Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

[Special Collection] Paid Sick Leave and Sickness Benefits: Toward the Right to Rest When Sick

Review

Medical certification in sickness benefit scheme (II): practical approaches for evaluating work disability: Yangwoo Kim, Inah Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e24. Published online July 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e24

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Work disability evaluation plays a central role in medical certification in sickness benefit schemes. This guides effective decision making for return-to-work timelines. Countries that incorporate it have varied approaches. To improve fairness and consistency, Sweden adopted disease-specific guidelines, particularly for complex health conditions such as mental disorders, cancer, and neurological diseases, whereas in the United Kingdom, a fit note system highlights the ease of fitness-for-work assessments in clinical settings. For a successful implementation of the sickness benefit scheme in Korea, it is essential to review international acumen in work disability evaluation and medical certification. This study also examines challenges that physicians face in certification, factors influencing assessments, and the usefulness of disease-specific guidelines. In many countries, administrative burdens, uncertainty in diagnosis, and ethical conflicts complicate physicians' tasks. Countries such as Sweden, France, and Ireland, have addressed these issues by developing structured certification tools and support systems. Learnings from the recent Korean pilot programs, this review identifies the following core priorities: developing disease-specific guidelines, providing clinical support for physicians’ decisions, and integrating occupational health expertise. These guidelines should function not only as administrative checklists, but also as potential clinical tools that consider both patient functionality and job characteristics. Finally, this study offers policy and practical insights to help design a consistent and fair medical certification system for Korea’s sickness benefit program that encourages timely medical intervention, prevents presenteeism, and promotes sustainable workforce reintegration.

상병수당 제도에서의 의료인증체계(2): 근로능력 평가의 실제
근로능력 평가는 상병수당 의료인증체계에서 가장 핵심적인 요소로, 근로활동불가기간을 정확히 산정하여 근로자의 적절한 직장복귀를 지원한다. 국가마다 근로능력 평가 방식은 상이하며, 형평성과 일관성을 제고하기 위해 스웨덴 등은 질병별 가이드라인을 도입하였다. 특히 스웨덴은 정신질환, 암, 신경계 질환과 같이 평가가 어려운 질병군까지 포함하는 포괄적인 지침을 보유하고 있다. 영국의 핏 노트 제도는 업무적합성 평가를 임상 현장에서 어떻게 적용할 수 있는지에 대한 구체적 사례를 제공한다.
한국의 상병수당 제도가 성공적으로 도입되기 위해서는, 근로능력 평가와 상병수당 의료인증에 관한 국제적 경험을 고찰하는 것이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 의료인증 과정에서 의사가 겪는 어려움, 근로능력 평가에 영향을 미치는 요인, 질병별 가이드라인의 활용 가능성 등을 함께 분석하였다. 여러 나라에서 진단 불확실성, 행정 부담, 윤리적 갈등 등으로 인해 의료진이 인증 업무에 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 스웨덴·프랑스·아일랜드 등은 이를 해결하기 위해 구조화된 인증 도구와 지원 체계를 마련하고 있다.
한국의 시범사업 경험을 바탕으로, 본 논문은 질병별 가이드라인 개발, 임상의의 의사결정 지원 체계 마련, 직업보건 전문성의 제도적 통합을 제시하고자 하였다. 이러한 지침은 단순한 행정 문서가 아닌, 환자의 기능과 직무 특성을 반영한 임상 도구로서 기능해야 할 것이다.

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Predictors of prolonged sickness absence after work injuries: a retrospective study using Tukey’s Fence in 66,658 Hong Kong workers
Ziyu Wan, Hayley Y.W. Gu, Heidi K.Y. Lo, Jianfei Xie, Karen P.Y. Liu, Andy S.K. Cheng, Peter H.F. Ng
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Commuting time and musculoskeletal pain in the relationship with working time: a cross-sectional study: Hoje Ryu, Seong-Sik Cho, Jung Il Kim, Sun-Haeng Choi, Nathan Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e4. Published online February 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e4

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Commuting is essential for working life; however, prolonged travel times can negatively affect health, particularly musculoskeletal pain. This study aims to examine the relationship between commuting time and musculoskeletal pain (back, upper extremity, and lower extremity pain), in the context of working time.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used data from the Sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in Korea between October 2020 and April 2021. Variables such as commuting time, weekly working hours, and shift work were assessed using the survey questions. Musculoskeletal pain was determined based on self-reported pains in the previous year. The covariates included demographics, employment status, ergonomic risks, and job stress. The association between commuting time and musculoskeletal pain stratified by weekly working hours or shift work was analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression analysis.
Results
This study found a significant association between longer commuting times and increased prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, particularly back, upper extremity, and lower extremity pain. When commuting time was ≤60, 61–120, >120 minutes, the odds ratio was 1.00, 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–1.52), and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.77–3.29) for back pain; 1.00, 1.29 (95% CI: 1.13–1.46), and 2.27 (95% CI: 1.71–3.00) for upper extremity pain; and 1.00, 1.24 (95% CI: 1.05–1.45), and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.13–2.08) for lower extremity pain, respectively. Furthermore, except for upper extremity pain, this trend was amplified when participants were concurrently exposed to long working hours, and for lower extremity pain, this trend was aggravated among shift workers.
Conclusions
Long commuting time may be a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain, and its’ effects could be aggravated when combined with long working hours or shift work. This study observed the detrimental impact of prolonged commuting on musculoskeletal health, particularly among employees with extended working hours or shift work.

노동 시간 및 교대근무 여부에 따른 통근 시간과 근골격계 통증의 연관성
목적
통근 시간은 업무에 필수적인 요소이며 긴 통근 시간은 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수도 있다. 이 연구에서는 통근 시간과 근골격계 통증(허리, 상지 및 하지 통증)의 연관성을 노동 시간(장시간 노동 및 교대근무)을 고려하여 조사하였다.
방법
이 연구는 제6차 취업자근로환경조사의 자료를 이용하였다. 통근 시간, 주당 근무 시간, 교대근무 여부는 설문조사를 통해 조사하였다. 근골격계 통증은 지난 1년간 자가 보고된 건강 문제를 통해 평가하였다. 공변량에는 인구통계학적 요인, 고용 상태, 인간공학적 요인 및 직업 스트레스 요인이 포함되었다. 통근 시간과 근골격계 통증과의 연관성을 주당 근무시간 또는 교대근무 여부에 따라 계층화하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다.
결과
통근 시간이 60분 이하, 61~120분, 120분 이상일 때 요통에 대한 odds ratio는 1.00, 1.33(95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.16-1.52), 2.41(95% CI: 1.77-3.29); 상지 통증은 1.00, 1.29(95% CI: 1.13-1.46), 2.27(95% CI: 1.71-3.00); 하지 통증은 1.00, 1.24(95% CI: 1.05-1.45), 1.53(95% CI: 1.13-2.08)이었다. 또한 상지 통증을 제외하고는 장시간 노동을 병행하는 경우 오즈비가 증가하는 경향과 하지 통증의 경우 교대 근무자에서 증가되는 경향이 관찰되었다.
결론
긴 통근시간은 근골격계 통증의 위험 요인이 될 수 있으며, 장시간 노동이나 교대근무에 동시에 노출되면 해로운 영향이 증가될 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 긴 통근시간이 근골격계 건강에 해로운 영향을 미칠 수도 있다는 점을 보여주며, 특히 장시간 노동이나 교대근무를 하는 근로자 집단에서 그 영향이 커질 수 있음을 시사한다.

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Association between shift work and brain age gap: a neuroimaging study using MRI-based brain age prediction algorithms
Youjin Kim, Joon Yul Choi, Evgeny Petrovskiy, Wanhyung Lee
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Bidirectional genetic associations between chronotype and shift work: A Mendelian randomization study
Youjin Kim, Jongin Lee, Jeehee Min, Min Young Park, Seung-Yeon Lee, Seunghyun Lee, Wanhyung Lee
Chronobiology International.2025; 42(12): 1736. CrossRef

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Original Article

Video analysis of biomechanical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in loincloths female weavers Faso Dan Fani in Burkina Faso: Amidou Sawadogo, Brigitte Nana, Brahima Ouédraogo, Abdoul Rahamane Cissé; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e29. Published online December 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e29

Abstract PDF

Background
The purpose of this study is to describe the kinematic characteristics of manual weaving related to the biomechanical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders.
Methods
Twelve professional female weavers participated in this study. The video recording of their workstations was performed perpendicularly in the sagittal and transverse planes in a synchronized manner, at about 2.45 m and for 5 minutes. The videos were then analyzed using the Kinove software. Statistical processing by the statistical SPSS 22 software.
Results
The results identified a succession of cycles, each with two important phases called the “interlacing” phase and the “winding/adjustment” phase. The average cycle time is 127.9 ± 11.7 seconds. The “interlacing” phase is the longest and concerns an average 80% of the cycle time or 103.5 ± 35.9 seconds. The segmental movements are mainly flexion-extension type with angular variations constantly above the acceptable limits. It is the same for the repetitiveness of the movements which solicit the upper limb and the trunk particularly.
Conclusions
These results recommend one of the actions to prevent musculoskeletal disorders including instructions on postures and frequencies of weaving movements as well as physical exercises adapted to the physical needs of practitioners.

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Effects of an Outdoor Physical Exercise Program on the Quality of Life of Women Weavers of Faso Danfani in the City of Ouagadougou
Amidou Sawadogo, Brigitte Nana, Brahima Ouédraogo, Kadidiatou Bamba, Marthe Sandrine Sanon Lompo
Open Journal of Applied Sciences.2026; 16(01): 354. CrossRef

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Original Article

Association between single-person household wage workers in South Korea and insomnia symptoms: the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS): Yoon Ho Lee, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Soon-Chan Kwon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e25. Published online September 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e25

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background
The rise in single-person households is a global phenomenon with well-documented implications for both physical and mental well-being. However, there remains a scarcity of studies focusing specifically on the health impacts of single-person households on workers. This study aims to address this gap by comparing insomnia symptoms between single- and multi-person household workers, shedding light on the health implications of household composition.
Methods
This study utilized data from the Sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey. Insomnia symptoms were categorized into normal sleep and insomnia symptom groups utilizing the 3-item Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the association between single-person household wage workers and insomnia symptoms.
Results
In comparison to wage workers from multi-person households, those from single-person households exhibited heightened risks of reporting insomnia symptoms. In the fully adjusted model, the odds ratios for symptoms of insomnia among single-person household wage workers was 1.173 (95% confidence interval: 1.020–1.349).
Conclusions
This study underscores that single-person household wage workers in Korea face an elevated risk of insomnia symptoms compared to their counterparts in multi-person households.

한국 1인 가구 임금근로자와 불면증 증상들의 연관성: 제6차 한국근로환경조사 (KWCS)
목적
기존 연구에 의하면 1인 가구와 건강 문제는 부정적인 연관성을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있으나 1인 가구 임금 근로자들에 대한 연구는 부족해 보인다. 이에 임금 근로자들을 대상으로 1인 가구의 불면증 증상의 실태를 파악하고 다인 가구 임금 근로자들과 비교하여 1인 가구 근로자가 건강에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 연구해보고자 한다.
방법
이 연구는 제6차 근로환경조사의 원시자료를 이용한 단면 연구이다. 불면증 증상의 경우 Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale (MISS)를 사용하여 평가되었다. 다인 가구 임금 근로자군과 비교했을 때 1인 가구 임금 근로자군과 불면증 증상 간의 연관성을 연구하기 위해 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다.
결과
다인 가구 임금 근로자군과 비교했을 때 1인 가구 임금 근로자군의 불면증 증상에 대한 교차비(OR)은 1.173 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.020-1.349)로 나타났다.
결론
연구 결과 한국의 1인 가구 임금 근로자는 다인 가구 임금 근로자에 비해 불면증 증상을 보일 위험이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 1인 가구 근로자의 증가 추세는 근로자의 건강에 영향을 미치는 요인으로서 관심이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

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Influencing Factors of Quality of Life Among Korean Women in One-Person and Multiperson Households: Analysis of the 8th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi-Rae An, Seul-Gi Jeong, Ju-Hee Nho
Journal of Korean Maternal and Child Health.2025; 29(4): 228. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effect of job satisfaction on depression after adjusting for satisfaction with other life domains: SeongCheol Yang, Ji Hoon Kim, Minju Jung, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jong-Han Leem, Shin-Goo Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e8. Published online March 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e8

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Studies on the association between job satisfaction and depression have often been reported. However, no study has examined how job satisfaction impacts depression while considering satisfaction with other aspects of life. In this study, we evaluated the effect of job satisfaction on depression after adjusting for satisfaction with other domains of life.

Methods

We used data from the 16th wave of the Korean Welfare Panel Study. A total of 3568 current employees without depression who completed a survey were included. Depression was measured using the abbreviated version of the CES-D scale. Various types of satisfaction, including job satisfaction, were measured using single-item questions and a 5-point Likert scale. The association between job satisfaction and depression after considering satisfaction with other life domains was analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model.

Results

Crude models showed a significant association between job satisfaction and depression in males (odds ratio [OR]: 7.90; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.11–15.23) and females (OR: 7.12; 95% CI: 4.40–11.50). When adjusted for sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and work-related factors, the association remained significant in males (OR: 6.20; 95% CI: 3.10–12.41) and females (OR: 6.28; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.79–10.40). However, when satisfaction with other life domains was included, the association remained significant only in females (OR: 3.55; 95% CI: 1.93–6.50).

Conclusions

This study shows an association between job satisfaction and depression in Korean employees. However, when satisfaction with other life domains was considered, this association remained significant only in women. Regular screening of job satisfaction should be considered as a means of preventing and managing depression among female employees.

삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들을 보정한 후 일 만족도가 우울에 미치는 영향
목적
과거의 많은 연구들에서 일 만족도와 우울 사이에 연관성이 있음이 밝혀졌다. 그러나, 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들까지 고려하여 일 만족도가 우울에 미치는 영향을 조사한 연구는 현재까지 없었다. 이번 연구는 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들을 보정하여 일 만족도와 우울 사이의 연관성을 평가하였다.
방법
본 연구는 한국복지패널 (Korean Welfare Panel Study)의 16차 조사자료를 활용하였다. 우울증을 진단받은 적이 없고 설문을 완료한 총 3568명의 임금 근로자가 선정되었다. 우울은 축약형 CES-D를 이용하여 평가했으며, 직업 만족도를 포함한 여러 만족도들은 5점 리커트 척도로 구성된 단일 문항으로 평가했다. 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들에 대해 보정하여 직업 만족도와 우울간의 연관성을 분석하기 위해 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하였다.
결과
보정되지 않은 모형에서 우울에 대한 오즈비는 남성의 경우 일 만족 그룹에 비해 일 불만족 그룹에서 7.90 (95% CI: 4.11-15.23), 여성의 경우 7.12 (95% CI: 4.40-11.50)였다. 사회인구학적 요인, 건강 요인, 직업 관련 요인에 대해 보정했을 때도 남성에서 오즈비 6.20 (95% CI: 3.10-12.41), 여성에서 오즈비 6.28 (95% CI: 3.79-10.40)이었다. 그러나, 추가로 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들에 대해 보정하여 분석했을 때는, 여성에서만 일 만족도와 우울 간에 유의미한 연관성이 나타났다 (OR=3.55, 95% CI: 1.93-6.50).
결론
연구결과에 따르면, 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들을 고려하여 분석했을 때 일 만족도와 우울 사이의 연관성은 여성에서만 유의미했다. 우울을 예방하기 위한 한 방법으로, 직장에서 여성 근로자들에 대해 정기적으로 직업 만족도를 확인하고 관리해야 할 것이다.

