Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Injury rates and work-related diseases following workforce reduction among South Korean on-site workers in basic local governments between 2016 and 2018: Dongwhan Suh, Nahyun Kim, Han-Na Jung, Woo Chul Jeong, Hyunjoo Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e17. Published online July 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e17

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: Background
South Korean on-site workers in the public sector, fully covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act, often perform hazardous tasks. However, their status and injury rates remain poorly documented. This study aimed to analyze changes in injury rates and the proportion of work-related diseases (WRDs) among on-site workers in basic local governments (BLGs) following workforce reductions between 2016 and 2018.
Methods
Data from two sources provided by the Ministry of Employment and Labor were analyzed: organizational data on the number of on-site workers, and cases of injuries, deaths, and diseases among on-site workers in 226 BLGs from 2016 to 2018; and workers’ compensation claims data (individual data) for on-site workers in BLGs during the same period. Injury, mortality, and disease incidence rates were calculated and compared between BLGs with increased and decreased workforce. The proportion of WRDs among all the injuries was also examined.
Results
The total number of on-site workers in BLGs decreased by 18.1% in 2018 compared with 2016. The injury rate increased from 0.46% in 2016 to 0.62% in 2018. BLGs with workforce reductions showed higher injury rates, particularly in those with fewer than 1,000 on-site workers. The proportion of WRDs among all injuries increased by 1.34 times in 2018 compared with 2016.
Conclusions
Workforce reductions among on-site workers in BLGs are associated with higher injury rates and a great proportion of WRDs. These findings highlight the need for improved occupational safety and health practices within the public sector and serve as an important basis for establishing workforce management and injury prevention policies. However, limitations in the available data made it challenging to identify worker groups particularly vulnerable to WRDs. Further research is needed, as it is critical for the development of effective occupational safety and health policies.; 한국 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자의 인력감소에 따른 재해율 및 작업관련질병 구성비 변화: 2016 - 2018년 산업재해 승인 자료 분석
목적
산업안전보건법의 전면 적용 대상인 공공행정 기관의 현업업무 종사자들은 종종 위험한 업무를 수행하고 있으나, 이들의 현황과 이들이 겪는 재해에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구는 2016년부터 2018년까지 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자에서의 인력 감소 이후 재해율 및 작업관련질병 구성비의 변화를 분석하고자 하였다.
방법
고용노동부에서 제공한 2가지 자료를 분석하였다: (1) 2016년부터 2018년까지 226개 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자 수, 재해자 수, 사망자 수, 질병 이환자 수를 포함한 조직 수준 자료, (2) 2016년부터 2018년까지 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자의 산업재해 승인 자료 (개별 수준 자료). 이를 통해 재해율, 사망률, 질병 이환율을 산출하고, 전년 대비 근로자 수 증감에 따라 기초자치단체를 구분하여 두 집단 간 이러한 수치를 비교하였다. 또한, 전체 산업재해 중 작업관련질병의 구성비도 분석하였다.
결과
2018년 기초자치단체 현업업무 종사자 수는 2016년 대비 18.1% 감소하였다. 재해율은 2016년 0.46%에서 2018년 0.62%로 증가하였다. 전년 대비 현업업무 종사자 수가 감소한 기초자치단체에서의 재해율은 전년 대비 증가한 기초자치단체에서의 재해율보다 더 높았으며, 이는 현업업무 종사자 수가 1,000명 미만인 기초자치단체에서 더 두드러졌다. 전체 산업재해 중 작업관련질병의 구성비는 2016년에 비해 2018년에 1.34배 증가하였다.
결론
기초자치단체의 현업업무 종사자 수 감소는 재해율 및 작업관련질병 구성비 증가와 관련이 있다. 본 연구 결과는 공공부문 현업업무 종사자의 산업안전보건에 대한 인식을 제고하고, 향후 인력관리 및 재해 예방 정책 수립을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다. 다만, 원 자료의 한계로 인해 작업관련질병에 특히 취약한 근로자 집단을 구체적으로 파악하는 데는 어려움이 있었다. 이는 산업안전보건 정책 수립 시 중요한 문제이므로 향후 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

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Case Report

Recognized cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in automobile workers by the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee: Yongjin Kim, Jong-Hyeop O, Hyungyoel Cho, Shinhee Ye; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e28. Published online October 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e28

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
Three automobile company workers (one from Factory D and two from Factory E) were diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The Korean Epidemiologic Investigation and Evaluation Committee determined that there is considerable scientific evidence supporting the association between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and combined exposure to heavy metals, organic solvents, and diesel exhaust at the manufacturing plant.
Case presentation
Patient A, who primarily engaged in engine processing and completed vehicle inspection at Factory D, was exposed to considerable amounts of heavy metals and organic solvents during medium- and large-engine processing, welding, and painting for over 23 years. Additionally, the patient was likely exposed to diesel exhaust for 33 years from forklifts delivering engines in the workshop. Patients B and C, who were responsible for engine assembly, ignition testing, and engine shipment at Factory E since around 1990, were exposed to lead and benzene from gasoline during engine ignition tests in the engine department for 15 and 16 years, respectively. They also encountered welding fumes, heavy metals, and organic solvents during welding and painting tasks. In addition, Patients B and C were continuously exposed to diesel exhaust from logistics vehicles on standby during work hours for 25 and 30 years, respectively.
Conclusions
Although the specific level of lead exposure causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains undetermined, numerous studies have consistently reported a relationship between lead exposure and disease development. Limited evidence suggests that exposure to organic solvents and diesel exhaust may increase the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, the Epidemiological Investigation and Evaluation Committee concluded that the three patients’ work-related exposure to heavy metals, organic solvents, and diesel exhaust is significantly supported by scientific evidence as a cause of their amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.; 일개 자동차 회사 근로자에서 발생한 근위축성 측삭경화증: 3개 사례보고
배경
일개 자동차 회사의 3명의 근로자(공장 D에서 1명, 공장 E에서 2명)가 근위축성 측삭경화증(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) 진단을 받았다. 역학조사평가위원회는 근로자에서 중금속, 유기용제, 디젤 배기가스에 대한 복합 노출과 근위축성 측삭경화증 발병 사이에 상당한 과학적 증거가 있다고 판단하였다.
증례
근로자 A는 공장 D에서 주로 엔진 가공 및 완성 차량 검사 업무를 담당하며, 약 23년 동안 중대형 엔진 가공, 용접 및 도장 작업 중 상당한 양의 중금속 및 유기용제에 노출되었다. 또한, 약 33년동안 지게차로 엔진을 운반하는 업무를 하며 발생하는 디젤 배기가스에 노출되었다. 근로자 B와 C는 1990년대 초부터 공장 E에서 엔진 조립, 엔진 착화테스트 및 엔진 출하 업무를 담당했으며, 각각 약 15년, 약 16년 동안 엔진 착화테스트 업무를 하며 휘발유에 포함된 납 및 벤젠 등에 노출되었다. 그리고 용접 및 도장 작업을 하며 용접 흄, 중금속 및 유기용제 등에 노출되었다. 또한 근로자 B와 C는 각각 약 25년, 약 30년 동안 작업 중 인근에 대기 중인 물류 차량으로부터 지속적으로 디젤 배기가스에 노출되었다.
결론
근위축성 측삭경화증을 발생시킬 수 있는 납 노출 수준은 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았지만, 비교적 많은 연구에서 납 노출과 질병의 발병 사이 관계를 일관되게 보고하고 있었다. 유기용제 및 디젤 배기가스에 대한 노출이 근위축성 측삭경화증의 발생 위험을 증가시킬 수 있다는 제한적인 증거도 있었다. 따라서, 역학조사평가위원회는 3명의 근로자가 근무 중 노출된 중금속, 유기용제 및 디젤 배기가스가 근위축성 측삭경화증의 원인이라는 과학적 근거가 상당하다고 판단하였다.

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Original Article

Rotating shift and BMI increase among healthcare workers in a military hospital: pre- and post-pandemic analysis in Taiwan: Zong-Ming Chen, Ro-Ting Lin; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e15. Published online June 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e15

Abstract PDF

Background

The increasing prevalence of high body mass index (BMI) emphasizes the need for action. Understanding of BMI factors among military hospital healthcare workers remains limited. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing BMI risk factors and changes pre- and post-coronavirus 2019 pandemic among military hospital healthcare workers in central Taiwan from 2019 to 2021.

Methods

Conducted at a military hospital in central Taiwan, this study analyzed anonymized health examination data from 2019 to 2021 for 483 healthcare workers. We performed generalized estimating equations to investigate trends in BMI and its association with various factors, including age, sex, job titles, military status, job tenure, work shifts, and lifestyle habits.

Results

The risk of increased BMI was higher in 2021 compared to 2019 (risk ratio [RR]: 1.008, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001–1.014). Individuals on rotating shifts had a higher risk of increased BMI compared to day shift workers (RR: 1.021; 95% CI: 1.008–1.035) and higher odds of obesity (odds ratio: 1.546; 95% CI: 1.099–2.175). Among obese individuals, BMI in soldiers was approximately 4.9% lower than in non-soldiers (RR: 0.951; 95% CI: 0.915–0.988).

Conclusions

This study identified a significant post-pandemic increase in BMI among healthcare workers in a Taiwanese military hospital, with rotating shifts being a key risk factor for both increased BMI and obesity. Work-related factors influenced BMI changes among obese individuals, while non-work-related factors were significant for non-obese individuals. These findings highlight the broader effects of the pandemic and the specific impact of work-related factors on obese healthcare workers.

Citations

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Association of whole-body and regional body fat mass indexes with depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors in Korean adults: The moderating role of age
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Journal of Affective Disorders.2025; 385: 119362. CrossRef
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Guillermo Moreno, Marta M. Hernández-Martín, Alfonso Meneses-Monroy, Antonio Moreno-Pimentel, L. Iván Mayor-Silva, Domingo de-Pedro-Jiménez
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2025; 67(9): e662. CrossRef
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Original Article

Impact of neck posture and insulating stick use on neck disability in Korean line workers: a cross-sectional study: Bounggyun Ju, Jaehoo Lee, Hye-min Kim, Chul Gab Lee, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e11. Published online April 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e11

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Occupational neck disability is a prevalent issue, especially among line workers, who are often exposed to elevated levels of cervical ergonomic stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of neck posture and insulating stick use on neck disability in a specific occupational group in Korea.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 483 line workers in Gwangju and Jeonnam, Korea. Data were collected using the Neck Disability Index, Cervical Degenerative Index, and a structured questionnaire focusing on demographic and occupational factors. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for neck posture and factors related to neck disability.

Results

Neck disability prevalence was 17.2% among the participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors related to neck disability included age over 60 years (adjusted OR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.63–5.83), depression (adjusted OR: 8.33; 95% CI: 3.85–18.00), a history of cervical trauma (adjusted OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04–4.40), and radiological degenerative changes in the cervical spine (adjusted OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.26–4.33). In particular, the adjusted OR of neck disability among live-line workers was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.12–3.92) when compared with support workers (model 1). Other analysis models showed that use of insulating sticks for more than 10 hours per week (adjusted OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.32–4.61) and higher neck extension (adjusted OR: 2.98; 95% CI: 1.14–3.46) were significant work-related risk factors (model 2,3).

Conclusions

Neck posture, age, depression, cervical trauma history, degenerative changes in the cervical spine, and use of insulating sticks are significant risk factors for neck disability among line workers in Korea. These findings highlight the need to improve the working environment and reduce the burden of cervical ergonomic stress among line workers.

한국 배전보수원의 목 부담자세와 절연스틱사용이 목 장애에 미치는 영향
목적
직업성 목 장애는 특히 높은 수준의 목 부담에 자주 노출되는 배전보수원 사이에서 흔한 문제다. 본 연구는 배전보수원을 대상으로 목 부담자세와 절연스틱사 용이 목 장애에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다.
방법
본 단면연구는 광주와 전남 지역의 배전보수원 483명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 목 장애 지수, 경추퇴행성 지수, 인구통계학적 및 직업적 요인에 초점을 맞춘 구조화된 설문지를 사용하여 데이터를 수집했다. 목 부담자세와 목 장애 관련 요인에 대한 보정 교차비와 95% 신뢰구간(CI)을 알아보기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다.
결과
목 장애 유병률은 활선작업자(22.6%)에서 가장 높았으며, 연령이 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 목 장애 관련 요인은 우울증(8.13, 95% CI: 4.02~16.43), 경추 외상 병력(3.53, 95% CI: 1.88~6.63), 경추 방사선학적 퇴행성 변화(2.35, 95% CI: 1.36-4.07)였다. 직업적 요인으로 활선작업자의 보정교차비는 2.10 (95% CI: 1.12-3.92)이었고, 절연스틱을 주당 10시간 이상 사용하는 경우 보정교차비는 2.46 (95% CI: 1.32-4.61)이었다. 또한, 높은 목 신전 부담의 보정교차비는 1.98 (95% CI: 1.14-3.46)이었다.
결론
연령, 우울증, 경추 외상, 경추의 퇴행성 변화와 같은 일반적 요인뿐만 아니라 활선작업, 절연스틱 사용, 목 부담 자세와 같은 직업적 요인은 국내 배전보수원의 목 장애를 유발하는 위험 요인이다. 이러한 결과는 배전보수원의 작업환경 개선의 필요성을 시사한다.

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Case Report

Prostate cancer in workers exposed to night-shift work: two cases recognized by the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee: Sungkyun Park, Seongwon Ma, Hoekyeong Seo, Sang Gil Lee, Jihye Lee, Shinhee Ye; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e52. Published online December 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e52

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

In 2019, the International Agency for Research on Cancer re-evaluated the carcinogenicity of night-shift work and reported that there is limited evidence that night-shift work is carcinogenic for the development of prostate cancer. Therefore, in 2020 and 2021, the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee concluded that 2 cases of prostate cancer were occupational diseases related to the night-shift work. Here, we report the 2 cases of prostate cancer in night-shift workers which were first concluded as occupational diseases by the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee.

