PFASs are used in the production of disposable food packages, aircraft and automobile devices, cooking utensils, outdoor gear, furniture and carpets, aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), cables and wires, electronics, and semiconductors. This study aimed to determine the association between crustacean consumption and serum PFASs.

Methods

Adult participants (2,993) aged ≥ 19 years were extracted from the 4th cycle data of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS). Based on the 50th percentile concentrations of serum PFASs, participants were divided into the low-concentration group (LC) and the high-concentration group (HC). General characteristics, dietary factors, coated product usage, and personal care product usage, an independent t-test and χ2 test were analyzed. The odds ratio (OR) of serum PFAS concentration against crustacean consumption was estimated via logistic regression analysis adjusting for general characteristics, dietary factors, coated product usage, and personal care product usage.

Results

The OR for the HC of serum PFASs was higher in individuals with ≥once a week crustacean consumption than in those with < once a week crustacean consumption. Estimated ORs were perfluorohexanesulfonic acid 2.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.53–3.02), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07–1.41), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDeA) 1.42 (95% CI: 1.17–1.74) in males, and perfluorooctanoic acid 1.48 (95% CI: 1.19–1.84), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 1.39 (95% CI: 1.27–1.52), PFNA 1.70 (95% CI: 1.29–2.26) and PFDeA 1.43 (95% CI: 1.32–1.54) in females.

Conclusions

This study revealed the association between the crustacean consumption and concentrations of serum PFASs in general Korean population.

제4기(2018-2020) 국민환경보건 기초조사 자료를 이용한 갑각률 섭취와 혈청 괍불화화합물(PFAS)과의 관계
목적
과불화화합물은 탄소 사슬에 결합 되어 있는 수소 원자가 불소 원자로 대체된 비방향족 유기 화합물이다. PFAS 는 발달 독성, 발암성, 간 독성, 생식 독성, 면역 독성, 신경 독성 및 호르몬 독성 등을 가진다. PFAS는 일회용 식품 포장, 항공, 자동차, 조리기구, 아웃도어 용품, 가구 및 카펫, 수성막포, 케이블 및 배선, 전자 및 반도체 생산에 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 국가를 대표하는 조사인 한국 국민환경보건 기초조사(KoNEHS) 4주기의 데이터를 사용하여 갑각류 섭취와 혈청 PFAS노출과의 연관성을 확인하려고 한다.
방법
KoNEHS 4주기의 데이터에서 19세 이상 성인 2,993명의 참가자를 분석하였다. 혈청 PFAS 의 50번째 백분위 수 농도를 기준으로 저농도군과 고농도군으로 나누었다. 연구대상의 혈청 PFAS 농도와 일반적 특성, 식이요인, 코팅용품 사용, 미용제품 사용간의 분포 및 평균을 비교하기 위하여 독립 t-검정과 χ2 테스트를 실시하였다. 갑각류 섭취에 대한 혈청 PFAS의 승산비는 일반적 특성, 식이요인, 코팅용품 사용, 미용제품 사용을 보정한 후 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 계산하였다.
결과
본 연구에서는 갑각류 주1회이상 섭취군은 주1회미만 섭취군에 비해 혈청 PFAS 고농도군에 속할 OR 값이 증가하였다. 남성에서는 PFHxS 2.15(95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.53-3.02), PFNA 1.23(95% CI; 1.07-1.41), PFDeA 1.42(95% CI; 1.17-1.74), 여성에서는 PFOA 1.48(95% CI; 1.19-1.84), PFOS 1.39(95% CI; 1.27-1.52), PFNA 1.70(95% CI; 1.29-2.26), PFDeA 1.43(95% CI; 1.32-1.54) 이었다.
결론
갑각류 섭취 횟수가 많을수록 혈청 PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDeA) 농도가 증가하였다.

Citations

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  • Environment-wide association study of five per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFASs) exposure pathways in Korean adolescents from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2018–2020)
    Soonsu Shin, Dajeong Ham, Sanghyuk Bae
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    Myung-Sook Park, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Woo Jin Kim, Yun-Chul Hong, Won-Jun Choi, Seock-Yeon Hwang, Jiho Lee, Young-Seoub Hong, Yong-Dae Kim, Seong-Chul Hong, Joo Hyun Sung, Inchul Jeong, Kwan Lee, Won-Ju Park, Hyun-Joo Bae, Seong-Yong Yoon, Cheolmin Lee, Kyoung
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Original Article
The impact of long working hours on daily sodium intake
Kyungho Ju, Yangwoo Kim, Seung Hee Woo, Juhyeong Kim, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Soo-Jin Lee, Jeehee Min
Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e9.   Published online April 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e9
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

Long working hours are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, yet the underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. The study examines how occupational factors like working hours, shift work, and employment status correlate with dietary choices and sodium intake, impacting hypertension risk.

Methods

This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2020. The dataset included 8,471 respondents, all of whom were wage workers aged 20 or older and reported working at least 36 hours per week. Individuals who have been previously diagnosed with or are currently diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia were excluded. The average daily sodium intake was assessed via a 24-hour dietary recall method. Average weekly working hours were categorized into 3 groups: 36–40 hours, 41–52 hours, and over 52 hours. Multiple logistic regression models were used.

Results

Study findings revealed that 83.7% of participants exceeded the recommended daily sodium intake of 2 g set by the World Health Organization. After adjusting for confounding factors, a positive correlation was observed between average working hours and daily sodium intake. Among males, statistical significance was found in the group with average weekly working hours of 41–52 hours (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.30) and the group exceeding 52 hours (PR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.09–1.38) when comparing the fourth quartile of daily sodium intake to the combined quartiles of Q1, Q2, and Q3. Among females, no significance was noted.

Conclusions

Long working hours were associated with increased sodium intake, primarily among male workers. This connection is likely attributed to having less time for home-cooked meals, resulting in higher fast food consumption and dining out. A workplace intervention promoting healthy eating and reducing stress is essential to lower sodium consumption and mitigate hypertension risk.

장시간 근무가 일일 소듐 섭취량에 미치는 영향
목적
장시간 근무는 심혈관 질환의 증가와 관련이 있다고 알려져 있지만, 그 메커니즘은 명확히 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구는 주당 평균 근로시간, 교대근무 및 고용 형태 등의 직업적 요인과 식습관 변화 간의 관계를 확인하고, 특히 고혈압의 알려진 위험 요인인 과다한 소듐 섭취와의 관련성을 조사하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2013년부터 2020년까지 실시된 대한민국 국민건강영양조사의 데이터를 사용하였다. 연구대상자는 20세 이상의 임금 근로자, 주당 최소 36시간 이상 근무하는 자로 선정하였다. 이 외에도 다양한 인구학적, 직업 변수가 설문 조사를 통해 수집되었으며, 평균 일일 소듐 섭취량은 24시간 회상법을 통해 조사되었다. 주당 평균 근무 시간은 36-40시간, 41-52시간 및 52시간 이상의 세 집단으로 분류되었다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀 모델이 분석에 사용되었다.
결과
연구대상자 중 83.7%가 세계보건기구(WHO)에서 권장한 일일 나트륨 섭취량인 2g을 초과한 것이 확인되었다. 교란변수 보정 후에도 주당 평균 근로시간과 일일 소듐 섭취 간의 통계적 유의성이 확인되었다. 남성에 대하여, 주당 평균 근무 시간이 41-52시간인 그룹 (PR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05-1.30)과 52시간을 초과한 그룹 (PR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.09-1.38)이 일일 소듐 섭취량 4분위에서 1, 2, 3분위를 포함한 그룹과와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의미한 관련이 있었다. 여성에 대하여는 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다.
결론
장시간 근무는 주로 남성 근로자에서 소듐 섭취 증가와 관련이 있었다. 이는 가정에서 조리하는 시간이 줄어들어 패스트 푸드 및 외식 소비가 증가하는 것에 기인한 것으로 생각된다. 과량의 소듐 섭취는 고혈압의 알려진 위험 요인이므로, 직장에서의 적극적인 개입을 통해, 더 건강한 식습관과 개선된 근무 환경을 통해 소듐 섭취를 줄이는 것이 필요하다.

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Original Article
Relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and urine phthalate metabolites: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3
Jisoo Kang, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon
Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e53.   Published online December 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e53
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

Plastics are high-molecular-weight materials composed of long carbon chains. They are prevalent in daily life, present in various items such as food containers and microwavable packaging. Phthalates, an additive used to enhance their flexibility, are endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We utilized the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3, representing the general South Korean population, to investigate the relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and phthalate exposure.

Methods

We assessed 3,333 adult participants (aged ≥ 19 years) including 1,526 men and 1,807 women, using data from KoNEHS cycle 3. Using the 75th percentile concentration, urine phthalate metabolites were categorized into high and low-concentration groups. χ2 test was conducted to analyze variations in the distribution of each variable, considering sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, food intake, the use of plastics, and the concentration of urine phthalate metabolites as the variables. To calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine phthalate metabolites based on the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage, logistic regression analysis was conducted.

Results

In men, the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those using the others. The adjusted ORs were calculated as follows: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) had an OR of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.72), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.16–1.88), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) had an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.04–1.66), ∑di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) had an OR of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08–1.74) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had an OR of 1.44 (95% CI: 1.13–1.84).

Conclusion

The concentrations of urine phthalate metabolites (MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, and MnBP) were significantly higher in men who used plastics in refrigerator food storage compared to those using the others.

제3기(2015-2017) 국민환경보건 기초조사 자료를 이용한 냉장고 식품보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체간의 관계
목적
플라스틱은 긴 탄소 사슬로 구성된 고분자 물질로 일상생활에서 식품용기, 전자레인지용 포장용기 등 다양한 곳에서 사용되고 있다. 프탈레이트는 플라스틱의 유연성을 증가시키는 가소제로 사용되는데, 이는 내분비계 장애물질로 알려져있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 인구를 대표하는 자료인 국민환경보건 기초조사 3기를 이용하여 가정내 냉장고 식품보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체와의 연관성을 조사하였다.
방법
본 연구는 국민환경보건 기초조사 3기에서 3,333명의 19세 이상 성인을 연구 대상자로 선정하였다. (남자: 1,526명 여자: 1,807명) 요중 프탈레이트 대사체는 75th percentile값을 기준으로 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 고농도군과 저농도군으로 정의하였다. 사회인구학적 요인, 건강행태 요인, 식이요인과 플라스틱 사용, 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 농도간의 분포를 분석하기위해 χ2-test를 사용하였다. 또한 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 가정내 냉장고 식품보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 고농도군에 속할 OR값을 계산하였다.
결과
남성에서 가정내 냉장고 식품보관시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우 플라스틱을 사용하지 않는 경우보다 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 농도가 높았다. 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우 MEHHP의 고농도군에 해당될 adjusted ORs은 1.35(95%CI: 1.05-1.72), MEOHP 1.48(95%CI: 1.16-1.88), MECPP 1.32(95%CI: 1.04-1.66), ∑DEHP 1.37(95%CI: 1.08-1.74), MnBP 1.44(95%CI: 1.13-1.84)으로 조사되었다.
결론
남성에서 가정내 냉장고 식품 보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우는 플라스틱을 사용하지 않는 경우보다 요중 프탈레이트 대사체(MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MnBP) 농도가 높았다.

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    Exposure and Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Original Article
Correlation of commute time with the risk of subjective mental health problems: 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS)
Hyo Choon Lee, Eun Hye Yang, Soonsu Shin, Seoung Ho Moon, Nan Song, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e9.   Published online May 11, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e9
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

Studies conducted so far on the link between commute time and mental health among Koreans remain insufficient. In this study, we attempted to identify the relationship between commute time and subjective mental health using the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS).

Methods

Self-reported commute time was divided into four groups: ≤ 30 (group 1), 30–60 (group 2), 60–120 (group 3), and > 120 minutes (group 4). Subjective depression was defined as a score of 50 points or less on the WHO-5 well-being index. Subjective anxiety and fatigue were defined as answering ‘yes’ to the questionnaire on whether they had experienced it over the past year. The analysis of variance, t-test, and χ2 test was used to analyze the differences among the characteristics of the study participants according to commute time, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for depression, anxiety, and fatigue according to commute time were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age, monthly income, occupation, company size, weekly working hours, and shift work status.

