Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Opinion

Perspectives from the new president of the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine: future strategies for occupational and environmental medicine: Sang Baek Ko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e1. Published online February 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e1

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Modern Korean society is experiencing fundamental transformations in industrial structures and working environments driven by complex factors, including demographic shifts, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and digital transformation. The evolving dynamics between the manufacturing and service industries, the emergence of technology-driven sectors, and the proliferation of new occupational categories are reshaping traditional employment models. This has directed the labor market toward nonstandard employment forms, including temporary, contract-based, and platform labor. Consequently, issues such as employment instability and reduced accessibility to workplace health programs, including occupational safety training, health examinations, and workplace health management, have become increasingly prominent. Although occupational and environmental medicine has subsequently gained significance, the current occupational health and safety framework inadequately addresses the nuances of emerging labor forms. Legal gaps persist, leaving vulnerable groups such as nonregular workers, platform laborers, and older workers insufficiently protected under existing systems. Furthermore, systemic issues are evident in the inadequate follow-up care during occupational health examinations, lacking continued adherence to hazard-centric approaches, and insufficient attention to chronic diseases and mental health challenges. This study proposes strategies that occupational and environmental medicine can address these issues. First, legal and institutional reforms must encompass new labor forms, accompanied by modernized safety and health guidelines. Second, state-of-the-art technologies should be leveraged to enhance predictive disease management and personalized healthcare for workers. Third, a preventive approach integrating chronic disease management, mental healthcare, and psychosocial risk factors must be established. Fourth, fostering interdisciplinary research collaboration across medicine, engineering, and psychology is essential for developing practical solutions to emerging challenges. In conclusion, occupational and environmental medicine in Korea must adapt to effectively address the evolving labor landscape. Through systematic innovation, integrated health-management approaches, technological advancements, and interdisciplinary cooperation, the health and safety of all workers in the rapidly changing world can be ensured.; 대한직업환경의학회 신임회장의 제언: 직업환경의학의 미래 전략
현대 한국 사회는 인구구조 변화, 4차 산업혁명, 팬데믹, 디지털 전환 등 복합적인 요인에 의해 산업 구조와 근로 환경에서 근본적인 변화를 경험하고 있다. 제조업과 서비스업 간의 역학 변화, 기술 중심 산업의 부상, 새로운 직업군의 확산은 전통적인 고용 모델을 재편하고 있다. 이에 따라 노동 시장은 비정규직, 계약직, 플랫폼 노동과 같은 비표준 고용 형태로 이동하고 있다. 그 결과, 고용 불안정과 직업 안전 교육, 건강검진, 작업장 건강관리 등 직업 건강 프로그램에 대한 접근성 저하 문제가 점점 더 부각되고 있다.
이러한 변화로 직업환경의학의 중요성이 증대되었으나, 현재의 직업 건강 및 안전 체계는 새로운 노동 형태의 특성을 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있다. 법적 공백이 여전히 존재하며, 비정규직 근로자, 플랫폼 노동자, 고령 노동자 등 취약 계층은 기존 제도 아래에서 충분히 보호받지 못하고 있다. 또한, 건강검진 후 사후관리의 미비, 유해 요인 중심 접근의 지속적 적용 부족, 만성 질환 및 정신 건강 문제에 대한 관심 부족 등 체계적 문제가 드러나고 있다.
본 연구는 직업환경의학이 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 전략을 제안한다. 첫째, 새로운 노동 형태를 포괄하는 법적·제도적 개혁과 현대화된 안전 및 건강 지침의 도입이 필요하다. 둘째, 최첨단 기술을 활용하여 예측적 질병 관리와 근로자 맞춤형 건강관리를 강화해야 한다. 셋째, 만성 질환 관리, 정신 건강 관리, 심리사회적 위험 요인을 통합하는 예방적 접근을 확립해야 한다. 넷째, 의학, 공학, 심리학 등 학제 간 연구 협력을 통해 새로운 과제에 대한 실질적 해결책을 모색해야 한다. 결론적으로, 한국의 직업환경의학은 변화하는 노동 환경에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해 적응해야 한다. 체계적 혁신, 통합적 건강 관리 접근법, 기술적 발전, 학제 간 협력을 통해 빠르게 변화하는 세계에서 모든 근로자의 건강과 안전을 보장할 수 있을 것이다.

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Original Article

Relationship between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4: Siyoung Kim, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon, Daehwan Kim, Hyun Woo Park, Jisoo Kang, Sung Woo Huh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e20. Published online August 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e20

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Benzophenone-3 is a type of ketone with 2 benzene rings attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) and one benzene ring attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH). As an endocrine-disrupting chemical, benzophenone-3 is known to be associated with reproductive, developmental, thyroid, and endocrine toxicities. Benzophenone-3 is commonly used in hair products, cosmetics, and ultraviolet (UV) filters because of its characteristic property to absorb UV light. This study aims to investigate the association between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3 using the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4 (2018–2020), which represents the Korean population.

Methods

Using the KoNEHS cycle 4 survey, the data of 3,796 adults aged ≥ 19 years were analyzed. Based on the 75th percentile concentration of urine benzophenone-3, the participants were divided into the low- and high-concentration groups. Chi-square test was conducted to analyze the association of urine benzophenone-3 with distribution of general characteristics, use of personal care products, consumption of marine foods, and use of plastic products as the variable. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine benzophenone-3 based on the use of hair products.

Results

Women with < 6 times or ≥ 6 times of hair product usage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those who did not use hair products. The calculated ORs were 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–1.38) for women with < 6 times of usage and 1.54 (95% CI: 1.33–1.79) for women with ≥ 6 times of usage.

Conclusions

This study revealed the association between the use of hair products and the concentration of urine benzophenone-3 in the general Korean population.

제4기 (2018-2020) 국민환경보건 기초조사를 이용한 헤어제품사용과 요중 벤조페논-3(benzophenone-3)과의 관계
목적
벤조페논-3은 2개의 벤젠고리가 카르보닐기(C=O)에 결합된 케톤 형태로 이루어져 있으며, 한개의 벤젠고리에 히드록시기(-OH)가 결합된 형태를 가지고 있다. 벤조페논-3은 내분비계교란화합물(Endocrine disrupting chemical)로서 생식독성, 발달독성, 갑상선 및 내분비계 독성 등을 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 벤조페논-3은 자외선을 흡수하는 특성이 있어, 헤어제품(hair product), 화장품, 자외선차단제 등에 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 대한민국 인구집단를 대표하는 국민환경보건기초조사(KoNEHS) 4주기(2018-2020)의 데이터를 이용하여 헤어제품 사용과 요중 벤조페논-3과의 연관성을 확인하고자 한다.
방법
KoNEHS 4주기의 데이터에서 19세 이상 성인 3,796명의 참가자를 분석하였다. 요중 벤조페논-의 75번째 백분위 수 농도를 기준으로 저농도군과 고농도군으로 나누었다. 연구대상의 요중 벤조페논- 3농도와 일반적 특성, 개인 및 위생용품사용, 해양생물 섭취, 플라스틱용품사용 간의 분포 및 평균을 비교하기 위하여 독립 t-검정과 χ2 테스트를 실시하였다. 헤어제품에 대한 요중 벤조페논-3 대한 승산비(ORs)는 일반적 특성, 개인 및 위생용품사용, 해양생물 섭취, 그리고 플라스틱용품 사용을 보정한 후 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 계산하였다.
결과
본 연구에서는 여성에서 헤어제품 ‘주 6회 미만 사용군’과 ‘주 6회 이상 사용군’은 ‘사용안함군’에 비해 요중 벤조페논-3 고농도군에 속할 OR 값이 증가하였다. 계산된 OR값은 ‘주 6회 미만 사용군’ 1.24(95% CI: 1.12-1.38), ‘주 6회 이상 사용군’ 1.54 (95% CI: 1.33-1.79)이었다.
결론
본 연구를 통해서 헤어제품 사용과 요중 벤죠페논-3과의 연관성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Environmental disease monitoring by regional Environmental Health Centers in Korea: a narrative review
Myung-Sook Park, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Woo Jin Kim, Yun-Chul Hong, Won-Jun Choi, Seock-Yeon Hwang, Jiho Lee, Young-Seoub Hong, Yong-Dae Kim, Seong-Chul Hong, Joo Hyun Sung, Inchul Jeong, Kwan Lee, Won-Ju Park, Hyun-Joo Bae, Seong-Yong Yoon, Cheolmin Lee, Kyoung
The Ewha Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Exposure Status of Environmental Chemicals in South Korea: The Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2018–2020
Sooyeon Hong, Ok-Jin Kim, Sun Kyoung Jung, Hye Li Jeon, Suejin Kim, Jihyon Kil
Toxics.2024; 12(11): 829. CrossRef

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220 Download
2 Web of Science
2 Crossref

Original Article

Relationship between crustacean consumption and serum perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4: Sung Woo Huh, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon, Daehwan Kim, Hyun Woo Park, Jisoo Kang, Keon Woo Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e12. Published online April 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e12

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are non-aromatic organic compounds, whose hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain substituted by fluorine atoms. PFASs exhibit developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, and hormone toxicity. PFASs are used in the production of disposable food packages, aircraft and automobile devices, cooking utensils, outdoor gear, furniture and carpets, aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), cables and wires, electronics, and semiconductors. This study aimed to determine the association between crustacean consumption and serum PFASs.

Methods

Adult participants (2,993) aged ≥ 19 years were extracted from the 4th cycle data of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS). Based on the 50th percentile concentrations of serum PFASs, participants were divided into the low-concentration group (LC) and the high-concentration group (HC). General characteristics, dietary factors, coated product usage, and personal care product usage, an independent t-test and χ² test were analyzed. The odds ratio (OR) of serum PFAS concentration against crustacean consumption was estimated via logistic regression analysis adjusting for general characteristics, dietary factors, coated product usage, and personal care product usage.

Results

The OR for the HC of serum PFASs was higher in individuals with ≥once a week crustacean consumption than in those with < once a week crustacean consumption. Estimated ORs were perfluorohexanesulfonic acid 2.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.53–3.02), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07–1.41), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDeA) 1.42 (95% CI: 1.17–1.74) in males, and perfluorooctanoic acid 1.48 (95% CI: 1.19–1.84), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 1.39 (95% CI: 1.27–1.52), PFNA 1.70 (95% CI: 1.29–2.26) and PFDeA 1.43 (95% CI: 1.32–1.54) in females.

Conclusions

This study revealed the association between the crustacean consumption and concentrations of serum PFASs in general Korean population.

