Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Impact of neck posture and insulating stick use on neck disability in Korean line workers: a cross-sectional study: Bounggyun Ju, Jaehoo Lee, Hye-min Kim, Chul Gab Lee, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e11. Published online April 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e11

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Occupational neck disability is a prevalent issue, especially among line workers, who are often exposed to elevated levels of cervical ergonomic stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of neck posture and insulating stick use on neck disability in a specific occupational group in Korea.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 483 line workers in Gwangju and Jeonnam, Korea. Data were collected using the Neck Disability Index, Cervical Degenerative Index, and a structured questionnaire focusing on demographic and occupational factors. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for neck posture and factors related to neck disability.
Results
Neck disability prevalence was 17.2% among the participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors related to neck disability included age over 60 years (adjusted OR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.63–5.83), depression (adjusted OR: 8.33; 95% CI: 3.85–18.00), a history of cervical trauma (adjusted OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04–4.40), and radiological degenerative changes in the cervical spine (adjusted OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.26–4.33). In particular, the adjusted OR of neck disability among live-line workers was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.12–3.92) when compared with support workers (model 1). Other analysis models showed that use of insulating sticks for more than 10 hours per week (adjusted OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.32–4.61) and higher neck extension (adjusted OR: 2.98; 95% CI: 1.14–3.46) were significant work-related risk factors (model 2,3).
Conclusions
Neck posture, age, depression, cervical trauma history, degenerative changes in the cervical spine, and use of insulating sticks are significant risk factors for neck disability among line workers in Korea. These findings highlight the need to improve the working environment and reduce the burden of cervical ergonomic stress among line workers.; 한국 배전보수원의 목 부담자세와 절연스틱사용이 목 장애에 미치는 영향
목적
직업성 목 장애는 특히 높은 수준의 목 부담에 자주 노출되는 배전보수원 사이에서 흔한 문제다. 본 연구는 배전보수원을 대상으로 목 부담자세와 절연스틱사 용이 목 장애에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다.
방법
본 단면연구는 광주와 전남 지역의 배전보수원 483명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 목 장애 지수, 경추퇴행성 지수, 인구통계학적 및 직업적 요인에 초점을 맞춘 구조화된 설문지를 사용하여 데이터를 수집했다. 목 부담자세와 목 장애 관련 요인에 대한 보정 교차비와 95% 신뢰구간(CI)을 알아보기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다.
결과
목 장애 유병률은 활선작업자(22.6%)에서 가장 높았으며, 연령이 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 목 장애 관련 요인은 우울증(8.13, 95% CI: 4.02~16.43), 경추 외상 병력(3.53, 95% CI: 1.88~6.63), 경추 방사선학적 퇴행성 변화(2.35, 95% CI: 1.36-4.07)였다. 직업적 요인으로 활선작업자의 보정교차비는 2.10 (95% CI: 1.12-3.92)이었고, 절연스틱을 주당 10시간 이상 사용하는 경우 보정교차비는 2.46 (95% CI: 1.32-4.61)이었다. 또한, 높은 목 신전 부담의 보정교차비는 1.98 (95% CI: 1.14-3.46)이었다.
결론
연령, 우울증, 경추 외상, 경추의 퇴행성 변화와 같은 일반적 요인뿐만 아니라 활선작업, 절연스틱 사용, 목 부담 자세와 같은 직업적 요인은 국내 배전보수원의 목 장애를 유발하는 위험 요인이다. 이러한 결과는 배전보수원의 작업환경 개선의 필요성을 시사한다.

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Special Issue

Association between irregular working hours and work-related musculoskeletal pain: results from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Munyoung Yang, Jun-Pyo Myong, Jongin Lee, Min Young Park, Mo-Yeol Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e21. Published online July 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e21

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Recently, irregular working hours have become controversial issues in Korea. The health impact of irregular working hours on the work-related musculoskeletal pain (MSP) is scarcely researched before. We sought to investigate the association between irregular working hours and work-related MSP among South Korean workers.

Methods

This study used data from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey in 2020. The prevalence of work-related MSP was analyzed using the χ² test. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between irregular working hours and work-related MSP. We conducted stratified analysis by gender, weekly working hours, and workers’ control over their working hours. We calculated the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of work-related MSP for irregular working hours combined with weekly working hours.

Results

The OR for work-related MSP was significantly higher in the population with irregular working hours than in the population with regular working hours (OR: 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–1.58). Irregular and long (> 52 hours/week) working hours have the highest risk of work-related MSP in both genders (in men, OR: 3.48 [95% CI: 2.53–4.78]; in women, OR: 2.41 [95% CI: 1.46–4.00]).

Conclusions

Irregular working hours were associated with work-related MSP in Korea. The association was magnified with long working hours. Reform of the Korean Labor Standards Act leading to increase irregular working hours may induce adverse health outcome.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of long working hours on psychological distress among young workers in different types of occupation
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2024; 179: 107829. CrossRef
Special Series I: Working hours as a social determinant of workers’ health
Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Tae-Won Jang, Mo-Yeol Kang, Jungwon Kim, Eun-A Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Special Article

Approval status and characteristics of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among Korean workers in 2020: Eun-woo Cha, Sae-mi Jung, Il-ho Lee, Dae Hwan Kim, Eui Hyek Choi, In-ah Kim, Yong-kyu Kim, Kyung-joon Lee, Yang Won Kang, Ho-gil Kim, Young-ki Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e31. Published online October 26, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e31

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) in occupational disease claims and identify patterns of WRMSDs for each body part by industry and occupation.

Methods

This study analyzed the raw data of occupational disease claims for musculoskeletal disorders deliberated by the Occupational Disease Decision Committee of the Korea Workers’ Compensation & Welfare Service in 2020. The data was classified into 6 body parts with the highest numbers of occupational disease cases by using the complete enumeration data on principal diagnoses and 4 types of subdiagnoses in the raw data. The characteristics and approval rates of WRMSDs by body part, industry and occupation were examined and summarized.

Results

A total of 13,015 occupational disease cases for WRMSDs were classified, and lumbar spinal (back) diseases accounted for the largest proportion of claimed diseases, followed by shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee, and neck diseases in a descending order. The occupations with the highest and second highest numbers of occupational disease cases by body part were found to be automobile assemblers and production-related elementary workers for the neck, school meal service workers and cooks for the back, construction frame mold carpenters and school meal service workers for the shoulder, elementary workers in mining and food service workers for the elbow, food service workers and automobile parts assemblers for the wrist, and ship welders and school meal service workers for the knee.

Conclusions

This study examined the characteristics and approval status of WRMSDs by body part and occupation. Based on the study results, management strategies for the prevention of WRMSDs should be established regarding occupations with a high risk of WRMSDs for each body part.

