Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT: using the 5th and 6th Korean Working Condition Surveys: Tae-Yeon Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Byungyoon Yun, Domyung Paek, Kyung Ehi Zoh, Kanwoo Youn, Yun Keun Lee, Yangho Kim, Jungwon Kim, Eunsuk Choi, Mo-Yeol Kang, YoonHo Cho, Kyung-Eun Lee, Juho Sim, Juyeon Oh, Heejoo Park, Jian Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e19. Published online August 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e19

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Accurate occupation classification is essential in various fields, including policy development and epidemiological studies. This study aims to develop an occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT.
Methods
This study used data from the 5th and 6th Korean Working Conditions Surveys conducted in 2017 and 2020, respectively. A total of 99,665 survey participants, who were nationally representative of Korean workers, were included. We used natural language responses regarding their job responsibilities and occupational codes based on the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (7th version, 3-digit codes). The dataset was randomly split into training and test datasets in a ratio of 7:3. The occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT was fine-tuned using the training dataset, and the model was evaluated using the test dataset. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were calculated as evaluation metrics.
Results
The final model, which classified 28,996 survey participants in the test dataset into 142 occupational codes, exhibited an accuracy of 84.44%. For the evaluation metrics, the precision, recall, and F1 score of the model, calculated by weighting based on the sample size, were 0.83, 0.84, and 0.83, respectively. The model demonstrated high precision in the classification of service and sales workers yet exhibited low precision in the classification of managers. In addition, it displayed high precision in classifying occupations prominently represented in the training dataset.
Conclusions
This study developed an occupation classification system based on DistilKoBERT, which demonstrated reasonable performance. Despite further efforts to enhance the classification accuracy, this automated occupation classification model holds promise for advancing epidemiological studies in the fields of occupational safety and health.; DistilKOBERT를 기반으로 한 직업 분류 모델 개발: 제5차, 6차 한국근로실태조사를 이용하여
목적
정확한 직업분류는 정책 개발 및 역학 연구를 포함한 다양한 분야에서 중요하다. 본 연구는 자연어처리모델인 DistilKoBERT를 기반으로 한 직업 분류 모델을 개발하는 것을 목표로 한다.
방법
본 연구는 2017년과 2020년에 실시된 제5차와 제6차 근로환경조사 (KWCS)의 데이터를 활용하였다. 대한민국 근로자를 국가적으로 대표하는 총 99,665명의 참가자가 포함되었고, 직무 내용과 관련된 자연어 응답과 그에 맞는 대한민국 표준직업 분류코드(7차 개정, 3자리 코드)를 연구에 사용하였다. 데이터셋은 7:3의 비율로 훈련 및 테스트 데이터셋으로 무작위로 분할되었고, 사전 학습된 DistilKoBERT을 훈련 데이터셋을 통해 파인튜닝하여 모델을 학습시키고, 테스트 데이터셋을 사용하여 그 기능을 평가하였다. 정확도, 정밀도, 재현율 및 F1 점수가 평가 지표로 계산되었다.
결과
테스트 데이터셋의 28,996명의 참가자를 142개의 직업 코드로 분류한 최종 모델은 84.44%의 정확도를 보였다. 샘플 크기를 기준으로 가중치를 적용하여 계산한 모델의 정밀도, 재현율 및 F1 점수는 각각 0.83, 0.84 및 0.83 이었다. 최종 모델은 서비스, 판매 종사자 그룹에서 높은 정밀도를 보여주었지만 관리자 그룹에서는 낮은 정밀도를 보였다. 또한 훈련 데이터셋에서 표본의 수가 많았던 직업에서 대체로 높은 정밀도를 보였다.
결론
본 연구는 DistilKoBERT를 기반으로 합리적인 성능을 보이는 직업 분류 모델을 개발하였다. 분류의 정확성을 향상시키기 위한 추가적인 노력이 필요하지만, 자동화된 직업 분류 모델은 직업 안전 및 보건 분야의 유행병 연구를 발전시키는 데 기여할 것이라 기대된다.

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Original Article

Cooking oil fume exposure and Lung-RADS distribution among school cafeteria workers of South Korea: Minjun Kim, Yangho Kim, A Ram Kim, Woon Jung Kwon, Soyeoun Lim, Woojin Kim, Cheolin Yoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e2. Published online January 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e2

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Cooking oil fumes (COFs) from cooking with hot oil may contribute to the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Since 2021, occupational lung cancer for individual cafeteria workers has been recognized in South Korea. In this study, we aimed to identify the distribution of lung-imaging reporting and data system (Lung-RADS) among cafeteria workers and to determine factors related to Lung-RADS distribution.

Methods

We included 203 female participants who underwent low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening at a university hospital and examined the following variables: age, smoking status, second-hand smoke, height, weight, and years of service, mask use, cooking time, heat source, and ventilation. We divided all participants into culinary and non-culinary workers. Binomial logistic regression was conducted to determine the risk factors on LDCT of Category ≥ 3, separately for the overall group and the culinary group.

Results

In this study, Lung-RADS-positive occurred in 17 (8.4%) individuals, all of whom were culinary workers. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed and no variables were found to have a significant impact on Lung-RADS results. In the subgroup analysis, the Lung-RADS-positive, and -negative groups differed only in ventilation. Binary logistic regression showed that the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of the Lung-RADS-positive group for inappropriate ventilation at the workplace was 14.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.296–67.231) compared to appropriate ventilation as the reference, and the aOR for electric appliances at home was 4.59 (95% CI: 1.061–19.890) using liquid fuel as the reference.

Conclusions

The rate of Lung-RADS-positive was significantly higher among culinary workers who performed actual cooking tasks than among nonculinary workers. In addition, appropriate ventilation at the workplace made the LDCT results differ. More research is needed to identify factors that might influence LDCT findings among culinary workers, including those in other occupations.

한국 학교 급식소 종사자의 조리흄 노출과 Lung-RADS 분포
목적
2021년부터 한국에서는 개별 학교 급식 종사자의 폐암 산업재해가 인정되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 급식 종사자들의 Lung-imaging reporting and data system ( Lung-RADS ) 분포를 확인하고, Lung-RADS 분포와 관련된 요인을 탐색해보고자 한다.
방법
2020년도에 울산대학병원에서 저선량 CT를 촬영한 여성 참가자 중 203명을 대상으로 나이, 흡연 여부, 간접 흡연 여부, 키, 체중, 근무 년수, 마스크 착용 여부, 조리 시간, 열원, 환기방식 등의 변수를 조사하였다. 참가자를 조리직, 비조리직으로 분류하였다. 범주 3이상에 대한 영향을 확인하기 위해 이분형 로지스틱을 전체집단 조리직 집단에 나누어 실시하였다.
결과
Lung-RADS 양성은 17 (8.4%)명에게서 발생했고 모두 조리직에 해당했다. 이분형 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행한 결과 전체집단에서 Lung-RADS 결과에 유의미한 영향을 주는 변수는 확인할 수 없었다. Subgroup 분석에서 Lung-RADS 양성, 음성군은 직장 내 환기방식에서만 차이가 있었다. 이분형 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 직장에서 환기를 철저히 한 것을 참고치로 했을 때 부적절한 환기에 대한 Lung-RADS 양성의 오드비가 14.89이고 가정에서 액화연료 사용을 참고치로 했을 때 전기 요리기구 사용의 오드비는 4.59이였다.
결론
실제 조리업무를 시행하는 조리직의 경우 비조리직에 비해 Lung-RADS 양성 비율이 유의하게 높았다. 또한 조리실 환경에서 환기를 철저하게 하는 것이 Lung-RADS 소견에 영향을 주었다.