제4기(2018-2020) 국민환경보건 기초조사 자료를 이용한 갑각률 섭취와 혈청 괍불화화합물(PFAS)과의 관계
목적
과불화화합물은 탄소 사슬에 결합 되어 있는 수소 원자가 불소 원자로 대체된 비방향족 유기 화합물이다. PFAS 는 발달 독성, 발암성, 간 독성, 생식 독성, 면역 독성, 신경 독성 및 호르몬 독성 등을 가진다. PFAS는 일회용 식품 포장, 항공, 자동차, 조리기구, 아웃도어 용품, 가구 및 카펫, 수성막포, 케이블 및 배선, 전자 및 반도체 생산에 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 국가를 대표하는 조사인 한국 국민환경보건 기초조사(KoNEHS) 4주기의 데이터를 사용하여 갑각류 섭취와 혈청 PFAS노출과의 연관성을 확인하려고 한다.
방법
KoNEHS 4주기의 데이터에서 19세 이상 성인 2,993명의 참가자를 분석하였다. 혈청 PFAS 의 50번째 백분위 수 농도를 기준으로 저농도군과 고농도군으로 나누었다. 연구대상의 혈청 PFAS 농도와 일반적 특성, 식이요인, 코팅용품 사용, 미용제품 사용간의 분포 및 평균을 비교하기 위하여 독립 t-검정과 χ2 테스트를 실시하였다. 갑각류 섭취에 대한 혈청 PFAS의 승산비는 일반적 특성, 식이요인, 코팅용품 사용, 미용제품 사용을 보정한 후 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 계산하였다.
결과
본 연구에서는 갑각류 주1회이상 섭취군은 주1회미만 섭취군에 비해 혈청 PFAS 고농도군에 속할 OR 값이 증가하였다. 남성에서는 PFHxS 2.15(95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.53-3.02), PFNA 1.23(95% CI; 1.07-1.41), PFDeA 1.42(95% CI; 1.17-1.74), 여성에서는 PFOA 1.48(95% CI; 1.19-1.84), PFOS 1.39(95% CI; 1.27-1.52), PFNA 1.70(95% CI; 1.29-2.26), PFDeA 1.43(95% CI; 1.32-1.54) 이었다.
결론
갑각류 섭취 횟수가 많을수록 혈청 PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDeA) 농도가 증가하였다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Environment-wide association study of five per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFASs) exposure pathways in Korean adolescents from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2018–2020)
Soonsu Shin, Dajeong Ham, Sanghyuk Bae
Chemosphere.2025; 373: 144161. CrossRef
Environmental disease monitoring by regional Environmental Health Centers in Korea: a narrative review
Myung-Sook Park, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Woo Jin Kim, Yun-Chul Hong, Won-Jun Choi, Seock-Yeon Hwang, Jiho Lee, Young-Seoub Hong, Yong-Dae Kim, Seong-Chul Hong, Joo Hyun Sung, Inchul Jeong, Kwan Lee, Won-Ju Park, Hyun-Joo Bae, Seong-Yong Yoon, Cheolmin Lee, Kyoung
The Ewha Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Exposure Status of Environmental Chemicals in South Korea: The Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2018–2020
Sooyeon Hong, Ok-Jin Kim, Sun Kyoung Jung, Hye Li Jeon, Suejin Kim, Jihyon Kil
Toxics.2024; 12(11): 829. CrossRef

1,345 View
196 Download
2 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Original Article

Association between serum perfluoroalkyl substances concentrations and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults: a cross-sectional study using the National Environmental Health Survey cycle 4: Yong Tae Park, Eui Yup Chung, Chang Ho Chae, Young Hoon Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e10. Published online April 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e10

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used in industry and daily life due to their useful properties. They have a long half-life, accumulate in the body, and there is evidence that they are associated with biomarkers of lipid metabolism and liver damage. This may suggest non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by PFAS. However, since there has been no study analyzing the relationship between PFAS and NAFLD in the entire population in Korea. We sought to confirm the relationship between serum PFAS concentration and NAFLD prevalence in Korean adults using the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4.

Methods

The study was conducted on 2,529 subjects in 2018–2019 among KoNEHS participants. For the diagnosis of NAFLD, the hepatic steatosis index (HSI) was used, and the geometric mean and concentration distribution of serum PFAS were presented. Logistic regression was performed to confirm the increase in the risk of NAFLD due to changes in PFAS concentration, and the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.

Results

In both adjusted and unadjusted models, an increased odds ratio was observed with increasing serum concentrations of total PFAS and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the non-obese group. In the adjusted model, the odds ratios for serum total PFAS and PFOS were 6.401 (95% CI: 1.883–21.758) and 7.018 (95% CI: 2.688–18.319).

Conclusions

In this study, a higher risk of NAFLD based on HSI was associated with serum total PFAS, PFOS in non-obese group. Further research based on radiological or histological evidence for NAFLD diagnosis and long-term prospective studies are necessary. Accordingly, it is necessary to find ways to reduce exposure to PFAS in industry and daily life.

대한민국 성인의 혈청 과불화화합물 농도와 비알코올성 지방간 질환의 연관성 : 제4기 국민환경보건 기초조사를 이용한 단면연구
목적
과불화 화합물(이하 PFAS)는 그 유용한 특성들로 인하여 산업 및 일상생활에 널리 사용되는 물질이다. 이들은 긴 반감기를 지녀 생체 내에 축적되며, 지질 대사 및 간 손상의 바이오마커들과 연관이 있다는 여러 증거들이 있다. 이는 PFAS와 비알코올성 지방간(이하 NAFLD)의 연관성을 시사할 수 있다. 그러나 국내 전체 인구를 대상으로 PFAS와 NAFLD간의 연관성을 분석한 연구는 없었기에 제4주기 국민환경보건 기초조사를 이용하여 대한민국 성인에서 혈청 PFAS의 농도와 NAFLD 유병률 간의 연관성을 확인하고자 하였다.
방법
제4주기 국민환경보건 기초조사 참여자 중 2018-2019년 대상자 2595명을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. NAFLD의 진단을 위해 Hepatic Steatosis Index(이하 HSI)를 사용하였으며, 혈청 PFAS의 기하평균 및 농도 분포를 제시하였다. PFAS의 농도 변화에 따른 NAFLD의 위험도 증가를 확인하기 위하여 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였으며 이에 대한 교차비와 95% 신뢰구간을 산출하였다.
결과
조정되지 않은 모델 및 조정된 모델의 비만하지 않은 그룹에서 혈청 총 PFAS, PFOS의 농도 증가에 따른 교차비의 증가를 확인할 수 있었다. 조정된 모델에서 혈청 총 PFAS 및 PFOS의 교차비는 각각 6.401 (95% CI 1.883–21.758) and 7.018 (95% CI 2.688-18.319)으로 나타났다.
결론
본 연구에서 HSI에 기초한 NAFLD의 더 높은 위험은 비만하지 않은 군에서 혈청 총 PFAS 및 PFOS와 유의한 연관성을 보였다. PFAS에 의한 NAFLD 발생의 위험에 대한 영상 또는 조직 병리에 기반한 추가 연구가 필요하며, 일상 생활 및 산업 전반에 있어 PFAS에의 노출을 줄이기 위한 방법의 모색이 필요하다.

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Effects of mixed exposure to PFAS on adolescent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Integrating evidence from human cohorts, toxicogenomics, and animal models to uncover mechanisms and potential target sites
Xiushuai Du, Dan-Lin Li, Xueming Xu, Yitian Wu, Zhiyuan Du, Gang Liang, Yue-Zu Li, Ya-Jie Zheng, Yu Qin, Kelei Qian, Jing Xu, Liping Gao, Gonghua Tao, Chen-Wei Pan, Weiwei Zheng
Journal of Hazardous Materials.2025; 485: 136854. CrossRef
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Se-Hyun Hwang, Yun-Hee Choi, Da-An Huh, Lita Kim, Kangyeon Park, Jiyoun Lee, Hyeon Jeong Choi, Woohyun Lim, Kyong Whan Moon
Environmental Pollution.2025; 372: 126085. CrossRef
Diabetes and male fertility disorders
Andrea Graziani, Raffaele Scafa, Giuseppe Grande, Alberto Ferlin
Molecular Aspects of Medicine.2024; 99: 101303. CrossRef

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Original Article

Relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and urine phthalate metabolites: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3: Jisoo Kang, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e53. Published online December 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e53

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Plastics are high-molecular-weight materials composed of long carbon chains. They are prevalent in daily life, present in various items such as food containers and microwavable packaging. Phthalates, an additive used to enhance their flexibility, are endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We utilized the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3, representing the general South Korean population, to investigate the relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and phthalate exposure.

Methods

We assessed 3,333 adult participants (aged ≥ 19 years) including 1,526 men and 1,807 women, using data from KoNEHS cycle 3. Using the 75th percentile concentration, urine phthalate metabolites were categorized into high and low-concentration groups. χ² test was conducted to analyze variations in the distribution of each variable, considering sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, food intake, the use of plastics, and the concentration of urine phthalate metabolites as the variables. To calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine phthalate metabolites based on the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage, logistic regression analysis was conducted.

Results

In men, the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those using the others. The adjusted ORs were calculated as follows: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) had an OR of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.72), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.16–1.88), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) had an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.04–1.66), ∑di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) had an OR of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08–1.74) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had an OR of 1.44 (95% CI: 1.13–1.84).

Conclusion

The concentrations of urine phthalate metabolites (MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, and MnBP) were significantly higher in men who used plastics in refrigerator food storage compared to those using the others.

제3기(2015-2017) 국민환경보건 기초조사 자료를 이용한 냉장고 식품보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체간의 관계
목적
플라스틱은 긴 탄소 사슬로 구성된 고분자 물질로 일상생활에서 식품용기, 전자레인지용 포장용기 등 다양한 곳에서 사용되고 있다. 프탈레이트는 플라스틱의 유연성을 증가시키는 가소제로 사용되는데, 이는 내분비계 장애물질로 알려져있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 인구를 대표하는 자료인 국민환경보건 기초조사 3기를 이용하여 가정내 냉장고 식품보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체와의 연관성을 조사하였다.
방법
본 연구는 국민환경보건 기초조사 3기에서 3,333명의 19세 이상 성인을 연구 대상자로 선정하였다. (남자: 1,526명 여자: 1,807명) 요중 프탈레이트 대사체는 75th percentile값을 기준으로 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 고농도군과 저농도군으로 정의하였다. 사회인구학적 요인, 건강행태 요인, 식이요인과 플라스틱 사용, 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 농도간의 분포를 분석하기위해 χ2-test를 사용하였다. 또한 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 가정내 냉장고 식품보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 고농도군에 속할 OR값을 계산하였다.
결과
남성에서 가정내 냉장고 식품보관시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우 플라스틱을 사용하지 않는 경우보다 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 농도가 높았다. 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우 MEHHP의 고농도군에 해당될 adjusted ORs은 1.35(95%CI: 1.05-1.72), MEOHP 1.48(95%CI: 1.16-1.88), MECPP 1.32(95%CI: 1.04-1.66), ∑DEHP 1.37(95%CI: 1.08-1.74), MnBP 1.44(95%CI: 1.13-1.84)으로 조사되었다.
결론
남성에서 가정내 냉장고 식품 보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우는 플라스틱을 사용하지 않는 경우보다 요중 프탈레이트 대사체(MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MnBP) 농도가 높았다.