업무상 근골격계질환의 2020년 산업재해 승인 현황과 특성
목적
본 연구는 업무 관련 근골격계 질환(WMSD)의 특성과 신체 부위에 따른 업종 및 직종별 WMSD 승인율을 분석하기 위해 실시됐다.
방법
2020년 근로복지공단 업무상질병판정위원회에서 심의된 근골격계질환 신청건의 원자료를 활용하여 분석하였다. 원자료의 주상병과 네가지 부상병 정보 전수를 활용하여, 상병신청건수가 많은 6개의 신체부위로 구분하였다. 각 부위별로 업종 및 직종에 대하여 특성과 승인율을 정리 하였다.
결과
WMSD 신청건수는는 총 13015건이 분류되었고, 이중 요추질환이 가장많았고, 어깨, 팔, 손목, 무릎, 경추 순으로 이어졌다. 부위별로 신청건수가 많았던 직종으로 경추는 자동차조립, 제조관련단순종사원, 요추는 급식조리사, 조리사, 어깨는 건설형틀목공, 급식조리사, 팔은 광업단순종사원, 급식조리사, 손목은 급식조리사, 자동차부품조립, 무릎은 조선용접공, 급식조리사로 조사됐다.
결론
신체 부위별 직종에 따른 WMSD의 특성 및 승인율 등을 살펴보았다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 신체 부위별 고위험 직종에 대하여 WMSD 예방을 위한 관리 전략이 수립되어야 한다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Self-Esteem Trajectories After Occupational Injuries and Diseases and Their Relation to Changes in Subjective Health: Result From the Panel Study of Workers’ Compensation Insurance (PSWCI)
Seong-Uk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in the automobile manufacturing industry in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiongda He, Bin Xiao, Junle Wu, Chunshuo Chen, Wankang Li, Maosheng Yan
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Population attributable fraction of indicators for musculoskeletal diseases: a cross-sectional study of fishers in Korea: Jaehoo Lee, Bohyun Sim, Bonggyun Ju, Chul Gab Lee, Ki-Soo Park, Mi-Ji Kim, Jeong Ho Kim, Kunhyung Kim, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e23. Published online September 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e23

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
The musculoskeletal disease (MSD) burden is an important health problem among Korean fishers. We aimed to investigate the indicators of the prevalence of MSD and contributions of significant indicators to MSD in Korean fishers.
Methods
This cross-section study included 927 fishers (male, 371; female, 556) aged 40 to 79 years who were enrolled from 3 fishery safety and health centers. The outcome variable was one-year prevalence of MSD in 5 body parts (the neck, shoulder, hand, back, and knee). Independent variables were sex, age, educational attainment, household income, job classification, employment xlink:type, hazardous working environment (cold, heat, and noise), ergonomic risk by the 5 body parts, anxiety disorder, depression, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. The adjusted odds ratio of MSDs by the 5 body parts were calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis. We computed the population attributable fraction (PAF) for each indicators of MSDs using binary regression models.
Results
The one-year prevalence of MSD in the neck, shoulder, hand, back, and knee was 7.8%, 17.8%, 7.8%, 27.2%, and 16.2% in males vs. 16.4%, 28.1%, 23.0%, 38.7%, and 30.0% in females, respectively. The ergonomic risk PAF according to the body parts ranged from 22.8%–59.6% in males and 22.8%–50.3% in female. Mental diseases showed a significant PAF for all body parts only among female (PAF 9.1%–21.4%). Cold exposure showed a significant PAF for the neck, shoulder, and hand MSD only among female (25.6%–26.8%). Age was not a significant indicator except for the knee MSD among female.
Conclusions
Ergonomic risk contributed majorly as indicators of MSDs in both sexes of fishers. Mental disease and cold exposure were indicators of MSDs only among female fishers. This information may be important for determining priority risk groups for the prevention of work-related MSD among Korean fishers.; 어업인의 근골격계질환 관련인자의 인구집단 기여위험분율에 관한 단면연구
목적
한국 어업인들의 근골격계질환 유병률에 대한 관련인자의 인구집단 기여위험도를 조사하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구의 대상은 3개 어업안전보건센터에 소속된 40-79세 어업인 927명(남성 371명, 여성 556명)이다. 결과 변수는 구조화된 설문지에 따른 5개 신체 부위(목, 어깨, 손, 허리, 무릎)의 근골격계질환 1년 유병률이다. 독립변수는 성별, 연령, 최종학력, 가구소득, 고용형태, 세부업종, 유해 작업환경(추위, 더위, 소음), 신체부담작업수준, 불안장애, 우울증, 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증이다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여5개 신체부위별 근골격계질환의 오즈비를 산출하였다. 이를 이용하여 근골격계질환에 대한 각 변수별로 인구집단 기여위험분율(PAF)를 계산하였다.
결과
남성에서 근골격계질환 1년 유병률은 목7.8%, 어깨17.8%, 손7.8%, 허리27.2%, 무릎16.2% 이다. 여성의 1년 근골격계질환 1년유병률은 목 16.4%, 어깨 28.1%, 손 23.0%, 등 38.7%, 무릎 30.0% 이다. 신체 부위에 따른 신체부담작업의 기여위험분율은 남성 22.8-59.6%, 여성 22.8-50.3%이다. 정신질환은 여성에서만 모든 신체부위에서 유의한 기여위험분율을 보였다(9.1%-21.4%). 추위 노출은 여성에서만 목, 어깨, 손 근골격계질환에 대해 유의미한 기여위험분율을 보였다(25.6%-26.8%). 나이는 여성에서 무릎을 제외하고는 유의한 인자가 아니다.
결론
신체부담작업은 남성, 여성 모두에서 근골격계질환에 대한 주요 기여 변수이다. 정신 질환과 추위 노출은 여성 어업인에서만 근골격계질환에 기여를 한다. 본 연구는 어업인들의 업무관련성 근골격계질환 예방을 위한 우선순위 판단에 정보를 제공할 것이다.

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Original Article

The relationship between chronotypes and musculoskeletal problems in male automobile manufacturing workers: Suwhan Kim, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Dae-Young Lim, Yeongjae Yoo, Hyeonjun Kim, Wonyang Kang, Kyung Wook Kang, Jai-Dong Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e26. Published online August 13, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e26

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Previous studies have shown that morning types are less sensitive to pain. This study aimed to examine the relationship between chronotypes and musculoskeletal problems in workers with musculoskeletal burdens at work.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 119 male production workers from a large automobile manufacturing plant. All the participants worked 2 shifts and worked on the automobile assembly line. Data were obtained using structured questionnaires, including the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), and musculoskeletal symptom questionnaire. Participants with an rMEQ score of 18 points or more were defined as morning-type workers (MTWs). Participants whose scores were less than 18 points were defined as neither-type workers (NTWs).