Citations

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Exposure to cooking fumes in cafeteria workers in Korean schools: a pilot study
Daesung Lim, Yong Min Cho
Annals of Work Exposures and Health.2025; 69(1): 109. CrossRef
Lung Cancer Risk in Female School Cooks: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study in the Republic of Korea
Jungwon Jang, Eun Mi Kim, Jaiyong Kim, Jeehee Min, Inah Kim
Safety and Health at Work.2025; 16(1): 105. CrossRef
Radiological Changes in Chest Computed Tomography Findings of School Cafeteria Workers: A Comparative Study With Age-matched Controls
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Healthcare Informatics Research.2024; 30(4): 398. CrossRef

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Original Article

Factors related to depressive symptoms in Korean self-employed workers: Hanjun Kim, Jungsun Park, A Ram Kim, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e20. Published online June 15, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e20

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

We examined factors related to depressive symptoms in Korean self-employed workers.

Methods

This secondary analysis examined data of 14,454 self-employed individuals from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2017). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of depressive symptoms with different variables.

Results

Self-employed workers who had a good work-life balance, a good subjective health, and worked 40 to 48 hours or 48 to 60 hours/week were less likely to report depressive symptoms (all p < 0.05). However, those who always interacted with angry clients, had severe exposure to ergonomic risk factors, and were exposed to moderate or severe abusive behaviors were more likely to report depressive symptoms (all p < 0.05). Age, gender, weekly work days, and working at very fast speed were unrelated to depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Several factors known to be related to depressive symptoms do not lead to depression in self-employed individuals. Different interventions may therefore be needed to prevent depression in self-employed workers.

한국의 자영업자에서의 우울증상과 관련된 요인
목적
한국 자영업자와 우울 증상과 관련된 요인들을 분석하였다.
방법
이 2차 분석은 5차 한국근로환경조사(2017)의 14,454명의 자영업자들의 데이터를 조사하였다. 우울 증상과 관련된 다양한 변수들에 대하여 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다.
결과
고졸 학력, 높은 월간 수입, 좋은 일과 삶의 균형, 주간 40시간에서 48시간 및 48시간에서 60시간 근무한 자영업자들은 우울증상을 보고를 하는 경향이 적었다 (모두 P < 0.05). 그러나 화난 고객과 대하는 경우, 근골격계 위험요소에 크게 노출되는 경우, 폭력적인 행위에 중간 혹은 심하게 노출되는 경우 우울증상을 더 많이 보고하였다 (P < 0.05). 나이, 성별, 직업군, 수입 변화, 주간 근무일수, 빠른 속도의 근무환경등은 우울 증상과 관련이 적었다.
결론
전 연구들과 비교하였을 때, 몇몇 같은 인구통계학적, 사회경제적, 심리사회적 요소들이 자영업자와 임금근로자에서 우울증상을 이끌어낸다. 그러나 몇몇 요소들은 임금근로자와 다르게 나타난다. 따라서 자영업자에서 우울증을 예방하기 위해 다른 간섭이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

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Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and infantile allergic diseases modified by maternal glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms: results from the MOCEH birth cohort: Tai Kyung Koh, Hyesook Park, Yun-Chul Hong, Mina Ha, Yangho Kim, Bo-Eun Lee, Surabhi Shah, Eunhee Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e12. Published online April 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e12

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been linked to allergic disease onset. Variations in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family can impact the progression of allergic diseases. We sought to examine the association between prenatal PAH exposure and infantile allergic diseases in 6-month-old infants, and how maternal glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) or T1 (GSTT1) polymorphism affects the association between prenatal PAH exposure and allergic diseases in the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study.

Methods

The study sample comprised 349 infants and their mothers from the MOCEH study, for whom 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-naphthol were measured in both the early period of pregnancy and late period of pregnancy. An infant was deemed to be affected by an allergic disease if diagnosed with or if developed at least one of the allergic diseases. A logistic regression analysis was performed to study the association between urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol levels during pregnancy and allergic diseases in 6-month-old infants. Furthermore, analyses stratified by maternal GSTM1 or GSTT1 present/null polymorphisms were performed.

Results

The risk of allergic diseases in 6-month-old infants was significantly increased in accordance with an increase in urinary 1-OHP during the early period of pregnancy (odds ratio [OR]: 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05, 3.23; by one log-transformed unit of 1-OHP μg/g creatinine). The increased risk of infantile allergic diseases associated with urinary 1-OHP during the early period of pregnancy was limited to the maternal GSTT1 null type (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.17, 6.21, by one log-transformed unit of 1-OHP μg/g creatinine); however, the Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The present study found that infantile allergic diseases could be affected by intrauterine PAH exposure, particularly in the early prenatal period and the risk was limited to the maternal GSTT1 null type.

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Prenatal dietary exposure to mixtures of chemicals is associated with allergy or respiratory diseases in children in the ELFE nationwide cohort
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Sumitaka Kobayashi, Fumihiro Sata, Reiko Kishi
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Rebecca Levy, Thu H. Le
Kidney360.2022; 3(12): 2153. CrossRef

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Correction

Correction to: Guidelines for recognition of occupational cancers in Korea: the results of scientific review by Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2013–2016): Jaechul Song, Kuck-Hyun Woo, YangHo Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:25. Published online April 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0235-y

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Review

The standards for recognition of occupational cancers related with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Korea: Tae-Won Jang, Yangho Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jong-Seong Lee, Jaechul Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:13. Published online February 26, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0224-1

Abstract PDF PubReader

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen. PAHs have carcinogenicity in human. Cancers related with PAHs include cancers of lung, skin, bladder, and others. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined several occupations that can be exposure to PAHs were probable carcinogens to human. National Toxicology Program (NTP) classified coal tars and coal tar pitches, and coke oven emissions as known to human carcinogens, and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified coke oven emissions as human carcinogen.

PAHs can be produced both naturally and artificially. Sources of occupational exposure include coal gasification, coke production, coal tar distillation, aluminium production, and so on. Diesel exhaust emission contains large amount of PAHs. Cigarette smoking also contains many PAHs, which is the important source of environmental source of PAHs.

The evaluation for work-relatedness and standards for recognition of occupational cancers should focus on occupations that can be exposed to PAHs. In Korea, standards for recognition of occupational cancers related with PAHs are following: lung cancers related with more than 10 years exposure to coal tar pitch, lung and skin cancers related with soot exposure, and skin cancers related with more than 10 years exposure to coal tar. When applying these standards, occupations that can be exposed to PAHs should be focused on. In addition, latent period for solid cancer should be considered. In addition to these occupations, diesel engine combustion and firefighters can be exposed to PAHs.