Results

Long commute times showed increased ORs and graded increasing trends for depression, anxiety, and fatigue. The ORs for depression increased significantly in group 2 (1.06 [1.01–1.11]), group 3 (1.23 [1.13–1.33]), and group 4 (1.31 [1.09–1.57]) compared to group 1 (reference). The ORs for anxiety increased significantly in group 2 (1.17 [1.06–1.29]), group 3 (1.43 [1.23–1.65]) and group 4 (1.89 [1.42–2.53]). The ORs for fatigue increased significantly in group 2 (1.09 [1.04–1.15]), group 3 (1.32 [1.21–1.43]), and group 4 (1.51 [1.25–1.82]).

Conclusions

This study highlights that the risk of depression, anxiety, and fatigue increases with commute time.

통근 시간과 주관적 정신건강문제 위험의 상관관계 : 제6차 한국근로환경조사
목적
한국인들의 통근 시간과 정신 건강의 관계에 대해 지금까지 수행된 연구는 매우 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 제6차 한국근로환경조사 자료를 이용하여 통근 시간과 주관적 정신건강의 관계를 규명하고자 하였다.
방법
자가 보고된 통근 시간은 30분 이하(1군), 30분-60분(2군), 60분-120분(3군), 120분 초과(4군)의 4개 그룹으로 분류하였다. 주관적 우울은 WHO-5 웰빙 지수 50점 이하인 경우로 정의하였다. 주관적 불안과 피로는 지난 1년간 이러한 증상을 경험한 적이 있는지에 대한 설문지에 '그렇다'고 대답한 경우로 정의하였다. 분산분석, T-검정 및 카이-제곱 검정을 사용하여 출퇴근 시간, 우울, 불안, 피로에 따른 연구 참여자들의 특성 차이를 분석하였다. 성별, 연령, 월 소득, 직업, 회사 규모, 주당 근로 시간, 교대근무 상태를 보정한 다변량 로지스틱 회귀모형을 이용하여, 통근 시간에 따른 우울, 불안, 피로에 대한 오즈비와 95% 신뢰구간을 산출하였다.
결과
긴 통근 시간은 우울, 불안, 피로에 대한 오즈비 증가 및 점진적인 상승 추세를 보여주었다. 우울에 대한 오즈비는 2군(1.06[1.01-1.11]), 3군(1.23[1.13-1.33])과 4군(1.31[1.09-1.57])에서 1군(참조군)에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다. 불안에 대한 오즈비는 2군(1.17[1.06-1.29]), 3군(1.43[1.23-1.65])과 4군(1.89[1.42-2.53])에서 유의하게 증가했다. 피로에 대한 오즈비는 2군(1.09[1.04-1.15]), 3군(1.32[1.21-1.43])과 4군(1.51[1.25-1.82])에서 유의하게 증가했다.
결론
본 연구는 출퇴근 시간이 증가함에 따라 우울증, 불안, 피로의 위험이 증가한다는 것을 강조한다.

Citations

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  • Study on the influence of commuting time on workers' health status and its mechanism
    Yu Gan, Jing Zhang
    Journal of Transport & Health.2025; 41: 102010.     CrossRef
  • Association between commute time and loneliness: An analysis based on 2023 Seoul survey data
    Baek-Yong Choi, Ji-Hyeon Lee, Seok-Yoon Son, Seung-Woo Ryoo, Jin-Young Min, Kyoung-Bok Min
    Journal of Transport & Health.2025; 43: 102059.     CrossRef
  • Six years of car driving experience: impact of psychological status, sleep, fatigue and quality of life in female drivers in Saudi Arabia: an online survey study
    Thamir Al-khlaiwi, Dena S. Alsuhaibani, Hoor K. Aloraini, Jana I. Alhazmi, Razan A. Almohanna, Sara A. Alsheikh, Turkia A. Alsheik, Norah Alrashoud, Muhammad Iqbal
    BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between sudden work recall and psychological health issues: a cross-sectional analysis of the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey
    Dong-Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, In-Ho Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2025; 37: e33.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Relationship between visual display terminal working hours and headache/eyestrain in Korean wage workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey
Gayoung Kim, Seong-yong Cho, Jinseok Kim, Seongyong Yoon, Jisoo Kang, Si young Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e8.   Published online May 9, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e8
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

Prolonged use of visual display terminal (VDT) can cause eyestrain, dry eyes, blurred vision, double vision, headache and musculoskeletal symptoms (neck, shoulder, and wrist pain). VDT working hours among workers have greatly increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between VDT working hours and headache/eyestrain in wage workers using data from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) (2020–2021) conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

We analyzed the sixth KWCS data of 28,442 wage workers aged 15 years or older. The headache/eyestrain that occurred in the last year was assessed. The VDT work group included workers who use VDT always, almost always, and three-fourth of the working hours, while the non-VDT work group included workers who use VDT half of the working hours, one-fourth of the working hours, almost never, and never. To analyze the relationship between VDT working hours and headache/eyestrain, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among the non-VDT work group, 14.4% workers experienced headache/eyestrain, whereas 27.5% workers of the VDT work group experienced these symptoms. For headache/eyestrain, the VDT work group showed adjusted OR of 1.94 (95% CI: 1.80–2.09), compared with the non-VDT work group, and the group that always used VDT showed adjusted OR of 2.54 (95% CI: 2.26–2.86), compared with the group that never used VDT.

Conclusions

This study suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic, as VDT working hours increased, the risk of headache/eyestrain increased for Korean wage workers.

코로나 19 유행 시기의 임금근로자에서 영상표시단말기(VDT) 작업시간과 두통/눈피로의 연관성: 제 6차 근로환경조사(KWCS)
목적
영상표시단말기(VDT)를 장시간 사용하면 눈의 피로, 안구 건조, 시야 흐림, 복시, 두통 및 근골격계 증상(목, 어깨 및 손목 통증)을 유발할 수 있다. 코로나19의 유행 동안 근로자들의 VDT 근로시간이 크게 증가했다. 본 연구는 코로나19 유행 시기에 실시된 제6차 KWCS(2020-2021) 자료를 활용하여 임금근로자의 VDT 근로시간과 두통/눈피로의 연관성을 조사하고자 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 15세 이상 임금근로자 28,442명을 대상으로 제6차 KWCS 자료를 분석하였다. 두통/눈피로는 지난 1년 동안 발생 여부로 확인하였다. 근무시간 내내, 거의 모든 근무시간, 근무시간 3/4 동안 VDT를 사용할 경우 VDT 작업군으로 분류하였고, 근무시간 절반, 근무시간 1/4, 거의 없음, 전혀 사용하지 않는 경우 VDT 비작업군으로 분류하였다. VDT 근무시간과 두통/눈피로의 관계를 분석하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 승산비(OR)와 95% 신뢰구간(CI)을 계산하였다.
결과
본 연구는 15세 이상 임금근로자 28,442명을 대상으로 제6차 KWCS 자료를 분석하였다. 두통/눈피로는 지난 1년 동안 발생 여부로 확인하였다. 근무시간 내내, 거의 모든 근무시간, 근무시간 3/4 동안 VDT를 사용할 경우 VDT 작업군으로 분류하였고, 근무시간 절반, 근무시간 1/4, 거의 없음, 전혀 사용하지 않는 경우 VDT 비작업군으로 분류하였다. VDT 근무시간과 두통/눈피로의 관계를 분석하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 승산비(OR)와 95% 신뢰구간(CI)을 계산하였다.
결론
본 연구는 코로나19 세계적 유행 기간 동안 VDT 근로시간이 증가함에 따라 한국 임금근로자의 두통/눈피로 위험이 증가함을 시사한다.
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Original Article
Developing a short standard questionnaire for assessing work organization hazards: the Healthy Work Survey (HWS)
BongKyoo Choi, Youngju Seo
Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e7.   Published online April 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e7
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background

At present, no short standard questionnaire exists for assessing and comparing major work organization hazards in the workplaces of the United States.

Methods

We conducted a series of psychometric tests (content validity, factor analysis, differential-item functioning analysis, reliability, and concurrent validity) to validate and identify core items and scales for major work organization hazards using the data from the 2002–2014 General Social Surveys (GSSs), including the Quality of Worklife (QWL) questionnaire. In addition, an extensive literature review was undertaken to find other major work organization hazards which were not addressed in the GSS.

Results

Although the overall validity of the GSS-QWL questionnaire was satisfactory in the psychometric tests, some GSS-QWL items of work-family conflict, psychological job demands, job insecurity, use of skills on the job, and safety climate scales appeared to be weak. In the end, 33 questions (31 GSS-QWL and 2 GSS) were chosen as the least, but best validated core questions and included in a new short standard questionnaire (called the Healthy Work Survey [HWS]). And their national norms were established for comparisons. Furthermore, based on the literature review, fifteen more questions for assessing other significant work organization hazards (e.g., lack of scheduling control, emotional demands, electronic surveillance, wage theft) were included in the new questionnaire. Thus, the HWS includes 48 questions in total for assessing traditional and emerging work organization hazards, which covers seven theoretical domains: work schedule/arrangement, control, support, reward, demands, safety, and justice.

Conclusions

The HWS is a short standard questionnaire for assessing work organization hazards which can be used as a first step toward the risk management of major work organization hazards in the workplaces of the US.


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    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2025; 37: e12.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Relationship between shellfish consumption and urinary phthalate metabolites: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015-2017)
Jisoo Kang, Seong-yong Cho, Jinseok Kim, Seongyong Yoon, Jong-min An, Gayoung Kim, Si young Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e2.   Published online February 6, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e2
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

Phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are widely used in the production of items of daily life such as in polyvinylchloride plastics, insecticides, and medical devices. This study aimed to determine the association between phthalate exposure and shellfish consumption using data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017), which is a nationally representative survey.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the KoNEHS cycle 3 data of 3,333 (1,526 men and 1,807 women) adults aged more than 19 years. Data related to the variables of sociodemographic factors, health-related behaviors, dietary factors, seafood consumption frequency, and urinary phthalate metabolites concentrations were collected. The concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites of all the participants were divided into quartiles to define high and low concentration groups based on the 75th percentile concentration. A χ2 test was conducted to analyze the distribution of independent variables. To analyze the relationship between shellfish consumption and phthalate exposure, the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Total adults with shellfish consumption frequency of over once a week showed the following adjusted ORs for high concentrations of the following metabolites compared with the group that consumed shellfish once a week or less: 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.06) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), 1.43 (95% CI: 1.01–2.03) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10–2.24) for ∑di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (∑DEHP), 2.01 (95% CI: 1.46–2.77) for mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP), 1.56 (95% CI: 1.11–2.18) for mono-carboxy-isononly phthalate (MCNP), and 2.57 (95% CI: 1.85–3.56) for mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP).

Conclusions

The concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites (MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MCOP, MCNP, and MCPP) were higher in adults with a higher frequency of shellfish consumption.

국민환경보건 기초조사 제3기(2015-2017) 자료를 이용한 조개류 섭취와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체간의 관계
목적
프탈레이트(phthalate)는 내분비계 장애물질(endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs)로서, 일상생활에서 가소제, 살충제, 의료기기 등으로 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 프탈레이트는 해양 생태계에서 널리 발견되며, 조개류는 해양생태계오염의 대표적인 지표로 사용된다. 현재까지 해양 생태계의 프탈레이트의 오염에 대한 다양한 연구가 수행되고 있으나 국내에서 프탈레이트 노출과 조개류 섭취와 관련된 연구는 아직 이루어진 바가 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 인구를 대표하는 자료인 국민환경보건 기초조사 제3기(2015-2017) 자료를 이용하여 요중 프탈레이트 대사체와 조개류 섭취와의 연관성을 분석하고자 했다.
방법
본 연구는 국민환경보건 기초조사 제3기(2015-2017) 자료를 이용하여 만 19세 이상 성인 3,333명(남자1,526명과 여자1,807명)을 대상으로 진행하였다. 사회인구학적 변수 및 건강행태 관련 변수 및 식이 요인과 해산물의 섭취 빈도, 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 농도를 변수로 두어 각 변수 간의 분포 차이를 분석하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 조개류 섭취빈도에 따라 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 고농도군에 속할 OR값을 계산하였다.
결과
조개류 섭취의 경우 주 1회 초과군에서 MEOHP의 고농도군에 해당될 adjusted ORs은 1.43(95%CI: 1.01-2.06), MECPP 1.43(95%CI: 1.01-2.03), ∑DEHP 1.57(95%CI: 1.10-2.24), MCOP 2.01(95%CI: 1.46-2.77), MCNP 1.56(95%CI: 1.11-2.18), MCPP 2.57(95%CI: 1.85-3.56)으로 조사되었다.
결론
성인에서 조개류 섭취 빈도가 많을수록 요중 프탈레이트 대사체(MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MCOP, MCNP, MCPP) 농도가 높았다.