Results

The arithmetic mean age was 51.8 ± 5.3 years. MTWs and NTWs accounted for 35.3% and 64.7% of the total participants, respectively. Evening- and intermediate-type workers accounted form 6.7% and 58.0% of the participants, respectively. There was no significant difference in the health indicators when the MTW and NTW groups were compared. However, the musculoskeletal symptom questionnaire demonstrated a significant difference between the MTW and NTW groups. In the preceding year, the MTW group had significantly lower musculoskeletal pain and treatment ratios compared to the NTW group (35.7% vs. 62.3%, p = 0.005 and 14.3% vs. 32.5%, p = 0.031, respectively). After adjusting for variables, the odds ratio (OR) for musculoskeletal pain was significantly higher in the NTW group than in the MTW group (OR, 3.112; 95% confidence interval, 1.285–7.535; p = 0.012).

Conclusions

In this study, the musculoskeletal pain ratio was significantly lower for MTWs when compared to NTWs. Chronotypes could play an important role in work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Further, larger-scale, follow-up studies on chronotypes are required to assist in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in future.

자동차 생산 남성 근로자에서 일주기성과 근골격계 통증과의 관련성
목적
사람의 심리적, 신체적 상태는 하루 주기에 따라 변화하며 일주기성에 따라 각 개인이 선호하는 최적의 활동시간대에 차이가 있다. 기존 연구들은 이러한 개인의 일주기성에 따라 통증에 대한 민감도의 차이를 보인다는 결과를 제시하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 근골격계 부담작업을 수행하는 생산직 남성 근로자를 대상으로 개인의 일주기성을 파악하고 근골격계 통증과의 관련성을 살펴보고자 하였다.
방법
자동차 제조 공장에서 근무하는 남성 근로자 119명을 대상으로 단면 연구를 시행하였다. 모든 대상자는 2교대 형태로 조립공정에서 근무하였다. 단축형 아침형-저녁형 척도, 불면증 심각성 척도, 스트레스 척도 및 근골격계 증상 여부를 포함한 설문을 실시하였으며 혈액검사를 통해 건강지표를 확보하였다. 단축형 아침형-저녁형 척도가 18점 이상인 경우를 아침형 근로자로, 18점 미만인 경우를 비아침형 근로자로 정의하였다.
결과
아침형 근로자와 비아침형 근로자는 각각 전체 대상자의 35.3%와 64.7%를 차지했다. 아침형 근로자 군과 비아침형 근로자 군의 비교에서 체질량지수, 흡연, 음주, 운동, 고혈압, 당뇨병, 지질, 신장 기능, 코티솔, C 반응성 단백질, 평균 수면 시간, 수면 및 스트레스 점수에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 근골격계 증상 설문 중 최근 1년간 근골격계 통증 및 근골격계 치료 여부 비율에서 아침형 근로자 군과 비아침형 근로자 군 간의 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(각각 35.7%대 62.3 %, p = 0.005 및 14.3%대 32.5%, p = 0.031). 변수를 보정한 후 근골격계 통증 발생의 오즈비는 아침형 근로자 군보다 비아침형 근로자 군에서 유의하게 높았다(오즈비 3.112, 95% 신뢰구간 1.285–7.535, p = 0.012).
결론
근골격계 질환은 업무상질병의 큰 비중을 차지하고 있으며 이를 예방하기위해 그 위험 요인에 대한 다각적 접근이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 비아침형 근로자 군에서 상대적으로 높은 근골격계 통증 비율을 확인하였으며, 이는 일주기성이 업무 관련 근골격계 질환에서 의미 있는 인자일 가능성을 시사한다. 이를 토대로 근골격계 질환의 예방을 위해 개인의 일주기성에 대한 개입이나 일주기성에 맞춘 업무환경개선과 같은 새로운 접근 방법이 고려될 수 있다. 향후 근골격계 질환의 예방을 위해 근로자의 일주기성에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

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Research Article

Association of work–life balance with occupational injury and work-related musculoskeletal pain among Korean workers: Jong-min An, Jinseok Kim, Seongyong Yoon, Kuck-Hyun Woo, Seong-yong Cho, Kibeom Kim, Ha-ram Jo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e20. Published online June 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e20

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Background

The concept of work-life balance (WLB) has become an important issue in workers' health and safety. This study aims to investigate the relationship between WLB and occupational injury and work-related musculoskeletal pain.

Method

The study included 27,383 workers who participated in the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey. Participants were divided into good WLB and poor WLB groups based on their responses to the five question items which comprised two dimensions: work-on-life conflict (items, 1–3) and life-on-work conflict (items 4 and 5). Occupational injury and musculoskeletal pain were also assessed using the question items. The χ² test and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship of WLB to occupational injury and musculoskeletal pain while considering socio-demographic and occupational characteristics and ergonomic and psychological risk factors.

Results

Of the 27,383 participants, 252 (0.9%) had experienced an occupational injury and 6,408 (23.4%) had musculoskeletal pain. The poor WLB group had higher injury rates for both men (1.7%) and women (0.9%) than the good WLB group (1.1% and 0.4%, respectively). Additionally, the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was higher for both men and women in the poor WLB group (25.2% and 28.0%, respectively) than for men and women in the good WLB group (18.7% and 23.6%, respectively). In the logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratio of WLB for occupational injury was 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–1.78), and that for musculoskeletal pain was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07–1.21), showing positive associations of WLB with both occupational injury and musculoskeletal pain.

Conclusions

Poor WLB causes an increase in occupational injury and musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, an improvement in WLB may reduce the incidence of occupational injury and musculoskeletal pain among workers. Social and policy-related initiatives are needed to improve workers' WLB to reduce occupational injury and musculoskeletal pain.

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Difference in health status of Korean farmers according to gender: Ho Lee, Seong-yong Cho, Jin-seok Kim, Seong-yong Yoon, Bu-il Kim, Jong-min An, Ki-beom Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:7. Published online March 8, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0287-7

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Background

The objective of this study was to compare differences in lifestyle diseases, musculoskeletal pain, psychosocial stress, and self-health awareness according to gender in Korean farmers.

Methods

The study population comprised 436 farmers residing in rural areas in Korea. A self-administered questionnaire was used to survey demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and musculoskeletal pain. The psychosocial well-being index short form (PWI-SF) was used to survey psychosocial stress, and the 12-item short form health survey (SF-12) was used to survey self-health awareness. In addition, a clinical examination was performed for each participant, and lifestyle diseases were identified through a health checkup.

Results

Among lifestyle diseases, females showed a significantly higher proportion than males for metabolic syndrome (OR: 4.57 [95% CI, 1.67–12.51]). For musculoskeletal pain, females again showed significantly higher proportion than males for hand pain (OR: 16.79 [95% CI, 3.09–91.30]), and pain in at least one body part (OR: 2.34 [95% CI, 1.16–4.70]). For psychosocial stress, females showed a significantly higher proportion than males for high-risk stress (OR: 3.10 [95% CI, 1.17–8.24]). Among the items in self-health awareness, females showed significantly higher proportion than males for mental component score (MCS) (OR: 3.10 [95% CI, 1.52–6.31]) and total score (OR: 2.34 [95% CI, 1.11–4.90]).

