Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between lone work and self-rated health status: using the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Eunseun Han, Ui-Jin Kim, Yongho Lee, Sanghyuk Lee, Seunghon Ham, Wanhyung Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e29. Published online July 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e29

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Lone workers are generally defined as individuals who work alone without supervision, including self-employed people. While lone workers are considered a vulnerable group in some countries, there is a lack of research on their health status in domestic studies. Globally, the number of lone workers has been increasing, and this trend has been further accelerated since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with the rise of remote work.
Methods
The study analyzed data from 44,281 participants, excluding unpaid family workers, soldiers, and those with missing data. Lone workers were defined as individuals who reported having no colleagues with the same job at their current workplace. Self-rated health status was categorized as “good” or “poor.”
Results
This study found a statistically significant higher number of lone workers among women compare to men. The largest occupational category for lone workers was service and sales workers, followed by agriculture and fisheries workers. A majority of non-lone workers reported working 40 hours or less per week, while the majority of lone workers reported working 53 hours or more per week. In addition, lone workers had significantly poorer health status evaluations compared to non-lone workers (odds ratio: 1.297; 95% confidence interval: 1.165–1.444).
Conclusions
Further research is needed to investigate the causal relationship between lone work and health, using data collected after the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Special Article

Standards for recognition and approval rate of occupational cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in Korea: Ui-Jin Kim, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang, Wanhyung Lee, Seunghon Ham, Junhyeong Lee, Yongho Lee, Eunseun Han, Sanghyuk Lee, Yongkyu Kim, Inah Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e30. Published online October 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e30

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Although working hours have decreased in Korea, they are still high compared to that of other countries. In Korea, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) related to overwork in Korea continually occur, and the social burden from overwork is estimated to be high. This study investigated the amendment of regulations affecting the approval rate of occupational CCVDs.

Methods

The change in approval rate of occupational CCVDs and related regulations were investigated using the Act and public notice on the standards for recognition of occupational CCVDs and the yearbooks of the Ministry of Employment and Labor. The CCVD mortality was estimated using data on the number of deaths according to the cause of death, the number of employed people, and resident registration population aged 15–64 years. The cumulative mortality of CCVDs was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Since the establishment of the standards for recognition in Korea in 1982, the scope of occupational diseases has been expanded to include intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, and aortic dissection. In 2013, the concept of working hours was introduced in chronic overwork. The approval rate of occupational CCVDs was 44.7% in 2006, which decreased to 12.9% in 2011. After the improvement of related regulations, the approval rate increased to 41.3% in 2018. From 2000 to 2017, the CCVD mortality of both the unemployed and employed tended to decrease, and their cumulative CCVD mortalities were 549.3 and 319.7 per 100,000 people, respectively.

Conclusions

CCVDs are recognized as occupational diseases in Korea. The amendments to the standards for recognition, the introduction of the Occupational Disease Adjudication Committee, the principle of presumption, and the reduction of working hours have changed the approval rate of occupational CCVDs. A strategic approach is needed to further reduce the incidence of CCVDs.