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Lacir José Santin Júnior, Bianca Gonzalez Martins, Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, Ana Claudia Souza Vazquez, Maria Helena Palucci Marziale, Isabel Amelia Costa Mendes, Neyson Pinheiro Freire, Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Hans De Witte, Fernanda Ludmilla Ro
Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Kemal Koksal, Seval Aksoy Kuru
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Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
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Büşra Bozkurt, Hatice Gökçe Demirel
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Associations of long working hours with the use of combustible cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products among young adults: a population-based study of South Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

The association of job training duration and risk of depression among wage workers: an analysis of the mediating factors: Dong Geon Kim, Dong Kyu Kim, Kiook Baek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e7. Published online March 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e7

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Research on job training and job satisfaction has been conducted from various perspectives. Job training is thought to be associated with job satisfaction, which is known as an important factor for depression among workers. We hypothesized that job training duration could influence depression through potential mediators (job satisfaction, motivation to work, and work engagement).
Methods
This study encompassed participants from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), conducted between 2020 and 2021. To show the relationships between demographic or occupational characteristics and risk of depression, a χ² test was conducted. The association between job training duration, potential mediators, and risk of depression was analyzed by constructing multiple logistic regression models. The mediating effects of potential mediators on job training duration and risk of depression was evaluated with flexible mediation analysis with weighting-based methods.
Results
The final study population consisted of 25,294 participants. Longer job training duration significantly decreased risk of depression after adjusting for confounders. In the group that received the longest job training duration (≥ 10 days), compared with the group without job training, the odds ratio (OR) for high risk of depression was 0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39–0.54). Each three potential mediators showed statistically significant indirect effects and direct effect. Although indirect effects were not strong compared to direct effect, motivation to work had the strongest mediating effect in this study, with an OR of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.92–0.95).
Conclusions
Job training duration was found to have a statistically significant negative association on the risk of depression, and three mediators partially mediating this effect. Although the mechanism was unknown, our findings suggest that job training has a positive influence on workers' mental health. Furthermore, by suggesting the possibility of other pathways existing between job training and depression, we provide directions for future research.; 임금근로자에서 직무교육과 우울증 사이의 연관성: 매개요인 분석
목적
직무교육과 직무만족도에 대한 연구는 다양한 관점에서 진행되었다. 직무교육은 직무만족도와 연관이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 근로자들에 있어 우울증의 중요한 요인 중 하나로 직무만족도가 지목되고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 직무교육기간이 잠재적인 매개요인들(직무만족도, 직무동기, 직무열의)를 통해 우울증에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 거라는 가설을 세웠다.
방법
이 연구는 2020년부터 2021년까지 시행한 제6차 근로환경조사에서 데이터를 얻었다. 우울증과 직업적, 인구적 특성의 관계를 분석하기 위해 카이 제곱 검정을 시행하였다. 직무교육 일수와 우울증 위험도의 관계를 확인하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였으며, 잠재적 매개요인들의 매개효과를 분석하기 위해 가중치를 부여하여, flexible mediation analysis를 시행하였다.
결과
최종적으로 연구에 참여한 참가자는 25,294명이었다. 긴 직무교육을 받은 그룹일수록 유의하게 우울증의 위험도가 감소하였다. 가장 긴 교육(10일 이상)을 받은 군은 교육을 받지 않은 군에 비해 우울증 위험도의 오즈비가 0.46 (95% 신뢰구간 0.39-0.54) 였다. 각각의 매개요인들에서 간접효과와 직접효과 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다. 간접효과는 직접효과에 비해 크지 않았고, 가장 강한 간접효과는 직무동기에서, 1-3일의 직무훈련을 받은 경우, 오즈비는 0.94 (95% 신뢰구간 0.92-0.95) 였다.
결론
이 연구를 통해 직무교육은 우울증 위험도에 유의한 영향을 끼치며, 그 과정에 직무만족도와 다른 요인들이 부분적인 매개효과를 가진다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그 기전을 알 수는 없었지만, 이번 연구를 통해 직무교육은 근로자의 정신건강에도 긍정적인 효과를 가진다는 것을 보일 수 있었다. 또한 직무교육과 우울증 사이의 다른 매개 경로가 있을 가능성을 제시함으로써, 추후 연구의 방향을 제시할 수 있었다.

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Original Article

The impact of alcohol consumption on hearing loss in male workers with a focus on alcohol flushing reaction: the Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study: Jaehong Lee, Youshik Jeong, Jihoon Kim, Seonghyeon Kwon, Eunhye Seo, Jinsook Jeong, Woncheol Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e1. Published online January 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e1

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Despite hearing loss being a prevalent chronic condition, estimated to nearly 20% of the global population by the World Health Organization, the specific association with individual lifestyle factors, particularly alcohol consumption, remains unclear. In South Korea, approximately 80% of the population engages in alcohol consumption, with a notably high prevalence among males, indicating a high-risk drinking pattern. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the correlation between alcohol consumption and hearing loss in male workers, as well as to analyze additional variables such as alcohol flushing reaction, with the intention of improving worker health.

Methods

The study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2019, targeting 114,114 participants who visited Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Total Healthcare Centers. Data were collected through pure-tone audiometry tests and alcohol-related questionnaire, and statistical analysis was performed using Cox regression analysis. Based on previous studies indicating a potential protective effect of light drinking on hearing loss, this group was designated as the reference. Additionally, stratified analyses were conducted based on the presence of alcohol flushing reaction and different working hours.

Results

The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for hearing loss was higher in the heavy drinking group (1.23 [1.11–1.37]) compared to the moderate drinking group (1.09 [0.98–1.20]). Stratified analyses revealed a significantly elevated the hazard ratio of hearing loss in groups with alcohol flushing reaction compared to those without this factor.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that moderate or heavy alcohol consumption in male workers can increase the risk of hearing loss, particularly in those with alcohol flushing reaction. These findings underscore the importance of addressing alcohol-related factors concerning hearing health among male workers.

알코올 안면홍조 중심으로 살펴본 남성 근로자에서 음주습관이 청력손실에 미치는 영향: 강북삼성 코호트연구
목적
청력손실은 세계보건기구(WHO)가 인구 20% 가까이로 그 유병률을 추정할 만큼 흔한 만성질환임에도 불구하고 개인의 생활습관 요인, 특히 음주에 따른 연관성은 아직 명확하게 밝혀진 바 없다. 한국건강증진개발원에 따르면 대한민국의 음주 인구는 80%에 육박하며 남성의 고위험 음주율이 특징적으로 높았다. 따라서 우리는 청력손실과 관련된 근로자 건강 증진을 도모하고자 남성 근로자에서 음주습관 및 청력손실 간 연관성 평가 및 알코올 안면홍조 추가 변수 분석을 수행하였다.
방법
연구는 2012년 1월부터 2019년 12월 사이 강북삼성병원 종합건강검진센터에 방문한 114,114명의 수검자들을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 순음청력검사 및 음주 설문으로 데이터를 수집하였고 통계 분석은 Cox 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 과거 연구들에서 가벼운 음주가 오히려 청력손실에 보호효과를 나타내었으므로 해당 그룹을 참조(reference)로 지정하였다. 추가적으로 알코올 안면홍조 여부에 따른 층화분석을 시행하였다.
결과
청력손실의 위험비(95% 신뢰구간)는 중간 음주 그룹 1.09(0.98-1.20)에 비해 대량 음주 그룹이 1.23(1.11-1.37)로 더 높았다. 층화분석에서는 알코올 안면홍조가 있는 음주 그룹에서의 청력손실 위험비가 그렇지 않은 음주 그룹보다 유의하게 높은 경향을 보였다.
결론
우리는 연구를 통해 남성 근로자들에서 중간 또는 대량 음주는 청력손실의 발생 위험을 높일 수 있고, 특히 알코올 안면홍조가 있는 남성 근로자들은 그 위험도가 더 증가함을 밝혀낼 수 있었다.

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Prevalence of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss among Truck Drivers: a Cross-Sectional Study in Lucknow
Anupam Mehrotra, Sheo P. Shukla, Arvind K. Shukla, Manish K. Manar, Shivendra K. Singh, Monica Mehrotra
Noise and Health.2025; 27(124): 72. CrossRef

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Original Article

Association between hearing loss and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: the Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study: Jihoon Kim, Yesung Lee, Eunhye Seo, Daehoon Kim, Jaehong Lee, Youshik Jeong, Seonghyun Kwon, Jinsook Jeong, Woncheol Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e38. Published online September 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e38

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Hearing loss (HL) is linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The pathogeneses of HL and CVD commonly involve inflammatory responses. Previous studies investigated elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers in subjects with HL, however, their findings did not demonstrate statistical significance. In our cross-sectional and longitudinal study, we investigated the correlation between HL and increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels to determine how HL is associated with CVDs.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study with workers aged over 18 years who underwent health check-ups at our institution between 2012 and 2018 (n = 566,507), followed by conducting a longitudinal study of workers aged > 18 who underwent health checkups at least twice at our institution between 2012 and 2018 (n = 173,794). The definition of HL was as an average threshold of ≥ 20 dB in pure-tone air conduction at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz in both ears. The incidence of increased hsCRP levels throughout the follow-up period was defined as a level exceeding 3 mg/L. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were performed to estimate the risk of increased hsCRP levels according to the occurrence of HL in groups stratified by age.

Results

In the cross-sectional study, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.34); the OR was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.80–1.22) in those under 40 and 1.28 (1.08–1.53) in those over 40. In the longitudinal study, the multivariable-adjusted OR was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.92–1.19); the OR was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.90–1.35) in those under 40 and 1.20 (1.01–1.43) in those over 40.

Conclusions

This cross-sectional and longitudinal study identified an association between HL and increased hsCRP levels in workers aged over 40 years.

청력손실과 고감도 C-반응단백의 연관성
목적
청력손실은 심혈관질환 발생 및 사망률 증가와 관련 있다. 청력손실과 심혈관질환의 병인은 공통으로 염증반응을 포함한다. 몇몇 연구에서 청력손실 환자의 염증성 바이오마커 수치가 증가했음을 연구하였으나 유의하지 않은 결과를 제시하였다. 따라서 본 단면연구 및 종단연구에서는 청력손실이 심혈관질환과 어떠한 관련성이 있는지 알아보기 위해 청력손실과 염증성 바이오마커인 고감도 C-반응단백의 연관성을 연구하였다.
방법
2012년부터 2018년까지 우리 기관에서 건강검진을 받은 18세 이상의 근로자를 대상으로 단면연구를 수행하였다 (n=566,507). 이후 2012년부터 2018년까지 우리 기관에서 건강검진을 2회 이상 받은 18세 이상의 근로자를 대상으로 종단연구를 수행하였다 (n=173,794). 청력손실은 3분법에 의한 순음청력역치가 양측 모두 20 dB 이상인 경우로 정의하였다. 추적관찰 동안 고감도 C-반응단백의 증가는 혈중 농도 3 mg/L 초과인 경우로 정의하였다. 청력손실 발생에 따른 고감도 C-반응단백 증가의 위험을 분석하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석과 일반화 추정방정식을 활용하였다. 또한 연령에 따라 계층화하여 추가적인 분석을 하였다.
결과
단면연구에서 최종참가자 204,091명 중 난청 유병률은 0.02% 이었다. 다변량 보정 교차비는 1.17 (95% 신뢰구간 1.02-1.34) 이었다. 40세 이하와 초과인 군에서는 각각 0.99 (0.80-1.22) 와 1.28 (1.08-1.53) 이었다. 종단연구에서 추적관찰 동안 고감도 C-반응단백 수치는 청력손실군 2,349 명 중 272 명, 비청력손실군 116,301명 중 11,049 명에서 증가하였다. 다변수 보정 교차비는 1.05 (95% 신뢰구간 0.92-1.19) 이었다. 40세 이하와 초과인 군에서는 각각 1.10 (0.90-1.35) 과 1.20 (1.01-1.43) 이었다.
결론
본 단면연구 및 종단연구에서는 40세 초과하는 근로자에서 청력손실과 고감도 C-반응단백의 증가에 유의한 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다.

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Associations Between Inflammation and Multisensory Impairment Among Older Adults
Willa D. Brenowitz, Christina R. Sheppler, Yue Leng, Kristine Yaffe
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.2025; 73(9): 2846. CrossRef

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Original Article

Particulate matter concentration effects on attention to environmental issues: a cross-sectional study among residents in Korea’s Pohang Industrial Complex: Hye-seung Ryu, Jea Chul Ha, Insung Chung, Seonhee Yang, Hyunjoo Kim, Sung-Deuk Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e31. Published online August 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e31

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

With modernization, air pollution has become increasingly serious, and its effects on health have been revealed. As a result, public interest in environmental pollution has become critical for regulating air pollution. In our study, we aim to evaluate the impact of air pollution levels on public attention to environmental issues and examine whether awareness of the residential environment’s impact on health acts as a mediator in this relationship.

Methods

We conducted an analysis on 400 individuals surveyed in the preliminary feasibility study on adverse health effects in the Pohang Industrial Complex, to examine the relationship between particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and attention to environmental issues. Logistic regression analysis was performed, and mediation analysis was used to determine whether awareness of the residential environment’s impact on health mediated the relationship.

Results

The logistic regression analysis results showed that PM2.5 levels were associated with attention to environmental issues (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–3.5; p = 0.003) and awareness of health impacts (AOR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.6–7.1; p = 0.001). The PM2.5 levels showed 9.9% (95% CI: 5.4–14.0) increase in the prevalence of high attention to environmental issues, of which, only 1.0% (95% CI: 0.2–2.3) were mediated by health impact awareness. In the overall analysis, 10% of the total effect of PM2.5 on attention to environmental issues was mediated by health impact awareness.

Conclusions

According to this study’s results, there was a correlation between air pollution levels and attention to environmental issues. Awareness of the health impacts of air pollution partially mediated the effect of air pollution levels on attention to environmental issues. In future studies, it is recommended to identify other mediators to further understand this structure.