Conclusions

For all items that showed significant differences, females showed higher proportion than males, which indicates that female farmers tended to have poorer overall health than male farmers. Therefore, specialized programs will have to be developed to improve the health of female farmers.

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Evaluation of the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms, presumptive diagnosis, medical care use, and sick leave among female school meal service workers: Young Hoon Moon, Young Joon Yang, Sang Yoon Do, Jae Yoon Kim, Chul Gab Lee, Hong Jae Chae, Soo Hyeon Kim, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:1. Published online January 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0281-0

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Background

Most of the school meal service workers in Korea are middle-aged individuals. They have high workload, which increases their incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of subjective musculoskeletal symptoms, presumptive diagnosis, medical care use, and sick leave among female school meal workers.

Methods

We analyzed the results of musculoskeletal disease screening of 1581 female school meal workers. The screening consisted of self-administered questionnaire, history taking by occupational physicians, and physical examination. The prevalence of subjective musculoskeletal symptoms, presumptive diagnosis after initial examination by occupational physicians, use of medical care for more than 7 days, and sick leave due to musculoskeletal diseases during the past year were evaluated in this study. The relative risk of four outcome indicators of musculoskeletal disorders was compared with respect to potential factors, such as age, subjective physical loading, present illness, injury experience, and type of school, using log-binomial regression.

Results

The prevalence of subjective musculoskeletal symptom was 79.6%; presumptive diagnosis, 47.6%; hospital visits over 7 days, 36.4%; and sick leave, 7.3%. The relative risk of musculoskeletal symptoms by age (≥50 years vs < 50 years) was 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–1.09); presumptive diagnosis of musculoskeletal disease, 1.17 (95% CI: 1.06–1.30); hospital visits over 7 days, 1.26 (95% CI: 0.85–1.85); and sick leave, 1.17 (95% CI: 1.02–1.34). The relative risk of musculoskeletal symptoms due to subjective physical loading (very hard vs low) was 1.45 (95% CI: 1.33–1.58); presumptive diagnosis, 2.92 (95% CI: 2.25); hospital visits over 7 days, 1.91 (95% CI: 1.02–3.59); and sick leave, 2.11 (95% CI: 1.63–2.74).

Conclusions

Subjective physical loading was a more important factor in musculoskeletal disorders than the age of female school meal workers.

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Background

It has been reported that long working hours are hazardous to the workers’ health. Especially, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) have been considered as one of the significant health issues in workplace. The objective of this study was to identify the association between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms.

Methods

The analysis was conducted using data from the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). Subjects of this study were 24,783 wage workers and divided into three groups according to the weekly working hours, which were ≤ 40, 41–52 and > 52 h. The relationship between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression method after adjusting for general, occupational characteristics including specific working motions or postures and psychosocial factors.

Results

Approximately 18.4% of subjects worked more than 52 h per week and 26.4 and 16.4% of male subjects and 33.0 and 23.4% of female subjects experienced work-related upper and lower limb pains, respectively, over the last 12 months. Moreover, the prevalence of upper and lower limb pain was increased in both genders as the weekly working hours increased. The odds ratios (ORs) of upper limb pain for those working 41–52 h and more than 52 h per week when adjusted for general, occupational characteristics including specific motions or postures and psychosocial factors were 1.36 and 1.40 for male workers and 1.26 and 1.66 for female workers compared to the reference group, respectively. Furthermore, ORs of lower limb pain for the same weekly working hour groups were 1.26 and 1.47 for male workers and 1.20 and 1.47 for female workers, respectively.

Conclusions

Long working hours were significantly related to work-related musculoskeletal symptoms in Korean wage workers and appropriate interventions should be implemented to reduce long working hours that can negatively affect workers’ health.

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Research Article

Comparison of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms between male cameramen and male office workers: Han-Seur Jeong, Byung-Seong Suh, Soo-Geun Kim, Won-Sool Kim, Won-Cheol Lee, Kyung-Hun Son, Min-Woo Nam; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:28. Published online May 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0243-y

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Background

Previous studies have classified cameramen’s job as physiologically heavy work and identified the risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) in cameramen. However, those studies limited their research subjects to cameramen. In this study, we compared the frequency and severity of WRMDs between cameramen and office workers.

Methods

A total of 293 subjects working in four broadcasting companies in Korea were recruited. A questionnaire survey was conducted for a month, starting in October 2016. The subjects were divided into cameramen and office workers according to their occupation. We compared the frequency and severity of WRMDs and ergonomic risk assessment results between the two groups.

Results

The high-risk WRMD group had a higher proportion of cameramen than office workers. Moreover, the high ergonomic risk group also had a higher proportion of cameramen than office workers for WRMDs in the upper extremities and waist+lower extremities. In the multivariable-adjusted model comparing cameramen and office workers, the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for high-risk WRMDs was 3.50 (95% CI: 1.92–7.72) for the upper extremities and 3.18 (95% CI: 1.62–6.21) for the waist and the lower extremities. The ORs by body parts were 3.11 (95% CI: 1.28–7.57) for the neck, 3.90 (95% CI: 1.79–8.47) for the shoulders, and 4.23 (95% CI: 1.04–17.18) for the legs and feet.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that cameramen are at high risk of WRMDs. Workplace improvements and management of the neck, shoulders, and lower extremities, which are susceptible to WRMDs, are necessary to prevent musculoskeletal disorders among cameramen.

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Reem S. AlOmar, Nouf A. AlShamlan, Saad Alawashiz, Yaser Badawood, Badr A. Ghwoidi, Hassan Abugad
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Improved cardiorespiratory fitness after occupational rehabilitation in merged diagnostic groups: Anne Lovise Nordstoga, Paul Jarle Mork, Marius Steiro Fimland; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:16. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0227-y

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Background

Various occupational inpatient rehabilitation programs are established in Norway. This study aimed to assess change in cardiorespiratory fitness, pain, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in persons on long-term sick leave due to musculoskeletal-, mental or unspecific disorders after participation in multicomponent inpatient occupational rehabilitation.

Methods

Twenty-five women and five men (mean age 45.2 years, SD 6.7, range 30–57) volunteered to participate in the study. The participants attended either 8 or 17 full days of occupational multicomponent rehabilitation including physical exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy in the form of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and development of a tailored plan for return to work. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Åstrand/Ryhming cycle test at the start and end of rehabilitation program, and at one-year follow-up. Changes in somatic and mental health were measured by questionnaires up to 4 months after start of the program.

