Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Special Article

Workplace Violence (KWVS®13): scale development and validation in the Korean context: Da-Yee Jeung, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Hansoo Song, Inah Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei-Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2025;e14. Published online May 7, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e14 [Accepted]

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
Workplace violence refers to any act or threat of physical violence, verbal abuse, harassment, intimidation, bullying, mobbing, or other aggressive and disruptive behaviors that occur at work. This study aims to develop and validate a revision of the Korean Workplace Violence Scale (KWVS®13), based on the first edition of the Korean Workplace Violence Scale (KWVS-24), and to provide practical applications and guidelines for the Korean workplace environment.
Methods
The revised KWVS®13 was developed by restructuring the 24-item KWVS through a review process involving eight experts. To validate the reliability and validity of KWVS®13, a self-administered survey comprising KWVS®13, burnout, and depression scales was conducted among 359 service industry workers. KWVS®13 was reclassified, and its reliability and validity were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to establish sex-specific cutoff values (normal vs. risk) of the scale.
Results
KWVS®13 consists of 13 items across four subscales: “psychological and sexual violence from customers” (4 items), “psychological and sexual violence from supervisors or coworkers” (4 items), “physical assault from customers, supervisors, or coworkers” (2 items), and “organizational protective system for workplace violence” (3 items). We found that KWVS®13 shows relatively good validity (content validity ratio for content validity: 0.888; success rate of item convergent and discriminant validity: 100%, and significant correlation coefficient with burnout (r = 0.115–0.83, p < 0.05) and depression (r = 0.098–0.348, p < 0.05) with the exception of Organizational Violence Protection System for Workplace Violence) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.827–0.860). The reference values for determining risk groups according to the intensity of exposure to workplace violence are presented separately by sex.
Conclusions
KWVS®13 is a robust and useful measurement tool to objectively and quantitatively assess the intensity and magnitude of workplace violence. It incorporates important considerations for workplace violence assessment and provides a reliable framework for evaluating workplace violence in various professional settings.; 감정노동: 한국적 맥락에서의 척도 개발 및 유용성 평가
목적
감정노동은 직무수행과정에서 조직 및 일에 요구되는 역할을 충족하기 위해 감정과 표현을 관리하는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구는 2014년 개발된 제1판(KELS-24)을 기반으로 한국형 감정노동 측정도구 개정판 (KELS®11)을 개발하고, 유용성 평가 과정을 통해 직장에서의 활용을 위한 실무적용과 평가지침을 제공하는 데 그 목적이 있다.
방법
KELS 11의 개정판은 8명의 전문가가 참여한 검토 과정을 거쳐 24개 항목으로 구성된 KELS®24를 토대로 구축되었다. 측정도구의 신뢰성과 타당성을 검증하기 위해 KELS®11, 소진 및 우울증 척도를 사용하여 359명의 서비스 산업 종사자를 대상으로 유용성 평가를 수행하여 재 분류하였고, 그 신뢰성과 타당성을 평가하였다. ROC(Receiver Operating Characteristic) 분석을 수행하여 성별 참고치(정상 대 고위험군)를 제시하였다.
결과
KELS®11은 개인, 조직, 문화적 맥락을 고려하여 설계되었다. '감정규제'(2문항), '감정부조화'(3문항), '조직모니터링'(2문항), '감정노동보호체계'(4문항) 등 4개의 하위 척도와 11개 항목으로 구성되어 있다. KELS®11은 우수한 타당도(CVR: 0.84; 문항 수렴/판별 타당성 성공률: 100%; 소진과의 상관관계: r=0.185–0.436, p < 0.01; 우울증과의 상관관계: r=0.128–0.339, p < 0.05) 및 신뢰도(Cronbach’s α: 0.597–0.795)을 보여주었다. 또한, 감정노동 노출 강도에 따라 위험군을 결정하기 위해 성별에 따른 참고치를 제시하였다.
결론
KELS®11은 업무수행과정에서 경험하는 감정노동의 강도와 규모를 평가하기 위해 감정노동 측정척도 개발에 필수적인 중요한 고려 사항을 반영하여 개발되어진 검증되고 신뢰할 수 있는 측정도구이다.