Case presentation

Patient A: A 61-year-old man worked as a city bus driver for approximately 17 years, from 2002 to 2019, and was exposed to night-shift work during this period. In March 2017, the patient was diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer through core-needle biopsy after experiencing stinging pain lasting for 2 months. Patient B: A 56-year-old man worked as an electrician and an automated equipment operator in a cement manufacturing plant for 35 years from 1976 to 2013 and was exposed to night-shift work during this period. In 2013, the patient was diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer through core needle biopsy at a university hospital because of dysuria that lasted for 6 months.

Conclusions

The 2 workers were diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer after working night shifts for 17 and 35 years respectively. Additionally, previous studies have reported that high-grade prostate cancer has a stronger relationship with night-shift work than low or medium-grade prostate cancer. Therefore, the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee concluded that night-shift work in these 2 patients contributed to the development of their prostate cancer.

야간교대근무 근로자에서 발생한 전립선암 2례
배경
2019년 국제암연구소(IARC)은 야간교대근무의 발암성을 재평가하였고 야간교대근무와 전립선암이 양의 연관성을 가지고 있다고 보고하였다. 2020년과 2021년에 역학조사평가위원회는 두 명의 야간교대근무 근로자에서 발생한 전립선암이 야간교대근무와 관련된 직업병이라고 결론지었다. 따라서 국내에서 처음으로 직업병으로 인정된 야간교대근무 근로자에서 발생한 전립선암 2건의 사례를 소개하고자 한다.
증례
남성 근로자 A는 만 61세에 두 달간 지속된 찌르는 듯한 증상으로 비뇨기과를 방문하였고전립성특이항원 검사와 전립선 중심바늘생검을 받은 후 전립선암을 진단받았다. 근로자 A 는 2002년부터 2019년까지 시내버스를 운행하였고, 약 17년간 야간교대근무를 하면서 하루에 10시간 이상, 주당 6일간 업무를 수행하였다. 남성 근로자 B는 6개월간 지속된 배뇨곤란 증상으로 병원에서 중심바늘생검을 통해 전립선암을 진단받았다. 근로자 B는 1976년부터 2013년까지 시멘트 제조공장에서 전기기사와 자동화기기 오퍼레이터로 근무하였으며, 약 35년간 야간교대근무에 노출되었다. 근로자 A와 B는 전립선암 조직검사에서 Gleason’s score가 높은 공격적인 전립선암을 진단받았고, 업무 중 디젤엔진배출물질에도 노출되었다.
고찰
국제암연구소는 야간교대근무가 전립선암 발암성에 미치는 영향에 대해 제한적인 근거가 있다고 하였다. 이 외에도 2018년에 보고된 프랑스의 환자-대조군 연구는 긴 교대시간 길이(>10시간), 최소 6박 연속 야간근무, 장기간(20년 이상 또는 1,314일 이상)의 영구적인 야간근무가 공격적인 전립선암과 특히 유의한 연관성이 있다고 하였다. 몇 건의 메타분석 연구에서도 야간교대근무가 전립선암과 유의하다는 결과가 있었고, 특히 아시아 국가 남성에서 그 결과가 유의하다고 하였다. 또한, 디젤엔진배출물질과 전립선암이 유의한 연관성이 있다는 문헌이 일부 확인되었다. 따라서, 역학조사평가위원회는 두 근로자에서 발생한 전립선암에 대한 업무관련성의 과학적 근거가 상당하다고 판단하였다. 따라서, 야간교대근무가 전립선암 발병에 기여하는 위험성을 인지하고, 야간교대근무 근로자를 대상으로 작업시간 조절과 전립선암의 조기발견을 위한 적절한 건강검진 제공에 대한 고려가 필요하다.

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Original Article

Association between exposure to violence, job stress and depressive symptoms among gig economy workers in Korea: Min-Seok Kim, Juyeon Oh, Juho Sim, Byung-Yoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e43. Published online October 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e43

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Gig workers, also known as platform workers, are independent workers who are not employed by any particular company. The number of gig economy workers has rapidly increased worldwide in the past decade. There is a dearth of occupational health studies among gig economy workers. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to violence and job stress in gig economy workers and depressive symptoms.

Methods

A total of 955 individuals (521 gig workers and 434 general workers) participated in this study and variables were measured through self-report questionnaires. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 when the score was greater than or equal to 10 points. The odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, working hours, education level, exposure to violence and job stress.

Results

19% of gig economy workers reported depressive symptoms, while only 11% of general workers reported the depressive symptoms. In association to depressive symptoms among gig economy workers, the mainly result of odds ratios for depressive symptoms were as follows: 1.81 for workers type, 3.53 for humiliating treatment, 2.65 for sexual harassment, 3.55 for less than three meals per day, 3.69 for feeling too tired to do housework after leaving work.

Conclusions

Gig economic workers are exposed to violence and job stress in the workplace more than general workers, and the proportion of workers reporting depressive symptoms is also high. These factors are associated to depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the gig workers associated between depressive symptoms and exposure to violence, job stress.

한국 긱경제 근로자에서 폭력 및 직무 스트레스 노출과 우울 증상관의 연관성
목적
긱경제 근로자 또는 플랫폼 근로자는 특정 회사에 고용되지 않은 독립적인 근로자들을 말한다. 긱경제는 그 규모가 커지고 있고, 종사하는 근로자들도 많아지고 있으나, 긱경제 노동자들의 산업 보건 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 우리는 긱경제 근로자에서 폭력 노출과 직무 스트레스에 노출되는 것이 우울 증상과 연관성이 있는지 조사하는 것을 목표로 했다.
방법
총 955명(긱 근로자 521명, 일반 근로자 434명)이 본 연구에 참여하였으며, 우울 증상은 PHQ-9(Patient Health Questionnaire-9) 점수가 10점 이상일 때로 평가하였다. 폭력 노출과 직무 스트레스는 자기보고식 설문지를 이용하여 측정하였다. 연령, 성별, 근무시간, 교육수준을 보정한 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval를 산출했다.
결과
긱 근로자의 19%가 우울 증상을 보고한 반면, 일반 근로자의 11%만이 우울 증상을 보고했습니다. 긱경제 근로자의 우울상과 관련하여 우울상 Odds ratio의 주요 결과는표3에서 ‘긱경제 근로자’ 1.89, ‘굴욕적 처우 경험’ 3.53, ‘성희롱 경험’ 2.65, ‘하루 세 끼 미만의 식사’ 3.55, ‘퇴근 후 집안일을 하기엔 너무 피곤함’ 3.69로 나타났다.
결론
긱경제 근로자는 일반 근로자에 비해 직장 내 폭력과 직무스트레스에 더 많이 노출되고, 우울 증상을 호소하는 근로자의 비율도 높다. 이러한 요인은 우울 증상과 관련이 있다. 더욱이, 긱경제 근로자들은 우울 증상과 폭력 노출, 직업 스트레스와 관련이 있다.

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Original Article

Dynamics of pre-shift and post-shift lung function parameters among wood workers in Ghana: John Ekman, Philip Quartey, Abdala Mumuni Ussif, Niklas Ricklund, Daniel Lawer Egbenya, Gideon Akuamoah Wiafe, Korantema Mawuena Tsegah, Akua Karikari, Håkan Löfstedt, Francis Tanam Djankpa; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e39. Published online September 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e39

Abstract PDF

Background

Diseases affecting the lungs and airways contribute significantly to the global burden of disease. The problem in low- and middle-income countries appears to be exacerbated by a shift in global manufacturing base to these countries and inadequate enforcement of environmental and safety standards. In Ghana, the potential adverse effects on respiratory function associated with occupational wood dust exposure have not been thoroughly investigated.

Methods

Sixty-four male sawmill workers and 64 non-woodworkers participated in this study. The concentration of wood dust exposure, prevalence and likelihood of association of respiratory symptoms with wood dust exposure and changes in pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters in association with wood dust exposure were determined from dust concentration measurements, symptoms questionnaire and lung function test parameters.

Results

Sawmill workers were exposed to inhalable dust concentration of 3.09 ± 0.04 mg/m³ but did not use respirators and engaged in personal grooming habits that are known to increase dust inhalation. The sawmill operators also showed higher prevalence and likelihoods of association with respiratory symptoms, a significant cross-shift decline in some PFT parameters and a shift towards a restrictive pattern of lung dysfunction by end of daily shift. The before-shift PFT parameters of woodworkers were comparable to those of non-woodworkers, indicating a lack of chronic effects of wood dust exposure.

Conclusions

Wood dust exposure at the study site was associated with acute respiratory symptoms and acute changes in some PFT parameters. This calls for institution and enforcement of workplace and environmental safety policies to minimise exposure at sawmill operating sites, and ultimately, decrease the burden of respiratory diseases.

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Original Article

Association between shift work and serum homocysteine level in female electronic manufacturing services workers: Jae Won Lim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Eui Yup Chung, Changho Chae, JunSeok Son, Young Hoo Shin, Seung Hyun Park, Sang Moon Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e4. Published online March 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e4

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Shift work has been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on several evidences. The classic risk factors of CVD include age, hypertension, smoking, obesity and diabetes. Recently, the serum homocysteine level has been reported to be a valuable indicator of CVD risk. This study aimed to determine the variation in serum homocysteine level as a cardiovascular risk indicator among female workers according to shift work.

Methods

The data of regular health examination of workers at an electronic manufacturing services company in Yeongnam region, South Korea in 2019 were examined in this study. The investigation was based on a cross-sectional study conducted on 697 female workers (199 day workers and 498 shift workers). The sociodemographic and biochemical characteristics were compared between day workers and shift workers. Through a logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of the increased serum homocysteine level in relation to shift work was determined.

Results

Compared to female day workers, female shift workers showed significantly higher level of serum homocysteine (8.85 ± 2.16 vs. 9.42 ± 2.04 μmol/mL; p = 0.001). The OR of day workers against shift workers was 1.81 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–2.63). With the adjustment of variables that may influence the level of serum homocysteine, the adjusted OR was 1.68 (95% CI: 1.09–2.60).

Conclusions

The serum homocysteine level was significantly higher in shift workers than in day workers. It is thus likely to be a useful predictor of CVD in shift workers.

전자제조서비스업 회사의 여성 근로자에서 교대근무와 혈청 호모시스테인 수준과의 연관성
목적
교대근무가 심혈관계질환의 발병위험도를 증가시킨다는 여러 증거들이 있다. 심혈관계질환의 고전적 위험인자로는 나이, 고혈압, 흡연, 비만, 이상지질, 당뇨병 등이 있으며, 최근 혈청 호모시스테인 수치는 심혈관계 질환의 위험도 지표로 유용한 것으로 알려지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 여성 근로자에서 교대근무 여부에 따라 심혈관계 질환의 위험도 지표인 혈청 호모시스테인의 수준 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2019년 영남지방의 한 전자제조서비스업회사 근로자의 정기건강검진 자료를 이용하여 수행하였다. 총 697명의 여성근로자(주간근무자 199명, 교대근무자 498명)의 데이터로 단면연구를 수행하였다. 주간 근무자와 교대근무자의 인구사회학적, 생화학적 특성을 비교하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 교대근무와 상승된 혈청 호모시스테인 수치의 교차비를 조사하였다.
결과
여성 주간 근로자와 비교하여 여성 교대근무자의 혈청 호모시스테인 수치가 통계적으로 유의하게 더 높았다. (8.85 ± 2.16 vs 9.42 ± 2.04 μmol/ml ; p=0.001). 교대근무자에 비해 주간 근무자의 교차비는 1.81(95% CI : 1.25-2.63) 였으며, 혈청 호모시스테인 수치에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변수를 보정한 후, 수정된 OR은 1.68(95% CI : 1.09-2.60) 이었다.
결론
혈청 호모시스테인 수치는 주간 근무자에 비해 교대근무자에서 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 교대근로자의 심혈관계 질환 발병의 예측에 있어 혈청 호모시스테인 수치가 유용하겠다.

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Case Report

Carbon monoxide poisoning-induced encephalopathy in a carbon dioxide arc welder: a case report: Seongwon Ma, Hoekyeong Seo, Dong Joon Park, Byeongju Choi, Shinhee Ye; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e19. Published online August 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e19

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
It is widely known that carbon dioxide (CO₂) arc welding generates carbon monoxide (CO). However, to the best of our knowledge, no case reports have been published regarding CO poisoning in CO₂ arc welders. Therefore, we aimed to report a case of CO poisoning-induced encephalopathy in a CO₂ arc welder in the Republic of Korea to inform about the dangers of CO exposure among CO₂arc welders.
Case presentation
A 40-year-old man working as a CO₂ arc welder for 15 years visited a local hospital with a tremor, involuntary urination, and speaking gibberish, on April 9, 2019. He stated that he had intermittent headache and forgetting symptoms for the last 5 years, and had been lost on the way to work several times. On April 9, 2019, he was diagnosed with CO poisoning-induced encephalopathy through brain magnetic resonance imaging. He received hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and some of his symptoms improved. According to the exposure assessment of his work environment, he was continuously exposed to high concentrations of CO for 15 years while operating CO₂ arc welding machines.
Conclusions
After evaluating the patient's work environment and evaluating his medical history, we concluded that his encephalopathy was caused by CO exposure during CO₂ arc welding. Thus CO₂ arc welders must be aware of the risk of CO poisoning and strive to avoid CO exposure.; 이산화탄소 아크 용접작업자에서 발생한 일산화탄소 중독으로 인한 뇌병증 사례 보고
배경
이산화탄소(CO2) 아크 용접을 시행할 때, 일산화탄소(CO)가 발생하는 것은 널리 알려진 사실이다. 하지만 선행문헌 조사 결과 CO2 아크 용접 근로자에게 발생한 CO 중독으로 인한 뇌병증 사례보고는 확인할 수 없었다. 따라서 CO2 아크 용접을 하는 국내 근로자에게 발생한 CO 중독 뇌병증 사례 보고를 통해서, CO2 아크 용접 근로자들에서 발생할 수 있는 CO노출의 위험성을 알리고자 한다.
증례
15년 간 용접공으로 일하고 있는 40세 남성이 몸이 떨리고, 의도하지 않은 소변을 보고, 대화 중 횡설수설하는 증상을 호소하며 2019년 4월 9일에 병원을 내원하였다. 이 환자는 최근 5년 동안 간헐적인 두통과 잦은 건망증이 있었고, 출근하는 길이 익숙한 길임에도 불구하고 여러 번 길을 잃어버린 적이 있다고 진술하였다. 이 환자는 내원 당일, 뇌 자기공명영상 검사를 하였고, 그 결과 일산화탄소 중독에 의한 뇌병증을 진단받았다. 이후 환자는 고압산소치료를 받았고, 간이정신상태 검사 결과 점수가 호전되었다. 본 연구진은 이 환자의 작업환경에 대한 유해물질 노출을 평가하였고, 환자가 CO2 아크 용접을 하는 동안 지속적으로 높은 농도의 일산화탄소에 약 15년간 노출되었다고 판단하였다.
고찰
따라서, 본 연구진은 이 환자가 약 15년 간 CO2 아크 용접 작업을 할 때 발생한 CO 노출이 CO 중독으로 인한 뇌병증 발병에 기여하였을 것이라고 판단하였다. CO2 아크 용접 작업 근로자들은 반드시 CO 중독의 위험성을 인지하고, CO 노출을 피하기 위해 업무 중 작업환경을 적절하게 환기시키고 보호구를 착용해야 한다.