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  • Filling gaps in population estimates of phthalate exposure globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international biomonitoring data
    Jonathan M. Acevedo, Linda G. Kahn, Kristyn A. Pierce, Vittorio Albergamo, Anna Carrasco, Robbie S.J. Manuel, Marissa Singer Rosenberg, Leonardo Trasande
    International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2025; 265: 114539.     CrossRef
  • Urinary phthalate metabolites and heart rate variability: A panel study
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    Tianchao Xu, Jie Cui, Ran Xu, Jingwen Cao, Meng-yao Guo
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  • Relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and urine phthalate metabolites: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3
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    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Original Article
Relationship between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety, separating the types of perpetrators: a cross-sectional study using data from the fourth and fifth Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS)
Na-Rae Lee, Sang-Woo Kim, Jae-Han Joo, Jae-Han Lee, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e13.   Published online June 10, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e13
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary Material
Background

Work is an inseparable element of a person’s life, and violence in the workplace has various effects on individual workers and companies. While most studies have focused on specific industries, very few studies have investigated the influence of workplace violence by co-workers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety in various occupations by differentiating the perpetrators of violence as co-workers and clients.

Methods

This study was conducted based on data from the 4th and 5th Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS). The experience of workplace violence was classified in terms of the perpetrator: workplace violence by co-workers and that by clients. Work-related depression and anxiety were assessed using questions about health problems related to depression and anxiety and whether the problems were related to work. Descriptive statistics, χ2 tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using the SPSS 26.0.

Results

After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, income, subjective health status) and occupational characteristics (occupation, weekly working hours, type of employment, size of workplace, and shift work), male workers with experience of workplace violence by co-workers were found to be at a higher risk of work-related depression/anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 11.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.65–15.36). The same was confirmed for female workers (OR, 10.89; 95% CI, 7.90–15.02).

Conclusions

Employees who experienced workplace violence from co-workers were found to be more vulnerable to work-related depression/anxiety. Continuous contact between the victim and the perpetrator may occur, and the possibility of a secondary assault can frighten the victim. Appropriate prevention and intervention measures that focus on the perpetrators of violence are needed.

가해자 유형별 작업장 폭력과 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성
목적
작업장 폭력은 근로환경에서 타인에게 의도적으로 상해, 사망, 정신적 손상, 발달장애 또는 결핍을 일으키는 행위나 위협을 가하는 것으로, 근로자의 신체적·정신적 건강에 부정적 영향을 미치며 기업의 생산성을 저해한다. 작업장 폭력에 대한 대다수의 연구는 특정 직종에 초점을 맞추고 있어 직장 동료에 의해 내부에서 발생하는 작업장 폭력의 영향이 잘 반영되지 않을 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 가해자 유형별 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성을 비교‧확인하고자 한다.
방법
제 4차 및 제 5차 근로환경조사를 바탕으로, 만 18세 이상 피고용자 55,201 명에서 작업장 폭력에 대한 경험과 그 가해자 및 업무 관련 우울/불안 유무를 분석하였다. SPSS 26.0을 통해 기술통계, 카이제곱검정 및 다중로짓회귀분석을 시행했고, 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자에서 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안이 있을 위험에 대한 Odds ratio [OR]를 구하였다.
결과
성별을 막론하여 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자의 경우 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 빈도가 유의하게 높았다. 작업장 폭력을 경험한 남성 근로자에서 업무 관련 우울/불안에 대한 OR은 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 11.52 (95% Confidence interval [CI] 8.65-15.36), 고객일 경우 5.06 (95% CI 3.73-6.88)으로 나타났으며, 여성 근로자의 경우에도 마찬가지로 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 OR 10.89 (95% CI 7.90-15.02), 고객일 경우 OR 4.94 (95% CI 3.77-6.47)로 나타났다.
결론
작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자는 작업장 폭력 경험이 없는 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우, 피해자와 가해자가 동일 작업장 내에서 지속적으로 접촉하여 폭력에 대한 반복적인 회상 또는 2차 가해 등이 이루어지기 쉬운 환경이 조성되기 때문에 고객에 의한 작업장 폭력에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크게 나타날 수 있다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자를 고려한 적절한 예방 및 중재 조치가 필요하며, 해당 분야에 대해 후속 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

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    Ji-Hwan KIM, Bokyoung CHOI, Jaehong YOON, Junghun YOO, Glorian SORENSEN, Seung-Sup KIM
    Industrial Health.2025; 63(2): 198.     CrossRef
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    Yifei Pei, Yiping Xiao, Xuan Zhang, Yan'e Lu, Meng Sun, Ran Lyu, Fenglin Cao
    Journal of Clinical Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Layoung Kim, Gwang Suk Kim, Min Kyung Park, Jae Jun Lee
    Journal of Aging & Social Policy.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of the Association Between Presenteeism and Absenteeism among Replacement Workers and Paid Workers: Cross-sectional Studies and Machine Learning Techniques
    Heejoo Park, Juho Sim, Juyeon Oh, Jongmin Lee, Chorom Lee, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-ha Yoon
    Safety and Health at Work.2024; 15(2): 151.     CrossRef
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    SoHyun Woo, Heeseung Choi, Soyoun Shin
    Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services.2024; 62(4): 24.     CrossRef
  • Exploring the role of climate for conflict management and high involvement work practices as moderators in the workplace bullying and work-related depression link
    Emre Burak Ekmekcioglu, Hamidah Nabawanuka, Yussif Mohammed Alhassan, John Yaw Akparep, Cansu Ergenç
    International Journal of Conflict Management.2024; 35(4): 707.     CrossRef
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    Yeona Shin, Seunghyun Lee, Wanhyung Lee, Pei Boon Ooi
    PLOS ONE.2024; 19(11): e0310248.     CrossRef
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    Social Science & Medicine.2023; 333: 116176.     CrossRef
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    Ali Waqas, Shahbaz Haider, Riaz Ahmed, Abida Abdul Khaliq, Kareem M. Selem
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    Long Sun, Wen Zhang, Aihua Cao
    Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Original Article
Analysis of self-reported mental health problems among the self-employed compared with paid workers in the Republic of Korea
Yongho Lee, Junhyeong Lee, Ui-Jin Kim, Eunseun Han, Seunghon Ham, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang, Wanhyung Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e8.   Published online April 8, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e8
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

As self-employed workers are vulnerable to health problems, this study aimed to analyze mental health problems and sleep disturbances among self-employed workers compared with paid workers in Korea.

Methods

A total of 34,750 workers (23,938 paid workers and 10,812 self-employed workers) were analyzed from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey, which included 50,205 households collected by stratified sampling in 2017. To compare mental health problems and sleep disturbance among self-employed workers and paid workers, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

The odds ratio in self-employed workers compared with paid workers was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.42) for anxiety, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.17) for overall fatigue, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.20) for difficulty falling asleep, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02–1.18) for difficulty maintaining sleep and 1.24 (95% CI: 1.16–1.32) for extreme fatigue after waking up.

Conclusions

Self-employed workers in Korea have a higher risk of self-reported mental health problems and sleep disturbances than paid workers. Further studies with a longitudinal design and structured evaluation are required to investigate the causal relationship between health problems and self-employment.

한국 자영업자의 주관적 정신건강 문제 : 제 5차 근로환경조사를 이용하여
목적
자영업자는 고용, 사업체 운영 등에 대한 스트레스를 받고 있으며 자신들의 건강관리에 취약한 것으로 여겨지고 있다. 이 연구는 자영업자들에게 초점을 맞춰 유급근로자들과 비교하여 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하는 것을 목표로 하였다.
방법
이 연구는 한국의 5차 근로환경조사 데이터를 바탕으로 23,938명의 유급근로자와 10,812명의 자영업자들을 선택하여 분석을 수행하였다. 정신건강 문제는 ‘우울감’, ‘불안감’, ‘전신 피로’에 대한 설문과 수면 장애는 ‘잠들기가 어려움’, ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’, ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’ 설문의 답변을 이용하였다. 자영업자의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하기 위해 다변량 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 시행하였다.
결과
자영업자에서의 ‘불안감’에 대한 보정된 오즈비는 1.25 (95% CI=1.09-1.42), ‘전신피로’는 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.17), ‘잠들기가 어려움’은 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.20), ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’은 1.10 (95% CI=1.02-1.18) 그리고 ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’은 1.24 (95% CI=1.16-1.32)이었다.
결론
본 연구는 유급근로자에 비해 자영업자들의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애의 위험성이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 자영업자들의 건강 보호와 증진을 위해 구조화된 설문, 전향적 연구 등의 추가적인 연구와 사회의 관심이 필요하다.

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Original Article
The relevant factors of work-related fatigue for occupational vibration-exposed employees
YongDuk Ahn, Jeongbae Rhie, Min-Gi Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e6.   Published online March 22, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e6
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

To date, little is known about the effects of factors linked to work-related fatigue on vibration-exposed workers. Thus, the purpose of this study was (1) to assess the effects of vibration exposure time per week and work-related fatigue on workers and (2) to identify factors associated with work-related fatigue caused by long-term exposure to occupational vibration.

Methods

This study used data collected from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey. A total of 34,820 non-vibration-exposed and 10,776 vibration-exposed employees were selected from the data. The χ2 and multiple logistic regression were used to determine the effect of vibration exposure time per week and the effects of factors of work-related fatigue on workers.

Results

The prevalence of work-related fatigue in vibration-exposed workers (30.5%) was higher than that of non-exposed workers (15.9%). The prevalence of work-related fatigue was higher for female and workers with depression, anxiety, and shift work, and those with authority to control their work pace had statistically significantly higher odds than those who did not. The employees who had the authority to control their order of work (odds ratio [OR]: 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81–0.95) and method of work (OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82–0.98) had statistically significantly lower odds than those who did not. The OR of work-related fatigue symptoms was highest among employees whose vibration exposure time per week were 30.0%–40.0% (OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.96–2.83). Lower OR was observed as vibration exposure time per week decreased.

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest an association between occupational vibration and work-related fatigue and longer vibration exposure time per week, causing an increased prevalence of work-related fatigue symptoms. Measures to protect workers exposed to occupational vibration from work-related fatigue must be taken.

직업성 진동 노출 근로자들의 업무 관련 피로
목적
상대적으로 관련성이 상세히 밝혀진 근골격계와 비교하여, 직업성 진동에 노출된 근로자에 대한 업무 관련 피로에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해서는 아직 알려진 바가 많지 않다. 본 연구의 목적은 (1) 주당 진동 노출 시간과 업무 관련 피로가 근로자에게 미치는 영향을 평가하고 (2) 직업적 진동에 장기간 노출되어 발생하는 작업 관련 피로와 관련된 요인을 파악하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구는 제5차 근로환경조사에서 수집한 자료를 사용하였다. 직업성 진동 노출이 없는 34,820 명과 직업성 진동에 노출되는 10,776 명을 대상으로 선정하여 카이 제곱 검정 및 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 주당 진동 노출 시간의 영향과 작업 관련 피로 요인이 근로자에게 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.
결과
직업성 진동에 노출된 근로자 (30.5%)의 업무 관련 피로 유병률은 직업성 진동에 노출되지 않은 근로자 (15.9%)보다 높았다. 주당 진동 노출 시간이 30%-40%에 해당하는 근로자들에서 가장 높은 업무 관련 피로가 나타났으며, 이는 주당 진동 노출 시간이 감소함에 따라 감소하였다.
결론
직업성 진동에 노출된 근로자에서 업무 관련 피로 유병률이 높게 나타났으며 직업성 진동에 노출된 근로자를 업무 관련 피로의 발생으로부터 보호할 방안을 마련해야 한다.