미세먼지(Particular matter)농도가 환경문제에 대한 관심에 미치는 영향 : 포항시 거주민을 대상으로 한 단면연구
목적
근현대화가 진행되어오면서 대기오염은 심각해지고 대기오염에 의한 건강영향이 밝혀지면서 대기오염을 규제하기위해 환경오염에 대한 대중의 관심도가 중요해졌다. 이번 연구에서는 대기오염 수치가 환경오염에 대한 관심도에 미치는 영향을 평가하고 그 구조로써 건강영향에 대한 인식이 매개체로써 작용하는지 탐구하고자 하였다.
방법
포항 산업단지 건강피해 예비타당성 위해소통 설문조사에서 파악된 400명에 대하여 분석을 시행하였다. PM2.5와 환경오염에 대한 관심의 관계에 대해서 보기위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였고, 그 구조를 파악하기 위해 매개분석을 사용하여 건강영향에 대한 인식이 매개체로써 작용하는지 확인하였다.
결과
로지스틱 분석 결과 PM2.5 수치는 환경에 대한 관심과 관련이 있었고([AOR]: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3, 3.5, P = 0.003), 건강영향에 대한 인식도와도 관련이 있었다(AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.6, 7.1, P = 0.001). PM2.5수치는 전체 환경에 대한 관심도에 비교위험(%)이 9.9 (95 % CI: 5.4, 14.0)인데 전체에서 1.0 (95 % CI: 0.2, 2.3) 만이 건강영향 인식도에 의해 매개되는 비교위험이다. 전체 분석 결과에서 PM2.5가 환경에 대한 관심에 미치는 전체 영향의 10%가 건강영향 인식에 매개되었다.
결론
연구결과에 따르면 대기오염 수준은 환경오염에 대한 관심도와 관련이 있었다. 건강영향에 대한 인식은 대기오염수준이 환경오염에 대한 관심도에 미치는 영향의 일부를 매개하였다.

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Association between exposure to ambient particulate matter and high sensitivity C-reactive protein: A nationwide study in South Korea, 2015–2018
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Atmospheric Environment.2024; 339: 120856. CrossRef

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Original Article

Population attributable fraction of indicators for musculoskeletal diseases: a cross-sectional study of fishers in Korea: Jaehoo Lee, Bohyun Sim, Bonggyun Ju, Chul Gab Lee, Ki-Soo Park, Mi-Ji Kim, Jeong Ho Kim, Kunhyung Kim, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e23. Published online September 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e23

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

The musculoskeletal disease (MSD) burden is an important health problem among Korean fishers. We aimed to investigate the indicators of the prevalence of MSD and contributions of significant indicators to MSD in Korean fishers.

Methods

This cross-section study included 927 fishers (male, 371; female, 556) aged 40 to 79 years who were enrolled from 3 fishery safety and health centers. The outcome variable was one-year prevalence of MSD in 5 body parts (the neck, shoulder, hand, back, and knee). Independent variables were sex, age, educational attainment, household income, job classification, employment xlink:type, hazardous working environment (cold, heat, and noise), ergonomic risk by the 5 body parts, anxiety disorder, depression, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. The adjusted odds ratio of MSDs by the 5 body parts were calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis. We computed the population attributable fraction (PAF) for each indicators of MSDs using binary regression models.

Results

The one-year prevalence of MSD in the neck, shoulder, hand, back, and knee was 7.8%, 17.8%, 7.8%, 27.2%, and 16.2% in males vs. 16.4%, 28.1%, 23.0%, 38.7%, and 30.0% in females, respectively. The ergonomic risk PAF according to the body parts ranged from 22.8%–59.6% in males and 22.8%–50.3% in female. Mental diseases showed a significant PAF for all body parts only among female (PAF 9.1%–21.4%). Cold exposure showed a significant PAF for the neck, shoulder, and hand MSD only among female (25.6%–26.8%). Age was not a significant indicator except for the knee MSD among female.

Conclusions

Ergonomic risk contributed majorly as indicators of MSDs in both sexes of fishers. Mental disease and cold exposure were indicators of MSDs only among female fishers. This information may be important for determining priority risk groups for the prevention of work-related MSD among Korean fishers.

어업인의 근골격계질환 관련인자의 인구집단 기여위험분율에 관한 단면연구
목적
한국 어업인들의 근골격계질환 유병률에 대한 관련인자의 인구집단 기여위험도를 조사하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구의 대상은 3개 어업안전보건센터에 소속된 40-79세 어업인 927명(남성 371명, 여성 556명)이다. 결과 변수는 구조화된 설문지에 따른 5개 신체 부위(목, 어깨, 손, 허리, 무릎)의 근골격계질환 1년 유병률이다. 독립변수는 성별, 연령, 최종학력, 가구소득, 고용형태, 세부업종, 유해 작업환경(추위, 더위, 소음), 신체부담작업수준, 불안장애, 우울증, 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증이다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여5개 신체부위별 근골격계질환의 오즈비를 산출하였다. 이를 이용하여 근골격계질환에 대한 각 변수별로 인구집단 기여위험분율(PAF)를 계산하였다.
결과
남성에서 근골격계질환 1년 유병률은 목7.8%, 어깨17.8%, 손7.8%, 허리27.2%, 무릎16.2% 이다. 여성의 1년 근골격계질환 1년유병률은 목 16.4%, 어깨 28.1%, 손 23.0%, 등 38.7%, 무릎 30.0% 이다. 신체 부위에 따른 신체부담작업의 기여위험분율은 남성 22.8-59.6%, 여성 22.8-50.3%이다. 정신질환은 여성에서만 모든 신체부위에서 유의한 기여위험분율을 보였다(9.1%-21.4%). 추위 노출은 여성에서만 목, 어깨, 손 근골격계질환에 대해 유의미한 기여위험분율을 보였다(25.6%-26.8%). 나이는 여성에서 무릎을 제외하고는 유의한 인자가 아니다.
결론
신체부담작업은 남성, 여성 모두에서 근골격계질환에 대한 주요 기여 변수이다. 정신 질환과 추위 노출은 여성 어업인에서만 근골격계질환에 기여를 한다. 본 연구는 어업인들의 업무관련성 근골격계질환 예방을 위한 우선순위 판단에 정보를 제공할 것이다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Development of criteria for health examination of high-risk occupational groups and application to female fishers: Delphi study
Hye-min Kim, Jungwon Kim, Kunhyung Kim, Hansoo Song
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2026; 38: e2. CrossRef
Sex difference in musculoskeletal disabilities among Korean fishers: a cross-sectional study
Hye-min Kim, Soo Hyeong Park, Bong Gyun Joo, Ki-Soo Park, Jeong Ho Kim, Hansoo Song
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2025; 37: e18. CrossRef

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Original Article

Relationship between of working hours, weekend work, and shift work and work-family conflicts among Korean manufacturers: Yohan Lee, SooYoung Lee, Yoon-Ji Kim, Youngki Kim, Se-Yeong Kim, Dongmug Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e20. Published online August 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e20

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

In the manufacturing industry, work-family conflict (WFC) is related to working hour characteristics. Earlier studies on the relationship between working hour characteristics and WFC in the manufacturing industry have been limited to some regions in Korea. No study has addressed the data on a national scale. Thus, this study investigated the impact of weekly working hours, weekend work, and shift work on WFC using national-scale data.

Methods

This study was based on the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey of 5,432 manufacturers. WFC consists of 5 variables; WFC1 “kept worrying about work”; WFC2 “felt too tired after work”; WFC3 “work prevented time for family”; WFC4 “difficult to concentrate on work”; WFC5 “family responsibilities prevented time for work”. As WFC refers to the inter-role conflict between the need for paid work and family work, WFC has been measured in two directions, work to family conflict (WTFC: WFC1, 2, 3) and family to work conflict (FTWC: WFC4, 5). With these WFC variables, we conducted multiple logistic analyses to study how working hours, weekend work, and shift work impact WFC.

Results

Korean manufacturers’ prolonged working hours increased all aspects of WFCs. Odds ratios (ORs) of WFCs based on working hours (reference of under 40 hours) of 41–52, 53–60, over 61 were 1.247, 1.611, 2.279 (WFC1); 1.111, 2.561, 6.442 (WFC2); 1.219, 3.495, 8.327 (WFC3); 1.076, 2.019, 2.656 (WFC4); and 1.166, 1.592, 1.946 (WFC5), respectively. Shift-work in the WFC2 model showed a significantly higher OR of 1.390. Weekend work ‘only on Saturday’ had significant ORs with WFC2 (1.323) and WFC3 (1.552).

Conclusions

An increase in working hours leads to the spending of less time attending to problems between work and family, causing both WTFC and FTWC to increase. As weekends, evenings, and nighttime are considered to be family-friendly to people, working on weekends and shift-work were highly correlated to WTFC.

한국 제조업 노동자에서 근무시간, 주말근무 및 교대근무와 일-가정 양립의 관계
목적
현대 사회에서는 야간 근무를 포함하여 다양한 업무를 수행하는 교대 근무자가 증가하고 있다. 교대 근무는 장기적으로 근로자의 건강에 악영향을 미칠 수 있지만 교대 근무와 우울증의 관계에 대한 연구 결과는 일관성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 PHQ-9로 예측한 우울증에 걸릴 위험이 높은 국내 야간 및 교대 근무 근로자 수가 주간 근로자보다 많은지 여부를 확인하고자 한다.
방법
본 연구는 제 6 차 및 제 7 차 국민 건강 영양 조사 자료 중 2014, 2016년 및 2018년의 자료를 바탕으로 진행되었다. 근무 일정은 주간 근무와 야간 및 교대근무로 구분 하였다. 이 연구는 우울증에 걸릴 위험이 있는 근로자를 결정하기 위해 자가 보고 우울증 선별 검사 인 PHQ-9를 사용하였다. SPSS 23.0을 이용하여 통계 분석을 수행하였고 통계적 방법으로는 기술 통계, 카이 제곱 분석, 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용 하였다.
결과
연령, 교육 수준, 주당 근무 시간 및 수입으로 보정 후 분석하였을 때, 야간 및 교대 근무 근로자에서 우울증 위험군에 해당하는 경우가 유의하게 더 높았으며(odds ratio [OR] = 1.407 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.937–2.113)), 이는 여성에서도 마찬가지로 나타났다(odds ratio [OR] = 1.564 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.176–2.081)).
결론
본 연구를 통해 야간 및 교대근무 근로자에서 PHQ-9 점수가 10점 이상인 우울증 위험군에 해당하는 경우가 유의하게 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 현재 한국의 정신 병력과 증상의 유병률을 고려할 때 야간 근로자에게 현실적인 도움을 제공 할 수 있는 방법에 대한 추가 논의와 함께 추가 연구가 필요하다.

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Gender differences in the association between long work hours, weekend work, and insomnia symptoms in a nationally representative sample of workers in Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Sleep Health.2025; 11(2): 191. CrossRef
When crisis hits home: cultural and gendered realities of entrepreneurial parenting in difficult times
Steven A. Brieger, Deema Sonbol, Carlos Morales, Hadil Alsaieri, Ying Fu, Dirk De Clercq
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development.2025; 32(7): 1499. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and the development of suicidal ideation among female workers: An 8-year population-based study using the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Family (2012–2020)
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Psychiatry Research.2024; 333: 115731. CrossRef
Food Manufacturing Workers and Structural Causality among Work Environment, Work–Family Conflict, Musculoskeletal Pain, Sleep-Related Problems, and Burnout
Jun Won Kim, Byung Yong Jeong
Applied Sciences.2024; 14(17): 7489. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and engagement in preventive healthcare services in Korean workers: Findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107849. CrossRef
Association between husband's participation in household work and the onset of depressive symptoms in married women: A population-based longitudinal study in South Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Social Science & Medicine.2024; 362: 117416. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and physical inactivity in middle-aged and older adults: a Korean longitudinal study (2006–2020)
Seong-Uk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.2023; 77(6): 355. CrossRef
Working hours and the onset of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms: A 10-year nationwide longitudinal study in South Korea (2012–2022)
Seong-Uk Baek, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Taeyeon Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Psychiatry Research.2023; 326: 115344. CrossRef
The role of work–family conflict in the association between long working hours and workers’ sleep disturbance and burnout: results from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
BJPsych Open.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between unpredictable work schedule and work-family conflict in Korea
Sang Moon Choi, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Yong Tae Park
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Mediating Effect of Work–Family Conflict on the Relationship Between Long Commuting Time and Workers' Anxiety and Insomnia
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

A proposal of spirometry reference equations for Korean workers: Yonglim Won, Hwa-Yeon Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e14. Published online June 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e14

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Although spirometry results can be interpreted differently depending on the reference equation used, there are no established criteria for selecting reference equations as part of the special health examinations for Korean workers. Thus, it is essential to examine the current use of reference equations in Korea, quantify their impact on result interpretation, and propose reference equations suitable for Korean workers, while also considering the environmental conditions of special health examination facilities.

Methods

The 213,640 results from the special health examination database were analyzed to identify changes in the ratio of measured values to reference values of lung capacity in Korean workers with changes in age or height, and changes in the agreement of interpretations with the reference equation used. Data from 238 organizations that participated in the 2018–2019 quality control assessment by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency were used to identify the spirometer model and reference equations used in each special health examination facility.

Results

Korean special health examination facilities used six reference equations, and the rate of normal or abnormal ventilatory diagnoses varied with the reference equation used. The prediction curve of the Global Lung Function Initiative 2012-Northeast Asian (GLI2012) equation most resembled that of the normal group, but the spirometry model most commonly used by examination facilities was not compliant with the GLI2012 equation. With a scaling factor of 0.95 applied to the Dr. Choi equation, the agreement with the GLI2012 equation was > 0.81 for men and women.

Conclusions

We propose the GLI2012 equation as reference equation for spirometry in Korean workers. The GLI2012 equation exhibited the most suitable prediction curve against the normal lung function group. For devices that cannot use the GLI2012 equation, we recommend applying a scaling factor of 0.95 to the Dr. Choi equation.

한국인 근로자의 특수건강진단 폐활량검사 결과 해석을 위한 예측식 제안
목적
폐활량검사 결과의 해석은 적용 예측식에 따라 달라질 수 있으나 현재 한국에는 특수건강진단 폐활량검사의 해석을 위한 예측식 선택 기준이 없다. 따라서 한국 특수건강진단기관 전체의 예측식 사용 실태를 파악하여 그것들이 결과 해석에 어느 정도 영향을 주었는지 정량적으로 확인하고, 한국인 근로자에게 적합하며 특수건강진단기관의 현실을 고려한 예측식을 제안할 필요가 있다.
방법
특수건강진단 데이터베이스로부터 추출한 213,640건의 폐활량검사 결과를 분석하여 한국인 근로자의 나이 또는 키의 변화에 따른 폐활량 예측치 대비 측정치의 변화와 예측식 변경에 따른 판정일치도의 변화를 확인하였다. 2018-2019년에 한국산업안전보건공단의 정도관리에 참여했던 238개 기관의 평가자료로부터 각 특수건강진단기관의 폐활량검사기 모델과 예측식 적용실태를 확인하였다.
결과
한국의 특수건강진단기관에서는 6종류의 예측식을 사용하고있었으며, 예측식에 따라 폐활량검사의 정상 또는 이상 판정률에 차이가 있었다. Global Lung Function Initiative 2012-동북아시안식의 예측곡선이 정상선별집단의 분포와 가장 일치하였으나 특수건강진단기관에서 가장 많이 사용하고 있는 검사기 모델에는 GLI 2012식을 적용할 수 없었다. 최정근식에 보정계수 0.95 적용 시 남성과 여성 모두에서 GLI 2012식과의 판정일치도는 0.81이상이었다.
결론
한국인 근로자의 폐활량검사 예측식으로 GLI 2012식을 제안한다. GLI 2012식은 정상 선별집단의 폐활량분포와 가장 일치하는 예측곡선을 그렸다. GLI 2012식을 적용할 수 없는 검사기에는 최정근식에 보정계수 0.95의 적용을 제안한다.