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Original Article

Transnational ties with the home country matters: the moderation effect of the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-reported health among foreign workers in Korea: Yaena Song, Sou Hyun Jang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e18. Published online July 19, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e18

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Little attention has been paid to the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-rated health (SRH) among foreign workers in Korea. Transnational ties with the home country are known to be critical among immigrants, as they allow the maintenance of social networks and support. Nonetheless, as far as we know, no studies have examined the impact of transnational ties on SRH itself and the relationship between perceived discrimination and SRH, which the current study tries to examine.

Methods

Logistic regression analyses were conducted using the 2013 Survey on Living Conditions of Foreign Workers in Korea. Adult foreign workers from different Asian countries (n = 1,370) participated in this study. The dependent variable was good SRH and the independent variable was perceived discrimination. Transnational ties with the home country, as a moderating variable, was categorized into broad (i.e., contacting family members in the home country) vs. narrow types (i.e., visiting the home country).

Results

Foreign workers who perceived discrimination had a lower rate of good SRH than those who did not perceive discrimination. Broad social transnational ties moderated the relationship between perceived discrimination and SRH; narrow social transnational ties did not.

Conclusions

In line with previous studies, an association was found between perceived discrimination and SRH. Broad social transnational ties can be a good source of social support and buffer against the distress of perceived discrimination.

한국거주 외국인 노동자의 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 관계: 모국과의 초국가적 연계의 조절효과를 중심으로
목적
1990년대 이후 외국인노동자의 숫자는 한국 사회에서 점차 증가하고 있다. 여러 선행연구들에서 연구자들은 차별인식과 주관적 건강이 부(-)의 관계가 있음을 밝혔으나, 한국적 맥락에서 외국인 노동자들의 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계를 본 연구는 드물다. 최근 기술의 발전에 따라 이주민들의 모국과의 초국가적 연계(transnational ties with the home country)가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 초국가적 연계가 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계를 조절하는지에 대한 연구는 부재하여, 본 연구에서 고찰해 보고자 한다.
방법
본 연구는 2013년 체류외국인실태조사를 이용하여 1) 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계와 2) 모국과의 초국가적 연계의 조절 효과를 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 알아본다 (N=1,370). 종속변수는 양호한 주관적 건강(good self-rated health)이었으며, 독립변수는 한국에 거주하는 동안 인식한 차별(perceived discrimination) 여부이다. 조절변수로는 넓은 모국과의 초국가적 연계(모국에 있는 가족이나 친구와 연락하는 빈도)와 좁은 연계(모국 방문 빈도)로 측정되었다.
결과
한국 내에서의 차별인식과 주관적 건강은 부의 관계가 있었다. 모국에 있는 가족이나 친구와의 연락을 통한 넓은 의미의 초국가적 연계는 이 관계를 조절하였으나 모국을 방문하는 좁은 의미의 초국가적 연계는 조절 효과가 없었다.
결론
한국 내에 외국인 노동자에 대한 차별을 줄이는 노력과 더불어 외국인 노동자들이 모국에 있는 가족, 친구들과 초국가적으로 긴밀히 연결되어 이를 통해 사회적 지지를 받을 수 있도록 돕는 정책과 지원이 필요하다.

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Transnationalism and the International Counseling Student: An Interpretative Phenomenological Approach
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Original Article

Analyzing decline in quality of life by examining employment status changes of occupationally injured workers post medical care: Won-Tae Lee, Sung-Shil Lim, Min-Seok Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e17. Published online July 18, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e17

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

This study aimed to investigate the decline in quality of life (QOL) by examining changes in the employment status of workers who had completed medical treatment after an industrial accident.

Methods

This study utilized the Panel Study of Worker’s Compensation Insurance cohort (published in October 2020) containing a sample survey of 3,294 occupationally injured workers who completed medical care in 2017. We divided this population into four groups according to changes in working status. A multivariate logistic regression model was utilized for evaluating QOL decline by adjusting for the basic characteristics and working environment at the time of accident. Subgroup analysis evaluated whether QOL decline differed according to disability grade and industry group.

Results

The QOL decline in the “maintained employment,” “employed to unemployed,” “remained unemployed,” and “unemployed to employed” groups were 15.3%, 28.1%, 20.2%, and 11.9%, respectively. The “maintained employment” group provided a reference. As a result of adjusting for the socioeconomic status and working environment, the odds ratios (ORs) of QOL decline for the “employed to unemployed” group and the “remained unemployed” group were 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51–3.01) and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.13–1.90), respectively. The “unemployed to employed” group had a non-significant OR of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.54–1.07).

Conclusions

This study revealed that continuous unemployment or unstable employment negatively affected industrially injured workers’ QOL. Policy researchers and relevant ministries should further develop and improve “return to work” programs that could maintain decent employment avenues within the workers’ compensation system.

한국 산업재해 근로자의 요양 종료 후 고용상태의 변화와 삶의 질 저하와의 관계 분석
목적
산업재해 근로자의 요양 이후 직업 복귀와 삶의 질에 대한 사안은 이전부터 큰 사회적 관심사였다. 하지만 요양 종결 이후의 경제활동상태의 종적인 변화와 삶의 질과 연관시킨 연구는 거의 없다. 본 연구는 산업재해 후 요양을 마친 근로자의 고용상태 변화를 조사하여 삶의 질(QOL) 저하를 조사하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2017년에 요양을 마친 3,294명의 산업재해 근로자를 대상으로 한 산재보험패널조사의 자료를 활용하였다. 우리는 이 산재노동자 인구를 근로 상태의 변화에 따라 ”고용 상태 유지”, ”고용에서 미취업 상태”, ”미취업 상태 유지” 및 ”미취업에서 고용 상태”의 4개 그룹으로 나누었다. 다변량 로지스틱 회귀모형은 기본 특성과 산업재해 당시의 작업환경을 보정하여 삶의 질 저하를 평가하는데 활용하였다. 하위집단 분석은 장애등급과 산업군에 따라 삶의 질 저하가 다른 지를 평가하였다.
결과
“고용 상태 유지”, ”고용에서 미취업 상태”, ”미취업 상태 유지” 및 ”미취업에서 고용 상태” 그룹의 삶의 질 감소 비율은 각각 15.3%, 28.1%, 20.2%, 그리고 11.9%이었다. 고용 상태를 유지한 그룹을 기준으로 하였을 때 사회경제적 상태와 근로환경을 보정한 결과 “고용에서 미취업 상태” 집단과 “미취업 상태 유지” 집단의 삶의 질 하락의 오즈비는 2.13 (95% 신뢰구간: 1.51–3.01)과 1.47로 분석되었다. (95% 신뢰구간: 1.13–1.90). "미취업에서 고용 상태" 그룹은 유의하지 않은 오즈비 0.76(95% 신뢰구간: 0.54–1.07)을 가졌다.
결론
본 연구에서는 지속적인 실업과 불안정한 고용이 산업재해 근로자의 삶의 질에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 높은 장해등급, 건설업종의 경우 위험성이 더 높다. 정책 연구자와 관련 부처는 산업재해 보상 시스템 내에서 적절한 고용 수단을 유지할 수 있는 프로그램의 개발 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

Citations

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Work Performance Among Workers without Disabilities after Industrial Accidents: A Longitudinal Study
Chong Min Hong
The Open Public Health Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Self-Esteem Trajectories After Occupational Injuries and Diseases and Their Relation to Changes in Subjective Health: Result From the Panel Study of Workers’ Compensation Insurance (PSWCI)
Seong-Uk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Macro Aspect of Quality of Life Can Be Affected by Occupational Accidents, a Macro Vision for Managers
Farahnaz Khajehnasiri, Vida Zaroushani
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Daniela Acquadro Maran, Antonella Varetto, Cristina Civilotti, Nicola Magnavita
Administrative Sciences.2022; 12(3): 78. CrossRef

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Original Article

Analysis of self-reported mental health problems among the self-employed compared with paid workers in the Republic of Korea: Yongho Lee, Junhyeong Lee, Ui-Jin Kim, Eunseun Han, Seunghon Ham, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang, Wanhyung Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e8. Published online April 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e8

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

As self-employed workers are vulnerable to health problems, this study aimed to analyze mental health problems and sleep disturbances among self-employed workers compared with paid workers in Korea.

Methods

A total of 34,750 workers (23,938 paid workers and 10,812 self-employed workers) were analyzed from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey, which included 50,205 households collected by stratified sampling in 2017. To compare mental health problems and sleep disturbance among self-employed workers and paid workers, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

The odds ratio in self-employed workers compared with paid workers was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.42) for anxiety, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.17) for overall fatigue, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.20) for difficulty falling asleep, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02–1.18) for difficulty maintaining sleep and 1.24 (95% CI: 1.16–1.32) for extreme fatigue after waking up.

Conclusions

Self-employed workers in Korea have a higher risk of self-reported mental health problems and sleep disturbances than paid workers. Further studies with a longitudinal design and structured evaluation are required to investigate the causal relationship between health problems and self-employment.

한국 자영업자의 주관적 정신건강 문제 : 제 5차 근로환경조사를 이용하여
목적
자영업자는 고용, 사업체 운영 등에 대한 스트레스를 받고 있으며 자신들의 건강관리에 취약한 것으로 여겨지고 있다. 이 연구는 자영업자들에게 초점을 맞춰 유급근로자들과 비교하여 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하는 것을 목표로 하였다.
방법
이 연구는 한국의 5차 근로환경조사 데이터를 바탕으로 23,938명의 유급근로자와 10,812명의 자영업자들을 선택하여 분석을 수행하였다. 정신건강 문제는 ‘우울감’, ‘불안감’, ‘전신 피로’에 대한 설문과 수면 장애는 ‘잠들기가 어려움’, ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’, ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’ 설문의 답변을 이용하였다. 자영업자의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하기 위해 다변량 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 시행하였다.
결과
자영업자에서의 ‘불안감’에 대한 보정된 오즈비는 1.25 (95% CI=1.09-1.42), ‘전신피로’는 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.17), ‘잠들기가 어려움’은 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.20), ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’은 1.10 (95% CI=1.02-1.18) 그리고 ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’은 1.24 (95% CI=1.16-1.32)이었다.
결론
본 연구는 유급근로자에 비해 자영업자들의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애의 위험성이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 자영업자들의 건강 보호와 증진을 위해 구조화된 설문, 전향적 연구 등의 추가적인 연구와 사회의 관심이 필요하다.

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Review

Tuberculosis infection status and risk factors among health workers: an updated systematic review: Sanga Lee, Wanhyung Lee, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e17. Published online May 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e17

Abstract PDF

Tuberculosis (TB) infection is a common occupational risk for health workers (HWs) and poses a threat to the patients under their care and to other HWs. Hence, the development of a prevention strategy is crucial. We conducted a study to understand the status and risk factors of TB infection among HWs. The existing literature was searched for all published reports from 1 August 2010 to 31 December 2018, related to TB among HWs according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: (1) study participants working in a health care facility; (2) TB cases diagnosed by medical professionals; (3) original research articles; and (4) English reports in a peer-reviewed journal. We finally included 61 studies from 642 articles searched initially. The TB infection rate in HWs was higher than that of the general population. Based on 39 studies, the prevalence of TB in HWs (tuberculin skin test positive) was 29.94%. In contrast, the global burden of latent TB infection was 23.0% (95% uncertainty interval: 20.4%–26.4%) in 2014. The risk factors of TB among HWs were aging, long duration of employment, nursing professionals, lack of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination, and low body mass index. HWs have an increased risk for TB infection, which can cause secondary infections in patients or other HWs. An effective prevention strategy must be developed to enable early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

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P. Bortolozzi-Mendes, M. Rennó de Campos, H. de Oliveira Couto, M.C. Vieira de Almeida, J.G.C. Gonçalves de Oliveira, F. Bellissimo-Rodrigues, C.H. Miranda, A. Pazin-Filho
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Yung-Che Chen, Ying-Tang Fang, Chao-Chien Wu, Tung-Ying Chao, Yi-Hsi Wang, Chia-Cheng Tseng, Sum-Yee Leung, Chiu-Ping Lee, Ting-Ya Wang, Po-Yuan Hsu, Jen-Chieh Chang, Meng-Chih Lin, Chang-Chun Hsiao
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Research Article

The relationship between working hours and the intention to quit smoking in male office workers: data from the 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2017): Eui Hyek Choi, Dae Hwan Kim, Ji Young Ryu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e13. Published online May 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e13

Abstract PDF

Background

The intention to quit smoking is one of the most important factors in smoking cessation. Long working hours is also a constant issue, and many studies have shown an association between the working hours and diseases, including cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. This study evaluated the relationship between working hours and the intention to quit smoking among Korean male office workers, and blue collar workers for comparison.

Methods

This study was based on the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2017). A total of 1,389 male workers were smokers, and then office workers and blue collar workers were selected. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for the intention to quit smoking according to smoking-related characteristics and working hours after adjusting for age group, body mass index (kg/m²), marital status, household income (quartile), educational level, drinking, exercise, smoking-related characteristics (smoking initiation age, smoking amount, and attempt to quit smoking more than 1day in the past year) and working hours.