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Special Article

Emotional labor (KELS®11): scale development and validation in the Korean context: Da-Yee Jeung, Hyung Ryoul Kim, Hansoo Song, Inah Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2025;e13. Published online May 7, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e13 [Accepted]

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
Emotional labor refers to the management of emotions and expressions to meet the emotional requirements of a job role. This study aimed to develop a revised version of the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (KELS®11), based on the first edition (KELS-24) introduced in 2014, and to provide practical applications and guidelines for its use in the Korean workplace through a validation process.
Methods
The revised version of KELS®11 was derived from the 24-item KELS, following a review process involving eight experts. To validate the scale’s reliability and validity, a self-administered survey was conducted among 359 service industry workers using KELS®11, burnout, and depression scales. KELS®11 was reclassified, and its reliability and validity were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to establish sex-specific cutoff values (normal vs. high-risk groups).
Results
KELS®11 was designed to account for individual, organizational, and cultural contexts. It consists of four subscales and 11 items: “emotional regulation” (2 items), “emotional dissonance” (3 items), “organizational monitoring” (2 items), and “organizational protective system for emotional labor” (4 items). KELS®11 demonstrated good validity (content validity ratio: 0.84; item convergence/discriminant validity success rates: 100%; correlation with burnout: r = 0.185–0.436, p < 0.01; correlation with depression: r = 0.128–0.339, p < 0.05) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.597–0.795). Additionally, sex-specific reference values were established to determine risk groups based on the intensity of emotional labor exposure.
Conclusions
KELS®11 is a validated and reliable measurement tool designed to assess the intensity and magnitude of emotional labor in the workplace. The revised tool reflects critical considerations in the development of emotional labor measurement scales.; 감정노동: 한국적 맥락에서의 척도 개발 및 유용성 평가
목적
감정노동은 직무수행과정에서 조직 및 일에 요구되는 역할을 충족하기 위해 감정과 표현을 관리하는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구는 2014년 개발된 제1판(KELS-24)을 기반으로 한국형 감정노동 측정도구 개정판 (KELS®11)을 개발하고, 유용성 평가 과정을 통해 직장에서의 활용을 위한 실무적용과 평가지침을 제공하는 데 그 목적이 있다.
방법
KELS 11의 개정판은 8명의 전문가가 참여한 검토 과정을 거쳐 24개 항목으로 구성된 KELS®24를 토대로 구축되었다. 측정도구의 신뢰성과 타당성을 검증하기 위해 KELS®11, 소진 및 우울증 척도를 사용하여 359명의 서비스 산업 종사자를 대상으로 유용성 평가를 수행하여 재 분류하였고, 그 신뢰성과 타당성을 평가하였다. ROC(Receiver Operating Characteristic) 분석을 수행하여 성별 참고치(정상 대 고위험군)를 제시하였다.
결과
KELS®11은 개인, 조직, 문화적 맥락을 고려하여 설계되었다. '감정규제'(2문항), '감정부조화'(3문항), '조직모니터링'(2문항), '감정노동보호체계'(4문항) 등 4개의 하위 척도와 11개 항목으로 구성되어 있다. KELS®11은 우수한 타당도(CVR: 0.84; 문항 수렴/판별 타당성 성공률: 100%; 소진과의 상관관계: r=0.185–0.436, p < 0.01; 우울증과의 상관관계: r=0.128–0.339, p < 0.05) 및 신뢰도(Cronbach’s α: 0.597–0.795)을 보여주었다. 또한, 감정노동 노출 강도에 따라 위험군을 결정하기 위해 성별에 따른 참고치를 제시하였다.
결론
KELS®11은 업무수행과정에서 경험하는 감정노동의 강도와 규모를 평가하기 위해 감정노동 측정척도 개발에 필수적인 중요한 고려 사항을 반영하여 개발되어진 검증되고 신뢰할 수 있는 측정도구이다.