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    Seyyed Mohammad Javad Golhosseini, Mohsen Aliabadi, Rostam Golmohammadi, Maryam Farhadian, Mehdi Akbari, Mehdi Samavati
    WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Original Article
The association between direct supervisor's behavior and employee presenteeism in Korean wage workers: findings from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey
Sung Hee Lee, Joo Hyun Sung, Dae Hwan Kim, Chang Sun Sim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e30.   Published online September 24, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e30
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background

Presenteeism is a phenomenon in which employees go to work, but physical or mental health problems make it impossible for them to properly demonstrate their abilities, and productivity decreases accordingly. Recent studies have considered the behavior of direct supervisors to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of various health-related outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the association between the direct supervisor's behaviors and presenteeism among wage workers in South Korea.

Methods

A total of 25,798 participants from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey conducted in 2017 were included in the analysis. The behaviors of direct supervisor were assessed by 6 questionnaire items. In this study, the distribution of the scores was categorized into 4 categories (very good, good, bad, and very bad). To assess presenteeism, the corresponding questionnaire item was used. χ2 tests and multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for general, occupational, and psychosocial factors were performed to determine the association between the behaviors of direct supervisor and presenteeism.

Results

Direct supervisor's behavior were significantly associated with presenteeism. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of presenteeism in the good, bad, and very bad groups were 1.297 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.153–1.458), 1.191 (95% CI: 0.941–1.507), and 1.604 (95% CI: 1.184–2.175), compared with the very good group. Associations between presenteeism and the behaviors of direct supervisor were significant in male workers, but not in female workers. For male workers, the aORs of presenteeism in the good, bad, very bad groups were 1.661 (95% CI: 1.425–1.936), 1.445 (95% CI: 1.053–1.982), 2.340 (95% CI: 1.569–3.491), respectively.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the behavior of a direct supervisor can influence the occurrence of presenteeism, particularly in men. The proper management of senior employee's behaviors is necessary to reduce the risk of presenteeism in the workplace.


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    Svetlana Lakiša, Inese Gobina, Ivars Vanadziņš, Linda Matisāne
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    Minkoo Kang, Won-Tae Lee, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
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    Svetlana Lakiša, Linda Matisāne, Inese Gobiņa, Hans Orru, Ivars Vanadziņš
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Original Article
Association between split shift work and work-related injury and disease absence
Kwon Ko, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Inchul Jeong
Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e27.   Published online August 19, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e27
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background

Shift work (particularly split shifts) has been noted among the working conditions that hinder sustainable work. However, little is known regarding the effects of split shifts on health. This study aimed to investigate the association between split shift work and work-related injury and disease absence.

Methods

This study used data from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey and included 4,042 paid shift workers. Shift work type and self-reported work-related injury and disease absence were investigated using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between split shift work and work-related absence with rotating shift worker as the reference group.

Results

Of the 4,042 shift workers, 980 (24.3%) were split shift workers. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of split shift for absence due to work-related injury was high at 2.94 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85–4.68) and the aOR of split shift for absence due to work-related disease was also high at 1.58 (95% CI: 1.09–2.29) compared to rotating shift.

Conclusions

Split shift work leads to an increased risk of absences due to work-related injury and disease.


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Research Article
The association between non-regular work patterns and insomnia among Korean wage workers: the fifth Korean working condition survey
Ho-Yeon Kim, Juho Choi, Hyun-Mook Lim, Chamjin Park, Yun-Chul Hong
Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e9.   Published online March 29, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e9
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Non-regular workers are steadily increasing on account of improving corporate productivity. They are classified as non-permanent, part-time, or non-typical workers. Non-regular work has a negative impact on workers' physical and mental health. This study analyzed the relationship between non-permanent, part-time and non-typical work and insomnia among Korean wage workers, and investigated the differences and interactions between different work patterns.

Methods

The Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey was used in this study. Non-regular work patterns were classified into 7 types: type 1, sole non-permanent; type 2, sole part-time; type 3, sole non-typical; type 4, part-time-non-typical; type 5, non-permanent-non-typical; type 6, non-permanent-part-time; type 7, all inclusive. Insomnia was measured on a scale from “normal sleep” to “insomnia” based on the 3-item Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between non-regular work patterns and insomnia among wage workers.

Results

After multivariate adjustment, a significantly increased odds ratio (OR) for insomnia was found in types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of non-regular work patterns compared to regular work patterns. After stratification for shift and night work, the OR of the group with shift and night work was higher than that of the group without shift and night work.

Conclusions

Insomnia was significantly associated with non-regular work patterns. This association was prominent in workers with shifts and night work. This finding suggests that proper work patterns may be needed to reduce the risk of insomnia among Korean wage workers and workers who initially had insomnia should consider these results before placement.


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    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
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    Yun-Jung Yang, Jihye Lee
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    Yoon Ho Lee, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Soon-Chan Kwon
    Ann Occup Environ Med.2024; 36: e25.     CrossRef
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    Seung-Woo Ryoo, Jin-Young Min, Dong-Wook Lee, Baek-Yong Choi, Juho Choi, Ho-Yeon Kim, Kyoung-Bok Min
    BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(16): 10051.     CrossRef
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    Dong-Wook Lee, Jongin Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Mo-Yeol Kang
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Research Article
Relationship between job rotation and work-related low back pain: a cross-sectional study using data from the fifth Korean working conditions survey
Ji-Su Shin, Kwanghyun Seo, Hyun-Jeong Oh, MyeongSeob Lim, Hee-Tae Kang, Kyeong-Sook Jeong, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Kyung Kim, Sung-Soo Oh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e3.   Published online January 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e3
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Job rotation was introduced in various industries as a strategic form of work for improving workers' job skills and health management. This study aims to examine the relationship between job rotation and work-related low back pain (LBP), one of the typical work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of Korean workers.

Methods

We conducted this study using the data of the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). As the subject of this study, 27,163 wage workers were selected, and classified into three groups according to occupational type (white-collar, service and sales, and blue-collar). In this study, job rotation means to change the work-related activities with other colleagues periodically and work-related LBP was defined as whether there was work-related LBP in the last 12 months. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between job rotation and work-related LBP.

Results

Out of 27,163 workers, 2,421 (8.9%) answered that they had job rotation and 2,281 (8.4%) answered that they experienced work-related LBP. According to the results from logistic regression, job rotation was significantly associated with low prevalence of work-related LBP among blue-collar workers (odds ratio [OR]: 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58–0.88), whereas no significant relationship was observed among white-collar, service and sales groups. In addition, the negative association between job rotation and work-related LBP among blue-collar workers was more pronounced when exposed to ergonomic risk factors (uncomfortable posture OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.98; heavy work OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57–0.96; repetitive work OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.60–0.92).

Conclusions

Job rotation was associated with low prevalence of work-related LBP among workers in the blue-collar occupational group in Korea. It is necessary to evaluate the effect of job rotation by occupational type and introduce an appropriate method of job rotation to reduce workers' work-related musculoskeletal symptoms.


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Research Article
Combined effect of emotional labor and job insecurity on sleep disturbance among customer service workers
Sunguk Choi, Kwon Ko, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Seungho Lee, Inchul Jeong
Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e33.   Published online September 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e33
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Job insecurity and emotional labor are poor job-related factors that are known to cause sleep disturbances in customer service workers. This study investigates the combined effect of emotional labor and job insecurity on sleep disturbance.

Methods

This study used data from the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey and included 15,147 paid workers who serve customers below 65 years. We re-classified into 6 groups based on whether the degree of emotional labor increased (Rarely/Sometimes/Always) or whether job insecurity (No/Yes) was present. We performed propensity score matching for several covariates and calculated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sleep disturbance by logistic regression models using only matched subjects.

Results

Workers exposed to emotional labor and job insecurity had significantly higher risk for 3 dimensions of sleep disturbance (difficulty falling asleep, waking up repeatedly during the sleep, and waking up with feeling of fatigue) (OR [95% CI]: 1.44 [1.22–1.69], 1.18 [0.99–1.40], 1.52 [1.30–1.79] for emotional labor; and 2.00 [1.75–2.29], 2.20 [1.91–2.53], 1.67 [1.45–1.92] for job insecurity). Compared to those who were exposed to both emotional labor rarely and without job insecurity, when workers had both poor job factors, the OR (95% CI) for sleep disturbance for difficulty falling asleep, waking up repeatedly during the sleep, and waking up with feeling of fatigue were 3.05 (2.42–3.86), 2.89 (2.26–3.69), and 2.60 (2.06–3.29), respectively. The relative excess risk due to Interaction of job insecurity and emotional labor was significant only for difficulty falling asleep, but not the other 2 sleep disturbance dimensions.

Conclusions

Customer service workers suffered from severe sleep disturbances according to the existing degree of emotional labor and job insecurity. The combined effect of both could have an additive influence on serious sleep disturbance among customer service workers.


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    Maike E. Debus, Tahira M. Probst, Andrea Bazzoli, Hyun Jung Lee
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    Zheng Ren, Chao Zhou, Xiumin Zhang, Aoqi Yang, Wenjun Li, Hongjian Liu
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    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
    Preventive Medicine.2023; 168: 107420.     CrossRef
  • Association between high emotional demand at work, burnout symptoms, and sleep disturbance among Korean workers: a cross-sectional mediation analysis
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    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(16): 10051.     CrossRef
  • The Importance of an Emotional Expression Guide to Prevent Work-Related Health Problems in Emotional Laborers
    Ji Sun Ha, Jin Ah Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(13): 6710.     CrossRef
  • What Are the Experiences of Emotional Labor and Workplace Violence that Are More Harmful to Health in Korean Workforce?
    Won Ju Hwang, Hye Kyung Yang, Ji Hye Kim
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Research Article
Association between change in working time arrangements and sleep disturbance
Ryun Ha, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Sunguk Choi, Inchul Jeong
Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e18.   Published online June 18, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e18
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background

Change in working time arrangement (WTA) can be harmful to workers' sleep and health. This study aimed to investigate the association between change in working time arrangement and sleep disturbance.

Methods

This study used data from the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey and included 33,203 paid workers. We performed a stratified analysis by sex. After dividing the participants into 6 groups based on whether or not they experienced WTA changes, and their weekly working hours (≤40, 41–52, ≥53 hours), we calculated odds ratio (OR) using the weekly working hours ≤40 hours and with no WTA change as the reference group.

Results

Of the 33,203 paid workers, participants who experienced change in working time arrangement had higher prevalence of all three types of sleep disturbance symptoms (difficulty in falling asleep, waking up repeatedly during sleep, and waking up with a feeling of exhaustion and fatigue) in both sexes. Compared to the reference group at 95% confidence interval (CI), the group with change in WTA showed elevated OR values of 1.91 (95% CI: 1.73–2.11), 1.93 (95% CI: 1.74–2.14), 2.47 (95% CI: 2.26–2.71) for male workers; and 1.93 (95% CI: 1.73–2.16), 2.02 (95% CI: 1.80–2.27), 2.24 (95% CI: 2.01–2.50) for female workers, for difficulty in falling asleep, waking up repeatedly during the sleep, waking up with a feeling of exhaustion, and fatigue, respectively.

Conclusions

Workers who experience change in work time arrangement show a high risk of sleep disturbance in both sexes.


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    Christine Erhel, Mathilde Guergoat-Larivière, Malo Mofakhami
    Social Science & Medicine.2024; 356: 117129.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Relationship between seafood consumption and bisphenol A exposure: the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014)
Yeji Kim, Minkyu Park, Do Jin Nam, Eun Hye Yang, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e10.   Published online March 5, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e10
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

This study aimed to identify the relationship between exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and seafood consumption using a nationally representative data of the general Korean population.

Methods

This study was conducted on 5,402 adults aged 19 years and older (2,488 men, 2,914 women) based on the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014). We stratified the data according to gender and analyzed urinary BPA concentrations in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, health behavior, dietary factor, and seafood consumption. In the high and low BPA exposure groups, the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis according to the top 75th percentile concentration.