한국의 직업성 뇌심혈관계 질환에 대한 연구
목적
근로기준법 개정 적용 사업장 확대로 우리나라의 근무시간은 지속적으로 감소 추세에 있으나 타 국가에 비하면 여전히 높은 수준이다. 우리나라의 과로 관련 뇌심혈관계 질환은 지속적으로 나타나고 있으며 과로로 인한 사회적 부담이 클 것으로 추정된다. 이번 연구에서는 우리나라 뇌심혈관계 질환의 업무상 질병 승인율 변화 및 관련된 제도의 변화를 요약하고자 하였다.
방법
뇌심혈관계 질환 업무상 질병 인정기준에 관한 법령 및 고시와 고용노동부 사업연보를 통해 뇌심혈관계 질환 산재 승인율 변화 및 관련 규정을 조사하였다. 국가통계포털의 사망 원인, 취업자 수 및 주민등록인구 자료를 사용하여 우리나라의 뇌심혈관계 질환 사망자수, 사망률을 조사하고 Kaplan-Meier 방법을 통해 누적사망률을 산출하였다.
결과
1982년 우리나라에서 뇌졸중과 급성심장사에 대한 업무상 질병 인정기준이 제정된 이후 수차례 개정을 거쳐 인정 대상 질병 범위가 뇌실질내출혈, 지주막하출혈, 뇌경색, 심근경색증, 해리성대동맥류로 확대되었다. 2013년 만성과로 인정기준에 근무시간 개념이 도입되었다. 뇌심혈관계 질환 업무상 질병 승인율은 2006년 44.7%였다가 2011년 12.9%건까지 감소하였다. 제도적인 개선 후 승인율은 2018년 41.3%까지 증가하였다. 2000년부터 2017년까지 뇌심혈관계 질환 사망률은 미취업자 및 취업자 모두에서 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 이 기간 동안 미취업자 및 취업자의 뇌심혈관계 질환 누적사망률은 각각 10만 명당 549.3명 및 319.7명이었다.
결론
우리나라는 뇌심혈관계 질환을 업무상 질병으로 받아들이고 있다. 뇌심혈관계 질환 업무상 질병 승인율은 업무상 질병 인정기준 개정, 업무상질병판정위원회 제도 도입, 추정의 원칙 도입 및 평균 근무시간 감소 등에 의해서 변동되었다. 뇌심혈관계 질환은 그 경제적 부담이 크고 예방 가능한 질환으로 지속적인 예방 사업 등 발병 예방을 위한 전략적 접근이 필요하다.

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Association between long working hours and the development of suicidal ideation among female workers: An 8-year population-based study using the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Family (2012–2020)
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Psychiatry Research.2024; 333: 115731. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and diet quality and patterns: A latent profile analysis of a nationally representative sample of Korean workers
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107890. CrossRef
Self-Esteem Trajectories After Occupational Injuries and Diseases and Their Relation to Changes in Subjective Health: Result From the Panel Study of Workers’ Compensation Insurance (PSWCI)
Seong-Uk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Analysis of self-reported mental health problems among the self-employed compared with paid workers in the Republic of Korea: Yongho Lee, Junhyeong Lee, Ui-Jin Kim, Eunseun Han, Seunghon Ham, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang, Wanhyung Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e8. Published online April 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e8

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

As self-employed workers are vulnerable to health problems, this study aimed to analyze mental health problems and sleep disturbances among self-employed workers compared with paid workers in Korea.

Methods

A total of 34,750 workers (23,938 paid workers and 10,812 self-employed workers) were analyzed from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey, which included 50,205 households collected by stratified sampling in 2017. To compare mental health problems and sleep disturbance among self-employed workers and paid workers, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

The odds ratio in self-employed workers compared with paid workers was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.42) for anxiety, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.17) for overall fatigue, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.20) for difficulty falling asleep, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02–1.18) for difficulty maintaining sleep and 1.24 (95% CI: 1.16–1.32) for extreme fatigue after waking up.

Conclusions

Self-employed workers in Korea have a higher risk of self-reported mental health problems and sleep disturbances than paid workers. Further studies with a longitudinal design and structured evaluation are required to investigate the causal relationship between health problems and self-employment.