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Special Article

Occupational stress(KOSS^®19): scale development and validation in the Korean context: Hansoo Song, Hyung Ryoul Kim, Inha Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Da-Yee Jeung, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei-Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2025;e12. Published online May 7, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e12 [Accepted]

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
The Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) was developed in 2004. During this time, industrial structures have evolved, and societal awareness of occupational stress has changed. This study aims to develop and validate a revised version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS®19), tailored for workers, reflecting these changes.
Methods
The KOSS®19 was developed based on the 26-item KOSS–short form (SF) through a review by eight experts. A survey was conducted including 359 service industry workers, comprising the KOSS®19, Burnout, and Depression scales. The KOSS®19 subscales were restructured, and their reliability and validity were evaluated.
Results
The KOSS®19 composed of eight subscales: hazardous physical environment (2 items), high job demand (3 items), insufficient job control (2 items), low social support (2 items), job insecurity (2 items), organizational injustice (4 items), lack of reward (2 items), and work-life imbalance (2 items). The reliability and validity of the KOSSR19 were found to be satisfactory.
Conclusions
The KOSS®19 is a suitable tool for assessing occupational stress, effectively replacing the original KOSS and KOSS-SF.; 직무 스트레스: 한국적 맥락에서의 척도 개발 및 타당화
목적
한국형 직무스트레스 척도(KOSS)가 2004년에 개발된 이후 산업 구조가 변화하고 직무 스트레스에 대한 사회적 인식도 달라졌다. 본 연구는 이러한 변화를 반영하여 한국형 직무스트레스 척도 개정판(KOSS®19)을 개발하고 타당성을 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다.
방법
KOSS®19는 기존의 26문항 KOSS-SF를 기반으로 8명의 전문가 검토를 거쳐 개발되었다. 서비스업 종사자 359명을 대상으로 KOSS®19, 소진(Burnout) 척도, 우울 척도를 포함한 설문조사를 실시하였으며, KOSS®19의 요인을 재구성하고 신뢰도 및 타당도를 평가하였다.
결과
KOSS®19는 8개 요인으로 구성되었다: 위해물리환경(2문항), 높은직무요구 (3문항), 직무자율성결여(2문항), 낮은사회적지지(2문항), 직업불안정(2문항), 조직불공정(4문항), 보상부적절(2문항), 일-삶의불균형 (2문항). KOSS®19의 신뢰도 및 타당도는 만족할 만한 수준으로 확인되었다.
결론
KOSS®19는 직무 스트레스를 평가하는 데 적절한 도구로, 기존 KOSS 및 KOSS-SF를 효과적으로 대체할 수 있다.

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Review

List of occupational diseases among farmers in Korea: a literature review: Hansoo Song, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Ki Soo Park, Joo Hyun Sung, Sang Jin Park, Seong-yong Yoon, Kyeongsoo Kim, Dong-phil Choi, Hye-min Kim, Bounggyun Ju, Kanwoo Youn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e2. Published online February 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e2

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: A comprehensive list of occupational diseases among farmers is crucial for both compensation and prevention efforts. In Korea, most farmers are self-employed, and some occupational diseases are compensated through farmer safety insurance. However, it is not harmonized with industrial accident compensation insurance and does not adequately reflect the true burden of occupational diseases among farmers. To address this gap, the authors compiled a list of occupational diseases tailored to Korean farmers by reviewing the International Labor Organization’s list of occupational diseases, the Korean Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance List, the occupational disease lists of other countries, and relevant literature on farmers’ work-related diseases.; 한국 농업인의 직업성 질병 목록: 문헌고찰
농업인의 직업병에 대한 포괄적인 목록은 질병보상과 예방을 위해 중요하다. 한국에서 농업인의 대부분은 자영업자로 근로자에게 적용되는 산업재해보상보험의 적용을 받지 못하고 일부 직업성질환에 대해서만 정책보험인 농업인안전보험을 통해 보상되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 보상은 산업재해보상보험과 조화를 이루지 못하고 있으며, 농업인에게 실제 부담을 주고 있는 직업성 질병을 반영하지 못하고 있다. 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위해 저자들은 국제노동지구의 직업병 목록, 한국의 산업재해보상보험법 상 업무관련성 질병 목록, 다른 국가들의 직업병 목록 및 농업인의 업무관련성 질병에 대한 문헌을 검토하여, 한국 농업인에게 적합한 직업병 목록을 작성하였다.