Results

In men, large fish and tuna and other seafood categories had significantly higher ORs before and after adjustment in the group who consumed seafood more than once a week than in the group who rarely consumed seafood, with an adjusted value of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–3.48) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.10–2.75), respectively. In the shellfish category, the unadjusted OR was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.00–2.59), which was significantly higher in the group who consumed seafood more than once a week than in the group who rarely consumed seafood. However, the OR after adjusting for the variables was not statistically significant. In women, the frequency of seafood consumption and the concentration of urinary BPA were not significantly associated.

Conclusions

BPA concentration was higher in men who frequently consumed large fish and tuna, shellfish and other seafood in this study.


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    Jisoo Kang, Seong-yong Cho, Jinseok Kim, Seongyong Yoon, Jong-min An, Gayoung Kim, Si young Kim
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Yajie Chen, Yang Wang, Ziqiang Cui, Wenpeng Liu, Baowang Liu, Qiang Zeng, Xin Zhao, Jian Dou, Jinglin Cao
    Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jisoo Kang, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Claire Vignault, Véronique Cadoret, Peggy Jarrier-Gaillard, Pascal Papillier, Ophélie Téteau, Alice Desmarchais, Svetlana Uzbekova, Aurélien Binet, Fabrice Guérif, Sebastien Elis, Virginie Maillard
    Toxics.2022; 10(8): 437.     CrossRef
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    Jun Young Uhm, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(3): 1103.     CrossRef
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Research Article
The exposure level of environmental harmful substances related to the secondhand smoke in Korean non-smoker adults: data from the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014): a cross-sectional study
Sang Woo Kim, Sung Won Jung, Jae-Gwang Lee, Jae Han Joo, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e30.   Published online October 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e30
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

We aimed to find the exposure level of environmental harmful substances related to the secondhand smoke (SHS) using a nationally representative data of the general population in Korea.

Methods

Total 3,533 people were included in this study. We compared the proportion exceeding 95 percentile of the concentrations of harmful substances by sex according to SHS exposure. 16 kinds of substances related to tobacco smoke were analyzed including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and environmental phenol. For 16 kinds of substances, the odds ratios (ORs) for exceeding 95 percentile of each harmful substance were calculated by multiple logistic regression according to SHS exposure. Age, education level, marital status, body mass index, drinking, and exercise were adjusted as covariates. Cotinine level was additionally adjusted to increase reliability of our results.

Results

SHS was associated with high exposure of mercury, methylhippuric acid, fluorene, and cotinine. In women, SHS was associated with mercury, methylhippuric acid, fluorene, and cotinine, while in men, it was associated with cotinine. After adjusting covariates, ORs of blood mercury, methylhippuric acid and hydroxyfluorene in the exposed gruop were greater than that in the non-exposed group. Especially in female, methylhippuric acid and hydroxyfluorene showed consistent result.

Conclusions

Our finding demonstrates that SHS is related to several harmful substances. Therefore, to reduce the health effects of SHS, it is necessary to educate and publicize the risk of SHS. Future studies are necessary to more accurately analyze factors such as exposure frequency, time, and pathway of SHS.


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    Qingsong Mao, Xiaoyi Zhu, Yuzhe Kong
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Research Article
Association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease: the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey
Kyusung Kim, Sung-il Cho, Domyung Paek
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e28.   Published online October 11, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e28
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background

Discrimination is a representative social determinant of health. Presenteeism is defined as presenting to work despite of illness and is an indicator of group health. We investigated the association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease using Korean data.

Methods

This study used the fourth Korea Working Conditions Survey (2014) data of 27,662 wage workers (employees). Presenteeism and discrimination related to age, sex, education, birth region, and employment type were ascertained. Self-reported cardiovascular disease was also assessed using the survey questionnaire. General and occupational characteristics found to be significant in univariate analyses were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis of the association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease. We also calculated the odds ratios of multiple discriminations and/or presenteeism for cardiovascular disease.

Results

In the univariate analyses, sex, age, education, monthly income, employment type, occupation, hours worked per week, workplace scale, and shift work were significantly associated with cardiovascular disease. A multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for general and occupational characteristics showed that discrimination and presenteeism were significantly associated with cardiovascular disease. Finally, the association with cardiovascular disease was strongest when both multiple discriminations and presenteeism were present.

Conclusions

Discrimination and presenteeism are associated with cardiovascular disease, and this association was stronger in the presence of multiple types of discrimination and presenteeism.


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  • The Status of Presenteeism Among Clinical Nurses in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Xiang Zeng, Kun Wang, Ya Le Guo, Zhao lan Wang, Jun Wen Li
    Evaluation & the Health Professions.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The effect of occupational coping self-efficacy on presenteeism among ICU nurses in Chinese public hospitals: a cross-sectional study
    Jijun Wu, Yuxin Li, Qin Lin, Jiquan Zhang, Zhenfan Liu, Xiaoli Liu, Xian Rong, Xiaoli Zhong
    Frontiers in Psychology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Ari Min, Minkyung Kang, Hye Chong Hong
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3236.     CrossRef
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Research Article
The association between dependent self-employment and self-reported depression/anxiety and sleep disorder in South Korea
Guyeon Won, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Ryun Ha, Seungho Lee, Inchul Jeong
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e13.   Published online July 29, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e13
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Dependent self-employment is precarious employment, which can be vulnerable to mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate the association of dependent self-employment with depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder in South Korea.

Methods

This study used data from the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey and included 32,691 paid workers. Dependent self-employment and self-reported depression/anxiety, and sleep disorder were investigated using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between dependent self-employment and mental health problems.

Results

Of the 32,691 paid workers, 2,371 (7.3%) were dependent self-employed workers. The odds ratio (OR) of dependent self-employment for self-reported depression/anxiety was 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–2.45) and the OR of dependent self-employment for self-reported sleep disorder was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.01–1.59) compared to other paid workers.

Conclusions

Dependent self-employment is related to an increased risk of self-reported depression/anxiety and sleep disorder in South Korea.


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    JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2024; 10: e48047.     CrossRef
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    Kyusung Kim, Hi-Ju Kim, Seunghyun Lee, Wanhyung Lee
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    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
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    Lei Zuo, Xia Chen, Mingliang Liu, Shan Dong, Li Chen, Guangzhen Li, Zhiyu Zhai, Long Zhou, Haiyan Chen, Yuan Wei, Liping Shi, Guang Hao
    Sleep Health.2022; 8(6): 691.     CrossRef
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    SangJin Park, Chulyong Park, Joo Hyun Sung
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(2): 1011.     CrossRef
  • Mental health symptoms among dependent contractors in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey
    Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Peter A. Creed, Michelle Hood, Eva Selenko, Shi Hu, Louella Bagley
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    Wenzhen Li, Wenyu Ruan, Ying Peng, Zuxun Lu, Dongming Wang
    Journal of Affective Disorders.2021; 295: 21.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Association between depression and cardiovascular disease risk in general population of Korea: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016
Jinho Song, Tae Hwan Koh, One Park, Daeil Kwon, Seonghoon Kang, Kyeongmin Kwak, Jong-Tae Park
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e10.   Published online June 20, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e10
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background

Depression is considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated with changes in individuals' health status that might influence CVD risk. However, most studies have scrutinized this relationship on a rather narrower and specific study population. By focusing on general population of Korea, we sought to inspect the association of depression with CVD risk and cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods

The data from the first year (2016) of the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. Participants were classified by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score as such: normal group (PHQ-9 score 0–4), mild depression (MD) group (PHQ-9 score 5–9) and moderate and severe depression (MSD) group (PHQ-9 score 10–27). General linear model was used to analyze differences and the trend of mean CVD risk according to depression level. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were calculated by logistic regression to identify the association between depression and cardiovascular risk factors after adjusting for age.

Results

Mean CVD risk of MSD group was higher than that of normal group (p < 0.05). There was a tendency of CVD risk to increase as depression worsened (p < 0.01). Among men, MSD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78–4.97), taking antihypertensive medications (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.26–4.66), increased fasting blood sugar (> 125 mg/dL; AOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.25–4.50) and taking diabetes medications (AOR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.65–5.72). MD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.18–2.17). Among women, MSD group was associated with high body mass index (≥ 25 kg/m2; AOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.11–2.32), large waist circumference (≥ 85 cm; AOR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.12–2.37), current smoking (AOR, 5.11; 95% CI, 3.07–8.52) and taking diabetes medications (AOR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.68–4.08). MD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.18–2.93).

Conclusions

We suggest that depression is associated with increased risk for CVD occurrence in general population of Korea.


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Research Article
The role of customer service manual on workplace emotional burden in nationwide cross sectional study
Sehyun Yun, Sung-Shil Lim, Jihyun Kim, Young-Kwang Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:5.   Published online February 12, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0285-9
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

We aim to discuss the overall effect of customer service manual (CSM) on service industry workers using Korean Working Condition Survey.

Methods

Out of 50,007 total survey participants, 11,946 customer service workers were included in the current study (5613 men, 6333 women). Answers to survey questions were used to define the use of CSM, emotional burden, emotional dissonance, engaging angry customers and other covariates. Emotional burden included either depressive event or stress level. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of experiencing emotional burden was calculated by logistic regression model. Interaction effect between CSM and engaging angry customer on emotional burden was also estimated.

Results

Out of 11,946 subjects, total of 3279 (27.4%) have experienced emotional burden. OR (95% CI) of experiencing emotional burden was 1.40 (1.19–1.64) in men and 1.25 (1.09–1.44) in women. There was gender difference in interaction effect between the use of CSM and engaging angry customers. In men, OR (95% CI) was 3.16 (1.38–7.23) with additive effect when always engaging angry customers with CSM compared to rarely engaging without CSM, while in women OR (95% CI) was 8.85 (3.96–19.75) with synergistic effect. Moreover, the risk of depressive event increased only in women with OR (95% CI) 2.22 (1.42–3.48).

Conclusions

Our current study highlighted association between emotional burden and CSM in both men and women service workers. Furthermore, women were affected more severely by CSM. The results from current study suggest that CSM should be changed appropriately to benefit workers.


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    Heliyon.2024; 10(16): e36228.     CrossRef
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    Benedict Ogbemudia Imhanrenialena, Ozioma Happiness Obi-Anike, Chikodili Nkiruka Okafor, Ruby Nneka Ike, Chinedu Obiora-Okafo
    Journal of Financial Services Marketing.2022; 27(2): 136.     CrossRef
  • The Burnout Syndrome among Women Working in the Retail Network in Associations with Psychosocial Work Environment Factors
    Gintarė Kalinienė, Dalia Lukšienė, Rūta Ustinavičienė, Lina Škėmienė, Vidmantas Januškevičius
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(11): 5603.     CrossRef
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    Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
    Safety and Health at Work.2021; 12(2): 217.     CrossRef
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    Sehyun Yun, Minsuk Kim, Won-Tae Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(4): 1517.     CrossRef
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    Hae-ryoung Chun, Inhyung Cho, Youngeun Choi, Sung-il Cho
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(14): 5208.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Relationship between personal care products usage and triclosan exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014)
Minkyu Park, Seyoung Kim, Yeji Kim, Do Jin Nam, Jae-Hong Ryoo, Sinye Lim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:2.   Published online January 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0283-y
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background

We aimed to find the exposure level of triclosan (TCS), a known endocrine disruptor, related to the use of personal care products using a nationally representative data of the general population in Korea.

Methods

This study included data of 6288 adults aged 19 years and older (2692 men, 3596 women), based on the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014). The data were divided according to gender. The frequency and proportion of each variable were determined by dividing participants into two groups based on the top 75th percentile concentration of urinary TCS (male: 1.096 μg/g creatinine, female: 1.329 μg/g creatinine). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis for the high TCS exposure and low TCS exposure groups.