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Original Article

Mental health symptoms among dependent contractors in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey: Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e1. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e1

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Recently, there has been a call to improve the holistic welfare of dependent contractors (DCs). Thus, our study examined the relationship between DCs and mental health symptoms and how this relationship was modified by age, sex, and income status of workers.

Methods

A total of 27,980 workers from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey are included in our study. The participants who reported having depression or anxiety over the last 12 months are defined those who had mental health symptoms. We performed exact matching for age group and sex, followed by conditional logistic regression with survey weights. Finally, stratified analyses by age, sex and income level were conducted.

Results

DCs were found to be at increased risk of depression/anxiety compared to other workers. The odds ratio (OR) is 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–2.17). In the stratified analyses, vulnerable groups were middle-aged (OR [95% CI]: 1.68 [1.10–2.54]), female (OR [95% CI]: 1.85 [1.20–2.84]), and low-income (OR [95% CI]: 3.18 [1.77–5.73]) workers.

Conclusions

Our study's results reinforce those of other studies that show that DCs are at greater risk of experiencing mental health issues than other workers and that and this risk is greater for middle-aged, female, and low-income workers. These results suggest that appropriate policy efforts should be made to improve the psychological well-being of DCs.

한국의 특수형태근로종사자의 정신건강증상: 제5차 한국근로실태조사에 근거한 단면 연구
목적
최근 특수형태근로종사자의 법적 지위와 근로환경에 대한 사회적 관심이 증가하고 있다. 우리의 연구 목표는 특수형태근로종사자와 정신 건강 증상 사이의 관계를 조사하며,이 관계가 근로자의 연령, 성별 및 소득수준에 따라 구분된 층화 그룹에 따라 어떻게 변화되는지를 조사하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구에는 제5차 한국 근로 환경 조사의 총 27,980명의 임금근로자가 포함되었다. 정신건강증상을 가진 근로자는 지난 12개월 이내 우울증 혹은 불안감으로 인한 건강장애를 경험했다고 대답한 근로자로 정의되었다. 참여 근로자를 연령 그룹과 성별에 따라 매칭하였으며, 설문 조사 가중치를 사용한 조건부 로지스틱 회귀를 수행하여 분석하였다. 연령, 성별, 소득수준에 따라 그룹별로 층화분석이 추가적으로 진행되었다.
결과
특수형태근로종사자로서의 지위는 정신 건강 증상의 위험 증가와 관련이 있었다 (오즈비 1.52, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.06-2.17). 층화분석에서 취약 그룹은 40대와 50대의 중년 (오즈비 1.68, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.10-2.54), 여성 (오즈비 1.85, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.20-2.84) 및 저소득층 (오즈비 3.18, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.77-5.73)에 속하는 근로자로 분석되었다.
결론
우리의 연구는 특수형태근로자로서 일하는 것이 그 자체로 불안감이나 우울감과 관련이 있다는 이전 연구 결과를 재확인하였다. 또한 중장년층, 여성, 저소득층에서 그 영향이 더 크다는 사실도 처음으로 밝혀냈다. 본 연구는 특수형태근로종사자의 정신 건강을 보호하기 위한 적절한 정책적 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

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Association between precarious employment and the onset of depressive symptoms in men and women: a 13-year longitudinal analysis in Korea (2009–2022)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Original Article

A pilot study to assess a risk of a high-risk group of low back pain membership in workers who perform the manual material handling tasks: Sungho Lee, Seongchan Heo, Jong-Young Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e34. Published online November 17, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e34

Abstract PDF

Background

We conducted this experimental study to estimate a risk of a high-risk group of low back pain (LBP) membership in workers who perform the manual material handling (MMH) tasks in an actual workplace setting.

Methods

The subjects include healthy workers who were engaged in 12 MMH tasks at 6 manufacturing companies. We assessed the dynamic motion of trunk or lumbar spine using an industrial lumbar motion monitor (BioDynamics Laboratory of Ohio State University). The subjects were evaluated for the age, gender, years of working and anthropometric measurements (e.g., height, weight, shoulder height, elbow height, iliac height, leg length, trunk length, trunk circumference, iliac width, iliac depth, xiphoid width and xiphoid depth). Moreover, they were also evaluated for a risk of a high-risk group of LBP membership based on lift frequency, average twisting velocity, maximum moment, maximum sagittal flexion and maximum lateral velocity.

Results

The subjects who were engaged in a packaging at a detergent manufacturing company are at the greatest risk of LBP (63.76%). This was followed by packaging at a leather product manufacturing company (57.06%), packaging at a non-metallic casting material manufacturing company (57.03%), manual injection at a non-metallic casting material manufacturing company (52.00%), toggling at a leather product manufacturing company (46.09%), non-metallic casting material manufacturing company (42.88%), rolling at a non-metallic mineral product manufacturing company (42.12%), shooting at a non-metallic casting material manufacturing company (40.99%), vacuum processes at a leather product manufacturing company (35.00%), looping at a general industrial machinery manufacturing company (33.93%), setting at a leather product manufacturing company (30.22%) and packaging at a general metal product manufacturing company (22.02%).

Conclusions

Our approach indicates that there is a risk of a high-risk group of LBP membership in workers who perform the MMH tasks.

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Original Article

Sunlight exposure and eye disorders in an economically active population: data from the KNHANES 2008-2012: Junhyeong Lee, Ui-Jin Kim, Yongho Lee, Eunseun Han, Seunghon Ham, Wanhyung Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e24. Published online July 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e24

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Sunlight exposure is a major risk factor for eye disorders. Most outdoor workers cannot avoid sunlight exposure. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between outdoor sunlight exposure and eye disorders in an economically active population.

Methods

This study analyzed the 2008–2012 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data. Sunlight exposure was categorized as < 5 hours and > 5 hours. We also analyzed the dose-dependent relationship between exposure to sunlight and eye disorders (cataracts, pterygium, and age-related macular degeneration [AMD]) using data from 2010 to 2012 by subdividing the exposure groups into < 2 hours, 2–5 hours, and ≥ 5 hours. Eye disorders were diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. The study participants were stratified by sex, and the results were analyzed using the χ² test and multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

In the female group, the odds ratio of pterygium in the high-level sunlight exposure group was 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–1.89). Regarding AMD, the odds ratios were 1.42 (95% CI: 1.16–1.73), 1.33 (95% CI: 1.03–1.73), and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.15–2.16) in the total, male, and female groups, respectively. Analysis of the dose-response relationship revealed that the odds ratios of pterygium in the high-level sunlight exposure subgroups of the total and female groups were 1.62 (95% CI: 1.25–2.08) and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.39–2.88), respectively.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated a relationship between sunlight exposure and eye disorders in an economically active population. Women were found to be especially vulnerable to pterygium. However, additional prospective studies to clarify the pathophysiology of pterygium are needed.

경제활동인구의 햇빛노출과 안질환:2008-2012 국민건강영향조사 자료 분석
목적
햇빛 노출은 안질환의 주된 위험인자이며, 일반 인구집단에서 안질환 유병률과의 관련이 잘 알려져 있다. 옥외작업자는 자신의 의지로 햇빛 노출을 피할 수 없을 가능성이 높다. 본 연구는 경제활동인구의 옥외 햇빛 노출과 안구 질환의 관계를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.
방법
이 연구는 2008-2012년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 집계하여 사용하였다. 햇빛 노출은 5시간 미만과 5시간 이상 노출 그룹으로 세분화되었으며, 2010-2012년 자료를 활용해 2시간 미만, 2-5시간, 5시간 이상 노출 그룹으로 세분화하여 양-반응 관계 분석을 시행하였다. 안질환은 안과의사에 의해 진단되었다. 연구 참여 집단을 성별로 층화하여 카이제곱 분석과 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다.
결과
여성 집단에서 햇빛 고노출군의 익상편 유병 오즈비는 1.47 (95% CI=1.15-1.89)이었다. 나이관련황반변성의 경우 전체 집단에서 유병 오즈비는 1.42(95% CI=1.16-1.73), 남성 집단에서 1.33 (95% CI=1.03-1.73), 여성 집단에서 1.58 (95% CI=1.15-2.16)이었다. 양-반응 관계 분석 결과 햇빛 고노출군에서 전체 집단의 익상편 유병 오즈비는 1.62 (95% CI=1.25-2.08)이었고, 여성 집단에서는 2.00(95% CI=1.39-2.88)이었다.
결론
본 연구는 몇 가지 제한점이 있지만 경제활동인구에서의 햇빛 노출과 안질환 유병률에 대한 관계에 대한 정보를 제공한다. 특히 익상편의 경우 여성이 더 취약한 것으로 나타났는데, 발병기전을 고려한 전향적 연구 등의 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

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Research Article

A study of job stress, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in display manufacturing workers: a cross-sectional study: Seung-hwan Ahn, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Seung-Hoon Ryu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e16. Published online June 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e16

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to investigate the association between job stress and suicide ideation/attempts among display manufacturing workers.

Methods

Data were collected from 836 workers in a display manufacturing company who participated in health screenings from May 22 to June 16, 2017. The data included general characteristics, night work, job tenure, previous physician-diagnosed chronic diseases, suicidal ideation/suicide attempts, and job stress. We investigated suicidal ideation/suicide attempts that covered the past year by using a self-reported questionnaire. Job stress was measured using the 43-item Korean Occupational Stress Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between job stress and suicidal ideation/suicide attempts. The mediator effect of depression on suicidal ideation/suicide attempts was tested using a series of logistic regression by applying Baron and Kenny's mediation method.

Results

In the model adjusting for variables (e.g., age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, shift work, job tenure, chronic disease and depression), physical environment (OR: 3.60, 95% CI: 1.08–12.02), lack of reward (OR: 5.31, 95% CI: 1.54–18.34), and occupation climate (OR: 7.36, 95% CI: 2.28–23.72) were correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts in women. However, all subscales of job stress were not significantly correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts in men. In mediation analysis, job instability and occupational climate were correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts and were mediated by depression in men workers.

Conclusions

In women workers, the experiences of suicidal ideation/suicide attempts were significantly correlated with the physical environment, lack of reward, and occupational climate that were subscales of job stress. In men workers, depression rather than job stress was correlated with experiences of suicidal ideation/suicide attempts.

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Case Report

Mental health impact on a humidifier disinfectant disaster victim: a case report: Ye-Sung Lee, Min-Woo Nam, Hyun-Il Kim, Hyeong-Cheol Kim, Eun-Chan Mun, So-Young Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e15. Published online June 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e15

Abstract PDF

In Korea, the cause of lung disease of unknown origin was identified as humidifier disinfectants in November 2011. In February 2017, the ‘Special Act on Remedy for Damage Caused by Humidifier Disinfectants’ was promulgated. Even though emotional and mental injuries caused by humidifier disinfectants have been reported, the focus of the special act has been on physical injury only, and criteria for recognizing mental health impact have not been considered. This case considers emotional and mental injury caused by humidifier disinfectants. After a humidifier disinfectant was used from January 2005 to April 2006, the patient's son aged 20 months was hospitalized with respiratory symptoms, and he died within two weeks. Also, the patient was hospitalized for a month with the same symptoms, and then she led a normal life with no symptoms. After both mother and son were diagnosed with definite (level 1) humidifier disinfectant lung injury (HDLI) in 2017, she took to drinking alcohol because of extreme guilt over her son's death. In March 2018 she died from acute liver failure due to alcohol use disorder. The patient's death was caused by continuous alcoholism, due to emotional and mental trauma caused by her son's death after HDLI was revealed as the cause. The government did not acknowledge her death was due to humidifier disinfectants, but the company that sold the humidifier disinfectants recognized her as a victim and compensated the family of the victim. There are still lots of psychological responses among humidifier disinfectant disaster victims. Mental health impact on humidifier disinfectant victims should be considered more carefully, and institutional improvements should be made into establish psychological interventions and measures.

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Research Article

Psychosocial factors affecting sleep quality of pre-employed firefighters: a cross-sectional study: MyeongSeob Lim, Solam Lee, Kwanghyun Seo, Hyun-Jeong Oh, Ji-Su Shin, Sung-Kyung Kim, Hee-Tae Kang, Kyeong-Sook Jeong, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh, Yeon-Soon Ahn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e12. Published online May 8, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e12

Abstract PDF

Background

There have been no health-related studies of pre-employed firefighters without firefighter-specific job-related factors (FSJRF). This study aimed to evaluate the sleep quality of pre-employed firefighters and to examine the relationship between sleep quality and psychosocial factors.

Methods

We conducted a self-report questionnaire survey for 602 pre-employed firefighters at 3 Fire Service Academies after brief lecture about sleep. Sleep quality and psychosocial variables such as depression, anxiety, stress and social support were evaluated. The independent 2 sample t-test, χ² test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the effect of the variables on the sleep quality of pre-employed firefighters.

Results

Among a total of 602 people, 347 (57.6%) had good sleep quality and 255 (42.4%) had poor sleep quality. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score of them was 3.29 ± 1.41) and 7.87 ± 2.20), respectively. 24 (4.0%) were evaluated to have insomnia by Insomnia Severity Index. Logistic regression analyses showed that the depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.940, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.124–11.292), anxiety (aOR: 4.233, 95% CI: 2.138–8.381), stress (aOR: 2.880, 95% CI: 1.915–4.330) and social support (aOR: 0.959, 95% CI: 0.939–0.980) have a significant effect on sleep quality after adjusted by sex, age, smoking status, drinking status, caffeine intake, past shift working and circadian rhythm type.

Conclusions

Depression, anxiety, stress and social support were associated with sleep quality among pre-employed firefighters. Repeated follow-up studies of pre-employed firefighters are needed to further assess their change of sleep quality and identify the FSJRF that may affect the sleep quality of firefighters.

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Research Article

Comparison of work environment and occupational injury in direct and indirect employment in Korea and Europe: Joonho Ahn, Seong-Sik Cho, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jun-Pyo Myong, Mo-Yeol Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e24. Published online September 25, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e24

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

To investigate the risk of injury for indirect employment in Korea, we compared work environment, workplace exposure, and injury risk according to the type of employment contract between Korea and European Union (EU) countries.