Results

The percentage of workers who had the intention to quit smoking in 6 months was higher in office workers (38.9% for office workers and 29.4% for blue collars, p = 0.017). Blue collar workers had higher percentages of workers who worked more than 52 hours per week (19.8% for office workers and 38.9% for blue collar workers, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that working > 52 hours per week was significantly associated with a lower intention to quit smoking within 6 months among male office workers (OR = 0.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.14–0.66).

Conclusions

Working more than 52 hours per week was positively related with a lower intention to quit smoking among currently smoking male office workers. Further studies are needed considering more work-related variables such as job stress and physical load.

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Dimpal Pathak, Naina Purkayastha, Himani Sharma, Partha J. Hazarika, Jiten Hazarika
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Associations of long working hours with the use of combustible cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products among young adults: a population-based study of South Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Association between long working hours and diet quality and patterns: A latent profile analysis of a nationally representative sample of Korean workers
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107890. CrossRef
Long Working Hours and Unhealthy Lifestyles of Workers: A Protocol for a Scoping Review
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Association between job satisfaction and current smoking and change in smoking behavior: a 16‐year longitudinal study in South Korea
Seong‐Uk Baek, Won‐Tae Lee, Min‐Seok Kim, Myeong‐Hun Lim, Jin‐Ha Yoon, Jong‐Uk Won
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Xiaochen Yang, Lanchao Zhang, Hao Lin, Haoxiang Lin, Wangnan Cao, Chun Chang
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Research Article

Relationship between long work hours and self-reported sleep disorders of non-shift daytime wage workers in South Korea: data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Hongsuk Choi, Sungho Lee, Man-Joong Jeon, Young-Sun Min; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e35. Published online November 3, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e35

Abstract PDF

Background

Studies have investigated the relationship between long work hours and sleep disorders; however, they have focused on shift workers or specific workers who are at high risk of industrial accidents rather than wage workers in general. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of long work hours on sleep disorders among non-shift daytime wage workers.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey. From the 50,205 total participants, we included 26,522 non-shift daytime wage workers after excluding self-employed people, business owners, unpaid family employees, and wage workers who work nights and shifts. Sleep disorders were categorized into “difficulty in falling asleep,” “frequent waking,” and “waking up with fatigue.” Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of long work hours on sleep disorders, and the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated.

Results

The OR of working > 52 hours per week was 1.183 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.002–1.394) for the risk of developing insomnia compared with working ≤ 40 hours per week. The OR of waking up with fatigue was 1.531 (95% CI: 1.302–1.801). Long work hours showed no significant relationship with difficulty in falling asleep or with frequent waking.

Conclusions

Working for extended hours was associated with increased fatigue upon waking in non-shift daytime wage workers.

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Ji-Soo Jang, Sung-Kyung Kim, Sangwon Hwang, Hoon Jo, Hye-Seon Jeon
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Research Article

A study of job stress, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in display manufacturing workers: a cross-sectional study: Seung-hwan Ahn, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Seung-Hoon Ryu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e16. Published online June 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e16

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to investigate the association between job stress and suicide ideation/attempts among display manufacturing workers.

Methods

Data were collected from 836 workers in a display manufacturing company who participated in health screenings from May 22 to June 16, 2017. The data included general characteristics, night work, job tenure, previous physician-diagnosed chronic diseases, suicidal ideation/suicide attempts, and job stress. We investigated suicidal ideation/suicide attempts that covered the past year by using a self-reported questionnaire. Job stress was measured using the 43-item Korean Occupational Stress Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between job stress and suicidal ideation/suicide attempts. The mediator effect of depression on suicidal ideation/suicide attempts was tested using a series of logistic regression by applying Baron and Kenny's mediation method.

Results

In the model adjusting for variables (e.g., age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, shift work, job tenure, chronic disease and depression), physical environment (OR: 3.60, 95% CI: 1.08–12.02), lack of reward (OR: 5.31, 95% CI: 1.54–18.34), and occupation climate (OR: 7.36, 95% CI: 2.28–23.72) were correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts in women. However, all subscales of job stress were not significantly correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts in men. In mediation analysis, job instability and occupational climate were correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts and were mediated by depression in men workers.

Conclusions

In women workers, the experiences of suicidal ideation/suicide attempts were significantly correlated with the physical environment, lack of reward, and occupational climate that were subscales of job stress. In men workers, depression rather than job stress was correlated with experiences of suicidal ideation/suicide attempts.

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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ethics, Medicine and Public Health.2022; 21: 100756. CrossRef

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Research Article

The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being in Korean wage workers through the Cantril ladder Scale: Go Choi, Shin-Goo Park, Youna Won, Hyeonwoo Ju, Sung Wook Jang, Hyung Doo Kim, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jong-Han Leem; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e11. Published online April 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e11

Abstract PDF

Background

The global labor market is moving towards increasing job instability. Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being using quantitative scales. We evaluated the association between wage workers' employment status and their subjective well-being through the Cantril ladder scale using Korean Welfare Panel Survey data (KOWEPS).

Methods

This study used KOWEPS data. A total of 4,423 wage workers were divided into permanently employed workers, temporarily employed workers and daily employed workers. The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being was analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounding factors.

Results

The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being, which can be expressed by the Cantril ladder scale. The mean score of both temporarily employed and daily employed workers were statistically significantly lower (B = −0.454, p < 0.001; B = −0.994, p < 0.001, respectively) than permanently employed workers. This appeared to be the same when occupational and sociodemographic factors were adjusted (B = −0.153, p = 0.002 for temporarily employed, B = −0.610, p < 0.001 for daily employed).

Conclusions

The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being score according to the Cantril ladder scale.

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Julie Vanderleyden, Hyojin Seo, Christophe Vanroelen, Deborah De Moortel
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Aida Navabi, Sara Makki Alamdari, Nooh Monavvary, Abu Fakhri
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Seong‐Uk Baek, Yu‐Min Lee, Jong‐Uk Won, Jin‐Ha Yoon
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Seong Chan Gong, Sungjin Park
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Leszek Sułkowski, Mateusz Rubinkiewicz, Andrzej Matyja, Maciej Matyja
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Inmyung Song, Hye-Jae Lee, José Antonio Ortega
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Research Article

The association between dependent self-employment and self-reported depression/anxiety and sleep disorder in South Korea: Guyeon Won, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Ryun Ha, Seungho Lee, Inchul Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e13. Published online July 29, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e13

Abstract PDF

Background

Dependent self-employment is precarious employment, which can be vulnerable to mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate the association of dependent self-employment with depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder in South Korea.

Methods

This study used data from the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey and included 32,691 paid workers. Dependent self-employment and self-reported depression/anxiety, and sleep disorder were investigated using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between dependent self-employment and mental health problems.

Results

Of the 32,691 paid workers, 2,371 (7.3%) were dependent self-employed workers. The odds ratio (OR) of dependent self-employment for self-reported depression/anxiety was 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–2.45) and the OR of dependent self-employment for self-reported sleep disorder was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.01–1.59) compared to other paid workers.

Conclusions

Dependent self-employment is related to an increased risk of self-reported depression/anxiety and sleep disorder in South Korea.

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Hao Wen, Yun Gao
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Yunjun Park, Wanhyung Lee
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Research Article

The effect of diabetes on 4-year changes of hearing thresholds in male workers exposed to noise in a single company: a longitudinal study: Dae Yun Kim, A Ram Kim, Joo Hyun Sung, Choong Ryeol Lee, Jiho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e11. Published online June 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e11

Abstract PDF

Background

Recently, several studies have assessed the association between diabetes and hearing impairment. However, the effect of diabetes on hearing impairment is not well known in diabetic patients exposed to noise, a typical cause of hearing impairment. The aim of this study is to longitudinally analyze the effect of diabetes on hearing impairment in workers exposed to similar noise levels from 2013 to 2017 who had experienced little change in their working conditions.

Methods

The study subjects included 2,087 male workers exposed to noise in a single company and who underwent health examinations at the same hospital in Ulsan city in 2013 and 2017. Hearing impairment was defined that a pure-tone average of pure-tone audiometry (PTA) thresholds at 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 Hz was 25 dB and over in both ears. Statistical analyses were conducted using χ² tests, ANOVA, and Cox proportional hazard models. We analyzed covariates that might affect hearing impairment, including age; working period; levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and serum creatinine; smoking and alcohol history; and noise level.

Results

The average PTA thresholds and their average changes between 2013 and 2017 were significant in the diabetes mellitus (DM) group than those in the normal and impaired fasting glucose group. Among the subjects with the same status of fasting glucose group in 2013 and 2017, the adjusted hazard ratios for incident hearing impairment among those in the DM group compared to normal group were 3.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54–7.29) in the left ear and 5.66 (95% CI, 2.01–15.98) in the right ear.

Conclusions

This study suggested that the risk of hearing impairment in the DM group was significantly higher than that in the normal group in both ears, even when exposed to similar noise levels.

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Lan Zhang, Hui Liao, Zongnan Li, Jianhui Yuan
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The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health.2023; 13(1): 13. CrossRef

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Research Article

The effect of shift work on high sensitivity C-reactive protein level among female workers: Ho Sung Kwak, Hyoung Ouk Park, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Seung Hyun Park, Eui Yup Chung, Chang Ho Chae; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e5. Published online May 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e5

Abstract PDF

Background

This study assessed the association between shift work and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), in female workers in electronics manufacturing services (EMS).

Methods

Female EMS workers who received special medical examinations for workers in Gyeongnam, Korea between January 2017 and December 2017 were enrolled in this study. Their age, marital status, education level, alcohol consumption, smoking habit, regular exercise, quality of sleep, work stress, and depression were investigated, and blood tests were conducted. The t- and χ² tests were conducted to compare the general and biochemical characteristics between daytime and shift worker groups. Age-adjusted partial correlation analysis was performed to examine the linear relationship between hs-CRP level and other risk factors for CVDs. In addition, the difference in hs-CRP levels according to work schedule was analyzed by ANCOVA after adjusting for variables that could affect the hs-CRP level.

Results

Although the average hs-CRP levels did not differ significantly between daytime and shift workers (0.92 ± 1.87 and 1.07 ± 2.20 mg/dL, respectively), shift workers tended to show a higher hs-CRP level (p = 0.067). After adjusting for variables that can affect the hs-CRP level, the estimated average hs-CRP level was significantly higher in shift workers (1.325 ± 0.156 mg/dL) than that in daytime workers (0.652 ± 0.350 mg/dL) (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

The results of this study identified a relationship between shift work and hs-CRP level increase in women. Because multiple studies have reported associations between increased hs-CRP and CVD, follow-up of hs-CRP may help early detection of CVD in shift workers.

Citations

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Night shift work and indicators of cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Johanna Samulin Erdem, Mrinal K. Das, Evi De Ryck, Øivind Skare, Jenny-Anne S. Lie, Merete Bugge, Barbara Harding, Ingrid L. Jorgensen, Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum, Manolis Kogevinas, Karl-Christian Nordby, Shan Zienolddiny-Narui
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Research Article

The association between long working hours and marital status change: middle-aged and educated Korean in 2014–2015: Hyunil Kim, Byung-Seong Suh, Won-Cheol Lee, Han-Seur Jeong, Kyung-Hun Son, Min-Woo Nam, Hyeong-Cheol Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e3. Published online May 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e3

Abstract PDF

Background

We investigated the association between long workhours and marital status change from married to divorced or separated status that might have bad health effects.

Methods

A total of 40,654 participants with married status in 2014 were followed up in 2015. Weekly workhours were categorized into four groups: ≤ 40, 41–52, 53–60, and > 60 hours per week. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between groups of workhours and marital status change after adjusting for age, total monthly household income, working type, and depression with sex stratification.

Results

The study populations consisted of 8,346 (20.5%) females and 32,308 (79.5%) males. Odd ratios (ORs) of marital status change for females working for more than 60 hours per week was 4.26 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–14.5), when working less than or equal to 40 hours per week was used as reference in the crude model. ORs of working more than 60 hours per week was 4.57 (95% CI: 1.02–20.5) in female workers when considering age, total household earning per month, working type of daytime, and depression in a dose-response manner. However, for male workers, long workhours were not significantly related to change of marriage status.

Conclusions

Long workhours for more than 60 hours per week had significantly higher risk of divorce or separation in females, but not in males. Further follow-up studies are needed to evaluate long term effects of long workhours on divorce risk.

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Research Article

Violence at work: determinants & prevalence among health care workers, northwest Ethiopia: an institutional based cross sectional study: Dawit Getachew Yenealem, Manay Kifle Woldegebriel, Ararso Tafese Olana, Tesfaye Hambisa Mekonnen; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:8. Published online April 3, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0288-6

Abstract PDF

Background

Workplace violence is the intentional use of power, threatened or actual, against another person or against a group, in work-related circumstances, that either results in or has a high degree of likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development, or deprivation. The aim of this study is to assess magnitude and predictors of workplace violence among healthcare workers in health facilities of Gondar city.

Methods

Institutional based cross sectional study design was employed to conduct this study. The study conducted in Gondar town from February 21 to march 21, 2016. Five hundred fifty three health care workers selected from health facilities of Gondar City administration. A stratified sampling technique was used for selecting the study subjects through simple random sampling. Data was collected by structured self administered questionnaire which is adapted from ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI after it is pretested & prepared in Amharic. The data was coded and entered in to EPI info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 software for analysis. The degree of association for variables was assessed using odds ratios with 95% confidence interval and p-value ≤0.05.

Results

The prevalence of workplace violence was found to be 58.2% with [95% confidence interval (CI): (53.7, 62.3)] in which verbal abuse 282(53.1%) followed by physical attack 117(22.0%) and 38(7.2%) sexual harassment. Working at emergency departments [AOR = 3.99,95% CI:(1.49,10.73)], working at shifts [AOR = 1.98,95%, CI: (1.28,3.03)],short experiences [AOR = 3.09,95% CI: (1.20,7.98)], being nurse or midwife [AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: (1.20,13.74)] were positively associated with workplace violence. The main sources of violence are visitors/patient relatives followed by colleagues and patients.

Conclusion

workplace violence is major public health problem across health facilities and the Ministry of Health should incorporate interventions in its different health sector development & management safety initiative.