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Microplastic particles in human blood and their association with coagulation markers
Dong-Wook Lee, Jaehak Jung, Seul-ah Park, Yunjeong Lee, Juyang Kim, Changwoo Han, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Joon Hee Lee, Yun-Chul Hong
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Effects of a supportive workplace environment on the success rate for smoking cessation camp: Woojin Kim, A Ram Kim, Minsu Ock, Young-Jee Jeon, Heun Lee, Daehwan Kim, Minjun Kim, Cheolin Yoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e48. Published online November 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e48

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
This study was conducted to identify the success rate for smoking cessation over time after participation in a therapeutic smoking cessation camp, and to identify how participant characteristics, including a supportive workplace environment for smoking cessation (SWESC), affect the success rate for smoking cessation.
Methods
In all, 296 participants at smoking cessation camps in Ulsan between 2015 and 2020 were investigated. The success rates of smoking cessation after weeks 4, 6, 12, and 24 at camp were investigated. The participants were grouped as workers with an SWESC, and workers without an SWESC, and variables (age, education, household income, marital status, drinking, exercise, body mass index, morbidity, job, number of counseling sessions, cigarettes smoked per day and smoking initiation age) were investigated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted at each time point. In addition, Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the variables affecting the success rate for smoking cessation over time.
Results
The smoking cessation success rate of workers with an SWESC at week 24 (90.7%) was higher than that for workers without an SWESC (60.5%). Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the relationship between each variable and the success rates for smoking cessation at week 6, 12, and 24. SWESC was confirmed as significant (p < 0.05) variables for increased success rate for smoking cessation at all 3 time points. After adjusting for all variables, the Cox proportional hazards survival analysis showed a hazard ratio of 6.17 for SWESC (p < 0.001,; 95% confidence interval: 3.08–12.38).
Conclusions
At a professional treatment smoking cessation camp, participants with an SWESC showed a significantly higher success rate for smoking cessation. Supportive workplace environment for workers’ health is expected to be an important factor for smoking cessation projects as well as other health promotion projects at workplace.; 직장의 금연에 대한 지지적 환경이 전문 치료형 금연 캠프의 금연성공률에 미치는 영향
목적
본 연구는 울산에서 진행된 전문 치료형 금연 캠프에 참가한 후 시간 경과에 따른 금연 성공률을 알아보고, 직장의 금연에 대한 지지적 환경 (SWESC: supportive workplace environment for smoking cessation)을 포함한 각 참가자의 특성이 금연 성공률에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 실시되었다.
방법
2015-2020년 울산 지역 금연 캠프 참가자 455명을 대상으로 자가 보고, 호기 일산화탄소, 소변 코티닌 수치를 이용하여 캠프 후 4주, 6주, 12주, 24주차 금연 성공률을 조사하였다. 캠프 참가자를 SWESC가 있는 근로자 및 SWESC가 없는 근로자로 분류하여 각 집단에서 변수 (연령, 교육 수준, 가계 소득, 배우자 유무, 음주, 운동, 체질량지수, 현병력, 직업, 상담 횟수, 하루 흡연량, 흡연 시작 연령)들의 비율을 알아보았고, 시점별 금연 성공률을 집계하였다. 변수와 금연 성공의 관계를 알아보기 위해 각 시점에서 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 시간 경과에 따른 금연 성공률에 영향을 미치는 변수를 평가하기 위해 Cox 생존 분석을 시행하였다.
결과
SWESC가 있는 근로자의 24주 금연 성공률 (90.7%)은 SWE가 없는 근로자 (60.5%)보다 높았다. 캠프 후 6주, 12주, 24주째 금연성공률과 변수에 대하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 실시한 결과, 세 시점에서 모두 금연에 유의한 (p < 0.05) 변수는 SWESC로 나타났다. 모든 변수를 조정하여 Cox 비례 위험 생존 분석을 실시한 결과 SWESC의 위험비는 6.17 ( 95% 신뢰구간: 3.08-12.38)였다.
결론
금연 캠프 참가자 중 SWESC가 있는 참가자는 금연 성공률이 유의하게 높았다. 근로자의 건강에 대한 지지적인 직장 환경은 금연 사업 등 보건 사업의 성공에 중요한 요인이 될 것으로 예상된다.

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Original Article

Particulate matter concentration effects on attention to environmental issues: a cross-sectional study among residents in Korea’s Pohang Industrial Complex: Hye-seung Ryu, Jea Chul Ha, Insung Chung, Seonhee Yang, Hyunjoo Kim, Sung-Deuk Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e31. Published online August 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e31

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

With modernization, air pollution has become increasingly serious, and its effects on health have been revealed. As a result, public interest in environmental pollution has become critical for regulating air pollution. In our study, we aim to evaluate the impact of air pollution levels on public attention to environmental issues and examine whether awareness of the residential environment’s impact on health acts as a mediator in this relationship.

Methods

We conducted an analysis on 400 individuals surveyed in the preliminary feasibility study on adverse health effects in the Pohang Industrial Complex, to examine the relationship between particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and attention to environmental issues. Logistic regression analysis was performed, and mediation analysis was used to determine whether awareness of the residential environment’s impact on health mediated the relationship.

Results

The logistic regression analysis results showed that PM2.5 levels were associated with attention to environmental issues (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–3.5; p = 0.003) and awareness of health impacts (AOR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.6–7.1; p = 0.001). The PM2.5 levels showed 9.9% (95% CI: 5.4–14.0) increase in the prevalence of high attention to environmental issues, of which, only 1.0% (95% CI: 0.2–2.3) were mediated by health impact awareness. In the overall analysis, 10% of the total effect of PM2.5 on attention to environmental issues was mediated by health impact awareness.

Conclusions

According to this study’s results, there was a correlation between air pollution levels and attention to environmental issues. Awareness of the health impacts of air pollution partially mediated the effect of air pollution levels on attention to environmental issues. In future studies, it is recommended to identify other mediators to further understand this structure.

미세먼지(Particular matter)농도가 환경문제에 대한 관심에 미치는 영향 : 포항시 거주민을 대상으로 한 단면연구
목적
근현대화가 진행되어오면서 대기오염은 심각해지고 대기오염에 의한 건강영향이 밝혀지면서 대기오염을 규제하기위해 환경오염에 대한 대중의 관심도가 중요해졌다. 이번 연구에서는 대기오염 수치가 환경오염에 대한 관심도에 미치는 영향을 평가하고 그 구조로써 건강영향에 대한 인식이 매개체로써 작용하는지 탐구하고자 하였다.
방법
포항 산업단지 건강피해 예비타당성 위해소통 설문조사에서 파악된 400명에 대하여 분석을 시행하였다. PM2.5와 환경오염에 대한 관심의 관계에 대해서 보기위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였고, 그 구조를 파악하기 위해 매개분석을 사용하여 건강영향에 대한 인식이 매개체로써 작용하는지 확인하였다.
결과
로지스틱 분석 결과 PM2.5 수치는 환경에 대한 관심과 관련이 있었고([AOR]: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3, 3.5, P = 0.003), 건강영향에 대한 인식도와도 관련이 있었다(AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.6, 7.1, P = 0.001). PM2.5수치는 전체 환경에 대한 관심도에 비교위험(%)이 9.9 (95 % CI: 5.4, 14.0)인데 전체에서 1.0 (95 % CI: 0.2, 2.3) 만이 건강영향 인식도에 의해 매개되는 비교위험이다. 전체 분석 결과에서 PM2.5가 환경에 대한 관심에 미치는 전체 영향의 10%가 건강영향 인식에 매개되었다.
결론
연구결과에 따르면 대기오염 수준은 환경오염에 대한 관심도와 관련이 있었다. 건강영향에 대한 인식은 대기오염수준이 환경오염에 대한 관심도에 미치는 영향의 일부를 매개하였다.

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Long-term joint exposure of outdoor air pollutants and impaired kidney function in Korean adults: A mixture analysis based on a nationwide sample (2007–2019)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.2025; 116: 104712. CrossRef
Association between exposure to ambient particulate matter and high sensitivity C-reactive protein: A nationwide study in South Korea, 2015–2018
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Atmospheric Environment.2024; 339: 120856. CrossRef

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Original Article

Environment-wide association study of elevated liver enzymes: results from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2018–2022: Youngchan Chi, Jong-Tae Park, Sewhan Na, Kyeongmin Kwak; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e27. Published online July 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e27

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Environmental exposure is characterized by low concentration, chronic, and complex exposure. Traditional epidemiological studies show limitations in reflecting these characteristics since they usually focus on a single or very limited number of exposure factors at a time. In this study, we adopted the methodology of environment-wide association study (EWAS) to figure out the association of human liver function with various environmentally hazardous substances.

Methods

We analyzed 2,961 participants from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey Cycle 4 (2018–2020). Using generalized linear model (GLM) analysis, we analyzed the association of 72 variables with 3 liver function indices (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and gamma glutamyl transferase [GGT]). Finally, we visualized our results with Manhattan plot.

Results

In GLM analysis, perfluorooctanesulfonate were positively associated with ALT (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39–3.46; p _adjusted = 0.0147) and perfluorodecanoic acid showed positive association with GGT (OR: 2.73; 95% CI: 1.36–5.5; p _adjusted = 0.0256). Plasma mercury showed positive association with GGT (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.14–1.84; p _adjusted = 0.0315). Using a plastic container while keeping food in the refrigerator was associated with elevated GGT compared to using a glass container (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.16–1.95; p _adjusted = 0.0153). 2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate, showed a negative trend with all 3 indices, with AST (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.39–0.73; p _adjusted = 0.00357), ALT (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.34–0.75; p _adjusted = 0.036), GGT (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.4–0.76; p _adjusted = 0.00697). Bisphenol S and frequent use of sunblock cream showed negative association with ALT (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.66–0.89), and GGT (OR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.11–0.55), respectively.