Methods

We analyzed data of blue-collar workers from the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2014) and the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015) and compared workplace risk factors and preventive factors for occupational injuries. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between occupational injury and the type of employment contract after adjusting for age and sex.

Results

For descriptive characteristics, a relatively older age, lower income, lower proportion of full-time work, greater proportion in small-sized companies, and fewer unionizations were noted in indirect employment in Korea than in direct employment. Workplace exposure was significantly higher in indirect employment in both Korea and Europe. Among safety-related factors, indirect employment in both Korea and Europe lacked the support of company education, coworkers, and supervisors. Indirectly employed blue-collar workers had a significantly higher risk of occupational injury than those directly employed in Korea (odds ratio [OR]: 1.876), whereas there was no significant difference between directly and indirectly employed workers in EU countries (OR: 1.038).

Conclusions

Indirectly employed blue-collar workers have an increased risk of occupational injury in Korea.

Citations

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Layoung Kim, Gwang Suk Kim, Min Kyung Park, Jae Jun Lee
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Jeehee Min, Tae-Won Jang, Hye-Eun Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang, Seong-Sik Cho
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Estimated trends in hospitalizations due to occupational injuries in Korea based on the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey (2006-2019)
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Association between physical risk factors and sleep disturbance among workers in Korea: The 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
Inho Park, Seunghan Kim, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Comparative analyses of occupational injuries among temporary agency worker and direct contract workers: Findings from the Korea Health Panel 2009–2018
Joonho Ahn, Jongin Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Yu Min Lee, Tae-Won Jang, Dong-Wook Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
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Research Article

Association between depression and cardiovascular disease risk in general population of Korea: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016: Jinho Song, Tae Hwan Koh, One Park, Daeil Kwon, Seonghoon Kang, Kyeongmin Kwak, Jong-Tae Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e10. Published online June 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e10

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Depression is considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated with changes in individuals' health status that might influence CVD risk. However, most studies have scrutinized this relationship on a rather narrower and specific study population. By focusing on general population of Korea, we sought to inspect the association of depression with CVD risk and cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods

The data from the first year (2016) of the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. Participants were classified by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score as such: normal group (PHQ-9 score 0–4), mild depression (MD) group (PHQ-9 score 5–9) and moderate and severe depression (MSD) group (PHQ-9 score 10–27). General linear model was used to analyze differences and the trend of mean CVD risk according to depression level. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were calculated by logistic regression to identify the association between depression and cardiovascular risk factors after adjusting for age.

Results

Mean CVD risk of MSD group was higher than that of normal group (p < 0.05). There was a tendency of CVD risk to increase as depression worsened (p < 0.01). Among men, MSD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78–4.97), taking antihypertensive medications (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.26–4.66), increased fasting blood sugar (> 125 mg/dL; AOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.25–4.50) and taking diabetes medications (AOR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.65–5.72). MD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.18–2.17). Among women, MSD group was associated with high body mass index (≥ 25 kg/m²; AOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.11–2.32), large waist circumference (≥ 85 cm; AOR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.12–2.37), current smoking (AOR, 5.11; 95% CI, 3.07–8.52) and taking diabetes medications (AOR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.68–4.08). MD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.18–2.93).

Conclusions

We suggest that depression is associated with increased risk for CVD occurrence in general population of Korea.

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Priyanka Banerjee, Khanh Chau, Sivareddy Kotla, Eleanor L. Davis, Estefani Berrios Turcios, Shengyu Li, Zhang Pengzhi, Guangyu Wang, Gopi Krishna Kolluru, Abhishek Jain, John P. Cooke, Junichi Abe, Nhat-Tu Le
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Zeying Qin, Songli Mei, Tingting Gao, Leilei Liang, Chuanen Li, Yueyang Hu, Xinmeng Guo, Cuicui Meng, Jianping Lv, Tongshuang Yuan, Junsong Fei, Qian Tong, Yang Yang
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Research Article

The effect of shift work on high sensitivity C-reactive protein level among female workers: Ho Sung Kwak, Hyoung Ouk Park, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Seung Hyun Park, Eui Yup Chung, Chang Ho Chae; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e5. Published online May 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e5

Abstract PDF

Background

This study assessed the association between shift work and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), in female workers in electronics manufacturing services (EMS).

Methods

Female EMS workers who received special medical examinations for workers in Gyeongnam, Korea between January 2017 and December 2017 were enrolled in this study. Their age, marital status, education level, alcohol consumption, smoking habit, regular exercise, quality of sleep, work stress, and depression were investigated, and blood tests were conducted. The t- and χ² tests were conducted to compare the general and biochemical characteristics between daytime and shift worker groups. Age-adjusted partial correlation analysis was performed to examine the linear relationship between hs-CRP level and other risk factors for CVDs. In addition, the difference in hs-CRP levels according to work schedule was analyzed by ANCOVA after adjusting for variables that could affect the hs-CRP level.

Results

Although the average hs-CRP levels did not differ significantly between daytime and shift workers (0.92 ± 1.87 and 1.07 ± 2.20 mg/dL, respectively), shift workers tended to show a higher hs-CRP level (p = 0.067). After adjusting for variables that can affect the hs-CRP level, the estimated average hs-CRP level was significantly higher in shift workers (1.325 ± 0.156 mg/dL) than that in daytime workers (0.652 ± 0.350 mg/dL) (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

The results of this study identified a relationship between shift work and hs-CRP level increase in women. Because multiple studies have reported associations between increased hs-CRP and CVD, follow-up of hs-CRP may help early detection of CVD in shift workers.

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Research Article

Relationship between job stress and functional dyspepsia in display manufacturing sector workers: a cross-sectional study: Younghyeon Nam, Soon-Chan Kwon, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Seung-hwan Ahn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:62. Published online October 19, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0274-4

Abstract PDF

Background

Job stress has been reported as a risk factor of psychological changes, which have been shown to be related to gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms such as functional dyspepsia. However, few studies have assessed the relationship between job stress and functional dyspepsia. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between job stress and functional dyspepsia in South Korea.

Methods

This study was conducted between May 23 and July 6, 2016 and included 901 workers in the display manufacturing sector. Subjects completed self-reported questionnaires, regarding Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), functional dyspepsia, Insomnia Severity Index-K, and health-related behaviors and job characteristics. Subjects were divided into functional dyspepsia-positive and -negative groups based on the Rome III criteria. The KOSS high-risk group was defined as subjects with KOSS score above the 75 percentile of KOSS reference value. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between job stress and functional dyspepsia.

Results

In women, the risk of functional dyspepsia was significantly higher in the high-risk groups of the following KOSS subcategories in unadjusted model: job demand (OR 3.282, 95% CI 1.181–9.126), and occupational climate (OR 2.665, 95% CI 1.041–6.823). Even in adjusted model, the risk was significantly higher in the high-risk groups of the following KOSS subcategories: job demand (OR 3.123, 95% CI 1.036–9.416) and occupational climate (OR 3.304, 95% CI 1.198–9.115). In men, the risk of functional dyspepsia was not significant in all KOSS subcategories.

Conclusions

This study showed that job demand and occupational climates were associated with functional dyspepsia in female display manufacturing sector workers. Therefore, both clinical and mental health approaches should be used in the management of functional dyspepsia in women.

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Research Article

Relationship between simultaneous exposure to ergonomic risk factors and work-related lower back pain: a cross-sectional study based on the fourth Korean working conditions survey: Jae-Yeop Kim, Ji-Su Shin, Myeong-Seob Lim, Hyeon-Gyeong Choi, Sung-Kyeong Kim, Hee-Tae Kang, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:58. Published online September 5, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0269-1

Abstract PDF

Background

It is well known that ergonomic risk factors and back pain are related. However, few studies have examined the relationship between simultaneous exposure to these risk factors and back pain in a Korean population. We aimed to investigate the relationship between simultaneous exposure to ergonomic risk factors and work-related lower back pain (LBP) based on the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS).

Method

The fourth KWCS (2014) was used for this study. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to assess relationship between 5 ergonomic risk factors and work-related LBP. We also analyzed the relationship between simultaneous exposure to 2 risk factors and work-related LBP.

Results

All 5 ergonomic risk factors (fatigue-inducing and painful posture; lifting or moving people; dragging, pushing, or moving heavy objects; standing posture; and repetitive hand or arm movements) were significantly correlated with work-related LBP in the severe exposure group (adjusted odd ratios [aOR] 5.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.46–5.83; aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.62–2.42; aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.82–2.40; aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.60–2.01; aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.82–2.30, respectively). When exposed to 2 risk factors simultaneously, the relationship between exposure and work-related LBP was not greater than exposure to only 1 risk factor in our study (usually exposed to ‘fatigue-inducing or painful posture’ aOR 2.17, 95% CI 2.02–2.34; high exposure to both ‘fatigue-inducing or painful posture’ and ‘dragging, pushing, or moving heavy objects’ aOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.82–2.20).

Conclusions

There was a strong relationship between severe exposure to each ergonomic risk factor and work-related LBP. However, when exposed to 2 ergonomic risk factors simultaneously, the relationship between exposure and work-related LBP was not stronger than when exposed to only 1 risk factor in our study.

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Research Article

Satisfaction with life and the risk of occupational injury: Sung-Min Park, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Shin-Goo Park, Hyun-Suk Jang, Go Choi, Jong-Han Leem; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:49. Published online August 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0260-x

Abstract PDF

Background

Occupational injuries increase burden on society as well as personal health. Low satisfaction with life may not only increases the risk of occupational injuries directly, but also influences other factors that increase the risk of occupational injury. Along with previous studies on the risk of occupational injury, we sought to explore the relationship between satisfaction with life and occupational injury.

Methods

The study participants were 6234workers health screened at a university hospital in Incheon. Information on occupational injury and satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) was obtained in a self-report format. Participants were allocated to one of four SWLS groups; the dissatisfied group, the slightly dissatisfied group, the slightly satisfied group, and the satisfied group. The analysis was performed using the chi-square test primarily and by logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

In men, the un-adjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of low satisfaction with life (SWLS< 20) were 1.98(CI1.55–2.53) and 1.81(CI 1.41–2.32), respectively. When the SWLS were divided into four groups, the adjusted ORs of the slightly satisfied (20–25), slightly dissatisfied(15–19), and dissatisfied(≤14) groups were 1.21, 1.72, and 2.70, respectively. That is ORs tended to increase linearly with decreasing SWLS score (p for trend < 0.001). In women, this relation was of borderline significance at best.

When subjects were dichotomized based on SWLS scores, for males, the cured and adjusted RRs of occupational injury in the low satisfaction with life group were1.91 (95% CI: 1.50–2.42) and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.30–2.13), and for females, the adjusted-RR was marginally significant (1.67; 95% CI: 0.93–2.99).

When subjects were divided into four groups by SWLS scores, adjusted RRs tended to increase linearly with decreasing SWLS score for males (slightly satisfied: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.77–1.82; slightly dissatisfied: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.08–2.52; dissatisfied: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.44–3.42; p for trend < 0.001) and for females (slightly satisfied: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.42–3.30; slightly dissatisfied: 1.56, 95% CI: 0.56–4.36; dissatisfied: 2.38, 95% CI: 0.84–6.74; p for trend = 0.040).

Conclusions

This study suggests that the risk of occupational injury was higher in workers not satisfied with life, and indicates attention to satisfaction with life may promote the health of workers.

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Research Article

Relationship between residence characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in housewives: second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014): Hyung-Gue Park, Na-Young Ha, Dae Hwan Kim, Jeong-Ho Kim, Chae-Kwan Lee, Kunhyung Kim, Ji Young Ryu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:23. Published online April 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0236-x

Abstract PDF

Background

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced by incomplete combustion have negative effects on human health due to their carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Indoor sources of PAHs include tobacco smoke, heating sources, and cooking. This study evaluated the relationship between human PAH exposure and residence characteristics.

Method

This study was based on the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014). Non-smoking housewives were included in the analyses (n = 1269). The concentrations of urinary PAH metabolites (2-naphthol, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene) were adjusted by urine creatinine level. The geometric mean concentrations of urinary PAH metabolites by residential factors were examined. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between residential variables and PAH exposures.

Results

The adjusted geometric mean concentrations of urinary 2-hydroxyfluorene and 1-hydroxyphenanthrene were significantly higher in the group residing within 100 m of a major road (p < 0.05) than in those residing > 100 m from a major road. In logistic regression analyses, the odds ratio (OR) for exceeding the third quartile of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration was significantly higher in the group using coal or wood fuel for residential heating than in the group using gas (OR = 2.745, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.295–5.819). The detached house group had a significantly higher OR for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene compared with the apartment group (OR = 1.515, 95% CI = 1.023–2.243).

Conclusion

Our study shows the evidence of associations between some urinary PAH metabolite levels (1-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene) and residence characteristics. Additional studies are needed to clarify these associations.

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Meghdad Pirsaheb, Jila Amini, zeynab feyzi, Soma Goftari, Farid Najafi, Nazir Fattahi, Mehrdad Payandeh, Hamid Madani, Arash Golpazir, Negin Farhadian
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Association of mixed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure with oxidative stress in Korean adults
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Pu Fang, Jin-Jin Zhang, Zong-Qing Lu, Shuai Li, Dun-Lin Xia, Qin Xu, Xiang-Hui Wu, Geng-Yun Sun, Qing-Hai You, Lin Fu
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Case Report

HCFC-123-induced toxic hepatitis and death at a Korean fire extinguisher manufacturing facility: a case series: Mu Young Shin, Jong Soo Park, Hae Dong Park, Jihye Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:20. Published online March 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0231-2

Abstract PDF

Background

Exposure to sustained high concentrations of HCFC-123 is known to be hepatotoxic. We report two simultaneous cases of toxic hepatitis related to exposure to 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), a common refrigerant, at a Korean fire extinguisher manufacturing facility.

Case presentation

Patients A and B were men aged 21 and 22 years, respectively, with no notable medical histories. They had recently started working for a manufacturer of fire extinguishers. During the third week of their employment, they visited the emergency center of a general hospital due to fever, lack of appetite, and general weakness. At the time of their visit, they were suspected as having hepatitis due to elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and total bilirubin levels and were hospitalized. However, as their condition did not improve, they were moved to a tertiary general hospital. After conservative treatment, one patient improved but the other died from acute hepatic failure. Assessments of the work environment showed that the short-term exposure levels of HCFC-123 for valve assembly processes were as high as 193.4 ppm. A transjugular liver biopsy was performed in patient A; the results indicated drug/toxin-induced liver injury (DILI). Given the lack of a medical history and the occupational exposure to high levels of HCFC-123, a hepatotoxic agent, the toxic hepatitis of the workers was likely related to HCFC-123 exposure.

Conclusions

Work environment assessments have not included this agent. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report a case of death related to HCFC-123-induced liver damage. Our findings suggest that exposure standards and limits for HCFC-123 must be developed in Korea; work environments will have to be improved based on such standards.