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A Review of the Effect of Outdoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Bladder Cancer
Marzieh Bayat, Parisa Asban, Fatemeh Koshki Nasab, Masoume Taherian, Arefeh Sepahvand, Ali Farhadi, Bita Falahi, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi, Majid Farhadi
Health Scope.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Respiratory Diseases and the Risk Factors Related to Cancer
Majid Ravanbakhsh, Homayon Yousefi, Elena Lak, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Wanich Suksatan, Qutaiba A. Qasim, Parisa Asban, Mahsa Kianizadeh, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds.2023; 43(9): 8371. CrossRef
The effect of toxic air pollutants on fertility men and women, fetus and birth rate
Ria Margiana, Homayon Yousefi, Arghavan Afra, Agustinus Agustinus, Walid Kamal Abdelbasset, Mariya Kuznetsova, Sara Mansourimoghadam, Hafez Ajam Ekrami, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
Reviews on Environmental Health.2023; 38(3): 565. CrossRef

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Review

Review of carcinogenicity of hexavalent chrome and proposal of revising approval standards for an occupational cancers in Korea: Jungwon Kim, Sangyun Seo, Yangho Kim, Dae Hwan Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:7. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0215-2

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Background

The objective of this study is to suggest revised recognition standards for occupational disease due to chromium (VI) by reflecting recent domestic and international research works and considering domestic exposure status with respect to target organs, exposure period, and cumulative exposure dose in relation to the chromium (VI)-induced occupational disease compensation.

Methods

In this study, the reports published by major international institutions such as World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2012), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2006), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2013), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (2004), National Toxicology Program (NTP) (2014), and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR) (2012) were reviewed and the recent research works searched by PubMed were summarized.

Results

Considering the recent research works and the domestic situation, only lung cancer is conserved in the legislative bill in relation to chromium (VI), and the exposure period is not included in the bill. Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer was excluded from the list of cancers that are compensated as the chromium (VI)- induced occupational disease, while lung cancer remains in the list. In the view of legislative unity, considering the fact that only the cancers having sufficient evidence are included in the conventional list of cancers compensated as occupational disease, nasal and paranasal sinus cancer having limited evidence were excluded from the list.

The exposure period was also removed from the legislative bill due to the insufficient evidence. Recent advices in connection with cumulative exposure dose were proposed, and other considerable points were provided with respect to individual occupational relevance.

Conclusions

It is suggested that the current recognition standard which is “Lung cancer or nasal and paranasal sinus cancer caused by exposure to chromium (VI) or compounds thereof (exposure for two years or longer), or nickel compounds” should be changed to “Lung cancer caused by exposure to chromium (VI) or compounds thereof, and lung cancer or nasal and paranasal sinus cancer caused by exposure to nickel compounds”.

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Fatma M. El-Demerdash, Mustafa M. Karhib, Nora F. Ghanem, Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim, Raghda A. El-Sayed
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2024; 31(18): 26760. CrossRef
An Overview of Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Necroptosis, Pyroptosis, and Ferroptosis
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Research Article

The association between cadmium and lead exposure and blood pressure among workers of a smelting industry: a cross-sectional study: Hyun Chan An, Joo Hyun Sung, Jiho Lee, Chang Sun Sim, Sang Hoon Kim, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:47. Published online October 4, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0202-z

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Background

Lead and cadmium are harmful heavy metals that are used for a variety of occupational purposes. Considering their potentially hazardous effects on health, studies on the association between exposure to these two heavy metals and health disorders have been actively conducted. This study aimed to determine the association between blood lead and cadmium levels and blood pressure in workers exposed to lead and cadmium in a smelter.

Methods

Nine hundred and sixty-three male workers who worked in a smelter, and underwent medical examinations at the Ulsan University Hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2014, were selected as participants. Among them, 310 subjects whose data on height, weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, and blood lead and cadmium levels were available and who answered the questionnaire were selected as the final participants. We investigated the drinking habit, smoking status, exercise adequacy, and family history of hypertension of these workers using formal questionnaires. A statistical analysis was conducted using Student’s t-test, analysis of variance, and linear or logistic regression.

Results

The association between blood lead and cadmium levels and blood pressure was analyzed through statistical adjustment of the risk factors of hypertension. Results showed an association between blood cadmium level and blood pressure elevation. However, blood lead level was found to be not correlated with blood pressure elevation.

Conclusions

This study shows the association between blood cadmium level and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) elevation.

Trial registration

IRB No. 2017–03-037. Retrospectively Registered 30 March 2017.

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Research Article

Factors affecting heat-related diseases in outdoor workers exposed to extreme heat: Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim, Inbo Oh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:30. Published online June 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0183-y

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The objectives of the present study are to: (i) evaluate the effect of environmental and metabolic heat on heat-related illnesses in outdoor workers; and (ii) evaluate the effect of personal factors, including heat acclimation, on the risk of heat-related illnesses in outdoor workers.

Methods

We identified 47 cases of illnesses from exposure to environmental heat in outdoor workers in Korea from 2010 to 2014, based on review of workers’ compensation data. We also obtained the information on location, time, and work environment of each heat-related illness.

Results

Our major results are that 29 cases (61.7%) occurred during a heat wave. Forty five cases (95.7%) occurred when the maximum estimated WBGT (WBGTmax) was equal to or greater than the case specific threshold value which was determined by acclimatization and metabolic rate. Twenty two cases (46.8%) were not acclimated to the heat. Thirty-seven cases (78.7%) occurred after tropical night (temperature above 25 °C), during which many people may find it hard to sleep.

Conclusion

Personal risk factors such as heat acclimation as well as environmental factors and high metabolic rate during work are the major determinants of heat-related illnesses.

Citations

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Research Article

Hazards and health problems in occupations dominated by aged workers in South Korea: Jungsun Park, Soo Geun Kim, Jong-shik Park, Boyoung Han, Kab Bae Kim, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:27. Published online June 26, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0177-9

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Background

South Korea’s population is aging more rapidly than any other country. Aging of the productive population will lead to shortage of labor and the decreasing quality of the labor force in South Korea. South Korea needs health care strategies to support the establishment of work environments that are appropriate for elderly workers who have reduced physical capacity. This paper aims to identify occupations that are dominated by aged workers and assess the exposure to hazards and work-related health problems of aged workers in these occupations.

Methods

We identified the 20 occupations in South Korea that employ the most aged workers (at least 55 years-old), among all 149 occupations that are defined as minor categories (identified by three digits) by the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). Exposure to hazards and work-related health problems of individuals in these occupations were evaluated by analyzing the results of the fourth Working Conditions Survey of 2014.

Results

Among the 20 occupations that employ the most aged workers, ‘Elementary Occupations’, which the KSCO classifies as major category (9), had the largest proportion of aged workers. After this, there were five occupations of skilled manual workers and six occupations of skilled non-manual workers. Aged workers in elementary and skilled manual occupations reported frequent exposure to job-specific hazards, such as noise, vibrations, high and low temperatures, solvents, and chemicals. Relative to other workers, aged workers in the occupations reported more frequent exposure to ergonomic hazards, such as tiring or painful positions, carrying or moving heavy loads, and repetitive movements, and also reported more work-related musculoskeletal disorders and general fatigue. Injury due to accident was common in machinery-handling occupations.

Conclusion

Job-specific hazards should be reduced to prevent occupation-related disorders in elementary and skilled manual occupations that are dominated by aged workers.

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Commentary

Health care strategy for ensuring work ability in an aging Korea: Jungsun Park, Jong-tae Park, Soo Geun Kim, Cheol-In Yoo, Junseok Son, Jun Yim, Dae-seong Kim, Kyung Young Rhee, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:42. Published online September 7, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0127-y

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The rapid aging trend in South Korea will cause a growing shortage of labor and decreasing quality of the labor force. The purpose of this commentary is to recommend a health care strategy to maintain and promote the work ability of employees in an aging Korea. Strategies to promote the work ability require the collaboration of governmental agencies at the central and local levels. First, the common goal should be the reinforcement of follow-up measure in general medical examinations and the promotion of healthy lifestyles for workers. Second, collaborating activities should be performed among the Worker’s Health Center, the Health Promotion Center, and community health centers. In conclusion, health care strategies for ensuring the work ability in an aging Korea require the collaboration of governmental agencies at the central and local levels.