Conclusions

We conducted an exploratory study on environmental exposure and human liver function. By using EWAS methodology, we identified 7 factors that could have potential association with liver function.

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Exposome-wide association study of cognitive function in US older adults using the NHANES data
Hyuna Jang, Jiyun Lee, Vy Kim Nguyen, Hyeong-Moo Shin
Exposome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Association of heavy metal complex exposure and neurobehavioral function of children: Minkeun Kim, Chulyong Park, Joon Sakong, Shinhee Ye, So young Son, Kiook Baek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e23. Published online July 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e23

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Exposure to heavy metals is a public health concern worldwide. Previous studies on the association between heavy metal exposure and neurobehavioral functions in children have focused on single exposures and clinical manifestations. However, the present study evaluated the effects of heavy metal complex exposure on subclinical neurobehavioral function using a Korean Computerized Neurobehavior Test (KCNT).

Methods

Urinary mercury, lead, cadmium analyses as well as symbol digit substitution (SDS) and choice reaction time (CRT) tests of the KCNT were conducted in children aged between 10 and 12 years. Reaction time and urinary heavy metal levels were analyzed using partial correlation, linear regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), the weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile G-computation analysis.

Results

Participants of 203 SDS tests and 198 CRT tests were analyzed, excluding poor cooperation and inappropriate urine sample. Partial correlation analysis revealed no association between neurobehavioral function and exposure to individual heavy metals. The result of multiple linear regression shows significant positive association between urinary lead, mercury, and CRT. BMKR, WQS regression and quantile G-computation analysis showed a statistically significant positive association between complex urinary heavy metal concentrations, especially lead and mercury, and reaction time.

Conclusions

Assuming complex exposures, urinary heavy metal concentrations showed a statistically significant positive association with CRT. These results suggest that heavy metal complex exposure during childhood should be evaluated and managed strictly.

소아 신경 행동 기능과 중금속 복합 노출의 관련성
목적
중금속 노출은 많은 국가에서 공중보건 관련해서 큰 과제이다. 중금속 노출에 따른 신경계의 영향을 보기 위한 과거 연구들 에서는 노출의 경우 단일 중금속에 대한 노출을, 노출에 따른 결과로는 임상적 징후 또는 질환의 진단을 중점으로 이루어졌다. 본 연구는 중금속 복합 노출과 준임상적 수준을 포함한 신경 행동 기능의 관계를 확인하기 위해 계획되었다.
방법
소변 중 수은, 납, 카드뮴 분석과 한국형 컴퓨터 신경행동검사중 부호 숫자 짝짓기 검사와 선택 반응 시간 검사를 211명의 10-12세의 소아들에게 시행한 자료를 바탕으로, 반응 시간과 소변 중 중금속 수치를 성별과 연령을 보정하여 편상관분석과 회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 그 중 유의미한 결과가 확인되는 항목에 대해 복합노출에 대한 분석을 Bayesian Kernel Machine regression, Weighted Sum Regression analysis, Quantile G-computation 기법을 활용하여 심층 분석하였다.
결과
부호숫자 짝짓기 검사의 경우 203건, 선택반응 검사의 경우 198건에 대해 분석을 수행하였다. 부호숫자 짝짓기 검사의 경우 단일 중금속과 편상관분석 및 다중회귀분석에서 유의미한 관련성이 보이지 않았다. 선택반응 검사의 경우 편상관분석상 개별 중금속과는 별다른 관계를 보이지 않았으나 다중회귀분석에서 수은 및 납과 유의미한 관련성을 보였다. 복합노출에 대한 분석방법인 Bayesian Kernel Machine regression, Weighted Sum Regression analysis, Quantile G-computation 기법에서 소변 중 중금속과 선택 반응 시간 검사의 반응시간 간에 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 세 분석에서 비교적 일관되게 복합노출 시 수은과 납이 선택 반응 시간 검사의 반응시간에 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 카드뮴의 경우 뚜렷한 양의 상관관계를 보이지 않거나 그 기여도가 적었다.
결론
본 연구 샘플의 요중 수은, 납, 카드뮴의 범위는 임상적인 증상을 나타낼 수 있는 것으로 알려진 여러 기준 수준에 비해 매우 낮은 수준에 있으나, 그 범위 내에서도 선택 반응 검사와 중금속의 복합노출은 통계적으로 유의한 반응시간 차이를 보였다. 위 결과는 소아 중금속 복합 노출이 매우 낮은 농도 수준에서도 신경계에 영향을 미친다는 가능성을 제시하며, 이는 중금속 노출에 대한 더욱 민감하고 엄격한 관리가 필요함을 보여주는 결과이다.

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Original Article

Relationship between shellfish consumption and urinary phthalate metabolites: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015-2017): Jisoo Kang, Seong-yong Cho, Jinseok Kim, Seongyong Yoon, Jong-min An, Gayoung Kim, Si young Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e2. Published online February 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e2

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are widely used in the production of items of daily life such as in polyvinylchloride plastics, insecticides, and medical devices. This study aimed to determine the association between phthalate exposure and shellfish consumption using data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017), which is a nationally representative survey.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the KoNEHS cycle 3 data of 3,333 (1,526 men and 1,807 women) adults aged more than 19 years. Data related to the variables of sociodemographic factors, health-related behaviors, dietary factors, seafood consumption frequency, and urinary phthalate metabolites concentrations were collected. The concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites of all the participants were divided into quartiles to define high and low concentration groups based on the 75th percentile concentration. A χ² test was conducted to analyze the distribution of independent variables. To analyze the relationship between shellfish consumption and phthalate exposure, the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Total adults with shellfish consumption frequency of over once a week showed the following adjusted ORs for high concentrations of the following metabolites compared with the group that consumed shellfish once a week or less: 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.06) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), 1.43 (95% CI: 1.01–2.03) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10–2.24) for ∑di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (∑DEHP), 2.01 (95% CI: 1.46–2.77) for mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP), 1.56 (95% CI: 1.11–2.18) for mono-carboxy-isononly phthalate (MCNP), and 2.57 (95% CI: 1.85–3.56) for mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP).

Conclusions

The concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites (MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MCOP, MCNP, and MCPP) were higher in adults with a higher frequency of shellfish consumption.

국민환경보건 기초조사 제3기(2015-2017) 자료를 이용한 조개류 섭취와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체간의 관계
목적
프탈레이트(phthalate)는 내분비계 장애물질(endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs)로서, 일상생활에서 가소제, 살충제, 의료기기 등으로 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 프탈레이트는 해양 생태계에서 널리 발견되며, 조개류는 해양생태계오염의 대표적인 지표로 사용된다. 현재까지 해양 생태계의 프탈레이트의 오염에 대한 다양한 연구가 수행되고 있으나 국내에서 프탈레이트 노출과 조개류 섭취와 관련된 연구는 아직 이루어진 바가 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 인구를 대표하는 자료인 국민환경보건 기초조사 제3기(2015-2017) 자료를 이용하여 요중 프탈레이트 대사체와 조개류 섭취와의 연관성을 분석하고자 했다.
방법
본 연구는 국민환경보건 기초조사 제3기(2015-2017) 자료를 이용하여 만 19세 이상 성인 3,333명(남자1,526명과 여자1,807명)을 대상으로 진행하였다. 사회인구학적 변수 및 건강행태 관련 변수 및 식이 요인과 해산물의 섭취 빈도, 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 농도를 변수로 두어 각 변수 간의 분포 차이를 분석하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 조개류 섭취빈도에 따라 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 고농도군에 속할 OR값을 계산하였다.
결과
조개류 섭취의 경우 주 1회 초과군에서 MEOHP의 고농도군에 해당될 adjusted ORs은 1.43(95%CI: 1.01-2.06), MECPP 1.43(95%CI: 1.01-2.03), ∑DEHP 1.57(95%CI: 1.10-2.24), MCOP 2.01(95%CI: 1.46-2.77), MCNP 1.56(95%CI: 1.11-2.18), MCPP 2.57(95%CI: 1.85-3.56)으로 조사되었다.
결론
성인에서 조개류 섭취 빈도가 많을수록 요중 프탈레이트 대사체(MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MCOP, MCNP, MCPP) 농도가 높았다.

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International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2025; 265: 114539. CrossRef
Urinary phthalate metabolites and heart rate variability: A panel study
Ziqian Zhang, Miao Liu, Lei Zhao, Linlin Liu, Wenting Guo, Jie Yu, Huihua Yang, Xuefeng Lai, Xiaomin Zhang, Liangle Yang
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Original Article

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and serum total IgE in the Korean adults: the Third Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2015–2017): Jeong Hun Jo, Dae Hwan Kim, Ji Young Ryu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e43. Published online December 14, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e43

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become common pollutants with industrial development. Although the effect of exposure to PAHs on allergic disease in humans has been evaluated, evidence of an association is sparse. The association between PAH exposure and serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels was evaluated in Korean adults.

Methods

In total, this study included 3,269 participants in the Third Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2015–2017). Four urinary PAH metabolites were used to assessed exposure to PAHs: 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-naphthol, and 2-hydroxyfluorene. The analyses were performed on 3 cutoff levels (100 IU/mL, 114 IU/mL, and 150 IU/mL) set as the total IgE elevation. Prevalence of total IgE elevation by PAH exposure group and general characteristics (age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, and occupation) were analyzed using the Rao–Scott χ² test. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for total IgE elevation by PAH exposure groups.

Results

Total IgE elevation differed significantly by age, sex, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, and occupation. For 2-hydroxyfluorene, the fourth quartile showed a significant association with IgE elevation compared to the first quartile in the analyses of cutoff-level 100 IU/mL (OR: 1.372, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.007–1.869) and 114 IU/mL (OR: 1.643, 95% CI: 1.167–2.312). In the analysis of cutoff-level 150 IU/mL, the adjusted ORs of the third and fourth quartile of 2-hydroxyfluorene were significantly higher than the first quartile (3rd quartile: OR: 1.478, 95% CI: 1.034–2.113; 4th quartile: OR: 1.715, 95% CI: 1.161–2.534). However, there were no significant positive associations for the other metabolites.

Conclusions

This study implied that PAHs exposure is associated with total IgE elevation in Korean adults. More research is needed to confirm the effect of exposure to PAHs on serum IgE and allergic diseases.