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Dong-Wook Lee, Inah Kim, Jungho Hwang, Sunhaeng Choi, Tae-Won Jang, Insung Chung, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jaebum Park, Jungwon Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Youngki Kim, Eun-Soo Lee, Yangwoo Kim, Inchul Jeong, Hyunjeong Oh, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jea Chul Ha, Jeehee Min, Chul
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Case Report

Work-related olfactory disorder: a case series and review: Soon Woo Park, Young Joong Kang, Huisu Eom, Hyun-Jin Cho, Jungho Ahn, Sang-Gil Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:18. Published online March 12, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0230-3

Abstract PDF

Background

The olfactory bulb is anatomically exposed and thus can be directly damaged by external stimulation. This can occur as an occupational injury owing to contact with organic solvents or other causes. We present cases of eight patients who sustained occupation-related exposure to potentially toxic substances and later presented with signs and symptoms of anosmia. We examined the occupational and medical characteristics of the patients and evaluated their work-relatedness.

Case presentation

Case 1: A 50-year-old man performed high-frequency heat treatments for approximately 11 years. He experienced decreased senses for olfaction and taste during the later years culminating in the diagnosis of anosmia after 3 years (high work-relatedness). Case 2: A 54-year-old man whose work involved exposure to various organic solvents, such as spray painting and application of paint and thinners for approximately 4 years, was subsequently diagnosed with anosmia based on rhinorrhea, headache, and loss of olfaction (high work-relatedness). Case 3: A 44-year-old-man who performed spray painting for approximately 17 years developed anosmia (high work-relatedness). Case 4: A 44-year-old man was involved in ship engine cleaning once a month, for approximately 7 h per cleaning session; he was diagnosed with anosmia based on loss of olfaction (low work-relatedness). Case 5: A 41-year-old man worked in ship building block construction for approximately 13 years; anosmia diagnosis was based on loss of olfaction (low work-relatedness). Case 6: A 47-year-old woman performed product inspection and labeling at a plant manufacturing automobile parts; anosmia diagnosis was based on decreased olfaction and taste (low work-relatedness). Case 7: A 50-year-old woman performed epoxy coating in a plant manufacturing automobile parts; anosmia diagnosis was based on diminishing olfaction (low work-relatedness). Case 8: A 57-year-old woman performed cleaning of the area where mobile phone parts were manufactured; anosmia diagnosis was based on diminishing olfaction (low work-relatedness).

Conclusion

The study results confirmed work-relatedness when the subject was young, and the duration of exposure was long without any other cause of anosmia. Regarding compensation for occupational diseases, work-relatedness can be recognized as a relative concept.

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Ajoke FI Akindele
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Ingrid Ekström, Maria Larsson, Debora Rizzuto, Johan Fastbom, Lars Bäckman, Erika J Laukka, Anne B Newman
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Research Article

Marginal socio-economic effects of an employer’s efforts to improve the work environment: Mahmoud Rezagholi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:1. Published online February 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0212-5

Abstract PDF

Background

Workplace health promotion (WHP) strongly requires the employer’s efforts to improve the psychosocial, ergonomic, and physical environments of the workplace. There are many studies discussing the socio-economic advantage of WHP intervention programmes and thus the internal and external factors motivating employers to implement and integrate such programmes. However, the socio-economic impacts of the employer’s multifactorial efforts to improve the work environment need to be adequately assessed.

Methods

Data were collected from Swedish company Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) through a work environment survey in April 2014. Different regression equations were analysed to assess marginal effects of the employer’s efforts on overall labour effectiveness (OLE), informal work impairments (IWI), lost working hours (LWH), and labour productivity loss (LPL) in terms of money.

Results

The employer’s multifactorial efforts resulted in increasing OLE, decreasing IWI and illness-related LWH, and cost savings in terms of decreasing LPL.

Conclusion

Environmental factors at the workplace are the important determinant factor for OLE, and the latter is where socio-economic impacts of the employer’s efforts primarily manifest.

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Research Article

Carbon disulfide exposure estimate and prevalence of chronic diseases after carbon disulfide poisoning-related occupational diseases: Hweemin Chung, Kanwoo Youn, Kyuyeon Kim, Kyunggeun Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:52. Published online October 26, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0208-6

Abstract PDF

Background

In Korea, Carbon disulfide (CS₂) toxicity was an important social problem from the late 1980s to the early 1990s but there have been few large-scale studies examining the prevalence of diseases after CS₂ exposure discontinuance. So we investigated past working exposure to CS₂ characteristics from surviving ex-workers of a rayon manufacturing plant including cumulative CS₂ exposure index. Furthermore, we studied the prevalence of their chronic diseases recently after many years.

Methods

We interviewed 633 ex-workers identified as CS₂ poisoning-related occupational diseases to determine demographic and occupational characteristics and reviewed their medical records. The work environment measurement data from 1992 was used as a reference. Based on the interviews and foreign measurement documents, weights were assigned to the reference concentrations followed by calculation of individual exposure index, the sum of the portion of each time period multiplied by the concentrations of CS₂ during that period.

Results

The cumulative exposure index was 128.2 ppm on average. Workers from the spinning, electrical equipment repair, and motor repair departments were exposed to high concentrations of ≥10 ppm. Workers from the maintenance of the ejector, manufacturing of CS_2, post-process, refining, maintenance and manufacturing of viscose departments were exposed to low concentrations below 10 ppm. The prevalence for hypertension, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, arrhythmia, psychoneurotic disorder, disorders of the nervous system and sensory organ were 69.2%, 13.9%, 24.8%, 24.5%, 1.3%, 65.7%, 72.4% respectively.

Conclusions

We estimated the individual cumulative CS₂ exposure based on interviews and foreign measurement documents, and work environment measurement data. Comparing the work environment measurement data from 1992, these values were similar to them. After identified as CS₂ poisoning, there are subjects over 70 years of average age with disorders of the nervous system and sensory organs, hypertension, psychoneurotic disorder, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmia. Because among ex-workers of the rayon manufacturing plant, only 633 survivors recognized as CS₂ poisoning were studied, the others not identified as CS₂ poisoning should also be investigated in the future.

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Research Article

Relationship between dietary factors and bisphenol a exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014): Jin-Soo Park, Seyoung Kim, Minkyu Park, Yeji Kim, Hyeeun Lee, Hyunrim Choi, Sinye Lim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:42. Published online October 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0200-1

Abstract PDF

Background

This study was aimed at finding out the exposure level of bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor, in relation to dietary factors using a data representing the Korean general population.

Methods

This study was performed on 5402 adults aged 19 years and older based on the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014). The data analyzed urinary BPA concentration in relation to socio-demographic variables, health behavior-related variables, and dietary factor-related variables. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated through a logistic regression analysis after dividing the participants into high BPA exposure group and low BPA exposure group based on the top 75 percentile concentration. The logistic regression analysis was carried out considering the appropriate sample weight, stratification, and clustering of the second KoNEHS sample design.

Results

The group drinking bottled water at home and the group using zip-top bags/plastic bags showed significantly higher urinary BPA concentration in female. OR tends to increase as the intake frequency of frozen food increased and OR of frozen food consumption of more than once a week was 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–2.24) for male and the group drinking bottled water showed significantly higher OR of 1.45 (95% CI 1.06–2.17) after adjusting the related factors for female.

Conclusions

BPA levels were high in female using bottled water and in male consuming frozen food, and therefore bottled water and frozen food need to be avoided to reduce BPA levels.

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Research Article

Relationship of activities outside work to sleep and depression/anxiety disorders in Korean workers: the 4th Korean working condition survey: Sung Won Jung, Kyung-Jae Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Jae Gwang Lee, June-Hee Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:51. Published online October 11, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0206-8

Abstract PDF

Background

Sleep disorders and depression/anxiety disorders are long-standing and significant problem for mental health. Also there are already known so many negative health effect of these disorders. But there were few studies to examine the association between activities outside work and forementioned disorders. So this study aimed the association of those things by using the Republic of Korean data.

Methods

Data from 32,232 wage workers were used in the 4th Korean Working Condition Survey. General and occupational characteristics, sleep disorders, depression/anxiety disorders and activities outside work are included in questionnaire. To find the relationship between activities outside work and sleep, depression/anxiety disorders, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used after adjusting for general and occupational characteristics.

Results

We observed that volunteer activities increased the odds ratio of both sleep disorders and depression/anxiety disorders(Odds ratio[OR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval[CI]: 1.03–1.78 and OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.29–1.84, respectively). And self-development activities increase the odds ratio of sleep disorders(OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.17–1.57). Gardening activities lowered the odds ratio of depression/anxiety disorders(OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.59–0.94).

Conclusion

Some of activities outside work were related to sleep disorders and depression/anxiety disorders among Korean wage workers. Our results showed negative health effect of some kinds of activities outside work such as volunteering and self-devlopment compared to other studies that emphasized positive effect of those activities for health.

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Kashfi Nigar, Praveen Kumar Pathak
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Association Between Occupational Physicochemical Exposures and Headache/Eyestrain Symptoms Among Korean Indoor/Outdoor Construction Workers
Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
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The association between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of Korean wage workers: data from the fourth Korean working conditions survey (a cross-sectional study)
Jae-Gwang Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, Sang Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Cases of acute mercury poisoning by mercury vapor exposure during the demolition of a fluorescent lamp factory: Sang Yoon Do, Chul Gab Lee, Jae Yoon Kim, Young Hoon Moon, Min Sung Kim, In Ho Bae, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:19. Published online June 20, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0184-x

Abstract PDF

Background

In 2015, workers dismantling a fluorescent lamp factory in Korea were affected by mercury poisoning from exposure to mercury vapor.

Case presentation

Eighteen out of the 21 workers who participated in the demolition project presented with symptoms of poisoning and, of these, 10 had persistent symptoms even at 18 months after the initial exposure to mercury vapor. Early symptoms of 18 workers included a general skin rash, pruritus, myalgia, sleep disturbance, and cough and sputum production. Following alleviation of these initial symptoms, late symptoms, such as easy fatigue, insomnia, bad dreams, and anxiety disorder, began to manifest in 10 out of 18 patients. Seven workers underwent psychiatric care owing to sleep disturbance, anxiety disorder, and depression, and three workers underwent dermatologic treatment for hyperpigmentation, erythematous skin eruption, and chloracne-like skin lesions. Furthermore, three workers developed a coarse jerky movement, two had swan neck deformity of the fingers, and two received care at an anesthesiology clinic for paresthesia, such as burning sensation, cold sensation, and pain. Two workers underwent urologic treatment for dysfunction of the urologic system and impotence. However, symptomatic treatment did not result in satisfactory relief of these symptoms.

Conclusion

Awareness of the perils of mercury and prevention of mercury exposure are critical for preventing health hazards caused by mercury vapor. Chelation therapy should be performed promptly following mercury poisoning to minimize damage.

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Research Article

The responses of subjective feeling, task performance ability, cortisol and HRV for the various types of floor impact sound: a pilot study: Seok Hyeon Yun, Sang Jin Park, Chang Sun Sim, Joo Hyun Sung, Ahra Kim, Jang Myeong Lee, Sang Hyun Lee, Jiho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:13. Published online May 15, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0168-x

Abstract PDF

Background

Recently, noise coming from the neighborhood via floor wall has become a great social problem. The noise between the floors can be a cause of physical and psychological problems, and the different types of floor impact sound (FIS) may have the different effects on the human’s body and mind. The purpose of this study is to assess the responses of subjective feeling, task performance ability, cortisol and HRV for the various types of floor impact.

Methods

Ten men and 5 women were enrolled in our study, and the English listening test was performed under the twelve different types of FIS, which were made by the combinations of bang machine (B), tapping machine (T), impact ball (I) and sound-proof mattress (M). The 15 subjects were exposed to each FIS for about 3 min, and the subjective annoyance, performance ability (English listening test), cortisol level of urine/saliva and heart rate variability (HRV) were examined. The sound pressure level (SPL) and frequency of FIS were analyzed. Repeated-measures ANOVA, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test were performed for data analysis.

Results

The SPL of tapping machine (T) was reduced with the soundproof mattress (M) by 3.9–7.3 dBA. Impact ball (I) was higher than other FIS in low frequency (31.5–125 Hz) by 10 dBA, and tapping machine (T) was higher than other FIS in high frequency (2–4 k Hz) by 10 dBA. The subjective annoyance is highest in the combination of bang machine and tapping machine (BT), and next in the tapping machine (T). The English listening score was also lowest in the BT, and next in T. The difference of salivary cortisol levels between various types of FIS was significant (p = 0.003). The change of HRV parameters by the change of FIS types was significant in some parameters, which were total power (TP) (p = 0.004), low frequency (LF) (p = 0.002) and high frequency (HF) (p = 0.011).

Conclusions

These results suggest that the human’s subjective and objective responses were different according to FIS types and those combinations.

Citations

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Quantifying the Effect of Noise on Cognitive Processes
Jan Grenzebach, Erik Romanus
Noise and Health.2022; 24(115): 199. CrossRef

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Research Article

Validation of general job satisfaction in the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study: Shin Goo Park, Sang Hee Hwang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:10. Published online April 5, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0167-y

Abstract PDF

Background

The purpose of this study is to assess the validity and reliability of general job satisfaction (JS) in the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS).

Methods

We used the data from the 17th wave (2014) of the nationwide KLIPS, which selected a representative panel sample of Korean households and individuals aged 15 or older residing in urban areas. We included in this study 7679 employed subjects (4529 males and 3150 females). The general JS instrument consisted of five items rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The general JS reliability was assessed using the corrected item-total correlation and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The validity of general JS was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Pearson’s correlation.

Results

The corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.736 to 0.837. Therefore, no items were removed. Cronbach’s alpha for general JS was 0.925, indicating excellent internal consistency. The CFA of the general JS model showed a good fit. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for convergent validity showed moderate or strong correlations.

Conclusion

The results obtained in our study confirm the validity and reliability of general JS.

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Association between job satisfaction and current smoking and change in smoking behavior: a 16‐year longitudinal study in South Korea
Seong‐Uk Baek, Won‐Tae Lee, Min‐Seok Kim, Myeong‐Hun Lim, Jin‐Ha Yoon, Jong‐Uk Won
Addiction.2023; 118(11): 2118. CrossRef

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Short Communication

Environmental health centers for asbestos and their health impact surveys and activities: Dong-Mug Kang, Jong-Eun Kim, Yong-Jin Lee, Hyun-Hee Lee, Chang-yeol Lee, Seong-Jae Moon, Min-Sung Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:68. Published online December 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0154-8

Abstract PDF

In 2009, Korea banned the import, transport, and use of asbestos, and the Asbestos Injury Relief Act (AIRA) was promulgated in 2011. Two environmental health centers for asbestos (EHCA), including Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital (PNUYH) and SoonChunHyang University Cheonan Hospital (SCHUCH), were adapted to find environmental asbestos-related diseases (ARDs) and to support the purposes of AIRA. EHCA conducted a health impact survey (HIS) on persons who resided or reside near asbestos factories or mines. A total of 13,433 persons have taken screening examinations in PNUYH EHCA, and 623 persons (4.6%) have had secondary examinations. Of the 21,014 persons who had screening examinations in SCHUCH EHCA, 2490 persons (11.8%) had secondary examinations. Some of those who tested positive for ARDs through HISs filed applications for the asbestos victims’ medical pocketbook (AVMP). Approximately 116 and 612 persons received AVMPs as a result of PNUYH and SCHUCH examinees, respectively. EHCAs have conducted HISs, public relations, and education for asbestos victims, ordinary citizens, and physicians. As HISs are based on voluntary participation, they does not monitor high-risk groups. Active surveillance focusing on high-risk groups has been blocked by the personal information protection act. Although important work has been performed in finding environmental asbestos victims and increasing public awareness on asbestos, it is necessary to improve the current system and registration.