Results

Linear mixed models showed that the maximal oxygen uptake increased by 1.1 mL°kg-1°min^− 1 during the rehabilitation program and by 3.7 mL°kg-1°min^− 1 at one-year follow-up. There were minor improvements in somatic and mental health, and quality of life.

Conclusions

This study indicates that occupational inpatient multicomponent rehabilitation including physical exercise and ACT may promote a long-term increase in physical exercise that is sufficient to induce a significant increase in cardiorespiratory fitness.

Trial registration

The current study is not registered, but is part of a larger trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov (No.: NCT01926574, registered 21. Aug 2013).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Brief Value-based Randomized Intervention to Promote Physical Activity in Patients Attending Cardiac Rehabilitation
Emily Van Wasshenova, Debra Boardley, Andrew Geers, Matthew Tull, Victoria Steiner
American Journal of Health Education.2023; 54(1): 10. CrossRef

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Research Article

Characteristics of occupational musculoskeletal disorders of five sectors in service industry between 2004 and 2013: Hyun-Woo Choi, Young-Ki Kim, Dong-Mug Kang, Jong-Eun Kim, Bo-Young Jang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:41. Published online September 19, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0198-4

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Background

‘Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs)’ have been mostly reported in the manufacturing industry but recently the occurrence of industrial injuries has been constantly increasing in the service industry. This research is going to analyze the data about workers’ compensation for WRMSDs in five different service sectors and identify characteristics of occupations with the highest approved occupations.

Methods

According to the data released from the Korea Worker’s Compensation & Welfare Service, the overview of 12,730 cases of workers’ compensation for WRMSDs in five service sectors from 2004 to 2013 is going to be analyzed and the source data is going to be classified by the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations to select the top five occupations that have the highest number of approval.

Results

After selecting each five occupations from the service sector that have work related musculoskeletal disorders, the result showed that the occupation with the highest number of approval in the health and social care sector were the early childhood educators, cooks in the school canteens in education services sector, garbage collectors in the sanitation and similar services sector, deliverymen in wholesale and retail, consumer goods repair and building cleaners in general management businesses such as those in building maintenance. The major event observed in the top five occupations was the overexertion and reaction as a cause of WRMSDs. The day when the WRMSDs mostly occurred was on Monday and the most likely time was 10 am. The median days away from work and lost working days are 29–90 days and 0–50 days respectively. The difference in each occupation was observed in year of service, age, and gender.

Conclusions

83.21% of the approved cases of workers’ compensation for WRMSDs occurred in the top 25 occupations in all of the five service sectors, which meant that the approval of workers’ compensation is concentrated in specific occupations. This research is going to suggest preventive measures for work related musculoskeletal disorders in the service industry and to help prioritize the preventive measures.

Trial registration

Not applicable.

Citations

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Mechanisms and Intervention of Prebiotic Foods in Musculoskeletal Health
Dinesh Kumar Lakshmanan, Guna Ravichandran, Abbirami Elangovan, Arul Ananth D, Sivasudha Thilagar
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A Quick Capture Evaluation System for the Automatic Assessment of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders for Sanitation Workers
Ruiqiu Zhang, Minxin Huang
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The Correlation of Frequency of Work-Related Disorders with Type of Work among Polish Employees
Katarzyna Kliniec, Mateusz Mendowski, Patrycja Zuziak, Mateusz Sobieski, Urszula Grata-Borkowska
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(2): 1624. CrossRef
Magnitude and possible risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among street cleaners and solid waste workers: a cross-sectional study
Melkamu Alie, Yohannes Abich, Solomon Fasika Demissie, Fkrte Kebede Weldetsadik, Tesfa Kassa, Kassaw Belay Shiferaw, Balamurugan Janakiraman, Yohannes Awoke Assefa
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cleaning in the 21st Century: The musculoskeletal disorders associated with the centuries-old occupation – A literature review
Jia-Hua Lin, Wonil Lee, Caroline K. Smith, Nanette L. Yragui, Michael Foley, Gwanseob Shin
Applied Ergonomics.2022; 105: 103839. CrossRef
Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and risk factors in recyclable material waste pickers from the dump of the structural city in Brasília, Brazil
Ana Clara Bonini-Rocha, Rayssa Alves Costa de Oliveira, Morteza Bashash, Giullia do Couto Machado, Vanessa Resende Nogueira Cruvinel
Waste Management.2021; 125: 98. CrossRef
Effective assessments to identify overuse injuries in unaffected limbs of persons with unilateral upper limb amputations
Sharon R. Flinn, Glenn Goodman
Journal of Hand Therapy.2021; 34(2): 298. CrossRef
Bir Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Çalışan Sağlığı Biriminde Değerlendirilen Personelin Genel Sağlık Durumunun, Yakınmalarının ve Sık Görülen Hastalıklarının İncelenmesi
Mehmet PEKDEMİR, Neşe AŞICI, Abdülkadir AYDIN, Elif KÖSE, Hasan EKERBİÇER
Sakarya Medical Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Biomechanical analysis of common solid waste collection throwing techniques using OpenSim and an EMG-assisted solver
Dean D. Molinaro, Andrew S. King, Aaron J. Young
Journal of Biomechanics.2020; 104: 109704. CrossRef
Ergonomic interventions among waste collection workers: A systematic review
Francis J. Emmatty, Vinay V. Panicker
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics.2019; 72: 158. CrossRef

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Research Article

Hazards and health problems in occupations dominated by aged workers in South Korea: Jungsun Park, Soo Geun Kim, Jong-shik Park, Boyoung Han, Kab Bae Kim, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:27. Published online June 26, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0177-9

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Background

South Korea’s population is aging more rapidly than any other country. Aging of the productive population will lead to shortage of labor and the decreasing quality of the labor force in South Korea. South Korea needs health care strategies to support the establishment of work environments that are appropriate for elderly workers who have reduced physical capacity. This paper aims to identify occupations that are dominated by aged workers and assess the exposure to hazards and work-related health problems of aged workers in these occupations.

Methods

We identified the 20 occupations in South Korea that employ the most aged workers (at least 55 years-old), among all 149 occupations that are defined as minor categories (identified by three digits) by the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). Exposure to hazards and work-related health problems of individuals in these occupations were evaluated by analyzing the results of the fourth Working Conditions Survey of 2014.

Results

Among the 20 occupations that employ the most aged workers, ‘Elementary Occupations’, which the KSCO classifies as major category (9), had the largest proportion of aged workers. After this, there were five occupations of skilled manual workers and six occupations of skilled non-manual workers. Aged workers in elementary and skilled manual occupations reported frequent exposure to job-specific hazards, such as noise, vibrations, high and low temperatures, solvents, and chemicals. Relative to other workers, aged workers in the occupations reported more frequent exposure to ergonomic hazards, such as tiring or painful positions, carrying or moving heavy loads, and repetitive movements, and also reported more work-related musculoskeletal disorders and general fatigue. Injury due to accident was common in machinery-handling occupations.