다환 방향족 탄화수소 노출과 혈중 총 면역글로불린 E (제3기 국민환경보건 기초조사 2015-2017)
목적
다환 방향족 탄화수소(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)는 화석 연료, 폐기물, 목재 등의 여러 유기물의 불완전 연소에 의해서 발생하는 환경 및 직업상 오염물질로서, 산업 발전으로 인해 생활 곳곳에서 노출이 가능한 오염물질이 되었다. PAHs노출과 알레르기 질환과의 관련성을 보여주는 연구 결과들이 있으나 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 제3기 국민환경보건기초조사(2015-2017) 자료를 이용하여 국내 성인에서 PAHs 노출과 알레르기 지표 중 하나인 혈중 총 면역글로불린 E(IgE)의 관련성을 평가하였다.
방법
국민환경보건 기초조사(2015 - 2017) 제3기에 참여한 성인 3269명을 대상으로 가중치를 적용하여 분석하였다. PAHs에 대한 노출에 대한 지표로 요중 1-hydroxypyrene, 2-naphthol, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyfluorene 농도를 이용하였고, 혈중 total IgE의 증가 여부는 100 IU/mL, 114 IU/mL, 150 IU/mL를 기준으로 설정하여 분석하였다. 요중 PAHs 대사체 농도는 사분위수 기준 네 그룹으로 나누어 분석에 이용하였다.
나이, 성별, BMI, 흡연 여부, 알코올 섭취 여부, 직업군 등 인구학적 요인에 따른 혈중 total IgE 증가 여부 및 각 대사체의 사분위수 그룹에 따른 혈중 total IgE 증가 여부를 카이제곱 검정을 이용하여 분석하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 요중 PAHs 대사체 농도 사분위수 그룹과 혈중 total IgE 농도 증가와의 관련성을 파악하고자 하였다.
결과
총 IgE 상승은 연령, 성별, 흡연 여부, 음주 여부, 직업에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다.
나이, 성별, 흡연 여부, 알코올 섭취 여부, 직업군 등 요인들을 보정한 로지스틱 회귀분석에서는 2-hydroxyfluoren의 경우 IgE 증가를 100IU/mL 및 114IU/mL로 설정한 분석에서 4사분위수 그룹이 1사분위수 그룹과 비교하여 혈중 total IgE 증가에 대해 유의하게 높은 교차비를 보였다(100 IU/mL을 IgE 증가 기준으로 분석 시: OR 1.372, 95% CI 1.007-1.869; 114 IU/mL을 IgE 증가 기준으로 분석 시: OR 1.643, 95% CI 1.167-2.312). 혈중 total IgE의 증가를 150IU/mL로 설정한 분석에서는 2-hydroxyfluoren의 3사분위 그룹과 4분위수 그룹의 total IgE 증가에 대한 교차비가 1사분위수 그룹과 비교하여 유의하게 더 높았다(3사분위수 그룹: OR 1.478, 95% CI 1.034-2.113; 4사분위수그룹: OR 1.715, 95% CI 1.161-2.534). 그러나 다른 대사 산물들에 대한 분석에서는 유의한 연관성이 없었다.
결론
본 연구의 결과는 한국 성인의 PAHs 노출과 총 IgE 수준 사이에 연관성이 있음을 제시한다. PAHs 노출이 혈청 IgE와 알레르기 질환에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해서는 추가적인 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 보인다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association of mixed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure with oxidative stress in Korean adults
Ji Young Ryu, Dong Hyun Hong
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Risk perceptions of a population living near a municipal waste incinerator and associated factors with the prevalence of environmental disease: Dong Hyun Kim, Chae Kwan Lee, Jeong Ho Kim, Byung Chul Son, Chunhui Suh, Kunhyung Kim, Byeong Jin Ye; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e38. Published online November 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e38

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

This study investigated the risk perceptions, prevalence of environmental diseases (EDs) and associated factors with the prevalence of environmental disease among the population living near an incinerator

Methods

Study area were divided into 3 local areas near the incinerator by distance (A, B, C) and control area (D) by distance and geographic isolation. A Questionnaire was conducted with 1,380 in local residents (A, B, C) and 390 in control area (D), gathered information of demographic characteristics, lifestyle, perception of damage by incinerators, experience of EDs (atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma) diagnosed by physician. Analysis of variance, χ² test, and Kruskal Wallis test was applied to determine the difference by area. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the prevalence of allergic rhinitis.

Results

Residents residing closer to the incinerator had negative perception in most items in questionnaire compared with control. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was higher as they lived nearby the incinerator (p = 0.008). The associated factors with the prevalence of allergic rhinitis were carpet (odds ratio [OR]: 1.79, p = 0.001), residential area (marginally significant), duration of residence (OR: 1.09, p < 0.001). The perception of environmental pollution around the residential area was inversely associated with the prevalence of allergic rhinitis: perceived as very dissatisfied (OR: 4.21, p = 0.02) compared with very satisfied.

Conclusions

As closer to the incinerator, the risk perception tend to negative and prevalence of EDs were increased. Carpet, residential area, duration of residence and perception of environmental air pollution around the residential area were associated with prevalence of allergic rhinitis. These results may be useful for the communication with residents to discuss the environmental problems caused by the incinerator.

자원순환시설 주변에 거주하는 주민의 환경성질환에 영향을 주는 위험인식도 및 생활습관
목적
이 연구는 소각장 주변에 거주지역 주민의 위험 인식도, 환경성 질환의 유병률, 환경 질환과 유병률과 관련된 요인을 조사했다.
방법
2020년 자원순환시설 인근에 거주중인 주민 1380명과 대조군 주민 390명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 인구통계학적 특성, 생활습관, 자원순환시설에 대한 인식, 환경성질환 과거력을 확인하였다. 환경성질환 과거력의 지역 간 차이를 확인하기 위해 카이 제곱 검정을 사용하여 분석하였다. 마지막으로 환경성질환 과거력에 영향을 주는 요인을 찾기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다.
결과
자원순환시설에 가까이 거주하는 주민은 대조군에 비해 주변환경 인식도, 자원순환시설에 대한 인식도 항목에서 부정적 인식을 보였다. 설문 조사에서 확인한 알레르기 비염의 과거력은 소각장 근처에 거주할수록 높았다. 알레르기 비염 유병률과 연관된 요인은 카펫 (OR = 1.79 p-value = 0.001), 거주지역, 거주기간 (OR = 1.09, p-value < 0.001) 으로 확인되었다. 거주지역 대기환경이 매우 좋지 않다고 인식하는 주민에서 (OR = 4.21, p-value = 0.02) 알레르기 유병률이 높아진 결과를 보였다.
결론
소각장에 가까이 거주할수록 소각장과 환경에 대한 위험 인식이 부정적으로 나타났고 환경성 질환의 유병률의 증가를 보였다. 카펫 사용, 소각장으로부터의 거리, 거주 기간, 주거 지역 주변의 대기 오염에 대한 인식도는 알레르기성 비염의 유병률과 관련을 보였다. 이 결과는 소각로로 인한 환경문제에 대해 주민들과 소통하는 데 유용할 것이다.

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Original Article

Association between urinary trans,trans-muconic acid and diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017): Eun Hye Yang, Do Jin Nam, Hyo Choon Lee, Soon Su Shin, Jae-Hong Ryoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e35. Published online December 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e35

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Benzene is a ubiquitous air pollutant that is well known to cause hematopoietic effects in humans including leukemia. Recently, several studies have discussed its non-carcinogenic effects such as diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the association between diabetes and urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), one of benzene metabolite, using adult data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017).

Methods

This study analyzed 3,777 adults (1,645 men and 2,132 women) from the KoNEHS cycle 3 (2015–2017). The distribution and fraction of each independent variable were presented separately according to the urinary benzene metabolite levels (t,t-MA quartiles) and diabetes to determine the general characteristics of the subjects. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression after stratification by gender and smoking status to identify the association between urinary t,t-MA and diabetes.

Results

Compared with the first quartile (reference), the risk of diabetes significantly increased above the 4th (1.834 [1.107–3.039]) quartile in men and above the 3rd (1.826 [1.095–3.044]) and 4th (2.243 [1.332–3.776]) quartiles in women after adjustment. Stratified analysis based on smoking revealed that the ORs for the 3rd (1.847 [1.146–2.976]) and 4th (1.862 [1.136–3.052]) quartiles in non-smokers and those for the 2nd (1.721 [1.046–2.832]), 3rd (1.797 [1.059–3.050]), and 4th (2.546 [1.509–4.293]) quartiles in smokers were significantly higher.

Conclusions

We confirmed that urinary t,t-MA is significantly associated with diabetes regardless of gender and smoking status. And further studies are necessary to access the clinical impacts of this findings.

소변 내 뮤콘산 농도와 당뇨의 연관성 : 제 3기 국민환경보건기초조사(2015-2017)를 이용한 단면연구
목적
본 연구는 일반인구집단을 대상으로 환경적인 벤젠 노출과 당뇨와의 연관성을 알아보기 위해 제 3기 국민환경보건기초조사 성인 데이터를 이용하여 벤젠 대사물질 중 하나인 소변 내 뮤콘산의 농도와 당뇨와의 관계를 알아보았다.
방법
제 3기 국민환경보건기초조사 성인 3,777명(남성 1,645명, 여성 2,132명)을 분석하였다. 대상자의 일반적인 특성을 확인하기 위해 각 독립변수의 분포 및 분율을 소변 내 뮤콘산 농도(사분위수)와 당뇨유무에 따라 제시하였다. 소변 내 뮤콘산 농도와 당뇨와의 연관성을 알아보기 위해 성별과 흡연으로 각각 층화 후 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 오즈비를 구하였다.
결과
보정 후, 남성은 제 4사분위 구간 1.834(1.106-3.039), 여성은 제 3사분위 구간 1.825(1.095-3.044), 제 4사분위 구간 2.241(1.331-3.773)에서 오즈비가 유의하게 증가하였으며, 소변 내 뮤콘산 농도가 증가할수록 당뇨위험이 증가하는 경향성을 보였다. 흡연으로 층화 후 분석한 결과 비흡연자의 경우 제 3분위수 1.847(1.146-2.976), 제 4분위수 1.861(1.135-3.050), 흡연자의 경우 제 2분위수 1.721(1.046-2.832), 제 3분위수 1.796(1.058-3.048), 제 4분위수 2.544(1.509-4.291)가 보정 후 통계적으로 유의하였다.
결론
본 연구에서 벤젠 대사체인 소변 내 뮤콘산 농도가 성별과 흡연 상태에 관계없이 당뇨와 유의하게 관련이 있다는 것을 확인하였으며, 추후 환경적인 벤젠 노출에 대한 당뇨 연관성에 대하여 연구가 필요하다.