Results

Overall, the proportion of participants using personal care products was higher in women than in men. There was a significantly higher proportion of participants in the high TCS exposure group with younger age, higher education and income levels and with more frequent use of fragrance products, hair care products, body cleansers, cosmetics, and antimicrobial agents. In both men and women, ORs tended to increase with increased frequency of use of hair care products, body cleansers, and cosmetics before and after adjustment.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that as the frequency of use of personal care products increases, urine TCS concentration increases. Because TCS is a well-known endocrine disruptor, further studies are needed and explore other health effects with exposure to TCS in general population in Korea.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-019-0283-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


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Research Article
The association between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of Korean wage workers: data from the fourth Korean working conditions survey (a cross-sectional study)
Jae-Gwang Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, Sang Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:67.   Published online December 3, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0278-0
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

It has been reported that long working hours are hazardous to the workers’ health. Especially, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) have been considered as one of the significant health issues in workplace. The objective of this study was to identify the association between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms.

Methods

The analysis was conducted using data from the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). Subjects of this study were 24,783 wage workers and divided into three groups according to the weekly working hours, which were ≤ 40, 41–52 and > 52 h. The relationship between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression method after adjusting for general, occupational characteristics including specific working motions or postures and psychosocial factors.

Results

Approximately 18.4% of subjects worked more than 52 h per week and 26.4 and 16.4% of male subjects and 33.0 and 23.4% of female subjects experienced work-related upper and lower limb pains, respectively, over the last 12 months. Moreover, the prevalence of upper and lower limb pain was increased in both genders as the weekly working hours increased. The odds ratios (ORs) of upper limb pain for those working 41–52 h and more than 52 h per week when adjusted for general, occupational characteristics including specific motions or postures and psychosocial factors were 1.36 and 1.40 for male workers and 1.26 and 1.66 for female workers compared to the reference group, respectively. Furthermore, ORs of lower limb pain for the same weekly working hour groups were 1.26 and 1.47 for male workers and 1.20 and 1.47 for female workers, respectively.

Conclusions

Long working hours were significantly related to work-related musculoskeletal symptoms in Korean wage workers and appropriate interventions should be implemented to reduce long working hours that can negatively affect workers’ health.


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Research Article
Relationship between simultaneous exposure to ergonomic risk factors and work-related lower back pain: a cross-sectional study based on the fourth Korean working conditions survey
Jae-Yeop Kim, Ji-Su Shin, Myeong-Seob Lim, Hyeon-Gyeong Choi, Sung-Kyeong Kim, Hee-Tae Kang, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:58.   Published online September 5, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0269-1
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

It is well known that ergonomic risk factors and back pain are related. However, few studies have examined the relationship between simultaneous exposure to these risk factors and back pain in a Korean population. We aimed to investigate the relationship between simultaneous exposure to ergonomic risk factors and work-related lower back pain (LBP) based on the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS).

Method

The fourth KWCS (2014) was used for this study. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to assess relationship between 5 ergonomic risk factors and work-related LBP. We also analyzed the relationship between simultaneous exposure to 2 risk factors and work-related LBP.

Results

All 5 ergonomic risk factors (fatigue-inducing and painful posture; lifting or moving people; dragging, pushing, or moving heavy objects; standing posture; and repetitive hand or arm movements) were significantly correlated with work-related LBP in the severe exposure group (adjusted odd ratios [aOR] 5.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.46–5.83; aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.62–2.42; aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.82–2.40; aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.60–2.01; aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.82–2.30, respectively). When exposed to 2 risk factors simultaneously, the relationship between exposure and work-related LBP was not greater than exposure to only 1 risk factor in our study (usually exposed to ‘fatigue-inducing or painful posture’ aOR 2.17, 95% CI 2.02–2.34; high exposure to both ‘fatigue-inducing or painful posture’ and ‘dragging, pushing, or moving heavy objects’ aOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.82–2.20).

Conclusions

There was a strong relationship between severe exposure to each ergonomic risk factor and work-related LBP. However, when exposed to 2 ergonomic risk factors simultaneously, the relationship between exposure and work-related LBP was not stronger than when exposed to only 1 risk factor in our study.


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    Maria Valentina Popa, Irina Luciana Gurzu, Claudia Mariana Handra, Bogdan Gurzu, Alina Pleșea Condratovici, Mădălina Duceac (Covrig), Eva Maria Elkan, Dana Elena Mîndru, Vlad Andrei Dabija, Letiția Doina Duceac
    Healthcare.2025; 13(10): 1116.     CrossRef
  • Association between commuting time and work-related low back pain with respect to sports and leisure activities in Korean workers
    Jaehyuk JUNG, Jae Bum PARK, Kyung-Jong LEE, Youngwook SEO, Inchul JEONG
    Industrial Health.2024; 62(2): 133.     CrossRef
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  • Predictors of Satisfaction With Work Environment in the Context of a Mismatch in Working Hours: A Nationwide, Large-Scale, Cross-Sectional Study
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Research Article
Female non-smokers’ environmental tobacco smoking exposure by public transportation mode
Seyoung Kim, Jin-Soo Park, Minkyu Park, Yeji Kim, Sinye Lim, Hye-Eun Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:24.   Published online April 19, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0239-7
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

This study aimed to analyze environmental tobacco smoking exposure in female nonsmokers by public transportation mode using representative data of Koreans.

Methods

Data from the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014) were analyzed. Urine cotinine was analyzed by public transport behavior, secondhand smoke exposure, socioeconomic factors, and health-related factors. Participants were 1322 adult females; those with the top 75% urine cotinine concentrations were assigned to the high exposure group. A logistic regression analysis was performed considering appropriate weights and stratification according to the sample design of the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey.

Results

The geometric mean of urine cotinine concentrations differed according to public transportation modes: subway (1.66 μg/g creatinine) bus (1.77 μg/g creatinine), and taxi (1.94 μg/g creatinine). The odds ratio [OR] was calculated for the high exposure group. The OR of the taxi (2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–5.69) was statistically significantly higher than the subway value (reference), and marginally significant after adjusted with life style, sociodemographic factors and involuntary smoking frequency (2.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.97–6.04).

Conclusions

The odds ratio of passengers who mainly used taxis was marginally significantly higher than those of passengers who used subways and buses after adjusted with life style and sociodemographic factors. Implementation of supplementary measures and further studies on exposure to environmental tobacco smoking in taxis are warranted.


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  • Changes in urinary cotinine concentrations in non-smoking adults from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) II (2012–2014) after implementation of partial smoke-free regulations
    Jeonghoon Kim, Kiyoung Lee
    International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2020; 224: 113419.     CrossRef
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Research Article
The association between Korean employed workers’ on-call work and health problems, injuries
Chulin Baek, Jae Bum Park, Kyungjong Lee, Jaehyuk Jung
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:19.   Published online March 20, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0225-0
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

On-call work is a form of work that requires the person to work at any time during the on-call period. Thus, on-call work is often regarded as one of the most severe stress factors. This study investigates the associations between on-call work and health problems, injuries.

Methods

This study was based on the 3rd Korean Working Conditions Survey. Total of 29,246 employed workers who had been working for at least 1 year were included. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between on-call work and health problems, injuries.

Results

The odds ratios for on-call workers in terms of physical health problems, psychological health problems, and injuries were 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-1.44), 1.31 (95% CI 1.08-1.60), and 2.76 (95% CI 2.26-3.37), respectively. Analysis of the detailed symptoms revealed odds ratios in on-call workers of 2.06 for hearing problems (95% CI 1.63-2.62); 1.71 for skin problems (95% CI 1.38-2.12); 1.22 for back pain (95% CI 1.08-1.38); 1.23 for muscular pains in upper limbs (95% CI 1.12-1.34); 1.27 for muscular pains in lower limbs (95% CI 1.15-1.40); 1.46 for headache, eye fatigue (95% CI 1.32-1.60); 1.37 for abdominal pain (95% CI 1.02-1.85); 1.43 for depression or anxiety disorders (95% CI 1.07-1.93); 1.36 for fatigue (95% CI 1.24-1.49); and 1.41 for insomnia and general sleep difficulties (95% CI 1.13-1.76).

Conclusions

The present study found that on-call work results in an increased risk of health problems and injuries. This study is the result of analyses of broad range of the job spectrum in Korean employed workers; thus, future studies are necessary to determine the effects of on-call work in various job groups.


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  • Socioeconomic inequalities in depression and the role of job conditions in China
    Jie Ma, Jinjing Wu, Guillaume Marois
    Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Qingqing Xu, Liyun Wang, Yiwen Zhang, Xia Jiang
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    Cheng-Yao Lin, Shih-Bin Su, Ya-Ting Hu, Cheau-Jane Peng, Kou-Huang Chen, Kow-Tong Chen
    Medicine.2022; 101(44): e31570.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Relationship between dietary factors and bisphenol a exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014)
Jin-Soo Park, Seyoung Kim, Minkyu Park, Yeji Kim, Hyeeun Lee, Hyunrim Choi, Sinye Lim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:42.   Published online October 18, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0200-1
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

This study was aimed at finding out the exposure level of bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor, in relation to dietary factors using a data representing the Korean general population.

Methods

This study was performed on 5402 adults aged 19 years and older based on the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014). The data analyzed urinary BPA concentration in relation to socio-demographic variables, health behavior-related variables, and dietary factor-related variables. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated through a logistic regression analysis after dividing the participants into high BPA exposure group and low BPA exposure group based on the top 75 percentile concentration. The logistic regression analysis was carried out considering the appropriate sample weight, stratification, and clustering of the second KoNEHS sample design.

Results

The group drinking bottled water at home and the group using zip-top bags/plastic bags showed significantly higher urinary BPA concentration in female. OR tends to increase as the intake frequency of frozen food increased and OR of frozen food consumption of more than once a week was 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–2.24) for male and the group drinking bottled water showed significantly higher OR of 1.45 (95% CI 1.06–2.17) after adjusting the related factors for female.

Conclusions

BPA levels were high in female using bottled water and in male consuming frozen food, and therefore bottled water and frozen food need to be avoided to reduce BPA levels.


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    Nicole E. Sieck, Meg Bruening, Irene van Woerden, Corrie Whisner, Devon C. Payne-Sturges
    Environmental Health Perspectives.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Nicholas Chartres, Rashmi Joglekar
    Environmental Health Perspectives.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Research Article
Association between supervisors’ behavior and wage workers’ job stress in Korea: analysis of the fourth Korean working conditions survey
Shin Uk Kang, Byeong Jin Ye, ByoungGwon Kim, Jung Il Kim, Jung Woo Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:43.   Published online October 11, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0199-3
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

In modern society, many workers are stressed. Supervisors’ support or behavior can affect the emotional or psychological part of the worker. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of supervisor’s behavior on worker’s stress.

Methods

The study included 19,272 subjects following the assignment of weighted values to workers other than soldiers using data from the Fourth Korean Working Condition Survey. Supervisors’ behavior was measured using 5 items: “supervisor feedback regarding work,” “respectful attitude,” “good conflict-resolution ability,” “good work-related planning and organizational ability,” and the encouragement of participation in important decision making. Job stress was measured using 1 item: “I experience stress at work.” Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of supervisors’ behavioral, general, occupational, and psychosocial characteristics on job stress in workers. Organizational characteristics associated with supervisors’ behavior were also analyzed.

Results

The results showed that supervisors’ provision of feedback regarding work increased workers’ job stress (OR = 1.329, 95% CI = 1.203 ~ 1.468). When a supervisor respect workers (OR = 0.812, 95% CI = 0.722 ~ 0.913) or good at planning and organizing works (OR = 0.816, 95% CI: 0.732 ~ 0.910), workers’ job stress decreased. In particular, the two types of supervisor behaviors, other than feedback regarding work, were high in private-sector organizations employing less than 300 employees.

Conclusion

Supervisors’ behavior influenced job stress levels in workers. Therefore, it is necessary to increase education regarding the effects of supervisors’ behavior on job stress, which should initially be provided in private-sector organizations with up to 300 employees.


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    Francesco Pace, Cristina Moavero, Giuditta Cusimano, Giulia Sciotto
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    Jian Lee, Jongmin Lee, Juyeon Oh, Hyejin Kim, Subin Kim, Heejoo Park, Juho Sim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Wasantha Rajapakshe, T.G.S.D. Chandrasiri
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Research
The association between perceived discriminations and well-being in Korean employed workers: the 4th Korean working conditions survey
Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:46.   Published online October 2, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0205-9
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Around the globe, discrimination has emerged as a social issue requiring serious consideration. From the perspective of public health, the impact of discrimination on the health of affected individuals is a subject of great importance. On the other hand, subjective well-being is a key indicator of an individual’s physical, mental, and social health. The present study aims to analyze the relationship between Korean employed workers’ subjective health and their exposure to perceived discrimination.