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Original Article

Impact of neck posture and insulating stick use on neck disability in Korean line workers: a cross-sectional study: Bounggyun Ju, Jaehoo Lee, Hye-min Kim, Chul Gab Lee, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e11. Published online April 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e11

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Occupational neck disability is a prevalent issue, especially among line workers, who are often exposed to elevated levels of cervical ergonomic stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of neck posture and insulating stick use on neck disability in a specific occupational group in Korea.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 483 line workers in Gwangju and Jeonnam, Korea. Data were collected using the Neck Disability Index, Cervical Degenerative Index, and a structured questionnaire focusing on demographic and occupational factors. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for neck posture and factors related to neck disability.

Results

Neck disability prevalence was 17.2% among the participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors related to neck disability included age over 60 years (adjusted OR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.63–5.83), depression (adjusted OR: 8.33; 95% CI: 3.85–18.00), a history of cervical trauma (adjusted OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04–4.40), and radiological degenerative changes in the cervical spine (adjusted OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.26–4.33). In particular, the adjusted OR of neck disability among live-line workers was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.12–3.92) when compared with support workers (model 1). Other analysis models showed that use of insulating sticks for more than 10 hours per week (adjusted OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.32–4.61) and higher neck extension (adjusted OR: 2.98; 95% CI: 1.14–3.46) were significant work-related risk factors (model 2,3).

Conclusions

Neck posture, age, depression, cervical trauma history, degenerative changes in the cervical spine, and use of insulating sticks are significant risk factors for neck disability among line workers in Korea. These findings highlight the need to improve the working environment and reduce the burden of cervical ergonomic stress among line workers.

한국 배전보수원의 목 부담자세와 절연스틱사용이 목 장애에 미치는 영향
목적
직업성 목 장애는 특히 높은 수준의 목 부담에 자주 노출되는 배전보수원 사이에서 흔한 문제다. 본 연구는 배전보수원을 대상으로 목 부담자세와 절연스틱사 용이 목 장애에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다.
방법
본 단면연구는 광주와 전남 지역의 배전보수원 483명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 목 장애 지수, 경추퇴행성 지수, 인구통계학적 및 직업적 요인에 초점을 맞춘 구조화된 설문지를 사용하여 데이터를 수집했다. 목 부담자세와 목 장애 관련 요인에 대한 보정 교차비와 95% 신뢰구간(CI)을 알아보기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다.
결과
목 장애 유병률은 활선작업자(22.6%)에서 가장 높았으며, 연령이 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 목 장애 관련 요인은 우울증(8.13, 95% CI: 4.02~16.43), 경추 외상 병력(3.53, 95% CI: 1.88~6.63), 경추 방사선학적 퇴행성 변화(2.35, 95% CI: 1.36-4.07)였다. 직업적 요인으로 활선작업자의 보정교차비는 2.10 (95% CI: 1.12-3.92)이었고, 절연스틱을 주당 10시간 이상 사용하는 경우 보정교차비는 2.46 (95% CI: 1.32-4.61)이었다. 또한, 높은 목 신전 부담의 보정교차비는 1.98 (95% CI: 1.14-3.46)이었다.
결론
연령, 우울증, 경추 외상, 경추의 퇴행성 변화와 같은 일반적 요인뿐만 아니라 활선작업, 절연스틱 사용, 목 부담 자세와 같은 직업적 요인은 국내 배전보수원의 목 장애를 유발하는 위험 요인이다. 이러한 결과는 배전보수원의 작업환경 개선의 필요성을 시사한다.