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Research Article

Relationship between urinary phthalate metabolites and diabetes: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017): Do Jin Nam, Yeji Kim, Eun Hye Yang, Hyo Choon Lee, Jae-Hong Ryoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e34. Published online September 18, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e34

Abstract PDF

Background

We aimed to determine relationship diabetes according to urinary phthalate metabolites using adult data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey cycle 3 (2015–2017).

Method

This study was conducted on 3,781 adults aged 19 years and older (1,648 men and 2,133 women) based on KoNEHS cycle 3. Participants' data were analyzed by gender; Relationship between phthalate metabolites in the urine and diabetes was analyzed by dividing the sociodemographic variables, health behavior-related variables, and urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations into quartiles. To determine the relationship between urinary phthalate metabolites and the prevalence of diabetes, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Based on the 1st quartile of each metabolite, the ORs for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (4th quartile), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) (2nd quartile, 3rd quartile and 4th quartile), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) (4th quartile), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECCP) (4th quartile), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (3rd quartile and 4th quartile), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) (2nd quartile) and 4th quartile), and mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) (3rd quartile and 4th quartile) were significantly higher after the adjustment in men. The ORs for DEHP (2nd quartile, 3rd quartile and 4th quartile), MEHHP (2nd quartile, 3rd quartile and 4th quartile), MEOHP (4th quartile), MECCP (4th quartile), MBzP (4th quartile), and MCPP (4th quartile) were significantly higher after the adjustment in women.

Conclusion

This study investigated relationship between urinary phthalate metabolites and diabetes. The higher urinary phthalate metabolites, the higher the prevalence of diabetes. Further regulation of phthalate may be needed, and further studies are warranted to confirm the association between phthalate concentration and other chronic diseases (such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease).

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Research Article

Relationship between seafood consumption and bisphenol A exposure: the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014): Yeji Kim, Minkyu Park, Do Jin Nam, Eun Hye Yang, Jae-Hong Ryoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e10. Published online March 5, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e10

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to identify the relationship between exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and seafood consumption using a nationally representative data of the general Korean population.

Methods

This study was conducted on 5,402 adults aged 19 years and older (2,488 men, 2,914 women) based on the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014). We stratified the data according to gender and analyzed urinary BPA concentrations in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, health behavior, dietary factor, and seafood consumption. In the high and low BPA exposure groups, the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis according to the top 75th percentile concentration.

Results

In men, large fish and tuna and other seafood categories had significantly higher ORs before and after adjustment in the group who consumed seafood more than once a week than in the group who rarely consumed seafood, with an adjusted value of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–3.48) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.10–2.75), respectively. In the shellfish category, the unadjusted OR was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.00–2.59), which was significantly higher in the group who consumed seafood more than once a week than in the group who rarely consumed seafood. However, the OR after adjusting for the variables was not statistically significant. In women, the frequency of seafood consumption and the concentration of urinary BPA were not significantly associated.

Conclusions

BPA concentration was higher in men who frequently consumed large fish and tuna, shellfish and other seafood in this study.

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Research Article

Association between use of humidifier disinfectant and allergic rhinitis in Korean children: a cross-sectional study based on the eighth Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC): Tae Hwan Koh, Jong-Tae Park, Daeil Kwon, Kyeongmin Kwak; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e9. Published online February 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e9

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Rhinitis was the most frequently diagnosed disorder among users of humidifier disinfectants (HDs). The aim of our study was to investigate on the relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and HD uses.

Methods

Our study used the data from the eighth Panel Study on Korean Children; a total of 1,540 participants were enrolled. The χ² test and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to debunk the association between AR and HD uses.

Results

In our analysis, odds ratios (ORs) of doctor-diagnosed AR increased significantly when simply the response of whether HDs were used in the past was considered. When the brands of HD were considered, ORs of doctor-diagnosed AR were found to be increased significantly for those who have used polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate/oligo(2-[2-ethoxy]-ethoxyethyl)guanidinium-containing HDs (model 3: 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.95). However, once duration of usage was additionally considered, ORs of doctor-diagnosed AR increased significantly only for those who have used chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone-containing HDs for more than or equal to 3 months (model 3: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.17–3.69). Further, past use of HD was associated with significantly increased ORs of AR diagnosed before 2013 (model 3: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02–1.79).

Conclusions

Results of our study suggest that past uses of HDs may be associated with an increased risk of AR.

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Need for individual-based evaluation to determine the association between humidifier disinfectants and health injuries
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Research Article

The exposure level of environmental harmful substances related to the secondhand smoke in Korean non-smoker adults: data from the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014): a cross-sectional study: Sang Woo Kim, Sung Won Jung, Jae-Gwang Lee, Jae Han Joo, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e30. Published online October 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e30

Abstract PDF

Background

We aimed to find the exposure level of environmental harmful substances related to the secondhand smoke (SHS) using a nationally representative data of the general population in Korea.

Methods

Total 3,533 people were included in this study. We compared the proportion exceeding 95 percentile of the concentrations of harmful substances by sex according to SHS exposure. 16 kinds of substances related to tobacco smoke were analyzed including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and environmental phenol. For 16 kinds of substances, the odds ratios (ORs) for exceeding 95 percentile of each harmful substance were calculated by multiple logistic regression according to SHS exposure. Age, education level, marital status, body mass index, drinking, and exercise were adjusted as covariates. Cotinine level was additionally adjusted to increase reliability of our results.

Results

SHS was associated with high exposure of mercury, methylhippuric acid, fluorene, and cotinine. In women, SHS was associated with mercury, methylhippuric acid, fluorene, and cotinine, while in men, it was associated with cotinine. After adjusting covariates, ORs of blood mercury, methylhippuric acid and hydroxyfluorene in the exposed gruop were greater than that in the non-exposed group. Especially in female, methylhippuric acid and hydroxyfluorene showed consistent result.

Conclusions

Our finding demonstrates that SHS is related to several harmful substances. Therefore, to reduce the health effects of SHS, it is necessary to educate and publicize the risk of SHS. Future studies are necessary to more accurately analyze factors such as exposure frequency, time, and pathway of SHS.

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Qingsong Mao, Xiaoyi Zhu, Yuzhe Kong
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Joint association of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure with depression in adults
Miaomiao Jiang, Hui Zhao
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The Exposure Status of Environmental Chemicals in South Korea: The Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2018–2020
Sooyeon Hong, Ok-Jin Kim, Sun Kyoung Jung, Hye Li Jeon, Suejin Kim, Jihyon Kil
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Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with increased levels of metals in children’s saliva
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp, Jenna L. Riis, Hedyeh Ahmadi, Hillary L. Piccerillo, Douglas A. Granger, Clancy B. Blair, Elizabeth A. Thomas
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Research Article

Relationship between personal care products usage and triclosan exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014): Minkyu Park, Seyoung Kim, Yeji Kim, Do Jin Nam, Jae-Hong Ryoo, Sinye Lim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:2. Published online January 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0283-y

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

We aimed to find the exposure level of triclosan (TCS), a known endocrine disruptor, related to the use of personal care products using a nationally representative data of the general population in Korea.

Methods

This study included data of 6288 adults aged 19 years and older (2692 men, 3596 women), based on the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014). The data were divided according to gender. The frequency and proportion of each variable were determined by dividing participants into two groups based on the top 75th percentile concentration of urinary TCS (male: 1.096 μg/g creatinine, female: 1.329 μg/g creatinine). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis for the high TCS exposure and low TCS exposure groups.

Results

Overall, the proportion of participants using personal care products was higher in women than in men. There was a significantly higher proportion of participants in the high TCS exposure group with younger age, higher education and income levels and with more frequent use of fragrance products, hair care products, body cleansers, cosmetics, and antimicrobial agents. In both men and women, ORs tended to increase with increased frequency of use of hair care products, body cleansers, and cosmetics before and after adjustment.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that as the frequency of use of personal care products increases, urine TCS concentration increases. Because TCS is a well-known endocrine disruptor, further studies are needed and explore other health effects with exposure to TCS in general population in Korea.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-019-0283-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Mohammad Reza Samaei, Hakimeh Teiri, Yaghoub Hajizadeh, Mansooreh Dehghani, Farzaneh Mohammadi, Roya Kelishadi
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Relationship between crustacean consumption and serum perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4
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Muhammad Nur’ Hafiz Rozaini, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Muhammad Amirul Aizat Mohd Abdah, Baranitharan Ethiraj, Mohammad Mahtab Alam, Aliya Fathima Anwar, Normawati M. Yunus, Chin Seng Liew, Jun Wei Lim, Chii-Dong Ho, Woei-Yenn Tong
Environmental Geochemistry and Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4
Siyoung Kim, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon, Daehwan Kim, Hyun Woo Park, Jisoo Kang, Sung Woo Huh
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Occupational differences in personal care product use and urinary concentration of endocrine disrupting chemicals by gender
Saerom Kim, Hye Sook Min, Won Jin Lee, Seung-Ah Choe
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology.2023; 33(2): 312. CrossRef
Health risk assessment of exposure to triclosan in pregnant women using Monte Carlo simulation techniques: based on biomonitoring data
Elham Attarian, Farzaneh Mohammadi, Karim Ebrahimpour, Malihe Moazeni, Mohammadreza Maracy, Afshin Ebrahimi, Roya Kelishadi
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Temporal trends in urinary concentrations of phenols, phthalate metabolites and phthalate replacements between 2000 and 2017 in Boston, MA
Victoria S. Jiang, Antonia M. Calafat, Paige L. Williams, Jorge E. Chavarro, Jennifer B. Ford, Irene Souter, Russ Hauser, Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
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Zahra Kazemi, Ehsan Aboutaleb, Abbas Shahsavani, Majid Kermani, Zohre Kazemi
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Effect of Maternal Triclosan Exposure on Neonatal Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone Levels: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Elham Attarian, Karim Ebrahimpour, Mohammadreza Maracy, Seyede Shahrbanoo Daniali, Bahareh Shoshtari-Yeganeh, Malihe Moazeni, Afshin Ebrahimi, Roya Kelishadi, Gabriella Galluccio
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Habibeh Nasab, Saeed Rajabi, Moghaddameh Mirzaee, Majid Hashemi
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Dongfeng Yang, Sifang Kong, Feng Wang, Lap Ah Tse, Zhi Tang, Yang Zhao, Chun Li, Minhui Li, Zihan Li, Shaoyou Lu
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The associations between personal care products use and urinary concentrations of phthalates, parabens, and triclosan in various age groups: The Korean National Environmental Health Survey Cycle 3 2015–2017
Sinye Lim
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Investigating exposure to endocrine disruptors via hair analysis of pregnant women
Vasiliki Karzi, Manolis Tzatzarakis, Ioanna Katsikantami, Athina Stavroulaki, Athanasios Alegakis, Elena Vakonaki, Pelagia Xezonaki, Stavros Sifakis, Apostolos Rizos, Aristidis Tsatsakis
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Jung Dae Lee, Joo Young Lee, Seung Jun Kwack, Chan Young Shin, Hyun-Jun Jang, Hyang Yeon Kim, Min Kook Kim, Dong-Wan Seo, Byung-Mu Lee, Kyu-Bong Kim
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Environmental Science & Technology.2019; 53(11): 6546. CrossRef

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Research Article

An overview of compensated work-related injuries among Korean firefighters from 2010 to 2015: Hyung Doo Kim, Yon Soo An, Dong Hyun Kim, Kyung Sook Jeong, Yeon Soon Ahn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:57. Published online September 3, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0268-2

Abstract PDF

Background

Although one in two firefighters in South Korea have experienced work-related injuries, there are few studies which show the overview description on work-related injuries and its analysis regarding such causes. Therefore, we aimed to show the overview of compensated work-related injuries in order to serve fundamental data for establishing prevention policies on work-related injuries for Korean firefighters.