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Hyeng Kyu Park, Min Keun Song, Jae Hong Kim, Jae Young Han
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The history of occupational health in South Korea
Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2019; 74(1-2): 50. CrossRef
Vulnerability of employees in businesses with fewer than five workers (micro‐enterprises) to occupational safety and health problems
Jungsun Park, Jong‐shik Park, Boyoung Han, Yangho Kim
American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2017; 60(12): 1056. CrossRef
Hazards and health problems in occupations dominated by aged workers in South Korea
Jungsun Park, Soo Geun Kim, Jong-shik Park, Boyoung Han, Kab Bae Kim, Yangho Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Effect of maternal job strain during pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment by gender at 6 and 12 months: Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study: Eunjeong Kim, HyeSook Park, Yun-Chul Hong, Mina Ha, Yangho Kim, Bo-Eun Lee, Eun-Hee Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:8. Published online March 20, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0059-y

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Objectives

Limited evidence is available regarding the association between prenatal job strain and infant neurodevelopment. Most studies used stress indicators other than job strain to explain the relationship between prenatal maternal stress and child development. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between maternal job strain during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in infancy.

Methods

Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, an on-going prospective birth cohort study, has been conducted in South Korea since 2006. Job strain during pregnancy was measured using Korean version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). Infant neurodevelopment was assessed using Korean Bayley Scale of Infant Development II (K-BSID-II) at 6 and 12 months of age. A total of 343 mother-child pairs that completed JCQ and K-BSID-II more than once were included. Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) defined in the K-BSID-II were used as outcome variables.

Results

Compared to infants from mothers with low job strain, significant (p < 0.05) decreases in PDI were found in infants from mothers with active and passive job at 6 months of age. After stratification by infant sex, boys in the high strain group had a lower MDI score than boys in the low job strain group at 12 months. On the other hand, girls in the high strain and active groups had higher MDI scores than girls in the low job strain group at 12 months. PDI at 12 months also showed different results by sex. Boys in the high strain and passive job groups had lower PDI scores than boys in the low job strain group. However, such difference was not observed in girls.

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that prenatal job strain affects infant neurodevelopment in a gender-dependent manner.

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Lindsey M. Lavaysse, Tahira M. Probst
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Environmental pollutants affecting children's growth and development: Collective results from the MOCEH study, a multi-centric prospective birth cohort in Korea
Surabhi Shah, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Hyesook Park, Yun-Chul Hong, Yangho Kim, Byungmi Kim, Namsoo Chang, Suejin Kim, Yeni Kim, Bung-Nyun Kim, Hojang Kwon, Sanghyuk Bae, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jong-Han Leem, Eun-Kyo Park, Hyunjoo Joo, Bohyun Park, Mina Ha, Eunhee Ha
Environment International.2020; 137: 105547. CrossRef

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Research Article

Iron Deficiency is Not Associated with Increased Blood Cadmium in Infants: Jung-Hun Park, Sangkyu Park, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:3. Published online February 10, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-3

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Objectives

To determine whether blood cadmium concentration is elevated in iron-deficient infants.

Methods

Blood cadmium and serum ferritin concentrations, serum iron/total iron-binding capacity (Fe/TIBC) and complete blood counts were measured in 31 iron deficient and 36 control infants, aged 6–24 months. All 31 iron-deficient infants received iron supplementation for 1–6 months.

Results

Blood cadmium concentrations were measured again in 19 of the iron deficient infants after their ferritin levels returned to the normal range. The mean blood cadmium concentration did not differ significantly in iron deficient and control infants. The mean blood cadmium concentration in the 19 iron-deficient infants was not significantly altered by ferric hydroxide treatment, while their hemoglobin, ferritin, and Fe/TIBC (%) concentrations were significantly higher after than before treatment.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that iron deficiency does not increase blood cadmium concentrations in infants, in contrast with the effects of iron deficiency on manganese and lead concentrations.

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Research Article

Relationship of cigarette smoking and hearing loss in workers exposed to occupational noise: Joo Hyun Sung, Chang Sun Sim, Choong-Ryeol Lee, Cheol-In Yoo, Hun Lee, Yangho Kim, Jiho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:8. Published online July 3, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-8

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Objectives

To investigate the effects of smoking on hearing loss among workers exposed to occupational noise.

Methods

From the results of a special workers health examination performed in 2011, we enrolled 8,543 subjects exposed to occupational noise and reviewed the findings. Using self-reported questionnaires and health examination results, we collected data on age, smoking status, disease status, height, weight, and biochemistry and pure tone audiometry findings. We divided the workers into 3 groups according to smoking status (non-smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker). Current smokers (n = 3,593) were divided into 4 groups according to smoking amount (0.05–9.9, 10–19.9, 20–29.9, ≥30 pack-years). We analyzed the data to compare hearing thresholds between smoking statuses using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling for confounder effects.

Results

According to ANCOVA, the hearing thresholds of current smokers at 2 k, 3 k, and 4 kHz were significantly higher than that of the other groups. Multiple logistic regression for smoking status (reference: non-smokers) showed that the adjusted odds ratios of current smokers were 1.291 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.055–1.580), 1.180 (95% CI: 1.007–1.383), 1.295 (95% CI: 1.125–1.491), and 1.321 (95% CI: 1.157–1.507) at 1 k, 2 k, 3 k, and 4 kHz, respectively. Based on smoking amount, the adjusted odds ratios were 1.562 (95% CI: 1.013–2.408) and 1.643 (95% CI: 1.023–2.640) for the 10–19.9 and ≥30 pack-years group, respectively, at 1 kHz (reference: 0.05–9.9 pack-years). At 2 kHz, the adjusted odds ratios were increased statistically significantly with smoking amount for all groups. At all frequencies tested, the hearing thresholds of noise-exposed workers were significantly influenced by current smoking, in particular, the increase of hearing loss at low frequencies according to smoking amount was more prevalent.

Conclusions

Current smoking significantly influenced hearing loss at all frequencies in workers exposed to occupational noise, and heavier smoking influenced low-frequency hearing loss more greatly. There was a dose–response relationship between smoking amount and low-frequency hearing thresholds; however, this was not observed for high-frequency hearing thresholds. Therefore, well-designed prospective studies are needed to clarify the effects of smoking on the degree of hearing loss.

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Dongming Wang, Zhichao Wang, Min Zhou, Wenzhen Li, Meian He, Xiaomin Zhang, Huan Guo, Jing Yuan, Yue Zhan, Kun Zhang, Tao Zhou, Weijia Kong, Weihong Chen
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Research Article

Association of Diabetes Mellitus with a Combination of Vitamin D Deficiency and Arsenic Exposure in the Korean General Population: Analysis of 2008–2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data: Byung-Kook Lee, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:7. Published online May 21, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-7

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Objectives

We present data from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008–2009 on the combination of vitamin D deficiency and arsenic exposure on diabetes mellitus (DM) in a representative sample of the adult Korean population.