한국 자영업자의 주관적 정신건강 문제 : 제 5차 근로환경조사를 이용하여
목적
자영업자는 고용, 사업체 운영 등에 대한 스트레스를 받고 있으며 자신들의 건강관리에 취약한 것으로 여겨지고 있다. 이 연구는 자영업자들에게 초점을 맞춰 유급근로자들과 비교하여 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하는 것을 목표로 하였다.
방법
이 연구는 한국의 5차 근로환경조사 데이터를 바탕으로 23,938명의 유급근로자와 10,812명의 자영업자들을 선택하여 분석을 수행하였다. 정신건강 문제는 ‘우울감’, ‘불안감’, ‘전신 피로’에 대한 설문과 수면 장애는 ‘잠들기가 어려움’, ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’, ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’ 설문의 답변을 이용하였다. 자영업자의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하기 위해 다변량 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 시행하였다.
결과
자영업자에서의 ‘불안감’에 대한 보정된 오즈비는 1.25 (95% CI=1.09-1.42), ‘전신피로’는 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.17), ‘잠들기가 어려움’은 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.20), ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’은 1.10 (95% CI=1.02-1.18) 그리고 ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’은 1.24 (95% CI=1.16-1.32)이었다.
결론
본 연구는 유급근로자에 비해 자영업자들의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애의 위험성이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 자영업자들의 건강 보호와 증진을 위해 구조화된 설문, 전향적 연구 등의 추가적인 연구와 사회의 관심이 필요하다.

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Association between sickness presenteeism and depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study using the 6th Korean working conditions survey
Myeong-Hun Lim, Min-Seok Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Tae-Yeon Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2024; 97(5): 537. CrossRef
Sources of occupational stress in UK construction projects: an empirical investigation and agenda for future research
Saad Sarhan, Stephen Pretlove, Faris Elghaish, Sandra Matarneh, Alan Mossman
Smart and Sustainable Built Environment.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Occupational health and safety portrait of lobster fishers from a St. Lawrence Gulf community
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International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2024; 30(3): 907. CrossRef
Multidimensional typologies of precarious employment and their relationships with mental well-being in Korean wageworkers: A latent class analysis based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2023; 177: 107787. CrossRef
Association between Workers’ Anxiety over Technological Automation and Sleep Disturbance: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(16): 10051. CrossRef

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Original Article

Sunlight exposure and eye disorders in an economically active population: data from the KNHANES 2008-2012: Junhyeong Lee, Ui-Jin Kim, Yongho Lee, Eunseun Han, Seunghon Ham, Wanhyung Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e24. Published online July 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e24

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Sunlight exposure is a major risk factor for eye disorders. Most outdoor workers cannot avoid sunlight exposure. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between outdoor sunlight exposure and eye disorders in an economically active population.

Methods

This study analyzed the 2008–2012 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data. Sunlight exposure was categorized as < 5 hours and > 5 hours. We also analyzed the dose-dependent relationship between exposure to sunlight and eye disorders (cataracts, pterygium, and age-related macular degeneration [AMD]) using data from 2010 to 2012 by subdividing the exposure groups into < 2 hours, 2–5 hours, and ≥ 5 hours. Eye disorders were diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. The study participants were stratified by sex, and the results were analyzed using the χ² test and multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

In the female group, the odds ratio of pterygium in the high-level sunlight exposure group was 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–1.89). Regarding AMD, the odds ratios were 1.42 (95% CI: 1.16–1.73), 1.33 (95% CI: 1.03–1.73), and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.15–2.16) in the total, male, and female groups, respectively. Analysis of the dose-response relationship revealed that the odds ratios of pterygium in the high-level sunlight exposure subgroups of the total and female groups were 1.62 (95% CI: 1.25–2.08) and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.39–2.88), respectively.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated a relationship between sunlight exposure and eye disorders in an economically active population. Women were found to be especially vulnerable to pterygium. However, additional prospective studies to clarify the pathophysiology of pterygium are needed.