Conclusion

Job-specific hazards should be reduced to prevent occupation-related disorders in elementary and skilled manual occupations that are dominated by aged workers.

Citations

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Factors affecting work-related non-fatal injuries among aged workers in South Korea
Jungsun Park, Jong-shik Park, Younghoon Jung, Minoh Na, Yangho Kim
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Characteristics of Work-related Fatal Injuries Among Aged Workers in Republic of Korea
Jungsun Park, Jong-shik Park, Younghoon Jung, Minoh Na, Yangho Kim
Safety and Health at Work.2024; 15(2): 158. CrossRef
National trend of the treatment for chronic venous diseases in Korea between 2010 and 2020
SooBum Shon, Hyangkyoung Kim, Hyeong Cheol Kim, Sungsin Cho, Seung Hwan Lee, Jin Hyun Joh
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2023; 104(1): 27. CrossRef
Impact of a passive upper-body exoskeleton on muscle activity, heart rate and discomfort during a carrying task
Gabriela Garcia, Paul Gonzalo Arauz, Isabel Alvarez, Nicolas Encalada, Shirley Vega, Bernard J. Martin, Ryan T. Roemmich
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(6): e0287588. CrossRef
Cleaning in the 21st Century: The musculoskeletal disorders associated with the centuries-old occupation – A literature review
Jia-Hua Lin, Wonil Lee, Caroline K. Smith, Nanette L. Yragui, Michael Foley, Gwanseob Shin
Applied Ergonomics.2022; 105: 103839. CrossRef
Association between Whole-Body Vibration exposure and musculoskeletal disorders among dumper operators: A case-control study in Indian iron ore mines
Rahul Upadhyay, Ashis Bhattacherjee, Aditya Kumar Patra, Nearkasen Chau
Work.2022; 71(1): 235. CrossRef
Older Female Farmers and Modeling of Occupational Hazards, Wellbeing, and Sleep-Related Problems on Musculoskeletal Pains
Dong Seok Shin, Byung Yong Jeong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(12): 7274. CrossRef
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Fovziye Sanaati, Mehrnaz Geranmayeh, Zahra Behboodi Moghadam, Armin Zareiyan, Keshvar Samadaee Gelehkolaee, Mojgan Mirghafourvand
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Precarious Employment and Increased Incidence of Musculoskeletal Pain among Wage Workers in Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
Sungjin Park, June-Hee Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(12): 6299. CrossRef
Aging at Work: A Review of Recent Trends and Future Directions
Jasmina Barakovic Husic, Francisco José Melero, Sabina Barakovic, Petre Lameski, Eftim Zdravevski, Petra Maresova, Ondrej Krejcar, Ivan Chorbev, Nuno M. Garcia, Vladimir Trajkovik
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(20): 7659. CrossRef
Factors Related to Physical and Mental Health in Workers With Different Categories of Employment
Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
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Shraddha Palikhe, Mi Yirong, Byoung Yoon Choi, Dong-Eun Lee
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Comparison of occupational health problems of employees and self-employed individuals who work in different fields
Jungsun Park, Boyoung Han, Yangho Kim
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Association of Exposure to a Combination of Ergonomic Risk Factors with Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Korean Workers
Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(24): 9456. CrossRef
Non-Standard Workers Have Poorer Physical and Mental Health Than Standard Workers
Jaeouk Ahn, Nam-Soo Kim, Byung-Kook Lee, Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
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The history of occupational health in South Korea
Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
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Association of Job Satisfaction and Security With Subjective Health and Well-Being in Korean Employees
Jungsun Park, Boyoung Han, Yangho Kim
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Zuzhen Ji, Dirk Pons, John Pearse
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Research Article

Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among operation room staff at a Tertiary Care Center, Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study: Moath Bin Homaid, Doaa Abdelmoety, Waleed Alshareef, Amer Alghamdi, Fareed Alhozali, Naif Alfahmi, Wael Hafiz, Abdulrahman Alzahrani, Soha Elmorsy; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:1. Published online January 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0089-0

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Background

Low Back Pain (LBP) is the commonest musculoskeletal disorder and an important occupational hazard among healthcare workers (HCWs) that peaks among Operating Room (OR) staff. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of low back pain among operating room (OR) staff in a tertiary healthcare center in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A 39-item self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all available OR staff. Data about personal, sociodemographic, general risk factors OR specific risky activities, and LBP characteristics were obtained. Descriptive, crosstabs, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were employed.

Results

Out of the 143 distributed questionnaires, 84 % were received. LBP prevalence was 74.2 %. No statistically significant associations were detected between LBP and any of the general risk factors (p >0.05). However, most of the OR risky activities were significantly associated with the occurrence of LBP (p <0.05) e.g. lifting objects above the waist, rotating torso while bearing weight, transferring patients onto bed or chair, pulling a patient up the bed, and repositioning a patient in bed. These significant associations were preserved after adjustment for gender, perceived stress at work, educational level, and receiving education about LBP. Rest and analgesics were reported to be the most common relievers.

Conclusions

LBP is a common health issue among KAMC OR staff. OR risky activities were found to contribute to this problem. We suggest designing educational interventional programs to teach OR staff the best way to prevent this problem.

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Research Article

Risk factors of musculoskeletal symptoms in university hospital nurses: Eunkwang Ryu, Byeongjin Ye, Youngil Yi, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:47. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0047-7

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate musculoskeletal symptom prevalence in university hospital nurses and explore the relation between musculoskeletal symptom prevalence and work related factors.

Methods

A structured questionnaire was conducted with 620 nurses in a university hospital to look into the characters of responsibility and musculoskeletal symptom prevalence. The questionnaire respondents numbered 534, so the response rate was 86.1%. Among the respondents, three who gave insincere answers were excluded. The final study population was 531 respondents. ANSI Z-365 checklist was applied to look into ergonomic characteristics, and Korean Occupational Stress Scale Short Form was employed to measure job stress.

Results

In the case of the whole body, symptom prevalence amounted to 70.8%. Regarding each body region, shoulder symptom prevalence accounted for the highest, or 44.8%, waist 40.7%, and neck 33.3% in order. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, in the case of the whole body, the group with a high ANSI checklist grade had odds ratio of 3.59 (95% CI 1.48 ~ 8.76), and the group with high job stress had 3.19 (95% CI 2.01 ~ 5.07).

Conclusion

Regarding the occupational factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms of university hospital nurses, it was found that ANSI Z-365 checklist high risk group, total job tenure, department, shiftworks, and job stress had high relation with musculoskeletal symptoms. It is necessary to find an ergonomic solution and a stress reduction plan to prevent musculoskeletal disease.