Methods

This study was based on data obtained from the KNHANES 2008–2009, which was conducted for 3 years (2007–2009) using a rolling sampling design that involved a complex, stratified, multistage, probability-cluster survey of a representative sample of the non-institutionalized civilian population in South Korea.

Results

Data analysis revealed that subjects who showed both vitamin D levels in the 1^st quartile (Q) and urinary arsenic levels in the 4^th Q, had a 302% increased risk of having DM, as compared with those whose vitamin D and urinary arsenic levels were in the 4^th Q and 1^st Q, respectively.

Conclusion

The present study reconfirmed an association of DM with low vitamin D levels and arsenic exposure, and further showed a combination of vitamin D deficiency and arsenic exposure on DM in the general Korean population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing a combination of vitamin D deficiency and arsenic exposure on DM. The present findings have important public health implications.

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Samaneh Abolli, Samaneh Dehghani, Rasha Atlasi, Zahra Maleki, Masud Yunesian, Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy, Maryam Saraei, Mina Khosravifar, Zahra Soleimani
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Association between urinary arsenic species and vitamin D deficiency: a cross-sectional study in Chinese pregnant women
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Dietary Selenium Deficiency Partially Mimics the Metabolic Effects of Arsenic
Christopher M. Carmean, Mizuho Mimoto, Michael Landeche, Daniel Ruiz, Bijoy Chellan, Lidan Zhao, Margaret C. Schulz, Alexandra M. Dumitrescu, Robert M. Sargis
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BioMed Research International.2015; 2015: 1. CrossRef

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Editorial

Congratulatory Message for the New International Journal, Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine: Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:3. Published online May 21, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-3

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The association between long working hours and the metabolic syndrome: evidences from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2010 and 2012
Jae Uk Jeong, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

The General Characteristics and Results of the Cold Provocation Test in the Risk Group of HAVS: Jae Kook Yoon, Chang Sun Sim, Myoung Soon Oh, Joo Hyun Sung, Ji Ho Lee, Choong Ryeol Lee, Yangho Kim, Cheol In Yoo, Hun Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(3):207-216. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.3.207

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The cold provocation test for diagnosing the vascular component in hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is likely to be accepted as an objective test, and a few studies have been performed. However, controversy has continued regarding the diagnostic performance of this method. Although objective methods such as plethysmography and laser doppler flowmetry have been studied, they have not received as much attention as other diagnostic methods. Therefore, our study aim was to spread the awareness of HAVS by reporting the results of the cold provocation test in a hand-transmitted vibration exposure group.
METHODS
The study subjects were 549 workers who had been exposed to hand-transmitted vibrations and reported symptoms in their hands. While the subject immersed both their hands in 10degrees C water for 10 minutes, the skin temperature of 10 fingers was recorded from pre-immersion time to 20 minute postimmersion including 10 minutes immersion time. The recovery rates were calculated from the recorded skin temperatures. The 'decreased recovery rate' criteria were less than 30% at 5 minutes post-immersion and 60% at 10 minute post-immersion.
RESULTS
Of the subjects, 69.1% and 30.9% had more severe symptoms in the right and left hands, respectively. The mean finger skin temperature of the right hand after cold-water immersion for 10 minutes was approximately 10degrees C, which increased gradually with time, but they did not reach the baseline temperature at 20 minutes post-immersion. The deviations of the skin temperature in the subjects were higher in the recovery phase than in the baseline and cold immersion phase. The 3rd finger of both hands showed the lowest 5-minute recovery rate among the fingers examined, and the left 4th finger and right 3rd finger showed the lowest 10-minute recovery rate. Of the subjects, 37.6% and 10.4% of subjects showed a lower recovery rate at 5 and 10 minutes in at least one finger, respectively, while 10.2% showed a lower recovery rate at both 5 and 10 minutes simultaneously in at least one finger.
CONCLUSIONS
The larger deviations in the recovery phase than in the other phases indicated that interindividual differences are more prominent in the recovery phase. There might be no benefit in observing the finger skin temperature for an additional 10 minutes after 10 minutes post-immersion. Overall, approximately 10% of the subjects in the HAVS risk group had HAVS.

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Technetium-99m hand perfusion scintigraphy (Raynaud’s scan) as a method of verification in hand arm vibration syndrome: a review
Taewoong Ha, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jungwon Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Trend of Human Vibration Research in Korea
Hee-Sok Park
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2013; 32(4): 293. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Chemical Pneumonitis After Ingestion of Hydrocarbon: Suk Hwan Kim, Yangjin Jegal, Nari Choy, Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):406-411. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.406

Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Hydrocarbon is used frequently in the home in places such as the kitchen, garage, and basement. Accidental ingestion of hydrocarbons occurs generally in infants and children in the home. In cases of accidental ingestion, the amount is usually too small to cause medical problems, but can bring about diseases such as chemical pneumonitis.
CASE
REPORT: After ingesting organic solvent mistaken for mineral water, a 53-year-old male complained of cough, fever, and pain in the right upper abdomen, back, and right chest. Simple chest x-ray revealed focal chemical pneumonitis mainly involving the right middle lobe. The resulting lung abscess did not resolve until after treatment with drainage accompanied with antibiotics therapy. The ingested solution was analyzed and found to be a C11~C13 hydrocarbon mixture which has low viscosity.
CONCLUSION
Chemical pneumonitis occurred after ingestion of hydrocarbon solution, and there is evidence of aspiratory mechanism.

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Case Report

A Case of Cerebellar Dysfunction After Acute Organotin Poisoning: Suk Hwan Kim, Cheol In Yoo, Jee Hyun Kwon, Jin Ho Bae, Young Cheol Weon, Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(3):289-292. Published online September 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.3.289

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
We performed a follow-up study of an acute organotin poisoning case on the neurological sequelae that remained after 3 years since diagnosis.
CASE
In the previous study, a 43-year-old male was reported for acute organotin poisoning. After 3 years, the neurological sequelae were studied using neurological examination, cognitive tests, neurobehavioral tests (by CAYSYS 2000(TM)), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT. Upon neurological examination and other tests, orientation was improved compared to that 3 years before, but cerebellar ataxia, dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia remained the same, with little change. Brain MRI showed cerebellar atrophy. 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed mildly decreased metabolic activity in the pons and in both cerebellar hemispheres.
DISCUSSION
This is the first brain MRI study on cerebellar atrophy caused by organotin poisoning. Cerebellar ataxia was confirmed by decreased metabolic activity in 18F-FDG PET/CT.