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Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms Among Patients with Asbestos-Related Diseases in Korea
Min-Sung Kang, Mee-Ri Lee, Young Hwangbo
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Won Young So, Min-Sung Kang, Young Hwangbo, Mee-Ri Lee
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Da-An Huh, Yun-Hee Choi, Lita Kim, Kangyeon Park, Jiyoun Lee, Se Hyun Hwang, Kyong Whan Moon, Min-Sung Kang, Yong-Jin Lee
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Min-Sung Kang, Woo-Ri Chae, Yong-Jin Lee, Kyong Whan Moon
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Da-An Huh, Min-Sung Kang, Jiyun Lee, Ji Yoon Choi, Kyong Whan Moon, Yong-Jin Lee, Flavio Manoel Rodrigues Da Silva Júnior
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Dongmug Kang, Seung Ho Lee, Yoon Ji Kim, Tae Kyoung Kim, Ju Young Kim, Youngki Kim
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(2): 198. CrossRef

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Research Article

Night shift work and inflammatory markers in male workers aged 20–39 in a display manufacturing company: Seong-Woo Kim, Eun-Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Wook Han, Min-Sung Kang, Young-Hyeon Nam, Yong-Jin Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:48. Published online September 20, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0135-y

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to determine the association between shift work and inflammatory markers, which are independent risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, in male manual workers at a display manufacturing company.

Methods

This study was conducted between June 1 and July 31, 2015 on 244 male manual workers aged 20–39 years old at a display manufacturing company and investigated age, marital status, education level, alcohol consumption habit, smoking habit, regular exercise habit, sleep duration, sleep debt, sleep insufficiency, past medical history, current and past shift work experience, duration of shift work, and weekly work hours through face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires and performed blood tests. Study participants were divided into daytime, former shift, and current shift workers based on the work schedule. Chi-square tests and one-way analyses of variance were performed to compare inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease risk factors, and analyses of covariance were conducted after adjusting for variables potentially affecting inflammatory markers.

Results

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; mean ± standard deviation) levels in daytime, former shift, and current shift workers were 0.65 ± 0.43, 0.75 ± 0.43, and 0.86 ± 0.72 mg/L, respectively (p = 0.029). The leukocyte count (mean ± standard deviation) was 5,556 ± 1,123, 6,210 ± 1,366, and 6,530 ± 1,216 cells/μL, respectively (p < 0.001). Both hs-CRP level and leukocyte count were significantly higher in current shift workers than in daytime workers, and leukocyte count was higher in former shift workers than in daytime workers. After adjusting for variables potentially affecting inflammatory markers, hs-CRP levels (adjusted mean ± standard deviation) in daytime and current shift workers were 0.59 ± 0.06 and 0.92 ± 0.07 mg/L, respectively (p = 0.002). The leukocyte count (adjusted mean ± standard deviation) was 5,557 ± 124 and 6,498 ± 144 cells/μL, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

A significant association between shift work and increases in inflammatory markers was confirmed. Because chronic low-grade inflammation plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, regular follow-up of inflammatory markers as a marker of cardiovascular diseases in shift workers may serve as an early indicator in predicting the effects of shift work on health.

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Research Article

Comparison of anxiety and depression status between office and manufacturing job employees in a large manufacturing company: a cross sectional study: WonYang Kang, Won-Ju Park, Keun-Ho Jang, Hyeong-Min Lim, Ji-Sung Ann, Seung-hyeon Cho, Jai-Dong Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:47. Published online September 15, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0134-z

Abstract PDF

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate whether type of work is associated with anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Additionally, we investigated the impact of number of working hours on anxiety and depression.

Methods

A total of 1774 workers participated and completed the HADS to determine their levels of anxiety and depression. All subjects were employed at one of two manufacturing plants for the same company. Of all participants, 222 were employed in office jobs and 1552 in manufacturing jobs.

Results

Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis including age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, factory region, and working hours, indicated that employment in an office job was associated with a 2.17-fold increase in the odds of anxiety compared to a manufacturing job (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.24–3.80). Office jobs were also associated with a 1.94-fold increase in the odds of depression (OR = 1.94; 95 % CI, 1.34–2.82). In addition, number of hours worked was significantly associated with depression, and working hours significantly modified the effect of office job employment on the risk of depression.

Conclusions

Office job workers had higher levels of anxiety and depression than those working in manufacturing jobs. Our findings suggest that occupational physicians should consider the organizational risks faced by office job employees, and consider the differences in psychological health between office and manufacturing job workers when implementing interventions.

Citations

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Research Article

The association of relational and organizational job stress factors with sleep disorder: analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey (2011): Gyuree Kim, Bokki Min, Jaeyoup Jung, Domyung Paek, Sung-il Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:46. Published online September 13, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0131-2

Abstract PDF

Background

Sleep disorder is a disease that causes reduction in quality of life and work efficiency of workers. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between job-related stress factor and sleep disorder among wageworkers in Korea.

Methods

This study was based on analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey. We analyzed 35,902 workers whose employment status is wageworker. We classified the job-related stress factor into 12 sections. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the relationship between job-related stress factor and sleep disorder and Odds ratio and 95 % CI were calculated using the SPSS version 23.0 program.

Results

Many categories of Job-related stress factor were correlated with sleep disorder (8 of 12 for women, 10 of 12 for men). The results of the regression analysis, corrected for general and occupational characteristics, indicated that sleep disorder was significantly correlated with the following categories of job-related stress: discrimination experience (OR 3.37, 95 % CI = 2.49 ~ 4.56 in women, OR 1.96, 95 % CI = 1.53 ~ 2.51 in men), direct customer confrontation (OR 2.72, 95 % CI = 1.91 ~ 3.86 in women, OR 1.99, 95 % CI = 1.45 ~ 2.72 in men), emotional stress (OR 2.01, 95 % CI = 1.30 ~ 3.09 in men), work dissatisfaction (detailed) (OR 1.99, 95 % CI = 1.36 ~ 2.93 in men), work dissatisfaction (overall) (OR 2.30, 95 % CI = 1.66 ~ 3.20 in women, OR 2.40, 95 % CI = 1.88 ~ 3.08 in men), expression of opinion difficulty (OR 0.66, 95 % CI = 0.48 ~ 0.92 in women, OR 0.57, 95 % CI = 0.45 ~ 0.73 in men).

Conclusion

A number of studies have reported that stress affects sleep disorder. In this study, many factors suspected to increase the risk of sleep disorder were added to previously known job stress factors. In particular, this study found a strong correlation between work-associated sleep disorder and relational and organizational job stress factors. Sleep disorder may lead to large decreases in workers’ quality of life and work efficiency. Awareness and interventions are therefore required to reduce workplace stress; additional research of this topic is also required.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0131-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Research Article

The association between Korean workers’ presenteeism and psychosocial factors within workplaces: Yun-Sik Cho, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Kyoung-Bok Min, Chul-In Baek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:41. Published online September 7, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0124-1

Abstract PDF

Background

Presenteeism, a concept that has recently undergone active study, is the act of attending work while sick. This study investigates the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces.

Methods

This study analyzed 29246 wage earners from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2011) data using the logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces.

Results

Among the 29246 wage earners, 6347 (21.7 %) showed presenteeism. Those who experienced age discrimination at work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.77: 95 % CI 1.56–2.00), educational background discrimination (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.22–1.51), regional discrimination (aOR 1.55: 95 % CI 1.31–1.83), sexual discrimination (aOR 1.65: 95 % CI 1.41–1.94), employment type discrimination (aOR 2.13: 95 % CI 1.89–2.40), physical violence (aOR 1.92: 95 % CI 1.45–2.55), sexual harassment (aOR 2.90: 95 % CI 2.01–4.19), job insecurity (aOR 1.36: 95 % CI 1.18–1.56), work–life imbalance (aOR 1.38: 95 % CI 1.29–1.47), low job satisfaction (aOR 2.04: 95 % CI 1.91–2.17), no colleague support (aOR 1.11: 95 % CI 1.02–1.21), job stress (aOR 1.89: 95 % CI 1.76–2.02), emotional labor (aOR 1.50: 95 % CI 1.41–1.60), high work intensity (aOR 1.31: 95 % CI 1.23–1.38), and 3 groups of job strain that are passive group (aOR 1.09: 95 % CI 1.00–1.18), active group (aOR 1.39: 95 % CI 1.28–1.51), and high strain group (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.24–1.46) showed an increased risk of presenteeism compared to their respective counterparts (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The study results confirmed the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. Considering that presenteeism negatively affects productivity and the mental and physical health of individuals, managing various psychosocial factors within workplaces is proposed to reduce presenteeism.

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Research Article

Evaluation of the dermatologic life quality among cleanroom workers in a secondary battery factory: Jae Jung Cheon, Jun Young Uhm, Gu Hyeok Kang, Eun Gye Kang, Soo Young Kim, Seong Sil Chang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:39. Published online September 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0125-0

Abstract PDF

Background

Cleanroom air is extremely dry, as it is maintained within 1 % of relative humidity. Few studies have assessed the dermatologic life quality of workers in ultralow-humidity environments. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the dermatologic life quality of cleanroom workers using the Skindex-29, compared to those of non-cleanroom workers.

Methods

Study participants were 501 cleanroom workers and 157 non-cleanroom workers from a secondary battery factory, who underwent an employee health examination at a single university hospital from September 2014 to September 2015. Results of the self-administered Skindex-29, and McMonnies questionnaire were analyzed. Other information and disease history were also collected during physician's medical examination. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed.

Results

The Skindex-29 score was significantly higher in cleanroom workers than in non-cleanroom workers for all domains, Symptom (16.0 ± 15.9 vs. 6.3 ± 10.2, p < 0.001), Emotion (11.3 ± 17.4 vs. 2.5 ± 7.4, p < 0.001), Function (5.2 ± 11.1 vs. 1.6 ± 4.0, p < 0.001), and Overall (10.8 ± 13.4 vs. 3.5 ± 6.2, p < 0.001). The Skindex-29 score of cleanroom workers was similar to that of patients with skin diseases such as psoriasis, other dermatitis, corns, alopecia etc. Among the cleanroom workers, 37 workers had one or more skin diseases.

Among the risk factors, ‘working at cleanroom’, ‘possessing skin disease’ and ‘McMonnies score’ had significant strong correlations with Skindex-29 score, meanwhile age, sex, smoking, drinking and exercise had weak correlations with it.

‘Working at cleanroom’ and ‘possessing skin disease’ had highest odds ratios with overall 14.0 (C.I.: 5.9–33.1) and 13.4 (C.I.: 4.5–29.2), and the lowest odds ratios with function domain 3.5(C.I.: 1.7–7.1) and 4.5(C.I.: 2.1–9.5), respectively. The McMonnies score had the highest odds ratio with overall, 6.9(C.I.: 4.5–10.8) and lowest odd ratio with emotion domain 4.2 (C.I.: 2.7–6.4).

Conclusions

Dermatologic life quality among cleanroom workers in the secondary battery factory is shown to be lower than that among non-cleanroom workers in this study. The study suggests that the Skindex-29 may provide helpful information on the dermatologic life quality of cleanroom workers. Therefore, regarding evaluation of dermatologic life quality using Skindex-29, preventive care is necessary for cleanroom workers in ultralow humidity environment.

Citations

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Association Between Shift Work and Clean Room Environment on Self-reported Premenstrual Symptoms and Menstrual Pain in Taiwan
Su-Ying Tsai
Safety and Health at Work.2024; 15(3): 278. CrossRef

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Research Article

Factors related to heart rate variability among firefighters: Jae-Hong Shin, Jung-Youb Lee, Seon-Hee Yang, Mi-Young Lee, In-Sung Chung; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:25. Published online June 13, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0111-6

Abstract PDF

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with heart rate variability in firefighters working in a metropolitan city in South Korea.

Methods

Self-administered questionnaires including Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) as well as surveys collecting socio-demographic characteristics and work-related factors were given to 962 firefighters. After exclusion for missing data, 645 firefighters were included, and analysis of covaiance adjusted for the general risk factors and job characteristics were used to assess the relationship between heart rate variability and associated factors.

Results

SDNN and RMSSD and were decreased in the area of occupational climate of the group with high job stress (p = 0.027, p = 0.036). HF(ln) was decreased in the area of organizational system and occupational climate of the group with high stress that statistically significant level (p = 0.034, p = 0.043).

Conclusions

Occupational climate and organizational system are associated with reduction of heart rate variability. Preventive medical care plans for cardiovascular disease of firefighters through the analysis and evaluation of job stress factors are needed.

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Ultra‐short‐term versus short‐term measures of heart rate variability in specialist police units: A pilot reliability study
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Walaa F Abdelmoaty, Shelby L Watkins, Aanuoluwakiitan Ayeni, David A Hurtado, Andrew W McHill, Jeremy J Biggs, Kurt T Hegmann, Steven A Shea, Todd Bodner, Nicole P Bowles
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Joel Luedke, Jessica Hinman, Tim Clark, Annette Zapp, Margaret T Jones, Jennifer B Fields, Jacob L Erickson, Andrew R Jagim
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Jaron Ras, Andre Pascal Kengne, Denise Smith, Elpidoforos Soterakis Soteriades, Lloyd Leach
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Research Article

Associations between anthropometric characteristics and physical performance in male law enforcement officers: a retrospective cohort study: James Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Claire Louise Siekaniec, Andrea Annie Vanderwoude, Rodney Pope; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:26. Published online June 10, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0112-5

Abstract PDF

Background

Police officers are often required to undertake physically demanding tasks, like lifting, dragging and pursuing a suspect. Therefore, physical performance is a key requirement.

Methods

Retrospective data for 76 male police officers (mean age = 39.42 ± 8.41 years; mean weight = 84.21 ± 12.91 kg) was obtained. Data included anthropometric (skinfolds, estimated percentage body fat, lean body mass and fat mass) and physical performance (1 Repetition Maximum Bench Press, 1–min sit-ups, 1-min push-ups, vertical jump, 300 m run, 1.5 mile run) measures and correlations between anthropometric measurement and fitness score were obtained.