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Research Article

Factors related with quality on sleep of daytime workers: Bu-il Kim, Seong-yong Yoon, Jin-seok Kim, Kuck-Hyeun Woo, Seong-yong Cho, Ho Lee, Jong-min An; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:63. Published online October 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0271-7

Abstract PDF

Background

This study was conducted to identify the sleep status of daytime workers who do not work in shifts. This study analyzed factors affecting sleep duration and sleep quality.

Methods

This study was conducted on 1171 daytime workers at a manufacturing workshop. We used a self-administered questionnaire to investigate demographic variables, work type, working period, musculoskeletal symptoms and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess sleep. Regular health checkup was conducted for the worker’s clinical examination.

Results

The mean sleep duration was 6.36 h and the mean score on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was 4.46. Work type and obesity were related to sleep duration. Age, obesity and musculoskeletal pain were significantly related to sleep quality. The prevalence ratio of researcher group for short sleep duration was 1.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.58). The prevalence ratio of those aged 50 years and over was 0.47 (0.25–0.91) and of those in their 40s was 0.56 (0.35–0.91) for poor sleep quality compared to those in their 20s. The prevalence ratio of the obesity group for poor sleep quality was 1.53 (1.10–2.12). The prevalence ratio of musculoskeletal pain group for poor sleep quality was 1.92 (1.29–2.84).

Conclusions

Age, obesity and musculoskeletal pain were factors affecting the poor quality on sleep of daytime workers. In addition, work type related to short sleep duration.

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Research Article

The characteristics of asbestos-related disease claims made to the Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service (KCOMWEL) from 2011 to 2015: Yon Soo An, Hyung Doo Kim, Hyeoung Cheol Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Yeon Soon Ahn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:45. Published online July 11, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0256-6

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to enhance understanding of the epidemiologic characteristics of asbestos-related diseases, and to provide information that could inform policy-making aimed at prevention and compensation for occupational asbestos exposure, through analyzing asbestos-related occupational disease claims to Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service from 2011 to 2015.

Methods

We analyzed 113 workers who filed medical care claims or survivor benefits for asbestos exposure and occupational-related disease from 2011 to 2015. Among these claims, we selected approved workers’ compensation claims relating to malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer, and analyzed the general characteristics, exposure characteristics, pathological characteristics, and occupation and industry distribution.

Results

Malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer occurred predominantly in males at 89.7 and 94%, respectively. The mean age at the time of diagnosis for malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer was 59.5 and 59.7 years, respectively, while the latency period for malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer was 34.1 and 33.1 years, respectively. The companies involving exposed workers were most commonly situated within the Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam region. Histology results for lung cancer indicated adenocarcinoma as the most common form, accounting for approximately one half of all claims, followed by squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung cancer. The most common occupation type was construction in respect of malignant mesothelioma, and shipbuilding in respect of lung cancer.

Conclusions

Considering the long latency period of asbestos and that the peak period of asbestos use in Korea was throughout the mid-1990s, damage due to asbestos-related diseases is expected to show a continued long-term increase. Few studies providing an epidemiologic analysis of asbestos-related diseases are available; therefore, this study may provide baseline data to assist in predicting and preparing for future harm due to asbestos exposure.

Trial registration

DUIH 2018–02–004-001. Registered 28 Februrary 2018.

Citations

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Paul J Nicholson
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Standardized Incidence Ratio and Standardized Mortality Ratio of Malignant Mesothelioma in a Worker Cohort Using Employment Insurance Database in Korea
Eun-A Kim
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Survival of Korean Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Compensated for the Asbestos Injury Relief
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The Epidemiologic Characteristics of Malignant Mesothelioma Cases in Korea: Findings of the Asbestos Injury Relief System from 2011–2015
Soon-Chan Kwon, Sung-Soo Lee, Min-Sung Kang, Da-An Huh, Yong-Jin Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(19): 10007. CrossRef
Malignant mesothelioma in construction workers: the Apulia regional mesothelioma register, Southern Italy
L. Vimercati, D. Cavone, A. Caputi, M. C. Delfino, L. De Maria, G. M. Ferri, G. Serio
BMC Research Notes.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Effects of changes in occupational stress on the depressive symptoms of Korean workers in a large company: a longitudinal survey: Jaehyuk Jung, Inchul Jeong, Kyung-Jong Lee, Guyeon Won, Jae Bum Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:39. Published online June 8, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0249-5

Abstract PDF

Background

Prospective studies on occupational stress and depression among Korean workers are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between changes in occupational stress and the presence of depression.

Methods

This study analyzed data from a survey conducted with workers in a large Korean company (2015–2016). Occupational stress was measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale, and depression was screened using the WHO-5 Well-being Index. The levels of occupational stress were grouped in quartiles based on subjects’ occupational stress scores in 2015, and changes in occupational stress were measured using the score changes between the 2015 and 2016 surveys. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of depression in 2015 and 2016: a non-depressed group whose mental health did not change, a non-depressed group whose mental health deteriorated, a depressed group that continued to be depressed, and a depressed group whose symptoms of depression were alleviated. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of the subjects’ deterioration in mood or alleviation of depression by occupational stress levels and changes.

Results

The OR for developing depressive symptoms was 2.51 (95% CI 1.46–4.33) and 2.73 (95% CI 1.39–5.36) in the third and the fourth quartiles of occupational stress, respectively, compared to the first quartile. When the occupational stress score increased by 1 point, the OR for increasing depressive symptoms was 1.07 (95% CI 1.04–1.10). There was no significant difference in the alleviation of depressive symptoms between the groups by level of occupational stress. However, when the occupational stress score decreased by 1 point, the OR for alleviating depressive symptoms was 1.08 (95% CI 1.05–1.11).

Conclusion

The results showed that increased occupational stress increased the presence of depressive symptoms, and that reduced occupational stress suppressed the development of depressive symptoms. More attention should be paid to stress management among workers.

Citations

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Research Article

Sick at work: prevalence and determinants among healthcare workers, western Ethiopia: an institution based cross-sectional study: Tesfaye Hambisa Mekonnen, Mekuriaw Alemayewu Tefera, Yayehirad Alemu Melsew; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:2. Published online February 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0213-4

Abstract PDF

Background

Going to work despite feeling sick also known as sickness presenteeism is one of the emerging global occupational health challenges. Sickness presenteeism negatively affects both health of work forces and productivity of organizations in general. However, there is insufficient research exploring this situation in majority of the Sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia. Thus this study intended to investigate the prevalence and determinant factors of sickness presenteeism among health care workers, Western Ethiopia.

Methods

This study used an institution based cross-sectional quantitative study design. The study period was from February to March, 2017. We employed simple random sampling method to select 360 study samples. Data collection was performed by pre-tested structured and self- administered questionnaire. We used SPSS version 20 to carry out binary logistic regression analysis. Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was calculated and significance of associations was determined at p-value < 0.05.

Results

A total of 344 respondents fully completed the survey questionnaire. Mean age with standard deviation was 30.28 ± 6.181. Prevalence of sickness Presenteeism was 52.6% [95%CI: (47.4, 57.8)] in the past 12 months. Educational status [AOR:2.1, 95%CI: (1.17,3.90)], financial problem [AOR:1.9,95%CI:(1.07,3.46)], sickness absenteeism [AOR:2.7,95% CI:(1.50,5.02)], lack of staff replacement [AOR:2.7,95%CI:(1.50,5.02)], absence of occupational health services [AOR:3.0,95%CI:(1.34,6.70)], and pressure from supervisor [AOR:1.8,95% CI:(1.01,3.31)] were significant predictors of the dependent variable.

Conclusion

Relatively higher proportions of workers indicated sickness presenteeism as compared to other studies. Risk factors like educational status, personal financial problem, sickness absenteeism, lack of staff replacement, absence of occupational health services, and pressure from supervisors considerably increased the likely occurrence of employees’ sick attendance. It is advisable for health care managers to hire adequate health care staffs, to implement basic occupational health services and to design strategies which reduce pressure from supervisors.

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Research Article

Does formaldehyde have a causal association with nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia?: Soon-Chan Kwon, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Jungsun Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:5. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0218-z

Abstract PDF

Background

The South Korean criteria for occupational diseases were amended in July 2013. These criteria included formaldehyde as a newly defined occupational carcinogen, based on cases of “leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure”. This inclusion was based on the Internal Agency for Research on Cancer classification, which classified formaldehyde as definite human carcinogen for nasopharyngeal cancer in 2004 and leukemia in 2012.

Methods

We reviewed reports regarding the causal relationship between occupational exposure to formaldehyde in Korea and the development of these cancers, in order to determine whether these cases were work-related.

Results

Previous reports regarding excess mortality from nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure seemed to be influenced by excess mortality from a single plant. The recent meta-risk for nasopharyngeal cancer was significantly increased in case-control studies, but was null for cohort studies (excluding unexplained clusters of nasopharyngeal cancers). A recent analysis of the largest industrial cohort revealed elevated risks of both leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma at the peak formaldehyde exposure, and both cancers exhibited significant dose-response relationships. A nested case-control study of embalmers revealed that mortality from myeloid leukemia increased significantly with increasing numbers of embalms and with increasing formaldehyde exposure. The recent meta-risks for all leukemia and myeloid leukemia increased significantly. In South Korea, a few cases were considered occupational cancers as a result of mixed exposures to various chemicals (e.g., benzene), although no cases were compensated for formaldehyde exposure. The peak formaldehyde exposure levels in Korea were 2.70–14.8 ppm in a small number of specialized studies, which considered anatomy students, endoscopy employees who handled biopsy specimens, and manufacturing workers who were exposed to high temperatures.

Conclusion

Additional evidence is needed to confirm the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and nasopharyngeal cancer. All lymphohematopoietic malignancies, including leukemia, should be considered in cases with occupational formaldehyde exposure.

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Research Article

Carbon disulfide exposure estimate and prevalence of chronic diseases after carbon disulfide poisoning-related occupational diseases: Hweemin Chung, Kanwoo Youn, Kyuyeon Kim, Kyunggeun Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:52. Published online October 26, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0208-6

Abstract PDF

Background

In Korea, Carbon disulfide (CS₂) toxicity was an important social problem from the late 1980s to the early 1990s but there have been few large-scale studies examining the prevalence of diseases after CS₂ exposure discontinuance. So we investigated past working exposure to CS₂ characteristics from surviving ex-workers of a rayon manufacturing plant including cumulative CS₂ exposure index. Furthermore, we studied the prevalence of their chronic diseases recently after many years.

Methods

We interviewed 633 ex-workers identified as CS₂ poisoning-related occupational diseases to determine demographic and occupational characteristics and reviewed their medical records. The work environment measurement data from 1992 was used as a reference. Based on the interviews and foreign measurement documents, weights were assigned to the reference concentrations followed by calculation of individual exposure index, the sum of the portion of each time period multiplied by the concentrations of CS₂ during that period.

Results

The cumulative exposure index was 128.2 ppm on average. Workers from the spinning, electrical equipment repair, and motor repair departments were exposed to high concentrations of ≥10 ppm. Workers from the maintenance of the ejector, manufacturing of CS_2, post-process, refining, maintenance and manufacturing of viscose departments were exposed to low concentrations below 10 ppm. The prevalence for hypertension, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, arrhythmia, psychoneurotic disorder, disorders of the nervous system and sensory organ were 69.2%, 13.9%, 24.8%, 24.5%, 1.3%, 65.7%, 72.4% respectively.

Conclusions

We estimated the individual cumulative CS₂ exposure based on interviews and foreign measurement documents, and work environment measurement data. Comparing the work environment measurement data from 1992, these values were similar to them. After identified as CS₂ poisoning, there are subjects over 70 years of average age with disorders of the nervous system and sensory organs, hypertension, psychoneurotic disorder, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmia. Because among ex-workers of the rayon manufacturing plant, only 633 survivors recognized as CS₂ poisoning were studied, the others not identified as CS₂ poisoning should also be investigated in the future.

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Haruka Yoshino, Masaki Saigo, Takumi Ehara, Kiyoshi Miyata, Ken Onda, Jenny Pirillo, Yuh Hijikata, Shinya Takaishi, Wataru Kosaka, Ken‐ichi Otake, Susumu Kitagawa, Hitoshi Miyasaka
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Research Article

What causes the experience of discrimination in non-regular workers?: Seong-Hoon Kang, Jin-Ho Song, Tae Hwan Koh, Do Myung Paek, Jong-Tae Park, HoSun Chun; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:35. Published online August 15, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0192-x

Abstract PDF

Background

Discrimination based on type of employment against non-regular workers is still a social issue. However, there are few studies on job factors that affect the discrimination experience in each type of employment or the association between discrimination and health impact indicators. This study examined occupational health characteristics according to discrimination experience and relating factors that affect discrimination experience.

Methods

This study used the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey (2014) provided by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. Among the 50,000 workers, 7731 non-regular wage workers were selected as study population. To examine differences in discrimination experience, we used a t-test on occupational risk factors, occupational stress, occupational characteristics, health impact indicators. To identify the factors that affected discrimination experience, we performed binomial logistic regression analysis.

Results

The discrimination experience rate was significantly higher in male, aged less than 40 years old, above high school graduate than middle school graduate, higher wage level, shorter employment period and larger company’s scale. As factors related to discrimination experience, they experienced discrimination more as occupational stress was higher and when they were temporary or daily workers rather than permanent workers, work patterns were not consistent, and the support of boss was low. It showed that physical, musculoskeletal, and mental occupational risk scores and subjective job instability were higher and work environment satisfaction was lower in discrimination experienced group.

Conclusions

The present study showed that the demographic and occupational factors were complexly related to discrimination experience in non-regular workers. The experience of discrimination had increased when occupational stress was higher, they were temporary or daily workers rather than permanent workers, work patterns were not consistent, and their boss’ support was low. Improving various relating factors, (e.g. occupational stresses, employment status and occupational characteristics), this would ultimately expect to improve non-regular workers’ discrimination.