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List of occupational diseases among farmers in Korea: a literature review
Hansoo Song, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Ki Soo Park, Joo Hyun Sung, Sang Jin Park, Seong-yong Yoon, Kyeongsoo Kim, Dong-phil Choi, Hye-min Kim, Bounggyun Ju, Kanwoo Youn
Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e2. CrossRef

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Special Issue

Statement by the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine on the proposed reform of working hours in South Korea: Hee-Tae Kang, Chul-Ju Kim, Dong-Wook Lee, Seung-Gwon Park, Jinwoo Lee, Kanwoo Youn, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Hansoo Song, Sung-Kyung Kim, Sang-Baek Koh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e17. Published online July 5, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e17

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

The current 52-hour workweek in South Korea consists of 40 hours of regular work and 12 hours of overtime. Although the average working hours in South Korea is declining, it is still 199 hours longer than the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average of 1,716 hours per year. In view to this, the South Korean government has now proposed to reform the workweek, mainly intending to increase the workweek to 69 hours when the workload is heavy. This reform, by increasing the labor intensity due to long working hours, goes against the global trend of reducing work hours for a safe and healthy working environment. Long working hours can lead to increased cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, industrial accidents, mental health problems, and safety accidents due to lack of concentration. In conclusion, the Korean government’s working hour reform plan can have a negative impact on workers’ health, and therefore it should be thoroughly reviewed and modified.

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Original Article

Population attributable fraction of indicators for musculoskeletal diseases: a cross-sectional study of fishers in Korea: Jaehoo Lee, Bohyun Sim, Bonggyun Ju, Chul Gab Lee, Ki-Soo Park, Mi-Ji Kim, Jeong Ho Kim, Kunhyung Kim, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e23. Published online September 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e23

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: Background
The musculoskeletal disease (MSD) burden is an important health problem among Korean fishers. We aimed to investigate the indicators of the prevalence of MSD and contributions of significant indicators to MSD in Korean fishers.
Methods
This cross-section study included 927 fishers (male, 371; female, 556) aged 40 to 79 years who were enrolled from 3 fishery safety and health centers. The outcome variable was one-year prevalence of MSD in 5 body parts (the neck, shoulder, hand, back, and knee). Independent variables were sex, age, educational attainment, household income, job classification, employment xlink:type, hazardous working environment (cold, heat, and noise), ergonomic risk by the 5 body parts, anxiety disorder, depression, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. The adjusted odds ratio of MSDs by the 5 body parts were calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis. We computed the population attributable fraction (PAF) for each indicators of MSDs using binary regression models.
Results
The one-year prevalence of MSD in the neck, shoulder, hand, back, and knee was 7.8%, 17.8%, 7.8%, 27.2%, and 16.2% in males vs. 16.4%, 28.1%, 23.0%, 38.7%, and 30.0% in females, respectively. The ergonomic risk PAF according to the body parts ranged from 22.8%–59.6% in males and 22.8%–50.3% in female. Mental diseases showed a significant PAF for all body parts only among female (PAF 9.1%–21.4%). Cold exposure showed a significant PAF for the neck, shoulder, and hand MSD only among female (25.6%–26.8%). Age was not a significant indicator except for the knee MSD among female.
Conclusions
Ergonomic risk contributed majorly as indicators of MSDs in both sexes of fishers. Mental disease and cold exposure were indicators of MSDs only among female fishers. This information may be important for determining priority risk groups for the prevention of work-related MSD among Korean fishers.; 어업인의 근골격계질환 관련인자의 인구집단 기여위험분율에 관한 단면연구
목적
한국 어업인들의 근골격계질환 유병률에 대한 관련인자의 인구집단 기여위험도를 조사하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구의 대상은 3개 어업안전보건센터에 소속된 40-79세 어업인 927명(남성 371명, 여성 556명)이다. 결과 변수는 구조화된 설문지에 따른 5개 신체 부위(목, 어깨, 손, 허리, 무릎)의 근골격계질환 1년 유병률이다. 독립변수는 성별, 연령, 최종학력, 가구소득, 고용형태, 세부업종, 유해 작업환경(추위, 더위, 소음), 신체부담작업수준, 불안장애, 우울증, 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증이다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여5개 신체부위별 근골격계질환의 오즈비를 산출하였다. 이를 이용하여 근골격계질환에 대한 각 변수별로 인구집단 기여위험분율(PAF)를 계산하였다.
결과
남성에서 근골격계질환 1년 유병률은 목7.8%, 어깨17.8%, 손7.8%, 허리27.2%, 무릎16.2% 이다. 여성의 1년 근골격계질환 1년유병률은 목 16.4%, 어깨 28.1%, 손 23.0%, 등 38.7%, 무릎 30.0% 이다. 신체 부위에 따른 신체부담작업의 기여위험분율은 남성 22.8-59.6%, 여성 22.8-50.3%이다. 정신질환은 여성에서만 모든 신체부위에서 유의한 기여위험분율을 보였다(9.1%-21.4%). 추위 노출은 여성에서만 목, 어깨, 손 근골격계질환에 대해 유의미한 기여위험분율을 보였다(25.6%-26.8%). 나이는 여성에서 무릎을 제외하고는 유의한 인자가 아니다.
결론
신체부담작업은 남성, 여성 모두에서 근골격계질환에 대한 주요 기여 변수이다. 정신 질환과 추위 노출은 여성 어업인에서만 근골격계질환에 기여를 한다. 본 연구는 어업인들의 업무관련성 근골격계질환 예방을 위한 우선순위 판단에 정보를 제공할 것이다.