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Magnetic resonance imaging of leukoencephalopathy in amnestic workers exposed to organotin
Eunmi Lee, Ji Eun Park, Mayu Iida, Tomoya Fujie, Toshiyuki Kaji, Gaku Ichihara, Young Cheol Weon, Yangho Kim
NeuroToxicology.2016; 57: 128. CrossRef
Toxic Encephalopathy
Yangho Kim, Jae Woo Kim
Safety and Health at Work.2012; 3(4): 243. CrossRef
Occupational Neurological Disorders in Korea
Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S26. CrossRef
Occupational Neurologic Disorders in Korea
Yangho Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Yong-Hun Yun, Myoung-Soon Oh
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2010; 6(2): 64. CrossRef

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Review

Health Effects of Manganese and Some Recent Issues in Manganese Neurotoxicity Research: Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):87-105. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.87

Abstract PDF

INTRODUCTION: This article reviews the health effects of manganese (Mn) and introduces readers to recent issues in Mn neurotoxicity research.
METHODS
An extensive Medline search that covered publications up to December 2008 was conducted and the relevant papers and their references were evaluated for review.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION: Exposure to excess levels of the essential trace element Mn produces cognitive, psychiatric, and motor abnormalities. The lungs and the gastrointestinal tract both absorb Mn, but homeostatic mechanisms limit the absorption of Mn by the gastrointestinal tract. Elimination of Mn occurs primarily by excretion into the bile. Average Mn levels in the blood reflect the total body burden on a group basis, but not on an individual basis. Previous studies have shown that blood Mn contributes to a high pallidal signal in a T1-weighted brain MRI and that the high signal is an effective predictor of neurobehavioral performance. Thus, a high pallidal signal on an MRI may offer clues concerning the target organ dose from Mn exposure in the spectrum of Mn symptomatology. Neuroimaging as well as a clinical evaluation with exposure history is very important in a differential diagnosis that can distinguish manganism from Parkinson disease (PD). Recent research on Mn neurotoxicity has focused on several issues. First, concerns about the interaction between manganism and PD have been raised, but further research is needed. Second, epidemiological studies on non-occupational Mn exposure have suggested that environmentally induced neurotoxicities may have features that are different from the classic features of occupational manganism, but, again, this requires further research. Third, liver cirrhosis could be used as a model of manganism. Finally, functional neuroimaging such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional MRI, or diffusion tensor imaging appears to have promising applications in Mn research.
CONCLUSION
Reviewing the health effects of Mn and recent issues in Mn neurotoxicity research provides us with important suggestions for how to pursue other lines of toxicological research as well as for how best to develop a systematic understanding of Mn symptomatology.

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Effects of mixed metal exposure on MRI metrics in basal ganglia
Juhee Kim, Byoung-Gwon Kim, Young-Seoub Hong, Eun-Young Lee
Toxicological Sciences.2024; 202(2): 291. CrossRef
Fundamental Study on Adsorption of Manganese in Water using Manganese-oxide coated Sand (MCS) Generated in a Filtration Tank of a Mine Drainage Treatment Facility
Sangwoo Ji, Dong-Wan Cho, Gil-Jae Yim, Jong-Man An, Gi-O An, Jeong-Yun Jang, Young-Wook Cheong
Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers.2020; 57(3): 249. CrossRef
A large, nationwide, longitudinal study of central nervous system diseases among Korean workers exposed to manganese
Jin-Ha Yoon, Yeon-Soon Ahn
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2015; 21(3): 194. CrossRef
Associations between Airborne Manganese and Blood Manganese in the Korean General Population according to KNHANES 2008-2009
Kyung Sick Jung, Jong Dae Lee, Yong Bae Kim
Journal of Environmental Science International.2013; 22(12): 1589. CrossRef
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Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S26. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Nitrogen Dioxide-Induced Pulmonary Edema in Oxygen Torch: Jong Joon Ahn, Yangjin Jegal, Kwang Won Seo, Woon Jung Kwon, Nari Choy, Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(3):244-249. Published online September 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.3.244

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Welders tend to be exposed to a variety of hazards including metal fumes, toxic gases, electricity, heat, noise, and radiation such as ultraviolet and infrared light. Noxious gases generated during welding include carbon monoxide, ozone, and nitrogen oxide. Although the effects of metal fumes have been well studied, few reports have investigated the influence of noxious gas exposure in welders.
CASE
REPORT: We encountered a patient who developed non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema within a day after fairing up a steel plate with an oxygen/LPG torch. The patient was a 43-year-old female who complained of dyspnea which became exacerbated the following morning. Her chest X-ray and chest CT scan showed an extensive ground glass opacity which was more prominent in the both upper lungs. Both her symptoms and chest X-ray findings improved. We attributed the patient's symptoms to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by nitrogen dioxide exposure, by reasoning that: 1) the patient's clinical course and radiologic findings suggested pulmonary edema 2) the event happened following fairing work with oxygen/LPG torch that usually induces a high concentration of nitrogen dioxide, and 3) the other possible causes of pulmonary edema could be excluded.
CONCLUSION
Nitrogen dioxide-induced pulmonary edema should be considered in oxygen torch contrary to arc welding.

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Acute Occupational Poisoning in Korea
Hyunjoo Kim, Jia Ryu
The Ewha Medical Journal.2016; 39(4): 99. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Acute Organotin Poisoning: Yu Jung Kim, Yangho Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Chang Sun Sim, Nari Choy, Jongchul Kim, Jun Bum Eum, Yoshiaki Nakajima, Yoko Endo, Cheol In Yoo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(3):255-262. Published online September 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.3.255

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Although organotin compounds are widely used as PVC stabilizers, catalysts and biocides, their effects on humans are not well known. However, their acute intoxication is known to cause neurotoxicity in the central nervous system, renal toxicity, and hepatotoxicity. As there has been no previously published case of organotin intoxication in Korea, we report here the first Korean case of acute exposure to organotin.
CASE
REPORT: A 43-year-old male with disorientation and behavioral change was admitted to a hospital. He had been working as a tank cleaner for several different companies in the previous 8 years and a week before admission, he had cleaned a tank containing dimethyltin (DMT) for 4 days. A day after finishing the job, he suffered decreased memory, behavioral change and progressive mental deterioration when he arrived at the emergency room. The result of spinal tapping was negative but on the 4th day of admission he deteriorated into a state of coma along with metabolic acidosis and severe hypokalemia. High levels of DMT and trimethyltin (TMT) were detected in a highly sensitive urine analysis. After conservative treatment and chelation therapy, the patient showed some clinical improvement but the neurological defects persisted.
CONCLUSION
The patient appeared to have been intoxicated from the acute exposure to a high level of organotin while cleaning the tank.

Citations

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Acute Occupational Poisoning in Korea
Hyunjoo Kim, Jia Ryu
The Ewha Medical Journal.2016; 39(4): 99. CrossRef
Compensation for Occupational Diseases by Chemical Agents in Korea
Soon-Chan Kwon, Soo-Yong Roh, Ji-Hoon Lee, Eun-A Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2014; 29(Suppl): S78. CrossRef
Occupational Neurological Disorders in Korea
Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S26. CrossRef
Occupational Neurologic Disorders in Korea
Yangho Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Yong-Hun Yun, Myoung-Soon Oh
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2010; 6(2): 64. CrossRef

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Original Article

A case of Acute Arsine Poisoning with Hemolytic Anemia and Acute Renal Failure: Kyoungsook Jeong, Ji Ho Lee, Chang Sun Sim, Jong Soo Lee, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(3):238-248. Published online September 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.3.238

Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
There has been no reported case of arsine poisoning in Korea so far. This article presents the first reported case of arsine poisoning with hemolytic anemia accompanied by acute renal failure. Initially we suspected an infectious agent to be the cause of this case but later discovered that it was arsine poisoning suffered while working at a zinc-smelting industry in the process of recovering the cadmium by-product. We report this case and discuss the arsine poisoning.
CASE
REPORT: A 27-year-old man employed at a zinc-smelting industry was exposed to arsine while working in the process to recover the cadmium by-product.On the 4th day at work, he had to redissolve defected by-product into a pot and began to experience febrile sensation, diarrhea, upper quadrant abdominal pain, jaundice, and anorexia.After he was admitted to a hospital, the laboratory results showed hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure and elevated concentration of arsenic. He was thus diagnosed as suffering from arsine-poisoning and underwent hem dialysisand supportive therapy.He recovered from the poisoning after51 days and was discharged from the hospital.
DISCUSSION
When workers dealing with arsenic-containing material present with hematuria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dyspnea followed by hemolysis with acute renal failure, arsine poisoning must be suspected and diagnosis followed by treatment must commence immediately. If any future cases occur, blood and urine samples should be kept in storage so any necessary analysis can be processed later.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Ototoxicity by Mixed Organic Solvents Using the Upper Limit of Hearing: Ji Ho Lee, Cheol In Yoo, Choong Ryeol Lee, Hun Lee, Young Hee Choi, Nam Jung Kim, Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):391-400. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.391