Methods

The Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2014) was conducted on a representative sample of the economically active population aged 15 years or older, who were either employees or self-employed at the time of interview. After removing inconsistent data, 32,984 employed workers were examined in this study. The data included general and occupational characteristics, perceived discrimination, and well-being. Well-being was measured through the WHO-Five index (1998 version). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between perceived discrimination and well-being.

Result

As a group, employed workers who were exposed to discrimination had a significantly higher likelihood of “poor well-being” than their counterparts who were not exposed to discrimination. More specifically, the workers exposed to age discrimination had an odds ratio(OR) of 1.51 (95% CI: 1.36–1.68), workers exposed to discrimination based on educational attainment had an OR of 1.43 (95% CI: 1.26–1.61), and workers exposed to discrimination based on employment type had an OR of 1.68 (95% CI: 1.48–1.91) with respect to poor well-being.

Furthermore, workers exposed to a greater number of discriminatory incidents were also at a higher risk of “poor well-being” than their counterparts who were exposed to fewer such incidents. More specifically, the workers with three exposures to discrimination had an OR of 2.60 (95% CI: 1.92–3.53), the workers with two such exposures had an OR of 1.69 (95% CI: 1.44–1.99), and the workers with one such exposure had an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.20–1.45).

Conclusion

The present study found that discrimination based on age, educational attainment, or employment type put workers at a higher risk of “poor well-being,” and that the greater the exposure to discrimination, the higher the risk of poor well-being.


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    Yosuke Kita, Shoko Yasuda, Claudia Gherghel
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    Wonjeong Jeong, Yun Kyung Kim, Sarah Soyeon Oh, Jin-Ha Yoon, Eun-Cheol Park
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    Kyusung Kim, Sung-il Cho, Domyung Paek
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    Hyunhee Park, Sung-il Cho, Changhun Lee
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Research Article
The effect of long working hours on 10-year risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in the Korean population: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2007 to 2013
Dong-Wook Lee, Yun-Chul Hong, Kyoung-Bok Min, Tae-Shik Kim, Min-Seok Kim, Mo-Yeol Kang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:64.   Published online November 15, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0149-5
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Recently, the emergence of long working hours and the associated conditions such as coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke have gained attention. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between long working hours and the 10-year-risk of CHD and stroke, estimated by Jee’s health risk-appraisal model for ischemic heart disease.

Methods

We analyzed data from Koreans who randomly enrolled in Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2012 and finally included 13,799 participants. The participants were classified as per their working hours: 0–30 h/week, 31–39 h/week, 40 h/week, 41–50 h/week, 51–60 h/week, 61–70 h/week, 71–80 h/week, and >80 h/week. The risks for CHD and stroke were determined using Jee’s health risk-appraisal model. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between working hours and 10-year risk for CHD.

Results

The 10-year risks for CHD and stroke were significantly and positively associated with working hours in both men and women. Furthermore, higher risks for CHD and stroke were associated with longer working hours in women.

Conclusion

Long working hours are significantly associated with the risks of CHD and stroke, estimated by Jee’s health risk-appraisal model. This study suggests the need for proper management of working hours to reduce CHD risk and stroke risk in the Korean population.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0149-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


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Research Article
Relationship of workplace violence and perpetrators on sleep disturbance-data from the 4th Korean working conditions survey
Taejun Yoo, Byeongjin Ye, Jung-Il Kim, Siwoo Park
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:59.   Published online October 19, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0142-z
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objective

The present study analyzed relationship of workplace violence and perpetrators of violence on sleep disturbance among wage workers in Korea.

Methods

The present study used data from the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) of 2014 in selecting a total of 25,138wage workers as the study population, which excluded those who failed or refused to respond to questions required for the present study. The workplace violence experience group included people who satisfied at least one of six relevant criteria (verbal abuse, unwanted sexual attention, threatening or humiliating behavior, physical violence, bullying/harassment, and sexual harassment) and the group was divided according to whether the perpetrator of violence was a client or colleague. Presence of sleep disturbance was determined based on subjective symptoms felt within the past 12 months by each individual. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the effects on sleep distance according to general, occupational, and psychosocial characteristics, as well as the types of workplace violence and perpetrators of violence.

Results

Workplace violence was found as a factor affecting sleep disturbance (OR = 3.773, 95 % CI = 3.058–4.655), and with respect to perpetrators of violence, complaint of sleep disturbance symptoms was higher when the perpetrator was a colleague or boss (OR = 5.688, 95 % CI 4.189–7.723) than a client (OR = 2.992, 95 % CI 2.301–3.890).

Conclusion

Workplace violence had an effect on occurrence of sleep disturbance and when the perpetrators of violence was a boss or colleague at work, the risk for symptoms such as sleep disturbance increased, which indicated the need for appropriate intervention from a workplace healthcare perspective, including preventive education of workplace violence among employees.


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    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Research Article
Association between employment status and self-rated health: Korean working conditions survey
Kimin Kwon, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Yoon-Sik Cho
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:43.   Published online September 8, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0126-z
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

This research was conducted with an aim of determining the association between employment status and self-rated health.

Methods

Using the data from the Third Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2011, We included data from 34,783 respondents, excluding employers, self-employed workers, unpaid family workers, others. Self-rated health was compared according to employment status and a logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results

Among the 34,783 workers, the number of permanent and non-permanent workers was 27,564 (79.2 %) and 7,219 (20.8 %). The risk that the self-rated health of non-permanent workers was poor was 1.20 times higher when both socio-demographic factors, work environment and work hazards were corrected.

Conclusions

In this study, perceived health was found to be worse in the non-permanent workers than permanent workers. Additional research should investigate whether other factors mediate the relationship between employment status and perceived health.


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Research Article
The association between Korean workers’ presenteeism and psychosocial factors within workplaces
Yun-Sik Cho, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Kyoung-Bok Min, Chul-In Baek
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:41.   Published online September 7, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0124-1
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Presenteeism, a concept that has recently undergone active study, is the act of attending work while sick. This study investigates the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces.

Methods

This study analyzed 29246 wage earners from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2011) data using the logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces.

Results

Among the 29246 wage earners, 6347 (21.7 %) showed presenteeism. Those who experienced age discrimination at work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.77: 95 % CI 1.56–2.00), educational background discrimination (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.22–1.51), regional discrimination (aOR 1.55: 95 % CI 1.31–1.83), sexual discrimination (aOR 1.65: 95 % CI 1.41–1.94), employment type discrimination (aOR 2.13: 95 % CI 1.89–2.40), physical violence (aOR 1.92: 95 % CI 1.45–2.55), sexual harassment (aOR 2.90: 95 % CI 2.01–4.19), job insecurity (aOR 1.36: 95 % CI 1.18–1.56), work–life imbalance (aOR 1.38: 95 % CI 1.29–1.47), low job satisfaction (aOR 2.04: 95 % CI 1.91–2.17), no colleague support (aOR 1.11: 95 % CI 1.02–1.21), job stress (aOR 1.89: 95 % CI 1.76–2.02), emotional labor (aOR 1.50: 95 % CI 1.41–1.60), high work intensity (aOR 1.31: 95 % CI 1.23–1.38), and 3 groups of job strain that are passive group (aOR 1.09: 95 % CI 1.00–1.18), active group (aOR 1.39: 95 % CI 1.28–1.51), and high strain group (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.24–1.46) showed an increased risk of presenteeism compared to their respective counterparts (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The study results confirmed the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. Considering that presenteeism negatively affects productivity and the mental and physical health of individuals, managing various psychosocial factors within workplaces is proposed to reduce presenteeism.


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Review
Indoor radon exposure and lung cancer: a review of ecological studies
Ji Young Yoon, Jung-Dong Lee, So Won Joo, Dae Ryong Kang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:15.   Published online March 25, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0098-z
AbstractAbstract PDF

Lung cancer has high mortality and incidence rates. The leading causes of lung cancer are smoking and radon exposure. Indeed, the World Health Organization (WHO) has categorized radon as a carcinogenic substance causing lung cancer. Radon is a natural, radioactive substance; it is an inert gas that mainly exists in soil or rock. The gas decays into radioactive particles called radon progeny that can enter the human body through breathing. Upon entering the body, these radioactive elements release α-rays that affect lung tissue, causing lung cancer upon long-term exposure thereto. Epidemiological studies first outlined a high correlation between the incidence rate of lung cancer and exposure to radon progeny among miners in Europe. Thereafter, data and research on radon exposure and lung cancer incidence in homes have continued to accumulate. Many international studies have reported increases in the risk ratio of lung cancer when indoor radon concentrations inside the home are high.

Although research into indoor radon concentrations and lung cancer incidence is actively conducted throughout North America and Europe, similar research is lacking in Korea. Recently, however, studies have begun to accumulate and report important data on indoor radon concentrations across the nation. In this study, we aimed to review domestic and foreign research into indoor radon concentrations and to outline correlations between indoor radon concentrations in homes and lung cancer incidence, as reported in ecological studies thereof.

Herein, we noted large differences in radon concentrations between and within individual countries. For Korea, we observed tremendous differences in indoor radon concentrations according to region and year of study, even within the same region. In correlation analysis, lung cancer incidence was not found to be higher in areas with high indoor radon concentrations in Korea.

Through our review, we identified a need to implement a greater variety of statistical analyses in research on indoor radon concentrations and lung cancer incidence. Also, we suggest that cohort research or patient-control group research into radon exposure and lung cancer incidence that considers smoking and other factors is warranted.


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Research Article
Association between night work and cardiovascular diseases: analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey
Sungjin Park, Juhyun Nam, Jong-Ku Lee, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Sang-Baek Koh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:15.   Published online May 11, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0064-1
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between night work and cardiovascular diseases among wage workers in Korea.

Methods

The study was based on the 3rd Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS; 2011). This study included 29,711 wage workers. We used the chi-squared test and logistic regression to examine the association between cardiovascular diseases and night work and cumulative night work.

Results

Among all of the paid workers, 12.5% reported doing night work ≥ 1 day per month. Night work was significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (odds ratio [OR] 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-2.25). Also, compared to the group that did not do night works, the group with higher cumulative night work demonstrated an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.19-2.74).

Conclusions

This study suggests that night work is significantly associated with cardiovascular diseases.


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Research Article
The relationship between working condition factors and well-being
Bum-Joon Lee, Shin-Goo Park, Kyoung-Bok Min, Jin-Young Min, Sang-Hee Hwang, Jong-Han Leem, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Sung-Hwan Jeon, Yong-Seok Heo, So-Hyun Moon
Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:34.   Published online November 4, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0034-z
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

Working conditions can exert influence on the physical, mental, and even social health of workers. Well-being is an appropriate index for the evaluation of a person’s overall health. This paper investigated the association between various working conditions and worker’s well-being.

Methods

Data from 10,019 interviews were collected from the second wave of the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2010) conducted by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency between June and October 2010. The data from 5,995 employed workers were examined in this study. Well-being was measured through the WHO Five Well-Being Index (1998 version). Sociodemographic and working conditions were analyzed. Adjusted odds ratios for well-being were calculated with adjusted sociodemographic factors, working condition factors, or both.

Results

Workers’ well-being was significantly higher when they were satisfied with their working conditions (OR = 1.656, 95% CI = 1.454–1.885), when their actual working hours were the same as their anticipated working hours (OR = 1.366, 95% CI: 1.120–1.666) or exceeding less than 10 hours (OR = 1.245, 95% CI: 1.004-1.543), and when their employment was stable (OR = 1.269, 95% CI: 1.098–1.467).

Conclusions

This study supports the association between working condition factors and well-being in workers.


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Research Article
Presenteeism among self-employed workers: Korean working conditions survey
Min-Su Kim, Jae Bum Park, Kyoung-Bok Min, Kyung-Jong Lee, Kimin Kwon
Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:32.   Published online October 1, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0032-1
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objective

Presenteeism has become a public concern recently. Thus, we aimed to understand the relationship between self-employed workers and presenteeism using a nationally representative sample of Korean workers.