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Original Article

Radiographic hand osteoarthritis in women farmers: characteristics and risk factors: Bohyun Sim, Jaehoo Lee, Chul Gab Lee, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e10. Published online May 16, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e10

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Repetitive hand use increases the risk of hand osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to investigate characteristics of and risk factors for hand OA in Korean women farmers.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included women farmers resident in Jeollanam-do, Korea. The participants were interviewed, and radiographs were taken of both hands. Radiological hand OA was defined based on the Osteoarthritis Research Society International imaging criteria of joint space narrowing or the presence of osteophytes. The participants were divided into age groups of < 60 and ≥ 60 years. Obesity was defined as body mass index of > 25 kg/m². Annual working time was divided into < 2,000, 2,000–2,999, and ≥ 3,000 hours. Agricultural working type was divided into rice farming and field farming. Robust Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with radiographic hand OA, with adjustment for age, obesity, annual working time, and agricultural classification.

Results

A total of 310 participants with a mean age of 58.1 ± 7.6 years, were enrolled. The prevalence of radiologically confirmed OA was 49.0%, with an OA prevalence of 39.4% the interphalangeal joint in the thumb (IP1). The prevalence of OA was higher in the distal interphalangeal joint than in the proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and carpometacarpal joints. The prevalence of OA varied by age, annual working time, and agriculture type.

Conclusions

Korean women farmers have a high prevalence of OA, particularly in the IP1 joints. OA is associated with age, working hours, and agriculture type.

여성농업인에서 영상학적 손관절염의 특징과 관련인자
목적
본 연구에서는 반복적인 손사용이 많아 손관절염 위험이 높은 여성농업인에서 손관절염의 특징과 위험인자에 대하여 알아보고자 한다.
방법
본 연구에서는 반복적인 손사용이 많아 손관절염 위험이 높은 여성농업인에서 손관절염의 특징과 위험인자에 대하여 알아보고자 한다.
결과
대상자의 평균연령은 58.1세, 표준편차 7.6세 였다. 방사선학적 손관절염의 유병률은 개인수준에서 49.0%였으며, 관절별로는 엄지손가락의 지절간관절이 39.4%로 가장 높은 유병률을 나타냈다. 본 연구에서 개인수준의 방사선학적 손관절염과 관련성을 보인 요인은 나이와 작업시간이었다. 특히 엄지손가락 지절간관절의 관절염은 나이와 연간작업시간이외에도 농작업종류와도 관련성을 보여, 밭작업에서 높은 오즈비를 보였다.
결론
엄지손가락의 지절간관절이 가장 높은 유병률을 보였고, 연령이외에도 연간농작업시간, 농작업 종류와 같은 직업적 요인과의 관련성이 확인되었다.