Methods

We requested the all claimed work-related injury data of Korean firefighters from 2010 to 2015 to the Korean National Fire Agency (NFA). The data from NFA including 2457 claimed cases was analyzed and we confirmed, 2154 approved work-related injuries for the kinds of job activities, cause of accident and type of injuries. Among 2154 approved cases, we analyzed more variables for the sex, age, and job duration of 1344 compensated cases through served text file on summary of accident.

Results

The Government Employees Pension Service (GEPS) recognized 2154 (87.7%) approved work-related injuries among 2457 claimed cases. The incidence of work-related injuries per 1000 firefighters was 9.8 persons. By region, the incidence of work-related injuries per 1000 firefighters ranged from a maximum of 14.5 to a minimum of 4.0. The most common job activity caused the accident was fire suppression (18.0%), followed by Emergency medical services (EMS) (17.5%) and training (10.7%). The most common cause of these accident was movement imbalance (30.3%), followed by falls (18.9%) and traffic accident (13.4%). In these work-related injuries, sprains and bruises were the most common type of injury (27.2%), and the most commonly injured body site was the upper and lower back (25.3%). Data from identified 1344 firefighters showed that 1264 (94.0%) were male and 80 (6.0%) were female. Age group was the highest in the 40s with 623 cases (46.4%), and job duration was the highest with 650 cases in 5–10 years (48.4%).

Conclusion

In this study, we could obtain the preliminary data necessary to establish preventive measures, including the cause of accident and region with high accident rates. However, the number of applications for compensated injuries was very small compared to the frequency of injuries found in previous studies. The lack of appropriate treatment suggested that many firefighter injuries can become chronic. In this study, we suggest that it is necessary to introduce an injury monitoring system and improve the accessibility of compensated injuries.

Trial registration

CR318031. Registered 20 June 2018.

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Eshetu Abera Worede, Kedir Yesuf, Lidetu Demoze, Gelila Yitageasu, Bikes Destaw Bitew
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Peripheral vestibular loss in noise-exposed firefighters
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Noah J. Carr-Pries, Shannon C. Killip, Joy C. MacDermid
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Research Article

Differences in the performance of health officers at the workplace according to their qualifications: Yeong-Kwang Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Wanhyung Lee, Jihyun Kim, Sung-Shil Lim, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:35. Published online May 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0246-8

Abstract PDF: Background
Health officers are an integral part of the occupational health service, and there have been studies to identify and improve the role of health officers in the workplace in order to improve the level of health care in the workplace. This study aimed to determine the contribution of health officers to the role of a health officer as prescribed by law and the percentage of health management work performed during work according to their qualifications.
Methods
Questionnaires were distributed to a total of 4584 workplaces where health officers were hired, and a total of 806 copies (17.58%) were returned. Of these, 336 questionnaires were finally analyzed, after excluding questionnaires missing the main variables. Using the data, the difference of role contributions and the percentage of health care work performed during the whole day according to the qualification of the health officer was analyzed.
Results
Nurses were highly rated in the field of medical care, and industrial hygienists and air environmental engineers were highly rated in terms of chemicals and risk factor management. The percentage of health care work performed during the whole day differed according to the size of the workplace and industrial classification, but it was generally the lowest among air environmental engineers.
Conclusions
Health officers play a very different role in the workplace depending on their qualification, and they need support for areas of other qualification. In order to effectively manage the health of the staff at a workplace, it is necessary to consider the development of a support system for small- and medium-sized enterprises and adjust the conditions of employment of the health officer according to the law.

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Research Article

Comparison of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms between male cameramen and male office workers: Han-Seur Jeong, Byung-Seong Suh, Soo-Geun Kim, Won-Sool Kim, Won-Cheol Lee, Kyung-Hun Son, Min-Woo Nam; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:28. Published online May 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0243-y

Abstract PDF

Background

Previous studies have classified cameramen’s job as physiologically heavy work and identified the risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) in cameramen. However, those studies limited their research subjects to cameramen. In this study, we compared the frequency and severity of WRMDs between cameramen and office workers.

Methods

A total of 293 subjects working in four broadcasting companies in Korea were recruited. A questionnaire survey was conducted for a month, starting in October 2016. The subjects were divided into cameramen and office workers according to their occupation. We compared the frequency and severity of WRMDs and ergonomic risk assessment results between the two groups.

Results

The high-risk WRMD group had a higher proportion of cameramen than office workers. Moreover, the high ergonomic risk group also had a higher proportion of cameramen than office workers for WRMDs in the upper extremities and waist+lower extremities. In the multivariable-adjusted model comparing cameramen and office workers, the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for high-risk WRMDs was 3.50 (95% CI: 1.92–7.72) for the upper extremities and 3.18 (95% CI: 1.62–6.21) for the waist and the lower extremities. The ORs by body parts were 3.11 (95% CI: 1.28–7.57) for the neck, 3.90 (95% CI: 1.79–8.47) for the shoulders, and 4.23 (95% CI: 1.04–17.18) for the legs and feet.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that cameramen are at high risk of WRMDs. Workplace improvements and management of the neck, shoulders, and lower extremities, which are susceptible to WRMDs, are necessary to prevent musculoskeletal disorders among cameramen.

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Rahman Sheikhhoseini, Sajjad Abdollahi, Mohammad Salsali, Mehrdad Anbarian
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Research Article

Female non-smokers’ environmental tobacco smoking exposure by public transportation mode: Seyoung Kim, Jin-Soo Park, Minkyu Park, Yeji Kim, Sinye Lim, Hye-Eun Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:24. Published online April 19, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0239-7

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to analyze environmental tobacco smoking exposure in female nonsmokers by public transportation mode using representative data of Koreans.

Methods

Data from the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014) were analyzed. Urine cotinine was analyzed by public transport behavior, secondhand smoke exposure, socioeconomic factors, and health-related factors. Participants were 1322 adult females; those with the top 75% urine cotinine concentrations were assigned to the high exposure group. A logistic regression analysis was performed considering appropriate weights and stratification according to the sample design of the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey.

Results

The geometric mean of urine cotinine concentrations differed according to public transportation modes: subway (1.66 μg/g creatinine) bus (1.77 μg/g creatinine), and taxi (1.94 μg/g creatinine). The odds ratio [OR] was calculated for the high exposure group. The OR of the taxi (2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–5.69) was statistically significantly higher than the subway value (reference), and marginally significant after adjusted with life style, sociodemographic factors and involuntary smoking frequency (2.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.97–6.04).

Conclusions

The odds ratio of passengers who mainly used taxis was marginally significantly higher than those of passengers who used subways and buses after adjusted with life style and sociodemographic factors. Implementation of supplementary measures and further studies on exposure to environmental tobacco smoking in taxis are warranted.

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Changes in urinary cotinine concentrations in non-smoking adults from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) II (2012–2014) after implementation of partial smoke-free regulations
Jeonghoon Kim, Kiyoung Lee
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2020; 224: 113419. CrossRef

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Research Article

Relationship between dietary factors and bisphenol a exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014): Jin-Soo Park, Seyoung Kim, Minkyu Park, Yeji Kim, Hyeeun Lee, Hyunrim Choi, Sinye Lim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:42. Published online October 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0200-1

Abstract PDF

Background

This study was aimed at finding out the exposure level of bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor, in relation to dietary factors using a data representing the Korean general population.

Methods

This study was performed on 5402 adults aged 19 years and older based on the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014). The data analyzed urinary BPA concentration in relation to socio-demographic variables, health behavior-related variables, and dietary factor-related variables. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated through a logistic regression analysis after dividing the participants into high BPA exposure group and low BPA exposure group based on the top 75 percentile concentration. The logistic regression analysis was carried out considering the appropriate sample weight, stratification, and clustering of the second KoNEHS sample design.

Results

The group drinking bottled water at home and the group using zip-top bags/plastic bags showed significantly higher urinary BPA concentration in female. OR tends to increase as the intake frequency of frozen food increased and OR of frozen food consumption of more than once a week was 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–2.24) for male and the group drinking bottled water showed significantly higher OR of 1.45 (95% CI 1.06–2.17) after adjusting the related factors for female.

Conclusions

BPA levels were high in female using bottled water and in male consuming frozen food, and therefore bottled water and frozen food need to be avoided to reduce BPA levels.

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Research Article

Levels of blood lead and urinary cadmium in industrial complex residents in Ulsan: Sang Hoon Kim, Yang Ho Kim, Hyun Chan An, Joo Hyun Sung, Chang Sun Sim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:26. Published online June 26, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0179-7

Abstract PDF

Background

Populations neighboring industrial complexes are at an increased health risk, due to constant exposure to various potentially hazardous compounds released during industrial production activity. Although there are many previous studies that focus on occupational exposure to heavy metals, studies that focused on environmental exposure to lead and cadmium are relatively rare. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent of the environmental exposure of heavy metals in residents of industrial area.

Methods

Four areas in close proximity to the Ulsan petrochemical industrial complex and the Onsan national industrial complex were selected to be included in the exposure group, and an area remotely located from these industrial complexes was selected as the non-exposure group. Among the residents of our study areas, a total of 1573 subjects aged 20 years and older were selected and all study subjects completed a written questionnaire. Blood and urine samples were obtained from about one third of the subjects (465 subjects) who provided informed consent for biological sample collection. Total 429 subjects (320 subjects from exposure area, 109 subjects from non-exposure area) were included in final analysis.