Methods

Using data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2011, a total of 43,392 workers including paid employees and self-employed workers were analyzed. The effect of employment status on presenteeism was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The independent variables were socioeconomic characteristics, working conditions, and working environments.

Results

Among the 43,392 workers, 34,783 were paid and 8,609 were self-employed. Self-employed workers were more likely to exhibit presenteeism than were paid workers. An elevated odds ratio of 1.27 (95% CI 1.19-1.36) was found for presenteeism among self-employed workers.

Conclusion

Being self-employed was significantly related with exhibiting presenteeism. Additional research should investigate whether other factors mediate the relationship between employment status and presenteeism as well as ways to reduce presenteeism among self-employed workers.


Citations

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  • Effect of Exposure to Physical Environmental Risk Factors of Korean Wage Workers on Presenteeism using the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS): Focusing on Gender Differences
    Yoon Ho Lee, Jeong-Beom Lee, Mid-Eum Moon, Myoung-Je Song, Jong-Sun Kim, Hwa-Young Lee, Eun Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, In-Ho Lee
    Journal of The Korean Society of Living Environmental System.2025; 32(3): 359.     CrossRef
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    Yunjun Park, Wanhyung Lee
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    Albert Navarro, Sergio Salas‐Nicás, Clara Llorens, Salvador Moncada, Emilia Molinero‐Ruíz, David Moriña
    American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2019; 62(7): 580.     CrossRef
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    Jin-Young Min, Hye-Jin Kim, Kyoug-Bok Min
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    Mar Blasco-Blasco, María Teresa Ruiz-Cantero, Lucero Aida Juárez-Herrera y Cairo, Vega Jovaní, Eliseo Pascual
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Research Article
Association between Workplace Risk Factor Exposure and Sleep Disturbance: Analysis of the 2nd Korean Working Conditions Survey
Yong-Seok Heo, Sei-Jin Chang, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem, Sung-Hwan Jeon, Bum-Joon Lee, Kyung-Yong Rhee, Hwan-Cheol Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:41.   Published online December 27, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-41
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

Sleep is essential for human beings to live and work properly. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between occupational exposures to workplace risk factors and sleep disturbance in Korean workers.

Methods

The data were drawn from the second Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS); a total of 7,112 paid workers were analyzed. The independent variables were occupational exposures such as physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial risk factor in the workplace, and psychosocial risk factor was divided into five categories (job demand, job control, social support, job insecurity, lack of reward). We estimated the relationship between various occupational exposures and sleep disturbance using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

The results showed that people who exposed to physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial (high job demand, inadequate social support, lack of reward) risk factors were more likely to increase the risk of sleep disturbance. Furthermore, after adjusting for general and occupational characteristics, we found significant positive associations between exposures to physical (odds ratios [OR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-2.07) and psychosocial (high job demand (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.16-3.98), inadequate social support (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.14-2.15), lack of reward (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.08-1.96)) risk factors and sleep disturbance.

Conclusion

These results suggest that occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial workplace risk factors are significantly related to sleep disturbance.


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Research Article
Long Working Hours and Emotional Well-Being in Korean Manufacturing Industry Employees
Kyoung-Hye Lee, Jong-Eun Kim, Young-Ki Kim, Dong-Mug Kang, Myeong-Ja Yun, Shin-Goo Park, Jae-Seok Song, Sang-Gil Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:38.   Published online December 5, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-38
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

Korea is well known for its long work hours amongst employees. Because workers of the manufacturing industry are constantly exposed to extended work hours, this study was based on how long work hours affect their emotional well-being.

Methods

The analysis was done using the secondary Korean Working Condition Survey (KWCS). Long work hours were defined to be more than 48 hours, and they were subcategorized into units of 52 hours and 60 hours. Based on the WHO (five) well-being index, emotional state was subdivided into three groups - reference group, low-mood group, and possible depression group- where 28 points and 50 points were division points, and two groups were compared at a time. Association between long work hours and emotional state was analyzed using binary and multinomial logistic regression analysis.

Results

Working for extended working hours in the manufacturing industry showed a statistically significant increase (t test p < 0.001) in trend among the possible depression group when compared to the reference group and the low-mood group. When demographical characteristics, health behaviors, socioeconomic state, and work-related characteristics were fixed as controlled variables, as work hours increased the odds ratio of the possible depression group increased compared to the reference group, and especially the odds ratio was 2.73 times increased for work hours between 48–52 and 4.09 times increased for 60 hours or more and both were statistically significant. In comparing the low-mood group and possible depression group, as work hours increased the odds ratio increased to 1.73, 2.39, and 4.16 times, and all work hours from working 48–52 hours, 53–60 hours, and 60 hours or more were statistically significant. Multinomial logistic regression analysis also showed that among the reference group and possible group, the possible depression group was statistically significant as odds ratio increased to 2.94 times in working 53–60 hours, and 4.35 times in 60 hours or more.

Conclusions

Long work hours have an adverse effect on emotional well-being. A more diversified research towards variables that affect long work hours and emotional well-being and how they interact with each other and their relationship to overall health is imperative.


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Research Article
Association between work-related health problems and job insecurity in permanent and temporary employees
Won-Wook Lee, Jae-Bum Park, Kyoung-Bok Min, Kyung-Jong Lee, Min-Su Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:15.   Published online September 11, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-15
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

This research was conducted with an aim of determining the correlation between job insecurity and an employee’s work-related health problems among permanent and temporary workers.

Methods

Using the data from the First Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2006, a total of 7,071 workers, excluding employers and the self-employed, were analyzed. Work-related health problems were categorized as backache, headache, abdominal pain, muscular pain, stress, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety or depression. Each problem was then analyzed for its relationship to job insecurity through logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among the 7,071 workers, 5,294 (74.9%) were permanent workers and 1,777 (25.1%) were temporary workers. For the permanent workers, presence of high or moderate job insecurity appeared more closely linked to backache, headache, abdominal pain, muscular pain, stress, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety, and depression compared to absence of job insecurity. However, for the temporary workers, only depression appeared to be associated with the presence of high job insecurity.

Conclusion

The study showed that the presence of job insecurity is correlated with work-related health problems. The deleterious effects of job insecurity appeared to be stronger in permanent than temporary workers. Additional research should investigate ways to effectively reduce job insecurity.


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Original Article
Risk Factors for Absenteeism due to Work related Musculo-skeletal Disorders among Korean Employees
Sang Gil Lee, Jong Eun Kim, Young Ki Kim, Oh Jun Kwon, Dong Mug Kang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(3):239-251.   Published online September 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.3.239
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
Absenteeism due to musculo-skeletal disorders (MSDs) of workers is an important index of occupational health. Since research on its causes is rare in Korea, the risk factors for absenteeism due to MSDs should be studied.
METHODS
Using the 2nd Korean working condition survey data, we investigated the prevalence of absenteeism due to MSDs. We also analyzed the risk factors for absenteeism by multiple logistic regression analysis in Korean employees.
RESULTS
Prevalence of absenteeism due to MSDs was 0.7% in all employees, 0.5% in men, and 0.9% in women. In logistic regression analysis, gender, age, presence of a representative worker organization, working on tight deadlines, and pace of work dependent on automated equipment/machine were risk factors of absenteeism due to MSDs for both sexes. For males, working time, working at a very high speed were additional risk factors. For females, pace of work dependent on numerical production, performance, and targets were additional risk factors. Although not included in the multiple logistic regression analysis, handling heavy loads in both sexes and average monthly income for women were risk factors in the univariate analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
For absenteeism due to MSDs, the presence of a representative worker organization, along with work pace and its determinants were important risk factors.

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Original Article
The Relationship between Shift Work and Work-related Injuries among Korean Workers
Tae Jun Park, Do Myung Paek, Kee Ock Joh, Jung Sun Park, Sung il Cho
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):52-60.   Published online March 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.52
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between shift work and work-related injuries in a representative sample of Korean workers.
METHODS
We used data from the Korean Working Condition Survey of 2006. The participants were 7,075 Korean workers 15 to 64 years of age. Logistic regression was employed to estimate the relationship between shift work and work-related injury using the SAS version 9.2 program.
RESULTS
Shift work was significantly related to work-related injuries compared to non-shift workers(OR 2.40, 95% CI=1.65~3.48). When personal and occupational risk factors were accounted for, shift work had a statistically meaningful relationship with work-related injuries compared to non-shift work(OR 1.79, 95% CI=1.20~2.66).
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, shift workers appear to have a higher risk of work-related injuries compared to non-shift workers. Work-related injuries in shift workers could be attributed to circadian rhythm disorder and sleep problems. Suitable arrangements that ensure flexible working times are needed for shift workers. Further study will be needed to identify and mitigate work-related injuries among shift workers.

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Original Article
The Prevalence of Work Related Sickness Absences According to the Second Korean Working Condition Survey
Ki Hun Hong, Dae Seong Kim, Oh Jun Kwon, Eun A Kim
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(4):428-438.   Published online December 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.4.428
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
Worker's health is an important index used to evaluate working conditions and to prioritize prevention policies. However, this index has never before been calculated in Korea. The purpose of this study was to calculate the prevalence of health problems caused by work related sickness absences using the second Korean Working Condition Survey (KWCS) conducted in 2010.
METHODS
The second KWCS was conducted from June to October 2010 as a household survey for employed workers. The work related sickness absence rate was estimated using gender, age, business size, occupational status, level of education, and level of income. A logistic regression was performed in order to evaluate the relationship of the work related sickness absence with general characteristics and work-related conditions.
RESULTS
The rate of work related sickness absence was 1.8(+/-0.2)% for all workers, with 6.0(+/-0.3)% of it being in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, and 2.2(+/-0.5)% in manufacturing. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) were the most common work related disorder [1.01(+/-0.12)%], followed by psychiatric disorders [0.18(+/-0.05)%], and respiratory disorders [0.14(+/-0.04)%]. The highest odds ratio (OR) for the work related sickness absence rate was in self-employed workers with employees (OR=2.23, 95%CI=1.05~4.74).
CONCLUSIONS
The work related sickness absence rate for all workers, both self-employed and employed, including agriculture, forestry and fishing workers, and wholesale and retail trade workers was 1.8(+/-0.2)%. Because the KWCS was based on a self-reported questionnaire survey, this figure might be overestimated. In addition, it might omit chronic occupational disease and death cases.

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  • Association of Exposure to Chemicals with Dyspnea among Employed Workers: Analysis of the 3rdKorean Working Conditions Survey
    Moon-Young Park, Sung-Ho Hwang, Kimyong Hong, Se-Eun Oh, Kyoung-Mu Lee
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Original Article
Self-rated Health Level Comparisons by the Criteria of Precarious Employment Status: The Korean Labor and Income Survey
Keunwhoe Kim, Hun Jong Chung, Sounghoon Chang, Hyeongsu Kim, Daehee Noh, Kyunghee Jung-Choi
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(3):240-250.   Published online September 30, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.3.240
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of precarious employment status on the level of self-rated health, based on various criteria, by participants in the Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey.
METHODS
Data were obtained from 3,268 subjects(2,057 men and 1,211 women), who participated in the 2005-2006 Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey. Group A was classified as Non-precarious employment by both the Ministry of Labor (MoLab) and the Korea Labor and Society Institute (KLSI). The group B was classified as Non-precarious employment by the MoLab and as precarious employment by the KLSI. The group C is classified as Non-precarious employment by both MoLab and KLSI. Outcome variables were self-rated health and a panel logistic regression analysis was performed on the data.
RESULTS
The level of self-rated health was worse among group B males (OR: 1.45, C.I:1.00~2.11) and group C males (OR: 1.69, C.I:1.35~2.10) compared to group A males. A substantial difference(57.8%) in the level of self-rated health between groups A and B was attributed to the sociodemographic characteristics of the populations. The difference in self-rated health between groups A and C was explained by work environments(15.7%), as well as by sociodemographic characteristics(26.1%). For female workers, the level of self-rated health in group B and C was worse than in group A, but this finding was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggested that the policy to improve the working environment, as well as a more comprehensive effort to reduce the disparity, is needed for the precarious employment worker.

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