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Effects of regional variations and occupation on hand osteoarthritis: Insights from the research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study
Ichiko Kojima, Kosuke Uehara, Toshiko Iidaka, Rie Kodama, Shigeyuki Muraki, Hiroyuki Oka, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Toru Akune, Hiroshi Hashizume, Hiroshi Yamada, Munehito Yoshida, Yutaka Morizaki, Kozo Nakamura, Sakae Tanaka, Noriko Yoshimura
Modern Rheumatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
What is the most important mechanical factor involved in trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis development? A sensitivity analysis based on biomechanical modelling
Thomas Valerio, Jean-Louis Milan, Benjamin Goislard de Monsabert, Laurent Vigouroux
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering.2024; : 1. CrossRef
Hand Osteoarthritis in Elderly Women with Primary Knee Osteoarthritis: Prevalence and Pattern in the Indian Population
Pooja Dhaon, Astha Singh, Kushal Singh, Siddharth Tiwari, Haseeb Khan
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Identification of susceptibility modules and hub genes of osteoarthritis by WGCNA analysis
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Research Article

Characteristics of lumbar disc degeneration and risk factors for collapsed lumbar disc in Korean farmers and fishers: Chaeyoung Hong, Chul Gab Lee, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e16. Published online May 14, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e16

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Few studies have investigated the risk factors for lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration among hard physical workers involved in heavy lifting. In this study, we aimed to identify the characteristics of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and evaluate the relationship between collapsed lumbar disc and potential risk factors in farmers and fishers.

Methods

This study included 203 farmers (103 men and 100 women) and 166 fishers (95 men and 71 women) aged 40–69 years who had undergone lumbar magnetic resonance imaging and were enrolled in the Korea Farmer's Knee Cohort and the Jeonnam Fishers' Cohort. We evaluated each of the 5 lumbar discs using the Pfirrmann grading system and classified collapsed lumbar intervertebral disc (cLD) as a case with ≥ 1 grade 5 at any disc level. We investigated potential risk factors, such as gender, age, body mass index (BMI), working hours per day, working months per year, and cumulative heavy lifting working time (CLWT). The odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Results

The prevalence of cLD was 19.8% (23.7% among fishers, 21.2% among fishers with farming, and 17.2% among farmers). cLD correlated with factors such as age and occupation. Gender, CLWT and the working time matrix were not significantly associated with cLD. The OR of cLD adjusted by gender, age, BMI, and working time matrix was 1.26 (95% CI: 0.69–2.30) for ≥ 5,000 hours CLWT compared to that for < 2,000 hours CLWT. The OR of cLD adjusted by gender, age, BMI, CLWT, and working time matrix was 2.08 (95% CI: 1.06–4.06) for fishers compared to that for farmers.

Conclusions

Heavy lifting did not show a significant association with cLD in farmers and fishers. However, there is possibility that fishers are at a higher risk of lumbar disc collapse than farmers.