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the ototoxicity by mixed organic solvents on workers'hearing using the upper limit of hearing(ULH).
METHODS
Seven hundred ninety-seven male workers in the ship building industry who were evaluated by interview with an upper limit of hearing from August 2000 to July 2002 were enrolled in the study. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to exposure profile and job: officers, field supporters, and painters. To assess the ototoxicity of mixed organic solvent exposure on hearing, with regard to confounders, the general liner model was used.
RESULTS
After controlling for the possible confounders, such as age, career, noise exposure level, tinnitus, alcohol intake, and smoking, the estimated mean for ULH of the painter group was higher than that of the officer and the field supporter groups. These differences of mean ULH were at the borderline of statistically significance(p=0.069).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that a relatively lower level of mixed organic solvent chronically affected the hearing organ or auditory pathway. ULH seems to be a useful method for early detection of the ototoxicity of organic solvents.

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Original Article

Relationship of Biological Indices of Manganese with Pallidal Index on MRI in Liver Cirrhotics: Younghee Choi, Neung Hwa Park, Jung Woo Shin, Hyo Kyung Kim, Sung Ryul Kim, Tae Heum Jeong, Ji Kang Park, Hun Lee, Cheol In Yoo, Choong Ryeol Lee, Ji Ho Lee, Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(2):129-138. Published online June 30, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.2.129

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were to clarify which biological manganese exposure indices reflect the pallidal signal intensities in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in liver cirrhotics.
METHODS
We examined whole blood, plasma, RBC and urinary manganese concentrations, as well as, brain MRI in 22 cirrhotic patients and 10 healthy controls. From MRI scans we calculated the signal intensity of the globus pallidus using the pallidal index (PI), the ratio of the globus pallidus to subcortical frontal white-matter signal intensity in axial T1-weighted MRI planes multiplied by 100. In addition, we studied the relationships between PI and other measurements.
RESULTS
The high signal intensity in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted MRI was observed in 18 (81.8%) patients. There was a significant correlation between whole blood and RBC manganese concentration, and PI on MRI. According to multiple linear regression, whole blood and RBC manganese concentration reflected PI on MRI better the other indices did.
CONCLUSIONS
Whole blood and RBC manganese concentrations could be useful as biological manganese exposure indices that reflect PI on MRI.

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Original Article

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Tinea Pedis in Workers of Shipbuilding Industry: Ho Seok Suh, Cheol In Yoo, Choong Ryeol Lee, Ji Ho Lee, Yangho Kim, Won Sin Lee, Jee Ho Choi, Kyung Jeh Sung, Jai Kyoung Koh, Kee Chan Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(4):408-417. Published online December 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.4.408

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Recently,tinea pedis has been reported to be a type of occupational dermatoses because of its high prevalence in specific working conditions.Although there is no doubt that the environment surrounding work places, the usual habits of workers etc are intimately related to this skin conditions, there is some controversy as to whether or not this condition is a real occupational illness and what is the exact cause of the high prevalence of this illness is. In this study, the prevalence of tinea pedis in workers from the shipbuilding industry was investigated andthe risk factors of this disease were evaluated. This study also aimed to verify whether or not tinea pedis is one of the occupational diseases.
METHODS
The results of interviews, questionnaires and clinical findings from 1,419 workers who visited the occupational health center for an annual routine check for their health state were analyzed.
RESULTS
Among the 1,419 workers, 778 workers (54.8%)had tinea pedis. By simple logistic regression analysis,the prevalence of tinea pedis was found to be affected by some variables, including the job category, the types of work,the kinds of footwear, whether or not they were using communal baths in the work places, and a family history of tinea pedis.In contrast, by multiple logistic regression analysis,only utilization of the communal baths in the work places and a family history of tinea pedis turned out to be statistically significant risk factors.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the major factors contributing to the high prevalence of tinea pedis are the use of communal baths in the workplace and a positive family history. However, the wearing of safety shoes was not statistically significant. Therefore, tinea pedis could not be confirmed to be an occupational disease. On the basis of these results, a solution to the environmental hygiene of communal baths and the personal hygiene of individuals needs to be improved in order to prevent tinea pedis.

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Original Article

Analysis of Claimed Cases as an Occupational Disease at Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency from 1992 to 1999: Seong Kyu Kang, Kyoo Sang Kim, Yangho Kim, Jung Keun Choi, Yeon Soon Ahn, Yeong Woo Jin, Byong Soon Choi, Jeong Sun Yang, Euna Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Yong Hue Choi, Dae Seong Kim, Jung Sun Park, Ho Keun Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):292-301. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.292

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Pneumoconisis and noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL) have been reported as main occupational diseases by the Special Health Examination. The Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance has reported various work-related diseases, however, these two diseases occupied almost a half of compensated cases. Therefore, it was not well known about the status of occupational diseases other than pneumoconiosis, NIHL, and cardiocerebrovascular accident(CVA). This study was conducted to analyze claimed cases as an occupational disease, that was requested to the Korea Industrial Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA).
METHODS
The local office of the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation(KLWC) has asked the KOSHA for confirmation of claimed cases as an occupational disease. We analyzed 379 cases requested from KLWC, the Ministry of Labor, employers, unions and occupational health agencies from 1992 to 1999.
RESULTS
Male was 80. 7 % of the requested cases. Their mean age was 42 years old and 75. 5 % of them were more than 35 years old. The requested cases were increased rapidly from 25 cases in 1992 to 108 cases in 1999 and the accept rate was 50. 7 %. The majority of requested cases were respiratory diseases(22.4 %), cancers(18.5 %), Neuropsychiatric problems (14. 5 %), and musculoskeletal problems (13. 5 %). The accept rate was high in reproductive, respiratory, musculoskeletal and digestive disorders and low in neuropsychiatric, renal and otologic problems and occupational cancers. 73. 6 % of them were caused by chemical agents, especially 28. 5 % were by organic solvents. 67 % of them were clinically confirmed at university hospitals. A half of the cases were from KyongIn area, even the request came from the whole country.
CONCLUSIONS
A claim was common in workers whose age was over 35 years old and exposure history was over 10 years. The respiratory diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders were still main problems in occupational health and occupational cancers was increasing even though its accept rate was not high yet.