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Research Article

Workers’ experiences with compensated sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorder: a qualitative study: Min Choi, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jinwoo Lee, Hye-Eun Lee, Junsu Byun, Jong Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:33-33. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0033-0

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Objectives

The most common occupational disease that is compensated by Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) in Korea is musculoskeletal disease (MSD). Although complaints about the workers’ compensation system have been raised by injured workers with MSD, studies that examine workers’ experiences with the Korean system are rare. This paper is a qualitative study designed to examine injured workers’ experiences with the workers’ compensation system in Korea. The aim of this study is to explore the drawbacks of the workers’ compensation system and to suggest ways to improve this system.

Methods

All workers from an automobile parts factory in Anseong, GyeongGi province who were compensated for MSD by IACI from January 2003 to August 2013 were invited to participate. Among these 153 workers, 142 workers completed the study. Semi-structured open-ended interviews and questionnaires were administered by occupational physicians. The responses of 131 workers were analyzed after excluding 11 workers, 7 of whom provided incomplete answers and 4 of whom were compensated by accidental injury. Based on their age, disease, department of employment, and compensation time, 16 of these 131 workers were invited to participate in an individual in-depth interview. In-depth interviews were conducted by one of 3 occupational physicians until the interview contents were saturated.

Results

Injured workers with MSD reported that the workers’ compensation system was intimidating. These workers suffered more emotional distress than physical illness due to the workers’ compensation system. Injured workers reported that they were treated inadequately and remained isolated for most of the recuperation period. The compensation period was terminated without ample guidance or a plan for an appropriate rehabilitation process.

Conclusions

Interventions to alleviate the negative experiences of injured workers, including quality control of the medical care institutions and provisions for mental and psychological care for injured workers, are needed to help injured workers return to work earlier and more healthy.

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Research Article

Relationship between Psychosocial Risk Factors and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Public Hospital Nurses in Malaysia: Nur Azma Amin, Rusli Nordin, Quek Kia Fatt, Rahim M Noah, Jennifer Oxley; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:23-23. Published online August 9, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0023-2

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Objective

This study examined the relationships between psychosocial work factors and risk of WRMSDs among public hospital nurses in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 660 public hospital nurses. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on the occurrence of WRMSDs according to body regions, socio-demographic profiles, occupational information and psychosocial risk factors. 468 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 71%), and 376 questionnaires qualified for subsequent analysis. Univariate analyses were applied to test for mean and categorical differences across the WRMSDs; multiple logistic regression was applied to predict WRMSDs based on the Job Strain Model’s psychosocial risk factors.

Results

Over two thirds of the sample of nurses experienced discomfort or pain in at least one site of the musculoskeletal system within the last year. The neck was the most prevalent site (48.94%), followed by the feet (47.20%), the upper back (40.69%) and the lower back (35.28%). More than 50% of the nurses complained of having discomfort in region one (neck, shoulders and upperback) and region four (hips, knees, ankles, and feet). The results also revealed that psychological job demands, job strain and iso-strain ratio demonstrated statistically significant mean differences (p < 0.05) between nurses with and without WRMSDs. According to univariate logistic regression, all psychosocial risk factors illustrated significant association with the occurrence of WRMSDs in various regions of the body (OR: 1.52–2.14). Multiple logistic regression showed all psychosocial risk factors were significantly associated with WRMSDs across body regions (OR: 1.03–1.19) except for region 1 (neck, shoulders and upper back) and region 4 (hips, knees, ankles, and feet). All demographic variables except for years of employment were statistically and significantly associated with WRMSDs (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The findings indicated the high prevalence of WRMSDs in many body regions, and the risks of developing WRMSDs according to the various body regions were associated with important psychosocial risk factors based on the job strain model. These findings have implications for the management of WRMSDs among public hospital nurses in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.

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Review

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korea Provoked by Workers’ Collective Compensation Claims against Work Intensification: Dongmug Kang, Youngki Kim, Young-Il Lee, Sangbaek Koh, Inah Kim, Hoonkoo Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:19-19. Published online July 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-19

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This article presents the process of workers’ problems with work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), the introduction of risk assessments (RA) for their prevention, and the consequences of this process in Korea. In 1997, economic crisis caused a rapid increase of massive layoffs, worker dispatch system introduction, job insecurity, and use of irregular workers resulting in work intensification. Work intensification increased WMSDs, which created massive workers’ compensation collective claims. Workers argued for the reduction of work intensity. The RAs introduced as a consequence of the workers’ struggle is unique in the world. Whereas these RAs were expected to play a pivotal role in WMSDs prevention, they dis not due to workers’ lack of engagement after the compensation struggle. In fact, changes in the compensation judgment system and criteria have resulted in lower compensation approval rates leading to lower workers’ compensation claims. The Korean experience provides insight into WMSDs causes in a globalized world. In such a the globalized world, work intensification as the result of work flexibility could be an international trend.

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Case Report

Design and Evaluation of Ergonomic Interventions for the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders in India: Somnath Gangopadhyay, Samrat Dev; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:18-18. Published online July 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-18

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Background

Improper workstation, work procedures and tools are found to be the risk factors for the development of musculoskeletal disorders among the informal sector workers of the developing countries. Low cost ergonomic interventions can effectively improve such adverse conditions.

Case presentation

In the present article some studies related to design interventions in different informal and agricultural sectors were discussed and their efficacies were analyzed. It was observed that with the help of appropriate interventions musculoskeletal disorders were reduced, adverse physiological conditions were improved when awkward postures were corrected and ultimately the organisational productivity was increased.

Conclusion

Proper implementation of ergonomic interventions can ultimately improve the economy of the nation.

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Research Article

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korea and Japan: A Comparative Description: Eun-A Kim, Minori Nakata; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:17-17. Published online June 24, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-17

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Objectives

Work related Musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) is one of the most important problem in occupational health system of Korea and Japan, where the OHS system developed in similar socio-cultural environment. This study compared WMSD in Korea and Japan to review similarities and differences in their historical background, and development of prevention policies.

Methods

Scientific articles, government reports, and related official and non-official statistics on WMSD since the 1960s in Japan and Korea were reviewed.

Results

The historical background and basic structure of the compensation system in Korea and Japan largely overlapped. The issuing of WMSD in both countries appeared as upper limb disorder (ULD), named occupational cervicobrachial diseases (OCD) in Japan, and neck-shoulder-arm syndrome (NSA) 30 years later in Korea, following the change from an industrial structure to automated office work. Both countries developed manuals for diagnosis, guidelines for workplace management, and prevention policies. At present, compensation cases per covered insurers for WMSD are higher in Korea than in Japan, due to the social welfare system and cultural environment. Prevention policies in Korea are enforced more strongly with punitive measures than in Japan. In contrast, the Japanese system requires autonomous effort toward risk control and management, focusing on specific risky processes.