경제활동인구의 햇빛노출과 안질환:2008-2012 국민건강영향조사 자료 분석
목적
햇빛 노출은 안질환의 주된 위험인자이며, 일반 인구집단에서 안질환 유병률과의 관련이 잘 알려져 있다. 옥외작업자는 자신의 의지로 햇빛 노출을 피할 수 없을 가능성이 높다. 본 연구는 경제활동인구의 옥외 햇빛 노출과 안구 질환의 관계를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.
방법
이 연구는 2008-2012년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 집계하여 사용하였다. 햇빛 노출은 5시간 미만과 5시간 이상 노출 그룹으로 세분화되었으며, 2010-2012년 자료를 활용해 2시간 미만, 2-5시간, 5시간 이상 노출 그룹으로 세분화하여 양-반응 관계 분석을 시행하였다. 안질환은 안과의사에 의해 진단되었다. 연구 참여 집단을 성별로 층화하여 카이제곱 분석과 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다.
결과
여성 집단에서 햇빛 고노출군의 익상편 유병 오즈비는 1.47 (95% CI=1.15-1.89)이었다. 나이관련황반변성의 경우 전체 집단에서 유병 오즈비는 1.42(95% CI=1.16-1.73), 남성 집단에서 1.33 (95% CI=1.03-1.73), 여성 집단에서 1.58 (95% CI=1.15-2.16)이었다. 양-반응 관계 분석 결과 햇빛 고노출군에서 전체 집단의 익상편 유병 오즈비는 1.62 (95% CI=1.25-2.08)이었고, 여성 집단에서는 2.00(95% CI=1.39-2.88)이었다.
결론
본 연구는 몇 가지 제한점이 있지만 경제활동인구에서의 햇빛 노출과 안질환 유병률에 대한 관계에 대한 정보를 제공한다. 특히 익상편의 경우 여성이 더 취약한 것으로 나타났는데, 발병기전을 고려한 전향적 연구 등의 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

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Review

Tuberculosis infection status and risk factors among health workers: an updated systematic review: Sanga Lee, Wanhyung Lee, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e17. Published online May 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e17

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Tuberculosis (TB) infection is a common occupational risk for health workers (HWs) and poses a threat to the patients under their care and to other HWs. Hence, the development of a prevention strategy is crucial. We conducted a study to understand the status and risk factors of TB infection among HWs. The existing literature was searched for all published reports from 1 August 2010 to 31 December 2018, related to TB among HWs according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: (1) study participants working in a health care facility; (2) TB cases diagnosed by medical professionals; (3) original research articles; and (4) English reports in a peer-reviewed journal. We finally included 61 studies from 642 articles searched initially. The TB infection rate in HWs was higher than that of the general population. Based on 39 studies, the prevalence of TB in HWs (tuberculin skin test positive) was 29.94%. In contrast, the global burden of latent TB infection was 23.0% (95% uncertainty interval: 20.4%–26.4%) in 2014. The risk factors of TB among HWs were aging, long duration of employment, nursing professionals, lack of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination, and low body mass index. HWs have an increased risk for TB infection, which can cause secondary infections in patients or other HWs. An effective prevention strategy must be developed to enable early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

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Research Article

Multidimensional sleep quality of dependent self-employment workers: Sang Ha Lee, Dukyun Kang, Junhyeong Lee, Uijin Kim, Seunghon Ham, Wanhyung Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e6. Published online January 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e6

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The number of workers in non-standard employment (NSE) is increasing due to industrial change and technological development. Dependent self-employment (DSE), a type of NSE, was created decades ago. Despite the problems associated with this new type of employment, few studies have been conducted on the effects by DSE on health, especially sleep quality. This study aims to determine the relationship between DSE and sleep quality.

Methods

This study analyzed data of 50,250 wage workers from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey. Workers that did not respond or refused to answer any questions related to variables were excluded, and finally 36,709 participants were included in this study. A total of 2,287 workers (6.2%) were compared with non-DSE (34,422; 93.8%) workers, and multiple logistic regression analyses were applied.

Results

DSE status had a significant association with difficulty falling asleep (odds ratio [OR]: 1.331, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.178–1.504), difficulty maintaining sleep (OR: 1.279; 95% CI: 1.125–1.455), and extreme fatigue after waking up (OR: 1.331; 95% CI: 1.184–1.496). A multiple logistic regression of the variables for sleep quality in DSE showed a significant association with exposure to physical factors for all types of poor sleep quality as well as shift work for difficulty maintaining sleep with extreme fatigue after waking up. Long working hours and emotional labor were also associated with extreme fatigue after waking up.

Conclusions

This study shows a significant association between DSE and poor sleep quality, especially when workers were exposed to physical risk factors (noise, vibration, abnormal temperature, etc.) and shift work.