Results

Estimated percentage body fat was significantly (p ≤ .001) and negatively correlated with all performance measures, except sit-ups and 300 m and 1.5 mile run performance. Estimated lean body mass was significantly and positively (p ≤ .001) correlated with push-ups, bench press and vertical jump measures, while increasing estimated fat mass was significantly (p ≤ .001) associated with reduced performance on sit-up, vertical jump, 1.5 mile run and estimated maximal voluntary oxygen uptake.

Conclusions

A targeted approach, going beyond just decreasing percentage body fat to also selectively increasing lean mass, should be applied for optimal improvement in physical fitness performance.

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Research Article

Serum prostate-specific antigen levels and type of work in tire manufacturing workers: Soo-Hyeon Kim, Keun-Ho Jang, Won-Ju Park, Do-Hyeong Kwon, Won-Yang Kang, Hyeong-Min Lim, Jai-Dong Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:50. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0050-z

Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study measures serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in tire-manufacturing workers, and attempts to find occupational or non-occupational factors that related to their PSA levels.

Methods

A total of 1,958 healthy male workers (1,699 were production workers and 259 were office workers) took PSA measurement for analysis.

Results

After adjusting for age, body mass index, hypertension, regular exercise, alcohol drinking and smoking, which were significantly related to serum PSA levels or known related factors of serum PSA levels, the geometric mean PSA levels were significantly high in the office workers (p = 0.017), the older age group (p < 0.001), the group with hypertension (p = 0.046) and the group of individuals that do not exercise regularly (p = 0.015) and the office workers were more likely to have a serum PSA level of ≥4.0 (OR 7.73, 95% CI: 2.78-21.46) or 2.5 ng/mL (OR 2.74, 95% CI: 1.49-5.08). After stratifying by age and adjusting aforementioned covariates, office workers 50 years of age and older had the significantly higher geometric mean PSA levels (p = 0.017) and were more likely to have a serum PSA level of ≥4.0 ng/mL (OR 12.90, 95% CI: 3.65-45.64) or 2.5 ng/mL (OR 3.90, 95% CI: 1.64-9.25) than production workers 50 years of age and older.

Conclusions

This study showed that serum PSA levels were significantly higher among the group with hypertension or the group of individuals that did not exercise regularly or group of office workers who were considered to have lesser physical activities.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Night shiftwork and prostate-specific antigen level in a tire manufacturing factory
Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park, WonYang Kang, Dae-Young Lim, Suwhan Kim, Jai-Dong Moon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Prostate Specific Antigen Screening among Men in Abakaliki, South East Nigeria
E. N. Afogu, I. Sunday-Adeoye, K. C. Ekwedigwe, M. E. Isikhuemen, S. C. Okenwa, S. A. Popoola, M. O. Eliboh, I. C. Amamilo
Open Journal of Urology.2017; 07(05): 79. CrossRef

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Case Report

Acute health effects of accidental chlorine gas exposure: Joo-An Kim, Seong-Yong Yoon, Seong-Yong Cho, Jin-Hyun Yu, Hwa-Sung Kim, Gune-Il Lim, Jin-Seok Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:29. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0029-9

Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study was conducted to report the course of an accidental release of chlorine gas that occurred in a factory in Gumi-si, South Korea, on March 5, 2013. We describe the analysis results of 2 patients hospitalized because of chlorine-induced acute health problems, as well as the clinical features of 209 non-hospitalized patients.

Methods

We analyzed the medical records of the 2 hospitalized patients admitted to the hospital, as well as the medical records and self-report questionnaires of 209 non-hospitalized patients completed during outpatient treatment.

Results

Immediately after the exposure, the 2 hospitalized patients developed acute asthma-like symptoms such as cough and dyspnea, and showed restrictive and combined pattern ventilatory defects on the pulmonary function test. The case 1 showed asthma-like symptoms over six months and diurnal variability in peak expiratory flow rate was 56.7%. In case 2, his FEV1 after treatment (93%) increased by 25% compared to initial FEV1 (68%). Both cases were diagnosed as chlorine-induced reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) on the basis of these clinical features. The most frequent chief complaints of the 209 non-hospitalized patients were headache (22.7%), followed by eye irritation (18.2%), nausea (11.2%), and sore throat (10.8%), with asymptomatic patients accounting for 36.5%. The multiple-response analysis of individual symptom revealed headache (42.4%) to be the most frequent symptom, followed by eye irritation (30.5%), sore throat (30.0%), cough (29.6%), nausea (27.6%), and dizziness (27.3%).

Conclusions

The 2 patients hospitalized after exposure to chlorine gas at the leakage site showed a clinical course corresponding to RADS. All of the 209 non-hospitalized patients only complained of symptoms of the upper airways and mucous membrane irritation.

Citations

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Original Article

Relationship between an amount of Key Tasks and Job Satisfaction among Caregivers and Nurses in Elderly Care Facilities: Hiruta, Shuichi , Shimaoka, Midori , Tatsumi, Asami , Ono, Yuichiro , Iida, Tadayuki , Hori, Fumiko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:24. Published online August 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0024-1

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is to examine relationship between an amount of key tasks and job satisfaction among caregivers and nurses in elderly care facilities.
METHODS
Questionnaires were mailed to the caring staff of elderly care facilities. After data collection (return rate 70%), information about work situations and health conditions were analyzed among 325 female workers, who were classified to 4 groups as follows; (1) caregivers under 40 years of age (2) caregivers of 40 years or over (3) nurses under 40 years of age (4) nurses of 40 years or over.
RESULTS
Mean ages and length of career in caring sector were 37.2 +/- 12.2 yr and 4.5 +/- 3.0 yr for caregivers and 41.6 +/- 9.2 yr and 16.8 +/- 8.9 yr for nurses, respectively. A larger amount of care services were done on average by workers being dissatisfied with their job than by the satisfied workers in each of the 4 groups. The dissatisfied caregivers under 40 years showed significantly higher frequencies (as ratios of 1.4 - 2 to 1) in several care services such as "helping with showers or baths", "helping with eating", "changing diapers", "moving caretakers from bed or chair to wheelchair or vice versa", as compared with the satisfied caregivers under 40 years. Similarly, the 40 plus dissatisfied caregivers helped caretakers sit up in bed significantly more frequently. For nurses, on the other hand, "changing diapers" was found as the only service with a significant difference in frequency between the dissatisfied and the satisfied, but that was limited in the 40 plus age group. A frequency of "changing diapers" was associated with an increase in the risk of job dissatisfaction.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggested that an appropriate amount of each key task in elderly care facilities should be set to prevent staff's dissatisfaction with their job from growing excessively.

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Research Article

Relationship between Psychosocial Risk Factors and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Public Hospital Nurses in Malaysia: Nur Azma Amin, Rusli Nordin, Quek Kia Fatt, Rahim M Noah, Jennifer Oxley; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:23. Published online August 9, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0023-2

Abstract PDF

Objective

This study examined the relationships between psychosocial work factors and risk of WRMSDs among public hospital nurses in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 660 public hospital nurses. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on the occurrence of WRMSDs according to body regions, socio-demographic profiles, occupational information and psychosocial risk factors. 468 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 71%), and 376 questionnaires qualified for subsequent analysis. Univariate analyses were applied to test for mean and categorical differences across the WRMSDs; multiple logistic regression was applied to predict WRMSDs based on the Job Strain Model’s psychosocial risk factors.

Results

Over two thirds of the sample of nurses experienced discomfort or pain in at least one site of the musculoskeletal system within the last year. The neck was the most prevalent site (48.94%), followed by the feet (47.20%), the upper back (40.69%) and the lower back (35.28%). More than 50% of the nurses complained of having discomfort in region one (neck, shoulders and upperback) and region four (hips, knees, ankles, and feet). The results also revealed that psychological job demands, job strain and iso-strain ratio demonstrated statistically significant mean differences (p < 0.05) between nurses with and without WRMSDs. According to univariate logistic regression, all psychosocial risk factors illustrated significant association with the occurrence of WRMSDs in various regions of the body (OR: 1.52–2.14). Multiple logistic regression showed all psychosocial risk factors were significantly associated with WRMSDs across body regions (OR: 1.03–1.19) except for region 1 (neck, shoulders and upper back) and region 4 (hips, knees, ankles, and feet). All demographic variables except for years of employment were statistically and significantly associated with WRMSDs (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The findings indicated the high prevalence of WRMSDs in many body regions, and the risks of developing WRMSDs according to the various body regions were associated with important psychosocial risk factors based on the job strain model. These findings have implications for the management of WRMSDs among public hospital nurses in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Citations

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Review

An Evidence-Based Multidisciplinary Practice Guideline to Reduce the Workload due to Lifting for Preventing Work-Related Low Back Pain: P Paul FM Kuijer, Jos HAM Verbeek, Bart Visser, Leo AM Elders, Nico Van Roden, Marion ER Van den Wittenboer, Marian Lebbink, Alex Burdorf, Carel TJ Hulshof; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:16. Published online June 24, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-16

Abstract PDF

We developed an evidence-based practice guideline to support occupational safety and health (OSH) professionals in assessing the risk due to lifting and in selecting effective preventive measures for low back pain (LBP) in the Netherlands. The guideline was developed at the request of the Dutch government by a project team of experts and OSH professionals in lifting and work-related LBP. The recommendations for risk assessment were based on the quality of instruments to assess the risk on LBP due to lifting. Recommendations for interventions were based on a systematic review of the effects of worker- and work directed interventions to reduce back load due to lifting. The quality of the evidence was rated as strong (A), moderate (B), limited (C) or based on consensus (D). Finally, eight experts and twenty-four OSH professionals commented on and evaluated the content and the feasibility of the preliminary guideline. For risk assessment we recommend loads heavier than 25 kg always to be considered a risk for LBP while loads less than 3 kg do not pose a risk. For loads between 3–25 kg, risk assessment shall be performed using the Manual handling Assessment Charts (MAC)-Tool or National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting equation. Effective work oriented interventions are patient lifting devices (Level A) and lifting devices for goods (Level C), optimizing working height (Level A) and reducing load mass (Level C). Ineffective work oriented preventive measures are regulations to ban lifting without proper alternatives (Level D). We do not recommend worker-oriented interventions but consider personal lift assist devices as promising (Level C). Ineffective worker-oriented preventive measures are training in lifting technique (Level A), use of back-belts (Level A) and pre-employment medical examinations (Level A). This multidisciplinary evidence-based practice guideline gives clear criteria whether an employee is at risk for LBP while lifting and provides an easy-reference for (in)effective risk reduction measures based on scientific evidence, experience, and consensus among OSH experts and practitioners.

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Research Article

Factors Related to Sleep Disorders among Male Firefighters: Dong-Kyun Lim, Ki-Ook Baek, In-Sung Chung, Mi-Young Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:11. Published online May 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-11

Abstract PDF

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with sleep disorders in male firefighters working in a metropolitan city in South Korea.

Methods

Self-administered questionnaires including the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form, Psychosocial Well-Being Index-Short Form, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, and Beck-Depression Inventory-2 as well as surveys collecting socio-demographic characteristics and work-related factors were given to 730 male firefighters. After exclusion for missing data, 657 male firefighters were included, and logistic regression analysis adjusted for the work-related factors, psychosocial factors, and general risk factors were used to assess the relationship between sleep disorders and associated factors.

Results

The prevalence of sleep disorders was 48.7%. Shift work (adjusted OR 1.58, 95% CI = 1.02-2.45), musculoskeletal symptoms (adjusted OR 2.89, 95% CI = 2.02-4.14), and depression (adjusted OR 7.04 95% CI = 4.03-12.30) were associated with sleep disorders.

Conclusions

Musculoskeletal symptoms, shift work, and depression are associated with sleep disorders. Integrated health management is needed to promote good sleep quality among firefighters.

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Research Article

Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Stress Management Program to Reduce Work-Related Stress in a Medium-Sized Enterprise: Shin-Ae Kim, Chunhui Suh, Mi-Hee Park, Kunhyung Kim, Chae-Kwan Lee, Byung-Chul Son, Jeong-Ho Kim, Jong-Tae Lee, Kuck-Hyun Woo, Kabsoon Kang, Hyunjin Jung; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:4. Published online February 13, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-4

Abstract PDF

Objectives

To assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive workplace stress management program consisting of participatory action-oriented training (PAOT) and individual management.

Methods

A comprehensive workplace stress management program was conducted in a medium-sized enterprise. The baseline survey was conducted in September 2011, using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) and Worker’s Stress Response Inventory (WSRI). After implementing both organizational and individual level interventions, the follow up evaluation was conducted in November 2011.

Results

Most of the workers participated in the organizational level PAOT and made Team-based improvement plans. Based on the stress survey, 24 workers were interviewed by a researcher. After the organizational and individual level interventions, there was a reduction of several adverse psychosocial factors and stress responses. In the case of blue-collar workers, psychosocial factors such as the physical environment, job demands, organizational system, lack of rewards, and occupational climate were significantly improved; in the case of white-collar workers, the occupational climate was improved.

Conclusions

In light of these results, we concluded that the comprehensive stress management program was effective in reducing work-related stress in a short-term period. A persistent long-term follow up is necessary to determine whether the observed effects are maintained over time. Both team-based improvement activities and individual interviews have to be sustainable and complementary to each other under the long-term plan.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Beatriz Cintra Storti, Marina Greghi Sticca, Amalia Raquel Pérez-Nebra
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Houyu Zhou, Quangquang Zheng
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Masoume Zeinolabedini, Alireza Heidarnia, Ghodratollah Shakerinejad, Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh
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Research Article

Association between Workplace Risk Factor Exposure and Sleep Disturbance: Analysis of the 2nd Korean Working Conditions Survey: Yong-Seok Heo, Sei-Jin Chang, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem, Sung-Hwan Jeon, Bum-Joon Lee, Kyung-Yong Rhee, Hwan-Cheol Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:41. Published online December 27, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-41

Abstract PDF

Objectives

Sleep is essential for human beings to live and work properly. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between occupational exposures to workplace risk factors and sleep disturbance in Korean workers.

Methods

The data were drawn from the second Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS); a total of 7,112 paid workers were analyzed. The independent variables were occupational exposures such as physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial risk factor in the workplace, and psychosocial risk factor was divided into five categories (job demand, job control, social support, job insecurity, lack of reward). We estimated the relationship between various occupational exposures and sleep disturbance using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

The results showed that people who exposed to physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial (high job demand, inadequate social support, lack of reward) risk factors were more likely to increase the risk of sleep disturbance. Furthermore, after adjusting for general and occupational characteristics, we found significant positive associations between exposures to physical (odds ratios [OR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-2.07) and psychosocial (high job demand (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.16-3.98), inadequate social support (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.14-2.15), lack of reward (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.08-1.96)) risk factors and sleep disturbance.

Conclusion

These results suggest that occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial workplace risk factors are significantly related to sleep disturbance.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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