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‘You are less credible in life, less reliable… people don’t want to give you a chance’ - a qualitative study on the experience of inferiority among non-standard workers in Belgium
Kim Bosmans, Christophe Vanroelen
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Duk Youn Cho, Jung-Wan Koo
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(9): 1798. CrossRef

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Research Article

Hepatitis B vaccination coverage and the determinants of vaccination among health care workers in selected health facilities in Lusaka district, Zambia: an exploratory study: Namwaka Mungandi, Mpundu Makasa, Patrick Musonda; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:32. Published online August 10, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0191-y

Abstract PDF

Background

Hepatitis B is a viral infection of the liver and causes both acute and chronic disease. It is transmitted through contact with an infected person’s bodily fluids. It is an occupational hazard for healthcare workers and can be prevented by the administration of a vaccine. It is recommended that healthcare workers be vaccinated against vaccine preventable diseases including hepatitis B. The study objective was to determine the prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B vaccination among healthcare workers in selected health facilities in Lusaka.

Methods

The study took place in seven health facilities across Lusaka district in Zambia. A total sample size of 331 healthcare workers was selected of which; 90 were nurses, 88 were doctors, 86 were laboratory personnel and 67 were general workers. A self-administered structured questionnaire was given to a total of 331 healthcare workers. Investigator led stepwise approach was used to select the best predictor variables in a multiple logistic regression model and all analyses were performed using STATA software, version 12.1 SE (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).

Results

Only 64(19.3%) of the healthcare workers were vaccinated against hepatitis B, with 35 (54.7%) of these being fully vaccinated and 29 (45.3%) partially vaccinated. Analysis showed that; age of the healthcare worker, sharp injuries per year and training in infection control were the variables that were statistically significant in predicting a healthcare worker’s vaccination status.

Conclusion

It is reassuring to learn that healthcare workers have knowledge regarding hepatitis B and the vaccine and are willing to be vaccinated against it. Health institutions should bear the cost for vaccinating staff and efforts should be made for appropriate health education regarding hepatitis B infection and its prevention. Establishment of policies on compulsory hepatitis B vaccination for healthcare workers in Zambia is recommended.

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Research Article

Factors affecting heat-related diseases in outdoor workers exposed to extreme heat: Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim, Inbo Oh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:30. Published online June 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0183-y

Abstract PDF

Background

The objectives of the present study are to: (i) evaluate the effect of environmental and metabolic heat on heat-related illnesses in outdoor workers; and (ii) evaluate the effect of personal factors, including heat acclimation, on the risk of heat-related illnesses in outdoor workers.

Methods

We identified 47 cases of illnesses from exposure to environmental heat in outdoor workers in Korea from 2010 to 2014, based on review of workers’ compensation data. We also obtained the information on location, time, and work environment of each heat-related illness.

Results

Our major results are that 29 cases (61.7%) occurred during a heat wave. Forty five cases (95.7%) occurred when the maximum estimated WBGT (WBGTmax) was equal to or greater than the case specific threshold value which was determined by acclimatization and metabolic rate. Twenty two cases (46.8%) were not acclimated to the heat. Thirty-seven cases (78.7%) occurred after tropical night (temperature above 25 °C), during which many people may find it hard to sleep.

Conclusion

Personal risk factors such as heat acclimation as well as environmental factors and high metabolic rate during work are the major determinants of heat-related illnesses.

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Research Article

The relationship between serum vitamin D levels and sleep quality in fixed day indoor field workers in the electronics manufacturing industry in Korea: Young Saeng Jung, Chang Ho Chae, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Ho Sung Kwak; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:25. Published online June 24, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0187-7

Abstract PDF

Background

Although recent studies have investigated the influence of vitamin D on sleep patterns, there is a lack of research on the relationship between vitamin D and sleep patterns in Korean workers. This study focused on the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and sleep in fixed day indoor field workers in the electronics manufacturing industry in Korea.

Methods

The 1472 subjects who were included in this study were selected from fixed day workers in the electronics manufacturing industry who had received a worker’s special health examination at a hospital in Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province between January 2015 and December 2015. Nighttime workers and those who showed symptoms of depression were excluded from this study. The sociodemographic and lifestyle variables of the participants were investigated, including age, sex, marital status, level of education, body mass index, smoking habits, alcohol consumption habits, and regular exercise. Work-related factors were evaluated, such as employee tenure and occupational stress. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured as an indicator of vitamin D levels, and quality of sleep was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) translated into Korean.

Results

The subjects had a mean serum vitamin D level of 13.70 ± 5.93 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency, defined as a serum vitamin D level of <10 ng/mL, was found in 24.8% of males and significantly more frequently in females (47.6%). Poor sleep quality was reported by 19.8% of participants with serum vitamin D levels ≥10 ng/mL and by 21.7% of those with serum vitamin D levels <10 ng/mL, which was a significant difference (P = .007). Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for significant variables found that poor sleep quality was more likely in those with vitamin D deficiency than those with higher serum vitamin D levels (odds ratio = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01–1.82). A comparison of serum vitamin D levels and PSQI components showed that the mean scores for subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, and sleep duration were significantly higher in the vitamin D-deficient participants, indicating that the vitamin D-deficient participants had poorer sleep quality.

Conclusions

This study investigated serum vitamin D levels in fixed day indoor field workers in the manufacturing industry in Korea and analyzed the relationship of vitamin D deficiency with sleep quality. A significant correlation was found between serum vitamin D deficiency and poor sleep quality. Based on the results of this study, sleep disorder management for workers can be improved by providing regular examinations checking their serum vitamin D levels and supplying vitamin D to workers with serum vitamin D deficiency to enhance their quality of sleep.

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Research Article

Practice status of specialized agencies for occupational health management of small- to medium-size enterprises and the factors improving their performance: a cross-sectional survey study: Saerom Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong, Eun-A Kim, Huisu Eom, Bowha Choi, Young Joong Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:4. Published online February 27, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0161-4

Abstract PDF

Background

We examined the current status of specialized agencies for occupational health management (SAs) and their workforce. Furthermore, we aimed to clarify the current practice status of SA healthcare professionals and factors that influence their performance.

Methods

To examine the current SA workforce, we analyzed data from the 2014 Survey of Current Status of SA and their Workforce from the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL). Furthermore, we mailed out an original questionnaire to SA professionals to determine their current health management status and factors that affect their performance. Data from the respondents (N = 384) were analyzed.

Results

In 2014, the workforce performing health management in SAs comprised 232 physicians, 507 nurses, and 312 occupational hygienists, with no significant regional differences in the distribution of physicians and nurses. According to the findings of the questionnaire, the average daily number of worker consultations by physicians and nurses was 22.8, while the average time taken for health management ranged from 74.3 to 104.3 min, depending on the size of the firm. Most of the respondents (41.5%) answered that they were following-up on more than 80% of individuals with illnesses. Among health management tasks, performance scores of “consultations for general diseases” and “consultations for lifestyle habits” were relatively high, whereas health promotion activities at workplaces were relatively low. There was a significant correlation between the utilization of general and special health examination results and task performance.

Conclusion

Among health management tasks, follow-up management of individuals with illnesses and consultations for disease/lifestyle habits were relatively well performed, whereas health promotion activities at workplaces were not performed well. Among factors that positively influenced SA performance at workplaces, only the utilization of health examination results had significant effects. Therefore, to accomplish health management goals and perform effective health management at workplaces, there is a need to establish a comprehensive system of occupational health service outsourcing integrating health examinations and health management services. Furthermore, the current task system, which focuses on follow-up management, should be expanded to incorporate preventive and health promotion functions—the fundamental functions of occupational health services (OHS).

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Underestimation of smoking hazards and smoking cessation intervention efficiency among healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study among Korean occupational health nurses
Jihye Lee, Saerom Lee, Woncheol Lee, Seung Hyeun Lee, Won Gun Kwack, Young Joong Kang
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2023; 21(May): 1. CrossRef
Acute myeloid leukemia in a farmer with long term exposure to pesticides in Korea
Ye-eun Jeon, Jea Chul Ha, Seonggyu Kim, Mi Hwa Heo, Young Rok Do, Insung Chung
Medicine: Case Reports and Study Protocols.2022; 3(1): e0189. CrossRef
Occupational health nurses’ personal attitudes toward smoking: A cross-sectional study
Jihye Lee, Saerom Lee, Minkyu Lee, Young Joong Kang
Journal of Occupational Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Daytime and nighttime heat wave characteristics based on multiple indices over the China–Pakistan economic corridor
Safi Ullah, Qinglong You, Waheed Ullah, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Amjad Ali, Gohar Ali, Yuqing Zhang, Mushtaq Ahmad Jan, Asher Samuel Bhatti, Wenxin Xie
Climate Dynamics.2019; 53(9-10): 6329. CrossRef
The roles of doctors, nurses, and industrial hygienists in the healthcare management services in Korea: a comparison of the opinions of specialized health management institutions and entrusted enterprises
Bo-Young Jang, Dong-Mug Kang, Young-Ki Kim, Se-Young Kim, Kyung-Sun Ko
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Erratum to: Practice status of specialized agencies for occupational health management of small- to medium-size enterprises and the factors improving their performance: a cross-sectional survey study
Saerom Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong, Eun-A Kim, Huisu Eom, Bowha Choi, Young Joong Kang
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Effectiveness of workers’ general health examination in Korea by health examination period and compliance: retrospective cohort study using nationwide data: Huisu Eom, Jun-Pyo Myong, Eun-A Kim, Bohwa Choi, Soon Woo Park, Young Joong Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:2. Published online February 17, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0160-5

Abstract PDF

Background

Our study evaluated the effectiveness of the Workers’ General Health Examination by health examination period and compliance.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of the health examination participants in 2006 (baseline year: N = 6,527,045) was used. We identified newly occurring cardio-cerebrovascular disease over 7 years (from 2007 to 2013). After stratification by age, sex, and national health insurance type, we identified 7 years’ cumulative incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease by health examination compliance and estimated its relative risk by health examination period and compliance.

Results

The compliant group presented a lower cumulative incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease than the non-compliant group; this result was consistent across sex, working age (40s and 50s), and workplace policyholder. Relative risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease by health examination period (1 and 2 years) showed statistically significant results in ischemic heart disease for male participants. Of men in their 40s, office workers (over a 2-year period) presented statistically higher relative risk of ischemic heart disease than non-office workers (over a 1-year period: 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.03). However, there were no consistent results in ischemic cerebrovascular disease and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease for men or cardio-cerebrovascular disease for women.

Conclusion

A 1-year period of Workers’ General Health Examinations in non-office workers had a more significant prevention effect on ischemic heart disease than a 2-year period in office workers among working age (40s–50s) men. It is, however, necessary to consider that prevention of cardio-cerebrovascular disease can be partially explained by their occupational characteristics rather than by health examination period.

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Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Marzieh Sadaf, MasoudMotalebi Kashani, HamidReza Saberi, Hossein Akbari, SedigheDehghani Bidgoli, Mitra Hannani
International Archives of Health Sciences.2021; 8(2): 122. CrossRef

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Case Report

Two cases of methyl alcohol intoxication by sub-chronic inhalation and dermal exposure during aluminum CNC cutting in a small-sized subcontracted factory: Jia Ryu, Key Hwan Lim, Dong-Ryeol Ryu, Hyang Woon Lee, Ji Young Yun, Seoung-Wook Kim, Ji-Hoon Kim, Kyunghee Jung-choi, Hyunjoo Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:65. Published online November 15, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0153-9

Abstract PDF

Background

Methyl alcohol poisoning has been mainly reported in community. Two cases of methyl alcohol poisoning occurred in a small-sized subcontracted factory which manufactured smartphone parts in Korea.

Case presentation

One young female patient presented with dyspnea and visual disturbance. Another young male patient presented with visual disturbance and myalgia. They treated with sodium bicarbonate infusion and hemodialysis for metabolic acidosis. In addition, he received ethyl alcohol per oral treatment. Her and his urinary methyl alcohol concentration was detected as 7.632 mg/L, 46.8 mg/L, respectively, although they were treated hemodialysis. Results of the working environment measurement showed that the concentration of methyl alcohol (1030.1–2220.5 ppm) in the air exceeded the time weighted average (200 ppm). They were diagnosed with optic neuropathy due to methyl alcohol poisoning and still have visual impairment.

Conclusions

Workers who hired as dispatched employees in a small-sized subcontracted factory were exposed to high concentrations of methyl alcohol. The workplace had poor ventilation system. In addition, workers did not wear proper personal protect equipment. Working environment measurement and annual chekups for workers were not performed. They were in a blind spot to occupational safety and health. More attention is needed to protect vulnerable workers’ health.

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Dong-Wook Lee, Inah Kim, Jungho Hwang, Sunhaeng Choi, Tae-Won Jang, Insung Chung, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jaebum Park, Jungwon Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Youngki Kim, Eun-Soo Lee, Yangwoo Kim, Inchul Jeong, Hyunjeong Oh, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jea Chul Ha, Jeehee Min, Chul
The Ewha Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Challenges from 14 years of experience at Workers' Health Centers in basic occupational health services for micro and small enterprises in Korea: a narrative review
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BEDANTA SARMA, SENTHIL KUMARAN M
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Formaldehyde Reacts with Amino Acids and Peptides with a Potential Role in Acute Methanol Intoxication
David Sýkora, Jindřich Jindřich, Vladimír Král, Milan Jakubek, Ameneh Tatar, Zdeněk Kejík, Pavel Martásek, Sergey Zakharov
Journal of Analytical Toxicology.2020; 44(8): 880. CrossRef
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Christianne V. Mojica, Esteban A. Pasol, Mercedes L. Dizon, Wenceslao A. Kiat, Timothy Reynold U. Lim, Jacqueline C. Dominguez, Vincent V. Valencia, Bernardo Joaquin P. Tuaño
eNeurologicalSci.2020; 20: 100258. CrossRef
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Huisu Eom, Jihye Lee, Eun-A Kim
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Alan P. L. Chan, Thomas Y. K. Chan
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Toxic Effects of Methanol among Illegally Dispatched Workers at Aluminum CNC Cutting Process in Small-Scale, Third-Tier Subcontractor Factories of Smartphone Manufacturers in the Republic of Korea
Chung Won Kang, Hyunjoo Kim, Kyongsok Shin, Jia Ryu, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Key Hwan Lim, Jin-Ha Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(7): 1332. CrossRef
Methanol-Induced Encephalopathy: a Case Report
Hyun Jin Kim, Moon Kyung Sunwoo, Jang Han Lee, Yong Sun Choi, Dae Yoon Kim
Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging.2017; 21(1): 61. CrossRef
Neurological Complications Resulting from Non-Oral Occupational Methanol Poisoning
Ji-Hyun Choi, Seung Keun Lee, Young-Eun Gil, Jia Ryu, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Hyunjoo Kim, Jun Young Choi, Sun Ah Park, Hyang Woon Lee, Ji Young Yun
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2017; 32(2): 371. CrossRef
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Hümeyra Yıldırım Can, Halil Kırbıyık
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Research Article

Risk factors for lesions of the knee menisci among workers in South Korea’s national parks: Donghee Shin, Kanwoo Youn, Eunja Lee, Myeongjun Lee, Hweemin Chung, Deokweon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:56. Published online October 10, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0143-y

Abstract PDF

Background

This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of the menisci lesions in national park workers and work factors affecting this prevalence.