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Teleworking Is Significantly Associated with Anxiety Symptoms and Sleep Disturbances among Paid Workers in the COVID-19 Era
Minji Kim, Inho Park, Hyojin An, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(2): 1488. CrossRef
Self-employment and health inequality of migrant workers
Deshui Zhou, Xin Wen
BMC Health Services Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Mental health symptoms among dependent contractors in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey
Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effect of Job Demands, Job Resources, and Musculoskeletal Complaints on Presenteeism Among the Dependent Self-employment Workers in Korea
Jiyun Kim, Sookja Choi
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2022; 64(9): 719. CrossRef
Association between physical risk factors and sleep disturbance among workers in Korea: The 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
Inho Park, Seunghan Kim, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
Sleep Medicine.2022; 100: 157. CrossRef
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Katarzyna Piwowar-Sulej, Dominika Bąk-Grabowska
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3138. CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between shift work and hyperhomocysteinemia in male workers: Dukyun Kang, Seong-Kyu Kang, Won-Jun Choi, Sang Ha Lee, Jun-Hyung Lee, Kyeongmin Kwak; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e1. Published online May 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e1

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Background

Shift work is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we sought to assess the relationship between shift work and plasma homocysteine levels. Determining the correlations between shift work and homocysteine levels may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases.

Methods

This study was performed using data from routine health examinations of steel workers in 2017. In total, 431 male workers (70 daytime workers and 361 shift workers) employed on a rolling departure schedule were recruited. Plasma homocysteine levels > 15 μmol/L were considered elevated. The χ², analysis of variance, and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between shift work and plasma homocysteine levels.

Results

In comparison to daytime workers, the odds ratio (OR) of hyperhomocysteinemia in individuals with < 10 years of shift work was 1.14 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64–2.03), compared to 2.01 (95% CI: 1.14–3.54) for workers with ≥ 10 years of experience. After adjusting for confounding variables, the adjusted OR for shift workers with < 10 years of experience was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.50–1.80), compared to 2.00 (95% CI: 1.07–3.74) for workers with ≥ 10 years of experience.

Conclusions

The risk of hyperhomocysteinemia was significantly higher in shift workers compared to those working normal daytime hours, particularly among long-term shift workers.

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Shift work is significantly and positively associated with dementia: A meta-analysis study
Kuo-Wei Lee, Chen-Cheng Yang, Chun-Hung Chen, Chih-Hsing Hung, Hung-Yi Chuang
Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between shift work and serum homocysteine level in female electronic manufacturing services workers
Jae Won Lim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Eui Yup Chung, Changho Chae, JunSeok Son, Young Hoo Shin, Seung Hyun Park, Sang Moon Choi
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Consequences of Shift Work and Night Work: A Literature Review
Isabel Silva, Daniela Costa
Healthcare.2023; 11(10): 1410. CrossRef
Different exposure metrics of rotating night shift work and hyperhomocysteinaemia among Chinese steelworkers: a cross-sectional study
Shengkui Zhang, Yongbin Wang, Qinglin Li, Zhende Wang, Han Wang, Chao Xue, Ying Zhu, Weijun Guan, Juxiang Yuan
BMJ Open.2020; 10(12): e041576. CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between serum ferritin and hypertension according to the working type in Korean men: the fifth Korean National Health and nutrition examination survey 2010–2012: Dong-Hoon Lee, Seong-Kyu Kang, Won-Jun Choi, Kyeong Min Kwak, Dukyun Kang, Sang Ha Lee, Jun-Hyung Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:40. Published online June 11, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0251-y

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Background

Several studies suggest that serum ferritin concentrations reflect systemic inflammation, and high ferritin levels can increase the risk of hypertension in adult men. Shift work is also known to increase the risk of hypertension; however, there has been no study about the relationship between serum ferritin levels and the prevalence of hypertension according to the working type.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 4,442 male participants (3,651 daytime workers and 791 shift workers) who participated in the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg or the current use of antihypertensive medications regardless of blood pressure values. For the statistical analyses, serum ferritin levels were reclassified into quartiles, and complex sample analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between serum ferritin levels and the prevalence of hypertension according to the working type in this study.