한국 농어업인의 요추추간판 퇴행성변화의 특징과 요추추간판붕괴의 위험요인
목적
중량물을 운반하는 육체노동자들의 요추추간판 퇴행성변화의 위험인자에 관한 연구는 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 농어업인의 요추추간판의 퇴행성변화의 특성을 파악하고, 요추추간판붕괴의 위험 요인을 알아보고자 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 한국농업인무릎관절염코호트에 등록된 농업인과 전남어업인코호트에 등록된 어업인 중 요추 자기공명영상을 촬영하였던 40-69세를 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구대상자수는 농업인 203명 (남성 103명, 여성 100명)과 어업인 166명 (남성 95명, 여성 71명)이다. 연구자들은 Pfirrmann 등급 체계를 사용하여 5개의 요추 디스크를 각각 평가하고 모든 디스크 레벨에서 Pfirrmann 등급 5이상인 경우를 ‘요추추간판붕괴’(디스크간격이 50%미만으로 감소)로 분류했다. 성별, 연령, 체질량지수, 일일 근로 시간, 연간 근로 개월 수, 생애누적들기작업시간과 같은 위험요인을 조사하였고, 이를 보정한 오즈비와 95 % 신뢰구간을 산출하였다.
결과
요추추간판붕괴의 유병률은 19.8%(어업인 23.7%, 농업을 겸업하는 어업인 21.2%, 농업인 17.2%)였다. 요추추간판붕괴는 연령 및 직업과 상관관계가 있었다. 반면, 성별, 생애누적들기작업시간, 일일근로시간과 연간근로개월수로 구성된 근무시간요인은 요추추간판붕괴와 유의한 관련성을 보이지 않았다. 보정된 요추추간판붕괴의 오즈비는 생애누적들기작업시간이 2,000시간 미만인 경우에 비해 5,000시간 이상인 경우 어업인의 경우 1.26 (95 % CI 0.69–2.30)이었다. 반면, 보정된 요추추간판붕괴의 오즈비는 농업인에 비해 어업인의 경우 2.08 (95 % CI 1.06–4.06)이었다.
결론
본 연구에서 중량물들기작업시간은 요추추간판의 붕괴와 유의한 연관성을 보이지 않았다. 그러나 어업인의 경우 농업인보다 요추추간판붕괴가 유의하게 많았다.

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Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korean Farmers: Survey on Occupational Diseases in 2020 and 2022
Jinheum Kim, Kanwoo Youn, Jinwoo Park
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Shang Gao, Nianhu Li, Renchang Chen, Youxiang Su, Yun Song, Songlin Liang, Vasiliki Galani
BioMed Research International.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Radiographic hand osteoarthritis in women farmers: characteristics and risk factors
Bohyun Sim, Jaehoo Lee, Chul Gab Lee, Hansoo Song
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Edona Sopaj Azemi, Sandër Kola, Irena Kola, Marjeta Tanka, Fatmir Bilaj, Erjona Abazaj
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Population attributable fraction of indicators for musculoskeletal diseases: a cross-sectional study of fishers in Korea
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Factors related to femoral bowing among Korean female farmers: a cross-sectional study: Sangyoon Do, Chul Gab Lee, Dong Hwi Kim, GwangChul Lee, Kweon Young Kim, So Yeon Ryu, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e23. Published online July 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e23

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Female farmers have a high prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in South Korea. Femoral bowing has been reported to be related to KOA by increasing load on the mechanical axis. This study aimed to investigate factors related to femoral bowing in Korean female farmers.

Methods

We analyzed the legs of 264 female farmers registered with the Korea farmers' knee cohort of Jeonnam Center for Farmers' Safety and Health. A structured questionnaire was used to determine sociodemographic variables, agricultural career, cumulative squatting working time (CSWT), and cumulative heavy lifting working time. Femoral bone density was measured and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grades were obtained from the knee radiographs. Mechanical axis angle (MAA), femoral bowing angle (FBA), anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), anatomical medial proximal tibial angle (aMPTA), and condylar-plateau angle (CPA) were measured. We examined the relationship between the FBA and related factors by using multiple linear regression.

Results

The proportion of individuals with radiographic KOA (≥ KL grade 2) in this study was 37.9%. As KL grades increased, MAA, FBA, and CPA increased, whereas aLDFA and aMPTA decreased. FBA increased with age. Multiple linear regression analyses using FBA as a dependent variable showed relationship with higher age, lower height, higher BMI, lower bone mineral density, longer CSWT, and longer agricultural careers.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that external factors related to agricultural work in female farmers was associated with femoral bowing, in addition to internal factors such as age, bone density, height, and obesity.

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