Methods

The study subjects were 698 workers who worked in 20 Korean national parks in 2014. An orthopedist visited each national park and performed physical examinations. Knee MRI was performed if the McMurray test or Apley test was positive and there was a complaint of pain in knee area. An orthopedist and a radiologist respectively read these images of the menisci using a grading system based on the MRI signals. To calculate the cumulative intensity of trekking of the workers, the mean trail distance, the difficulty of the trail, the tenure at each national parks, and the number of treks per month for each worker from the start of work until the present were investigated. Chi-square tests was performed to see if there were differences in the menisci lesions grade according to the variables. The variables used in the Chi-square test were evaluated using simple logistic regression analysis to get crude odds ratios, and adjusted odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis after establishing three different models according to the adjusted variables.

Results

According to the MRI signal grades of menisci, 29 % were grade 0, 11.3 % were grade 1, 46.0 % were grade 2, and 13.7 % were grade 3. The differences in the MRI signal grades of menisci according to age and the intensity of trekking as calculated by the three different methods were statistically significant. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed for three models. In model 1, there was no statistically significant factor affecting the menisci lesions. In model 2, among the factors affecting the menisci lesions, the OR of a high cumulative intensity of trekking was 4.08 (95 % CI 1.00–16.61), and in model 3, the OR of a high cumulative intensity of trekking was 5.84 (95 % CI 1.09–31.26).

Conclusion

The factor that most affected the menisci lesions among the workers in Korean national park was a high cumulative intensity of trekking.

Citations

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Analysis of Knee Joint Injury Caused by Physical Training of Freshmen Students Based on 3T MRI and Automatic Cartilage Segmentation Technology: A Prospective Study
Lingling Liu, Henan Liu, Zhiming Zhen, Yalan Zheng, Xiaoyue Zhou, Esther Raithel, Jiang Du, Yan Hu, Wei Chen, Xiaofei Hu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between second-hand smoke and psychological well-being amongst non-smoking wageworkers in Republic of Korea: Seong-Jin Kim, Dirga Kumar Lamichhane, Shin-Goo Park, Bum-Joon Lee, So-Hyun Moon, Sung-Min Park, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:49. Published online September 20, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0130-3

Abstract PDF

Background

Worldwide, exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) has been responsible for more than 0.6 million deaths and 10.9 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYS) lost in never smokers in 2004. The world health organization (WHO) reported smoking-related death of 58,000 per year in South Korea. There is recent emerging evidence of the associations of SHS exposure with anxiety or depression and poor mental health. Although exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) has been associated with various physical health conditions and mental health, we are unaware of any studies examining its association with psychological well-being as mental factor. This study aimed to investigate the association between self-reported exposure to SHS and well-being among non-smoking wageworkers.

Methods

The Third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2011) was conducted on a representative sample of economically active population aged 15 years or over, who were either employees or self-employed at the time of interview. In this study, after removing inconsistent data, 19,879 non-smoking wageworkers among 60,054 workers were participated. Psychological well-being was measured through the WHO-Five Well-Being Index (1998 version). Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association of SHS exposure with psychological well-being.

Results

The unadjusted OR of poor psychological well-being (OR: 1.594, 95 % CI: 1.421-1.787) was significantly higher for SHS exposure group compared to non-exposure group. Multiple logistic regression analysis results indicated that these relationships were still significant after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted OR: 1.330, 95 % CI: 1.178-1.502).

Conclusions

Exposure to SHS was associated with poor well-being measured by the WHO-5 well-being index, indicating the importance of reducing SHS exposure at the workplace for psychological well-being amongst non-smoking wageworkers.

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Association between Combustible Cigarettes and Noncombustible Nicotine or Tobacco Products and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Based on Data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2021
Sungkwon Cho, Joo-Hyun Park, Do-Hoon Kim, Hangseok Choi, Youngdoo Park, Hyun-Jin Kim, An-Na Lee, Junghwa Shin, Jaesun Ha
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(6): 317. CrossRef
Effect of second-hand smoke on systemic, oral and psychological health of primary school children in Western Uttar Pradesh: a biochemical analysis
Preeti BHAGIA, Ipseeta MENON, Anshi JAIN, Vikram ARORA, Jyoti GOYAL, Asifa AHRAF
Minerva Dental and Oral Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between Second-hand Smoke and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Korean Adolescents: Based on the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Hyo-Min Shin, Sang-Jun Lee, Woo-Rim Ko, Jae-Yeon Jeong, Sang-Baek Koh, Kyung-Yi Do
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2022; 47(3): 222. CrossRef
Secondhand Smoke in the Workplace Is Associated With Depression in Korean Workers
Seunghan Kim, Juyeon Oh, Byungyoon Yun, Ara Cho, Juho Sim, Jin-Ha Yoon
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Passive exposure to e-cigarette emissions is associated with worsened mental health
Kayla Rae Farrell, Michael Weitzman, Emma Karey, Teresa K. Y. Lai, Terry Gordon, Shu Xu
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Second hand smoke exposure in workplace by job status and occupations
Hyunhee Park, Sung-il Cho, Changhun Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The Association between Tobacco Smoke and Serum Immunoglobulin E Levels in Korean Adults
Young Soo Kim, Hee Yeon Kim, Hyo-Suk Ahn, Tae Seo Sohn, Jae Yen Song, Young Bok Lee, Dong-Hee Lee, Jae-Im Lee, Seong Cheol Jeong, Hiun Suk Chae, Kyungdo Han, Chang Dong Yeo
Internal Medicine.2017; 56(19): 2571. CrossRef
The association between perceived discriminations and well-being in Korean employed workers: the 4th Korean working conditions survey
Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Reliability and validity of the workplace harassment questionnaire for Korean finance and service workers: Myeongjun Lee, Hyunjung Kim, Donghee Shin, Sangyun Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:45. Published online September 9, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0133-0

Abstract PDF

Background

Harassment means systemic and repeated unethical acts. Research on workplace harassment have been conducted widely and the NAQ-R has been widely used for the researches. But this tool, however the limitations in revealing differended in sub-factors depending on the culture and in reflecting that unique characteristics of the Koren society. So, The workplace harassment questionnaire for Korean finace and service workers has been developed to assess the level of personal harassment at work. This study aims to develop a tool to assess the level of personal harassment at work and to test its validity and reliability while examining specific characteristics of workplace harassment against finance and service workers in Korea.

Methods

The framework of survey was established based on literature review, focused-group interview for the Korean finance and service workers. To verify its reliability, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated; and to verify its validity, items and factors of the tool were analyzed. The correlation matrix analysis was examined to verify the tool’s convergent validity and discriminant validity. Structural validity was verified by checking statistical significance in relation to the BDI-K.

Results

Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of this survey was 0.93, which indicates a quite high level of reliability. To verify the appropriateness of this survey tool, its construct validity was examined through factor analysis. As a result of the factor analysis, 3 factors were extracted, explaining 56.5 % of the total variance. The loading values and communalities of the 20 items were 0.85 to 0.48 and 0.71 to 0.46. The convergent validity and discriminant validity were analyzed and rate of item discriminant validity was 100 %. Finally, for the concurrent validity, We examined the relationship between the WHI-KFSW and pschosocial stress by examining the correlation with the BDI-K. The results of chi-square test and multiple logistic analysis indicated that the correlation with the BDI-K was satatisctically significant.

Conclusion

Workplace harassment in actual workplaces were investigated based on interviews, and the statistical analysis contributed to systematizing the types of actual workplace harassment. By statistical method, we developed the questionare, 20 items of 3 categories.

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Rishita Jain, Chayan Kanti Manna
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Padam P Simkhada, Edwin van Teijlingen, Manju Gurung, Samjhana Bhujel, Kalpana Gyawali, Sharada P Wasti
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Tolulope O. Afolaranmi, Zuwaira I. Hassan, Benjamin M. Gokir, Abdulrahman Kilani, Raphael Igboke, Kainechukwu G. Ugwu, Chikwendu Amaike, Akinyemi O. D. Ofakunrin
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Research Article

Comparison of sleep quality based on direction of shift rotation in electronics workers: Youil Shon, Seungho Ryu, Byung-Seong Suh, Soo-Geun Kim, Won-Sool Kim, Hee-Seung Son, Hee-Yun Kim, Han-Seur Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:37. Published online September 5, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0122-3

Abstract PDF

Background

Previous studies have reported the effects of direction of shift rotation on sleep, however, the findings are inconsistent. In this study, we investigated sleep quality related to direction of shift rotation using large-scale data from shiftwork-specific health examinations of electronics workers.

Methods

This study included 4750 electronics workers working in a rotating 3-shift system who completed a medical examination for shift workers survey from January 1 to December 31, 2014, at a general hospital. The subjects were categorized into one of two groups according to direction of shift rotation. We compared sleep quality index between the subjects who worked in forward rotation and backward rotation systems.

Results

Backward rotation was positively associated with prevalence of poor sleep quality. In the multivariable-adjusted model, when comparing backward rotation to forward rotation, the odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) for poor sleep quality was 1.95 (1.58–2.41). After stratifying by gender, the ORs (95 % CIs) for poor sleep quality in male and female was 1.92 (1.47–2.49) and 2.13 (1.47–3.08), respectively. In subgroup analyses, backward rotation was significantly associated with poor sleep quality in workers ≥30 years of age compared with workers <30 years of age (adjusted OR 2.60 vs. 1.89, respectively; P for interaction <0.001).

Conclusions

Our study supports that a backward rotation system is associated with poor sleep quality. Forward rotation systems should be considered to reduce sleep problems.

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(9): 2038. CrossRef

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Research Article

A study on the relationship between job stress and nicotine dependence in Korean workers: Seung Rak Son, Byeong Moo Choe, Seong Hwan Kim, Young Seoub Hong, Byoung Gwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:27. Published online June 10, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0113-4

Abstract PDF

Background

Nicotine dependence and its severity are often determined by individuals’ psychosocial factors.This study purposed to analyze how Korean workers’ job stress is related with their nicotine dependence according to demographic and occupational characteristics in order to reduce smoking related to job stress and to establish objective indicators to be used in developing adequate smoking cessation strategies.

Methods

The subjects of this study were 4,639 workers who replied to the questionnaire survey. In addition, 1,948 current smokers were separated from non-smokers and ex-smokers, and the relationship between job stress and nicotine dependence was analyzed with the current smoker group. Nicotine dependence was tested using Fagerström’s Test of Nicotine Dependence, and stress was measured using a questionnaire on subjective stress felt by workers in their daily life and the short form of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale.

Results

The smoking rate was 54.1 % among men and 2.5 % among women. Nicotine dependence was significantly different according to interpersonal conflict, organization system and lack of reward (p < 0.05). As multivariate logistic analysis, job control, occupational climate and total stress score were statistical significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Job stress was found to be related with smoking status and nicotine dependence. Based on this result, it is suggested to enhance workers’ welfare for health promotion in workplace by improving their working environment in order to reduce job stress and consequently to decrease the smoking rate.

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Research Article

The association between shift work and depression in hotel workers: Hyun Jey Moon, Sang Hyun Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:29. Published online December 12, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0081-0

Abstract PDF

Background

Shift work is vital in hotel businesses as these businesses run 24 h daily regardless of holidays to accommodate customers. The number of shift workers in hotel businesses is expected to increase consistently and it is crucial to study the impact of shift work on hotel workers’ mental health. This study, therefore, aims to examine the association between depression and shift work in hotel workers. It especially focuses on investigating whether there is a difference in how closely these two are related depending on shift types.

Methods

A survey was conducted with 768 hotel workers who worked at two first-class hotels in Seoul. Out of 659 respondents total (response rate of 85.8 %), 506 respondents were selected as the final research subjects, excluding 153 respondents whose responses were incomplete. The survey was composed of questionnaires related to general characteristics, work-related characteristics, shift work, shift type, and depression level. The Korean Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was used to evaluate the subjects’ depression level. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted with depression as a dependent variable and shift type as an independent variable after relevant general and work-related characteristics were adjusted to examine the relationship between shift type and depression.

Results

After adjustment for relevant general and work-related characteristics, hotel workers had a significantly higher likelihood of belonging to the depression group than those with a fixed day shift, across all three shift types: rotating day shift (OR = 2.22, 95 % CI = 1.05–4.61), rotating night shift (OR = 2.63, 95 % CI = 1.11–6.24), and fixed night shift (OR = 3.46, 95 % CI = 1.02–11.74).

Conclusions

The results showed that shift work was significantly related to depression in hotel workers and the risk of depression clearly differed among shift types. In particular, fixed night shift workers were most vulnerable to depression. Rotating day shift workers without night work could also have a higher risk of depression.

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Research Article

Factors related to the physician and the employer influencing successful return to work in Korea: results from the first panel study of workers’ compensation insurance (PSWCI): Wanhyung Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jaehoon Roh, Yeong-Kwang Kim, Hongdeok Seok, June-Hee Lee, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:27. Published online December 11, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0076-x

Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study aims to investigate associated factors including the physician and the employer of successful return to work (RTW) in occupationally injured workers.