Results

Serum ferritin and shift work were positively associated with the prevalence of hypertension. The effect of interaction was above multiplicative. When compared to participants in the lowest serum ferritin quartile, the odds ratio for hypertension for participants in the highest serum ferritin quartile was 1.372 (1.027–1.833) in daytime workers and 2.009 (1.042–3.873) in shift workers after adjustment.

Conclusions

The prevalence of hypertension increased as ferritin levels increased in individuals, especially in shift workers.

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Shaoli Li, Feilong Chen, Tao Li, Yijing Cheng, Guimin Huang, Dongqing Hou, Wenqian Liu, Tao Xu, Junting Liu
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S. Ghosh, T. Thomas, A. Kurpad, H. S. Sachdev
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European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2023; 77(4): 436. CrossRef
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Lan Huang, Cui Song, Qin Liu, Xiaoyue Liang, Yanling Ren, Daochao Huang, Xianmin Guan, Xizhou An, Xiaohua Liang
Hypertension Research.2023; 46(9): 2085. CrossRef
Dietary intakes of total, nonheme, and heme iron and hypertension risk: a longitudinal study from the China Health and Nutrition Survey
Shangling Wu, Peiyan Chen, Jingjing He, Zhaoyan Liu, Yi Sui, Keji Li, Aiping Fang
European Journal of Nutrition.2023; 62(8): 3251. CrossRef
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Haoran Wang, Qianjin Qi, Shuaihua Song, Di Zhang, Li Feng
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Andong He, Xiaofeng Yang, Yuzhen Ding, Lu Sun, Meiting Shi, Ruiman Li
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Jeoung A. Kwon, Eunjung Park, Seyoung Kim, Byungmi Kim
Chemosphere.2022; 288: 132469. CrossRef
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Fang Yan, Kaifeng Li, Wenjuan Xing, Mingqing Dong, Mingliang Yi, Haifeng Zhang, Tao Li
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Xingchen Wang, Xizhi Wang, Yingchao Gong, Xiaoou Chen, Danfeng Zhong, Jun Zhu, Lenan Zhuang, Jing Gao, Guosheng Fu, Xue Lu, Dongwu Lai
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Minerva J Taeubert, Clarissa J Wiertsema, Marijn J Vermeulen, Hugo G Quezada-Pinedo, Irwin K Reiss, Martina U Muckenthaler, Romy Gaillard
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Suchanda Sahu, Medha Menon, Joseph John
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Z H Alhillawi, S R M Al-Ani, H K Al-Hakeim
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Shizhen Li, Xiangyu Zhang
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Divmehar Kaur, Harvinder Singh, Maninder Kaur, G K Bedi, R P S Sibia
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Durmuş Ayan, Sibel Soylemez
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Yongjian Zhu, Gaiyun Chen, Yacong Bo, Yanhua Liu
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Research Article

Probability of causation for occupational cancer after exposure to ionizing radiation: Eun-A Kim, Eujin Lee, Seong-Kyu Kang, Meeseon Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:3. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0220-5

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Background

Probability of causation (PC) is a reasonable way to estimate causal relationships in radiation-related cancer. This study reviewed the international trend, usage, and critiques of the PC method. Because it has been used in Korea, it is important to check the present status and estimation of PC in radiation-related cancers in Korea.

Methods

Research articles and official reports regarding PC of radiation-related cancer and published from the 1980s onwards were reviewed, including studies used for the revision of the Korean PC program. PC has been calculated for compensation-related cases in Korea since 2005.