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Byeong Ju Choi, Saerom Lee, Iu Jin Lee, Soon Woo Park, Sanggil Lee
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Original Article

Factors Associated with Psychoneurobehavjral Outcomes in Workers Exposed to Manganese: Kyoo Sang Kim, Yangho Kim, Youngwoo Jin, Euna Kim, Jeong Sun Yang, Kwi Ryun Kwon, Jae Woo Kim, Jaehoon Roh, Young Hahn Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(2):213-228. Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.2.213

Abstract PDF

The risk posed to human health by environmental manganese (Mn) exposure is unknown. The purpose of this study is to establish if subclinical effects related to Mn exposure and examine the factors influencing psychoneurobehaviral outcomes of Mn exposed workers. This study involved 121 male workers of welding, alloy furnace, and manufacturing of welding stick. Study investigations include: a questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, job and exposure history and medical symptoms and conditions, monitoring workplace air for personal exposure to respirable and inhalable manganese, analysis of blood and urine samples. psychoneurobehaviral test(neurobehaviral core test battery (NCTB), signal change on magnetic resonance imaging (MRJ) scans, minimental state and neurological examination). The main results of this study were as follows: 1. Preliminary results showed that, with increasing manganese exposure, neurobehaviral performance was poorer and signal change on MRI scans increased. 2. The results of examination revealed significant relations on psychoneurobehaviral out-comes (neurobehaviral performance, signal change on MRI scans, and neurological features). 3. In multiple regression, age and educational status as demographic variables and exposure level were significantly related to 4neurobehaviral test. Also exposure level and serum Mn concentrations were positively relatel to signal change on MRI scans and neurological features affected by Mn on the brain (signal change). 4. Psychoneurobehaviral outcomes from Mn exposure were related to neurobehaviral performance, signal change on MRJ scans, neurological features and profile of mood states (POMS), and influnced positively with age, alcohol and smoking history, and duration of Mn exposure, negatively with educational status. Serum Mn concentrations in combination with brain MRI scans, and perhaps a battery of neurobehaviral tests, appear to be the best way to monitor excessive exposure to Mn. These results are consistent with our knowledge on Mn action on the brain and are similar to the type of neurobehaviral dysfunction. They suggest that there may be age, educational status, and life style (alcohol and drinking history) differences with chronic environmental exposure. These findings suggest further evaluation, particularly on relationships between Mn exposure, aging, and susceptibility factors.

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A Study on the Total, Particle Size-Selective Mass Concentration of Airborne Manganese, and Blood Manganese Concentration of Welders in a Shipbuilding Yard
Jong Su Park, Pan Gyi Kim, Jee Yeon Jeong
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(4): 472. CrossRef
Associations between Airborne Manganese and Blood Manganese in the Korean General Population according to KNHANES 2008-2009
Kyung Sick Jung, Jong Dae Lee, Yong Bae Kim
Journal of Environmental Science International.2013; 22(12): 1589. CrossRef
Neurobehavioral Deficits and Parkinsonism in Occupations with Manganese Exposure: A Review of Methodological Issues in the Epidemiological Literature
Robert M. Park
Safety and Health at Work.2013; 4(3): 123. CrossRef
Olfactory functions at the intersection between environmental exposure to manganese and Parkinsonism
Silvia Zoni, Giulia Bonetti, Roberto Lucchini
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology.2012; 26(2-3): 179. CrossRef
Occupational Neurological Disorders in Korea
Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S26. CrossRef
Exposure-Response Relationship and Risk Assessment for Cognitive Deficits in Early Welding-Induced Manganism
Robert M. Park, Rosemarie M. Bowler, Harry A. Roels
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2009; 51(10): 1125. CrossRef
State-of-the-Science Review: Does Manganese Exposure During Welding Pose a Neurological Risk?
Annette B. Santamaria, Colleen A. Cushing, James M. Antonini, Brent L. Finley, Fionna S. Mowat
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B.2007; 10(6): 417. CrossRef
Issues in neurological risk assessment for occupational exposures: The Bay Bridge welders
Robert M. Park, Rosemarie M. Bowler, Donald E. Eggerth, Emily Diamond, Katie J. Spencer, Donald Smith, Roberto Gwiazda
NeuroToxicology.2006; 27(3): 373. CrossRef
Potential occupational risks for neurodegenerative diseases
Robert M. Park, Paul A. Schulte, Joseph D. Bowman, James T. Walker, Stephen C. Bondy, Michael G. Yost, Jennifer A. Touchstone, Mustafa Dosemeci
American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2005; 48(1): 63. CrossRef

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Original Article

Performance of Neurobehavioral Tests Among Welders Exposed to Manganese: Youngwoo Jin, Yangho Kim, Kyoo Sang Kim, Euna Kim, Young Sook Cho, Yong Chul Shin, Changho Chai, Younghyu Choi, Se Hoon Lee, Young Hahn Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(1):1-12. Published online March 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.1.1

Abstract PDF

To study neurobehavioral effects for manganese fume exposure of welders, we administrated questionnaire about subjective symptom, related with manganese exposure. Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery of World Health Qrganization(NCTB) and finger tapping for 98 welders and 29 non-welding workers. We adopted welding duration as a criterion for exposure assessment, because of the lack of the longitudinal valid data and differences in airborne concentrations of manganese in welding types, such as shielded metal arc and CO2 arc welding. Neurologic, musculoskeletal and concentration symptoms were significantly increased by increase of welding duration. Performance of finger tapping preferred hand, Santa Ana dexterity test preferred hand and correct number of pursuit aiming were significantly decreased by increase of welding duration. These results comparable with previous studies that suggest neurobehavioral test, especially motor test, to be an appropriate tool to detect early neurobehavioral abnormalities related with manganeses exposure.

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Thomas Vlasak, Tanja Dujlovic, Alfred Barth
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Lisa A. Bailey, Laura E. Kerper, Julie E. Goodman
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Neurobehavioral Deficits and Parkinsonism in Occupations with Manganese Exposure: A Review of Methodological Issues in the Epidemiological Literature
Robert M. Park
Safety and Health at Work.2013; 4(3): 123. CrossRef
Neuropsychological effects of low-level manganese exposure in welders
Wisanti Laohaudomchok, Xihong Lin, Robert F. Herrick, Shona C. Fang, Jennifer M. Cavallari, Ruth Shrairman, Alexander Landau, David C. Christiani, Marc G. Weisskopf
NeuroToxicology.2011; 32(2): 171. CrossRef
Occupational Psychiatric Disorders in Korea
Kyeong-Sook Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S87. CrossRef
Occupational Neurological Disorders in Korea
Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S26. CrossRef
Exposure-Response Relationship and Risk Assessment for Cognitive Deficits in Early Welding-Induced Manganism
Robert M. Park, Rosemarie M. Bowler, Harry A. Roels
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2009; 51(10): 1125. CrossRef
State-of-the-Science Review: Does Manganese Exposure During Welding Pose a Neurological Risk?
Annette B. Santamaria, Colleen A. Cushing, James M. Antonini, Brent L. Finley, Fionna S. Mowat
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B.2007; 10(6): 417. CrossRef
High signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of neurobehavioral performance of workers exposed to manganese
Yong Chul Shin, Euna Kim, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Sungil Cho, Joon Sakong, Kyoo Sang Kim, Jung Sun Yang, Young-Woo Jin, Seong-Kyu Kang, Yangho Kim
NeuroToxicology.2007; 28(2): 257. CrossRef
Sequelae of fume exposure in confined space welding: A neurological and neuropsychological case series
Rosemarie M. Bowler, Sanae Nakagawa, Marija Drezgic, Harry A. Roels, Robert M. Park, Emily Diamond, Donna Mergler, Maryse Bouchard, Russell P. Bowler, William Koller
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Robert M. Park, Rosemarie M. Bowler, Donald E. Eggerth, Emily Diamond, Katie J. Spencer, Donald Smith, Roberto Gwiazda
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