Methods

This study is based on the first panel study of workers’ compensation insurance (PSWCI), published in June 2014. The PSWCI is a sample survey of occupationally injured workers who completed medical care in 2012 (89,921 people). A total of 2000 subjects were sampled based on sex, age, nine metropolitan-based regions, disability ratings, duration of rehabilitation, and whether vocational rehabilitation service was used. We divided the study population into two groups: return to work (RTW) group (job retention, reemployment, unpaid family worker, and self-employment), and non-RTW group (joblessness and economical inactivity). The odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) related to differences in basic characteristics, part of physician and employer-related factors between those who succeeded to RTW and those who did not were measured using multivariable logistic regression model.

Results

The success of RTW is 70.6 % (n = 1412) among participants. The ORs (95 % CI) of the participants belonging to RTW who received periodic recovery assessment from the medical care institution and the physician are 1.51 (1.07–2.13). The ORs (95 % CI) are 1.68 (1.05–2.69) for the RTW group who received work ability assessment and referral for vocational return. When the employer maintains the relationship with the occupationally injured worker, the worker has 1.39 times higher odds (95 % CI: 1.41–2.26) of the RTW group compared to the non-RTW group.

Conclusions

The physician and the employer have a significant impact on the RTW.

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Suk Won Bae, Inchul Jeong, Jin-Ha Yoon, Seung Wook Lee, Tae Hyun Kim, Jong-Uk Won
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Effect of professional certification on employees’ return-to-work rate after occupational injuries in Korea: focusing on vulnerable groups
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Codi White, Rebecca A. Green, Samantha Ferguson, Sarah L. Anderson, Caroline Howe, Jing Sun, Nicholas Buys
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Changes in Income after an Industrial Accident According to Industry and Return-to-Work Status
Suk Won Bae, Sarah Soyeon Oh, Wha Me Park, Jaehoon Roh, Jong-Uk Won
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Income Changes Due to Disability Ratings and Participation in Economic Activities Caused by Industrial Accidents: A Population-Based Study of Data from the Fourth Panel Study of Workers’ Compensation Insurance (PSWCI)
Suk Won Bae, Sehyun Yun, Ye Seol Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jaehoon Roh, Jong-Uk Won
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(11): 2478. CrossRef
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Jongin Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
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Research Article

Factors associated with health-related quality of life in Korean older workers: Sujin Hong, Harin Jeong, Yunjeong Heo, Hosun Chun, Jongtae Park, Daeseong Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:25. Published online November 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0077-9

Abstract PDF

Objectives

The prevalence of aged individuals in the Korean workforce continues to increase. This research determined the health and working conditions of Korean older wage workers and confirmed the effects of factors on the health-related quality of life of Korean older workers.

Methods

Of the 25,534 persons surveyed in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1368 older (>55 years of age) wage workers without missing variables were selected. Their general characteristics, health status (cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease, and mental health), working conditions (type of occupation, employment status, full- or part-time work, weekly average working hours, and shift work), and health-related quality of life assessed by the EQ-5D questionnaire were examined.

Results

The mean values of the EQ-5D index of the male and female older workers were 0.956 ± 0.087 and 0.917 ± 0.124, respectively (p < 0.001). The factors that caused statistically significant differences in the EQ-5D index for all subjects were age, education, household income, cerebro-cardiovascular event, osteoarthritis, musculoskeletal pain, stress, occupation type, employment status, and working hours. In logistic regression analysis, the factors that associated with perceived problems in each EQ-5D dimensions were age, musculoskeletal pain, stress, diabetes, smoking, occupation type, employment status, and working hours.

Conclusions

To eventually raise the quality of life of older workers through health maintenance and management, it is necessary to manage related factors that include of musculoskeletal pain and diseases, stress, diabetes, smoking, occupation, employment status, and working hours.

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Research Article

Fatigue and related factors among hotel workers: the effects of emotional labor and non-standard working hours: Ju Jong Lee, Hyun Jey Moon, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:51. Published online December 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0051-y

Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study assessed fatigue and its association with emotional labor and non-standard working hours among hotel workers.

Methods

A structured self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 1,320 employees of five hotels located in Seoul. The questionnaire survey included questions concerning the participants’ sociodemographics, health-related behaviors, job-related factors, emotional labor, and fatigue. Fatigue was assessed using the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS). Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to determine the associations between fatigue and emotional labor.

Results

Among male workers, there was a significant association between fatigue and both emotional disharmony (OR=5.52, 95% CI=2.35-12.97) and emotional effort (OR=3.48, 95% CI=1.54-7.86). These same associations were seen among the female workers (emotional disharmony: OR=6.91, 95% CI=2.93-16.33; emotional effort: OR=2.28, 95% CI=1.00-5.16).

Conclusion

These results indicate that fatigue is associated with emotional labor and, especially, emotional disharmony among hotel workers. Therefore, emotional disharmony management would prove helpful for the prevention of fatigue.

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Case Report

A case of chronic myeloid leukemia in a diagnostic radiographer: Chulyong Park, Sungyeul Choi, Dohyung Kim, Jaechan Park, Saerom Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:54. Published online November 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0054-8

Abstract PDF

<bold>Background</bold>

Occupational radiation exposure causes certain types of cancer, specifically hematopoietic diseases like leukemia. In Korea, radiation exposure is monitored and recorded by law, and guidelines for compensation of radiation-related diseases were implemented in 2001. However, thus far, no occupation-related disease was approved for compensation under these guidelines. Here, we report the first case of radiation-related disease approved by the compensation committee of the Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service, based on the probability of causation.

<bold>Case presentation</bold>

A 45-year-old man complained of chronic fatigue and myalgia for several days. He was diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia. The patient was a diagnostic radiographer at a diagnostic radiation department and was exposed to ionizing radiation for 21 years before chronic myeloid leukemia was diagnosed. His job involved taking simple radiographs, computed tomography scans, and measuring bone marrow density.

<bold>Conclusion</bold>

To our knowledge, this is the first approved case report using quantitative assessment of radiation. More approved cases are expected based on objective radiation exposure data and the probability of causation. We need to find a resolution to the ongoing demands for appropriate compensation and improvements to the environment at radiation workplaces.

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Research Article

Workers’ experiences with compensated sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorder: a qualitative study: Min Choi, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jinwoo Lee, Hye-Eun Lee, Junsu Byun, Jong Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:33. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0033-0

Abstract PDF

Objectives

The most common occupational disease that is compensated by Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) in Korea is musculoskeletal disease (MSD). Although complaints about the workers’ compensation system have been raised by injured workers with MSD, studies that examine workers’ experiences with the Korean system are rare. This paper is a qualitative study designed to examine injured workers’ experiences with the workers’ compensation system in Korea. The aim of this study is to explore the drawbacks of the workers’ compensation system and to suggest ways to improve this system.

Methods

All workers from an automobile parts factory in Anseong, GyeongGi province who were compensated for MSD by IACI from January 2003 to August 2013 were invited to participate. Among these 153 workers, 142 workers completed the study. Semi-structured open-ended interviews and questionnaires were administered by occupational physicians. The responses of 131 workers were analyzed after excluding 11 workers, 7 of whom provided incomplete answers and 4 of whom were compensated by accidental injury. Based on their age, disease, department of employment, and compensation time, 16 of these 131 workers were invited to participate in an individual in-depth interview. In-depth interviews were conducted by one of 3 occupational physicians until the interview contents were saturated.

Results

Injured workers with MSD reported that the workers’ compensation system was intimidating. These workers suffered more emotional distress than physical illness due to the workers’ compensation system. Injured workers reported that they were treated inadequately and remained isolated for most of the recuperation period. The compensation period was terminated without ample guidance or a plan for an appropriate rehabilitation process.

Conclusions

Interventions to alleviate the negative experiences of injured workers, including quality control of the medical care institutions and provisions for mental and psychological care for injured workers, are needed to help injured workers return to work earlier and more healthy.

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Chairless Chairs for Orthopedic Surgery Purpose – A Literature Review
Gatot Santoso, S. Sugiharto, Abdul Mughni, Muhammad Imam Ammarullah, Athanasius P. Bayuseno, J. Jamari
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Factors related to the physician and the employer influencing successful return to work in Korea: results from the first panel study of workers’ compensation insurance (PSWCI)
Wanhyung Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jaehoon Roh, Yeong-Kwang Kim, Hongdeok Seok, June-Hee Lee, Jong-Uk Won
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
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Research Article

Effect of Long Working Hours on Self-reported Hypertension among Middle-aged and Older Wage Workers: Dong Hyun Yoo, Mo-yeol Kang, Domyung Paek, Bokki Min, Sung-il Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:25. Published online September 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0025-0

Abstract PDF

Objectives

Many studies have reported an association between overwork and hypertension. However, research on the health effects of long working hours has yielded inconclusive results. The objective of this study was to identify an association between overtime work and hypertension in wage workers 45 years and over of age using prospective data.

Methods

Wage workers in Korea aged 45 years and over were selected for inclusion in this study from among 10,254 subjects from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Workers with baseline hypertension and those with other major diseases were excluded. In the end, a total of 1,079 subjects were included. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios and adjust for baseline characteristics such as sex, age, education, income, occupation, form of employment, body mass index, alcohol habit, smoking habit, regular exercise, and number of working days per week. Additional models were used to calculate hazard ratios after gender stratification.

Results

Among the 1,079 subjects, 85 workers were diagnosed with hypertension during 3974.2 person-months. The average number of working hours per week for all subjects was 47.68. The proportion of overtime workers was 61.0% (cutoff, 40 h per week). Compared with those working 40 h and less per week, the hazard ratio of subjects in the final model, which adjusted for all selected variables, working 41-50 h per week was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–4.06), that of subjects working 51-60 h per week was 2.40 (95% CI, 1.07–5.39), and that of subjects working 61 h and over per week was 2.87 (95% CI, 1.33–6.20). In gender stratification models, the hazard ratio of the females tended to be higher than that of the males.

Conclusion

As the number of working hours per week increased, the hazard ratio for diagnosis of hypertension significantly increased. This result suggests a positive association between overtime work and the risk of hypertension.

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between long working hours and hypertension risk
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Research Article

Discordance in Spirometric Interpretations Based on Korean and Non-Korean Reference Equations: Nami Kim, Mi-Hee Park, Se-yeong Kim, Chunhui Suh, Sangyoon Lee, Kun-Hyung Kim, Chae-Kwan Lee, Dae-Hwan Kim, Jong-Tae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:42. Published online December 27, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-42

Abstract PDF

Objectives

Korean regression models for spirometric reference values are different from those of other ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate discordance in spirometric interpretations based on using Korean reference equations versus non-Korean reference equations.

Methods

Spirometry was performed on 825 Korean male workers from April 2009 to November 2011. The spirometric patterns and disease severity were evaluated using two Korean equations (Choi's and Lee's) and three equations for Caucasians (NHANES III, Morris's, and Knudson's), and the results of Choi's equation were compared with the non-Korean equations. The spirometric patterns were defined as normal, restrictive, and mild and moderate obstructive.

Results

The mean differences in the FEV₁% and FVC% between the two Korean equations were 2.0 ± 1.3% and 3.5 ± 2.2%, respectively. Morris's equation had the greatest difference in the FEV₁% from Choi's equation: 32.9 ± 8.5%. Knudson's equation had the greatest difference in the FVC% from Choi's equation: 10.5 ± 6.5%.

Conclusions

The two Korean equations shared similar characteristics of spirometric interpretation. The spirometric interpretations of Choi's equation were significantly different from those of Morris's equation and Knudson's equation.

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Pulmonary function tests: an integrated approach to interpreting results in the search for treatable traits
Agnaldo José Lopes
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Agnaldo José Lopes
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Research Article

The Association between Shift Work and the Metabolic Syndrome in Female Workers: Han Hui Ye, Jae Uk Jeong, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:33. Published online November 1, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-33

Abstract PDF

Objective

This study aimed to determine identify any association between shift work and the metabolic syndrome by comparing the prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome in shift work groups and daytime work groups for female workers.

Methods

Based on data from health examinations carried out from April to December of 2012, we selected as our subjects 254 female workers from the Daegu area Dyeing Industrial Complex. We diagnosed the metabolic syndrome using the examination results, and information about age, whether or not they did shift work, job type, smoking habits, drinking habits, exercise habits, and past medical history was collected through self-administered questionnaire surveys and face-to-face interviews. The variables found in a univariate analysis to be significant in the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome - age, drinking habits, exercise habits, and shift work - were included in a logistic regression analysis of the risk of the metabolic syndrome for female workers.

Results

The prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome for the total group of study subjects was 11.8%, for daytime workers was 2.8%, and for shift workers was 15.3%. A logistic regression analysis of the odds of the metabolic syndrome for female workers was conducted that included factors associated with the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome: age, drinking habits, exercise habits, and shift work. The results revealed that the odds ratio of the metabolic syndrome in the shift work group, 6.30 (95% CI 1.24-32.15), was significantly higher when compared with the daytime work group.

Conclusion

Shift work appears to have an association with the metabolic syndrome in female workers. Accordingly, we believe that the attention of government agencies and business owners is needed together with the individual practice of health behaviors to manage the metabolic syndrome for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in female shift workers.

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Research Article

Association between work-related health problems and job insecurity in permanent and temporary employees: Won-Wook Lee, Jae-Bum Park, Kyoung-Bok Min, Kyung-Jong Lee, Min-Su Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:15. Published online September 11, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-15

Abstract PDF

Objectives

This research was conducted with an aim of determining the correlation between job insecurity and an employee’s work-related health problems among permanent and temporary workers.

Methods

Using the data from the First Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2006, a total of 7,071 workers, excluding employers and the self-employed, were analyzed. Work-related health problems were categorized as backache, headache, abdominal pain, muscular pain, stress, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety or depression. Each problem was then analyzed for its relationship to job insecurity through logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among the 7,071 workers, 5,294 (74.9%) were permanent workers and 1,777 (25.1%) were temporary workers. For the permanent workers, presence of high or moderate job insecurity appeared more closely linked to backache, headache, abdominal pain, muscular pain, stress, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety, and depression compared to absence of job insecurity. However, for the temporary workers, only depression appeared to be associated with the presence of high job insecurity.

Conclusion

The study showed that the presence of job insecurity is correlated with work-related health problems. The deleterious effects of job insecurity appeared to be stronger in permanent than temporary workers. Additional research should investigate ways to effectively reduce job insecurity.

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