Results

The geometric mean blood lead level among the subjects in the exposed group was 2.449 μg/dL, which was significantly higher than the non-exposure group’s level of 2.172 μg/dL. Similarly, the geometric mean urine cadmium levels between the two groups differed significantly, at 1.077 μg/g Cr. for the exposed group, and 0.709 μg/g Cr. for the non-exposure group.

In a multiple linear regression analysis to determine the relationship between blood lead level and related factors, the results showed that blood lead level had a significant positive correlation with age, the male, exposure area, and non-drinkers. In the same way, urine cadmium level was positively correlated with age, the female, exposure area, and smokers.

Conclusions

This study found that blood lead levels and urine cadmium levels were significantly higher among the residents of industrial areas than among the non-exposure area residents, which is thought to be due to the difference in environmental exposure of lead and cadmium. Furthermore, it was clear that at a low level of exposure, differences in blood lead or urine cadmium levels based on age, gender, and smoking status were greater than the differences based on area of residence. Therefore, when evaluating heavy metal levels in the body at a low level of exposure, age, gender, and smoking status must be adjusted, as they are significant confounding factors.

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Short Communication

Environmental health centers for asbestos and their health impact surveys and activities: Dong-Mug Kang, Jong-Eun Kim, Yong-Jin Lee, Hyun-Hee Lee, Chang-yeol Lee, Seong-Jae Moon, Min-Sung Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:68. Published online December 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0154-8

Abstract PDF

In 2009, Korea banned the import, transport, and use of asbestos, and the Asbestos Injury Relief Act (AIRA) was promulgated in 2011. Two environmental health centers for asbestos (EHCA), including Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital (PNUYH) and SoonChunHyang University Cheonan Hospital (SCHUCH), were adapted to find environmental asbestos-related diseases (ARDs) and to support the purposes of AIRA. EHCA conducted a health impact survey (HIS) on persons who resided or reside near asbestos factories or mines. A total of 13,433 persons have taken screening examinations in PNUYH EHCA, and 623 persons (4.6%) have had secondary examinations. Of the 21,014 persons who had screening examinations in SCHUCH EHCA, 2490 persons (11.8%) had secondary examinations. Some of those who tested positive for ARDs through HISs filed applications for the asbestos victims’ medical pocketbook (AVMP). Approximately 116 and 612 persons received AVMPs as a result of PNUYH and SCHUCH examinees, respectively. EHCAs have conducted HISs, public relations, and education for asbestos victims, ordinary citizens, and physicians. As HISs are based on voluntary participation, they does not monitor high-risk groups. Active surveillance focusing on high-risk groups has been blocked by the personal information protection act. Although important work has been performed in finding environmental asbestos victims and increasing public awareness on asbestos, it is necessary to improve the current system and registration.

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Review

Evaluation and management of lead exposure: Hwan-Cheol Kim, Tae-Won Jang, Hong-Jae Chae, Won-Jun Choi, Mi-Na Ha, Byeong-Jin Ye, Byoung-Gwon Kim, Man-Joong Jeon, Se-Yeong Kim, Young-Seoub Hong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:30. Published online December 15, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0085-9

Abstract PDF

Lead, which is widely used in industry, is a common element found in low concentrations in the Earth’s crust. Implementations to reduce environmental lead concentrations have resulted in a considerable reduction of lead levels in the environment (air) and a sustained reduction in the blood lead levels of the average citizen. However, people are still being exposed to lead through a variety of routes in everyday commodities.

Lead causes health problems such as toxicity of the liver, kidneys, hematopoietic system, and nervous system. Having a carcinogenic risk as well, the IARC classifies inorganic lead compounds as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Occupational lead poisonings have decreased due to the efforts to reduce the lead concentrations in the working environment. In contrast, health hazards associated with long-term environmental exposure to low concentrations of lead have been reported steadily. In particular, chronic exposure to low concentrations of lead has been reported to induce cognitive behavioral disturbances in children.

It is almost impossible to remove lead completely from the human body, and it is not easy to treat health hazards due to lead exposure. Therefore, reduction and prevention of lead exposure are very important. We reviewed the toxicity and health hazards, monitoring and evaluation, and management of lead exposure.

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Research Article

Residency programs and the outlook for occupational and environmental medicine in Korea: Youngil Lee, Jungwon Kim, Yoomi Chae; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:23. Published online September 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0072-1

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study investigated the implementation of training courses and the overall outlook for occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) in Korea. We described the problems facing OEM residency programs in Korea, and reviewed studies dealing with the specialty of occupational health in developed countries in order to suggest directions of improvement for the OEM training courses.
Methods
We surveyed 125 OEM residents using a questionnaire in August 2012. A total of 23 questions about the training environment, residency programs, preferred institutions for post-licensure employment, and the outlook for OEM specialists were included in the questionnaire and analyzed according to the type of training institution and residency year. Responses from 88 residents (70.4 %) were analyzed.
Results
The major responsibilities of OEM residents were found to vary depending on whether they were trained in research institutes or in hospitals. OEM residents had a lower level of satisfaction with the following training programs: toxicology practice (measurements of biological markers, metabolites, and working environments), and OEM practice (environmental diseases and clinical training involving surgery). When asked about their eventual place of employment, OEM residents preferred institutions providing special health examinations or health management services. OEM residents reported a positive outlook for OEM over the next 5 years, but a negative outlook for the next 10 years.
Conclusions
Although a standardized training curriculum for OEM residents exists, this study found differences in the actual training courses depending on the training institution. We plan to standardize OEM training by holding a regional conference and introducing open training methods, such as an open hospital system. Use of Korean-language OEM textbook may also reduce differences in the educational programs of each training institution. Toxicology practice, environmental diseases, and clinical training in surgery are areas that particularly need improvement in OEM residency training programs.

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Research Article

Association of cadmium with diabetes in middle-aged residents of abandoned metal mines: the first health effect surveillance for residents in abandoned metal mines: Hee-seung Son, Soo-geun Kim, Byung-seong Suh, Dong-uk Park, Dae-seon Kim, Seung-do Yu, Yeong-seoub Hong, Jung-duck Park, Byung-kook Lee, Jai-dong Moon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:20. Published online August 24, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0071-2

Abstract PDF

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the association between urinary cadmium (U-cd) concentration and diabetes in middle-aged Korean residents of abandoned mines using the first Health Effect Surveillance for Residents in Abandoned Metal mines (HESRAM).

Methods

This study was cross-sectional study conducted on 719 residents between 40–70 years in 38 abandoned metal mines in Korea. Data was collected by HESRAM from 2008 to 2011. The correlation coefficient of U-cd and fasting blood glucose, odds ratio in urinary cadmium tertiles and diabetes prevalence was analyzed according to the sex category.

Results

The correlation coefficient U-cd concentration and fasting blood glucose was 0.182 in male. Logistic regression analysis in male revealed a third tertile odds ratio of U-cd (2 μg/g creatinine < U-cd) while diabetes prevalence was 1.81 (95 % CI 1.05-3.12) with adjusted age, BMI, smoking and alcohol consumption, region, family income. On the other hand, the odds ratio for third tertile of U-cd (3 μg/g creatinine < U-cd) between diabetes prevalence in female was 1.39 (95 % CI 0.52-3.72) in addition to adjusted menopausal status.

Conclusions

Environmental exposure to cadmium in abandoned mine residents was associated with diabetes in male. Closed monitoring and periodic evaluation of the health effects of chronic environmental exposure on abandoned mines residents will be needed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Kai Li, Yisen Yang, Jiaxin Zhao, Quan Zhou, Yanbing Li, Ming Yang, Yaoyu Hu, Jing Xu, Meiduo Zhao, Qun Xu
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Peng Shi, Huanchang Yan, Xingjun Fan, Shuhua Xi
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Amany El-Sikaily, Mohamed Helal
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Evaluation of the association between urinary cadmium levels below threshold limits and the risk of diabetes mellitus: a dose-response meta-analysis
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Wenyu Liu, Bin Zhang, Zheng Huang, Xinyun Pan, Xiaomei Chen, Chen Hu, Hongxiu Liu, Yangqian Jiang, Xiaojie Sun, Yang Peng, Wei Xia, Shunqing Xu, Yuanyuan Li
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Alexey A. Tinkov, Tommaso Filippini, Olga P. Ajsuvakova, Jan Aaseth, Yordanka G. Gluhcheva, Juliana M. Ivanova, Geir Bjørklund, Margarita G. Skalnaya, Eugenia R. Gatiatulina, Elizaveta V. Popova, Olga N. Nemereshina, Marco Vinceti, Anatoly V. Skalny
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Research Article

Iron Deficiency is Not Associated with Increased Blood Cadmium in Infants: Jung-Hun Park, Sangkyu Park, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:3. Published online February 10, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-3

Abstract PDF

Objectives

To determine whether blood cadmium concentration is elevated in iron-deficient infants.

Methods

Blood cadmium and serum ferritin concentrations, serum iron/total iron-binding capacity (Fe/TIBC) and complete blood counts were measured in 31 iron deficient and 36 control infants, aged 6–24 months. All 31 iron-deficient infants received iron supplementation for 1–6 months.

Results

Blood cadmium concentrations were measured again in 19 of the iron deficient infants after their ferritin levels returned to the normal range. The mean blood cadmium concentration did not differ significantly in iron deficient and control infants. The mean blood cadmium concentration in the 19 iron-deficient infants was not significantly altered by ferric hydroxide treatment, while their hemoglobin, ferritin, and Fe/TIBC (%) concentrations were significantly higher after than before treatment.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that iron deficiency does not increase blood cadmium concentrations in infants, in contrast with the effects of iron deficiency on manganese and lead concentrations.

Citations

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Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2014; 57(8): 345. CrossRef

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Review

Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine as a Branch of Occupational and Environmental Medicine: Young Il Lee, Byeong Jin Ye; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:39. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-39

Abstract PDF

Exposure to the underwater environment for occupational or recreational purposes is increasing. As estimated, there are around 7 million divers active worldwide and 300,000 more divers in Korea. The underwater and hyperbaric environment presents a number of risks to the diver. Injuries from these hazards include barotrauma, decompression sickness, toxic effects of hyperbaric gases, drowning, hypothermia, and dangerous marine animals. For these reasons, primary care physicians should understand diving related injuries and assessment of fitness to dive. However, most Korean physicians are unfamiliar with underwater and hyperbaric medicine (UHM) in spite of scientific and practical values.

From occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) specialist’s perspective, we believe that UHM should be a branch of OEM because OEM is an area of medicine that deals with injuries caused by physical and biological hazards, clinical toxicology, occupational diseases, and assessment of fitness to work. To extend our knowledge about UHM, this article will review and update on UHM including barotrauma, decompression illness, toxicity of diving gases and fitness for diving.

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