Results

The United States National Institutes of Health first estimated the PC in 1985. Among the 106 occupational diseases listed in the International Labor Organization Recommendation 194 (International Labor Office (ILO), ILO List of Occupational Diseases, 2010), PC is available only for occupational cancer after ionizing radiation exposure. The United States and United Kingdom use PC as specific criteria for decisions on the compensability of workers’ radiation-related health effects. In Korea, PC was developed firstly as Korean Radiation Risk and Assigned Share (KORRAS) in 1999. In 2015, the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute and Radiation Health Research Institute jointly developed a more revised PC program, Occupational Safety and Health-PC (OSH-PC). Between 2005 and 2015, PC was applied in 16 claims of workers’ compensation for radiation-related cancers. In most of the cases, compensation was given when the PC was more than 50%. However, in one case, lower than 50% PC was accepted considering the possibility of underestimation of the cumulative exposure dose.

Conclusions

PC is one of the most advanced tools for estimating the causation of occupational cancer. PC has been adjusted for baseline cancer incidence in Korean workers, and for uncertainties using a statistical method. Because the fundamental reason for under- or over-estimation is probably inaccurate dose reconstruction, a proper guideline is necessary.

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Dong Joon Park, Sungkyun Park, Seong Won Ma, Hoekyeong Seo, Sang Gil Lee, Kyung-Eun Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Shinji YOSHINAGA
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Research Article

Reticulocytosis in screen-printing workers exposed to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol: Seng-Ho Song, Seong-Kyu Kang, Won-Jun Choi, Kyeong Min Kwak, Dong-Hoon Lee, Dyuk-Yoon Kang, Sang-Ha Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:54. Published online November 7, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0210-z

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Background

Studies on the hematologic toxicity of ethylene glycol ethers in humans are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between exposure to solvents (containing 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol) and hematological effects.

Methods

Thirty-four screen-printing workers who were exposed to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol and 37 non-exposed clerical workers were selected using data from the health care facilities that provided regular health screening services. Student’s t-tests and Pearson’s chi-square tests were used to compare differences in hematological parameters between the exposed and the control groups. A multivariate analysis was performed using the multiple logistic regression models to adjust for other variables.

Results

The chi-square test showed the reticulocyte percentages and corrected reticulocyte counts to be significantly higher in the exposed group. The t-tests showed a significant increase in white blood cell counts, reticulocyte percentages, and corrected reticulocyte count (i.e., reticulocyte index) in the exposed group, with p-values of 0.002, 0.004, and 0.002, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the odds ratio for the corrected reticulocyte counts to be 16.30 for the exposed group, when compared with that of the control group.

Conclusions

Exposure to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol was significantly associated with reticulocytosis, necessitating the implementation of preventive measures for workers prone to occupational exposure to ethylene glycol ethers.

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Review

Historical review of the List of Occupational Diseases recommended by the International Labour organization (ILO): Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:14-14. Published online August 5, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-14

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The list of occupational diseases established in the international and national legal system has played important roles in both prevention of and compensation for workers’ diseases. This report reviewed the historical development in the ILO list of occupational diseases and suggested implications of the trends. Since the first establishment of the ILO list of occupational diseases in 1925, the list has played a key role in harmonizing the development of policies on occupational diseases at the international level. The three occupational diseases (anthrax, lead poisoning, and mercury poisoning) in the first ILO list of occupational diseases, set up in 1925 as workmen’s compensation convention represented an increase of occupational diseases from the Industrial Revolution. Until the 1960s, 10 occupational diseases had been representative compensable occupational diseases listed in Convention No. 121, which implies that occupational diseases in this era were equated to industrial poisoning. Since 1980, with advancements in diagnostic techniques and medical science, noise-induced hearing loss, and several bronchopulmonary diseases have been incorporated into the ILO occupational list. Since 2002, changes in the structure of industries, emerging new chemicals, and advanced national worker’s compensation schemes have provoked the ILO to revise the occupational disease list. A new format of ILO list appended in Recommendation 194 (R194) was composed of two dimensions (causes and diseases) and subcategories. Among 50 member states that had provided their national lists of occupational diseases, until 2012 thirty countries were found to have the list occupational diseases having similar structure to ILO list in R194.

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