Conclusions

WMSD in Korea and Japan have a similar history of identification and compensation structure, yet different compensation proportions per covered insurer and prevention policies. Follow-up study with international cooperation is necessary to improve both systems.

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Research Article

Automation of Workplace Lifting Hazard Assessment for Musculoskeletal Injury Prevention: June T Spector, Max Lieblich, Stephen Bao, Kevin McQuade, Margaret Hughes; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:15-15. Published online June 24, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-15

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Objectives

Existing methods for practically evaluating musculoskeletal exposures such as posture and repetition in workplace settings have limitations. We aimed to automate the estimation of parameters in the revised United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting equation, a standard manual observational tool used to evaluate back injury risk related to lifting in workplace settings, using depth camera (Microsoft Kinect) and skeleton algorithm technology.

Methods

A large dataset (approximately 22,000 frames, derived from six subjects) of simultaneous lifting and other motions recorded in a laboratory setting using the Kinect (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United States) and a standard optical motion capture system (Qualysis, Qualysis Motion Capture Systems, Qualysis AB, Sweden) was assembled. Error-correction regression models were developed to improve the accuracy of NIOSH lifting equation parameters estimated from the Kinect skeleton. Kinect-Qualysis errors were modelled using gradient boosted regression trees with a Huber loss function. Models were trained on data from all but one subject and tested on the excluded subject. Finally, models were tested on three lifting trials performed by subjects not involved in the generation of the model-building dataset.

Results

Error-correction appears to produce estimates for NIOSH lifting equation parameters that are more accurate than those derived from the Microsoft Kinect algorithm alone. Our error-correction models substantially decreased the variance of parameter errors. In general, the Kinect underestimated parameters, and modelling reduced this bias, particularly for more biased estimates. Use of the raw Kinect skeleton model tended to result in falsely high safe recommended weight limits of loads, whereas error-corrected models gave more conservative, protective estimates.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that it may be possible to produce reasonable estimates of posture and temporal elements of tasks such as task frequency in an automated fashion, although these findings should be confirmed in a larger study. Further work is needed to incorporate force assessments and address workplace feasibility challenges. We anticipate that this approach could ultimately be used to perform large-scale musculoskeletal exposure assessment not only for research but also to provide real-time feedback to workers and employers during work method improvement activities and employee training.

Citations

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sEMG Spectral Analysis and Machine Learning Algorithms Are Able to Discriminate Biomechanical Risk Classes Associated with Manual Material Liftings
Leandro Donisi, Deborah Jacob, Lorena Guerrini, Giuseppe Prisco, Fabrizio Esposito, Mario Cesarelli, Francesco Amato, Paolo Gargiulo
Bioengineering.2023; 10(9): 1103. CrossRef
Tactile Gloves Predict Load Weight During Lifting With Deep Neural Networks
Guoyang Zhou, Ming-Lun Lu, Denny Yu
IEEE Sensors Journal.2023; 23(16): 18798. CrossRef
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Christopher Brandl, Oliver Brunner, Pietro Marzaroli, Tobias Hellig, Laura Johnen, Alexander Mertens, Marco Tarabini, Verena Nitsch
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics.2022; 91: 103350. CrossRef
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Research Article

Relationship between Occupational Stress and Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korean Male Firefighters: Min Gi Kim, Kyoo-Sang Kim, Jae-Hong Ryoo, Seung-Won Yoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:9-9. Published online July 4, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-9

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

A growing body of literature has documented that job stress is associated with the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). However, the association of WMSDs with job stress has not yet been fully studied in Korean male firefighters. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of WMSDs in almost all Korean male firefighters and to clarify the effect of job stress on the occurrence of WMSDs.

Methods

The study design was cross-sectional, and 21,466 firefighters were recruited. The study design included a structured questionnaire to assess general characteristics, the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (optional KOSS-26), Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and WMSDs. The chi-square test, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to look for a correlation between general characteristics and job stress, and the occurrence of WMSD.

Results

Back pain is the most common WMSD. Among the job stress subgroup, physical environment, job demands, organizational system, occupational climate, lack of reward and job insecurity were related to the occurrence of WMSDs. However, insufficient job control and interpersonal conflict were not related to the occurrence of WMSDs.

Conclusion

Job stress was related to the occurrence of WMSDs in Korean male firefighters. To reduce the occurrence of WMSDs, a job stress management program may be required.

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Original Article

Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Public Workers: Sei Kyun Noh, Ju Hwan Choi, Dong Hoon Shin, Mi Young Lee, In Sung Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):410-419. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.410

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the occupational risk factors associated with musculoskeletal symptoms in public workers.
METHODS
In November 2010, 544 participants anwered a survey that included questions on the participants' general characteristics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, and psychosocial stress. We measured the relationship of risk factors to musculoskeletal symptoms using a logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
After adjusting for general characteristics, factors associated with occupational musculoskeletal symptoms were gender (OR=2.858, 95% CI=1.701~4.801), unnatural posture (OR=2.386, 95% CI=1.308~4.354), psychosocial stress (OR=4.051, 95% CI=1.336~12.282) and sleep quality (OR=1.672, 95% CI=1.052~2.660).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that psychosocial stress levels and physical environment (especially in professions requiring an unnatural posture) are related to musculoskeletal symptoms in public workers.

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Original Article

Association between Job-related Factors and Musculoskeletal Symptoms in University Hospital Healthcare Workers: Yoonbum Choi, Soo Jin Lee, Jae Chul Song, Kyu Jung Bae, Hwanjin Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(3):217-228. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.3.217

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in university hospital healthcare workers and to evaluate the job-related factors that affect musculoskeletal symptoms.
METHODS
A questionnaire was administered to health care workers who work at the university hospital. The self-reported questionnaire included the following information: general characteristics, health behaviors, job-related factors, depression symptom, ergonomic factor, job stress, and musculoskeletal symptoms. Ergonomic factor was measured by ANSI Z-365, depression symptom by CES-D, job stress by KOSS-26 and musculoskeletal symptoms by NIOSH questionnaire.
RESULTS
A total of 1,198(64.2%) of 1,842 respondents answered and 1,183 were included in the final study population. The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms was 53.3%. The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms of males and females was 25.6% and 63.9%, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, total job stress score(OR=3.05, 95% CI=1.62~5.74), depression symptom(OR=2.18, 95% CI=1.07~4.43), ANSI Z-365 high risk group(OR=5.33, 95% CI=2.08~13.66) in males and total job stress score(OR=2.14, 95% CI=1.53~3.00), three-shift work(OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.26~2.60), nurses(OR=1.82, 95% CI=1.22~2.73), and ANSI Z-365 high risk group(OR=3.33, 95% CI=1.58~7.03) in females were significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
Shift work, nurses, ANSI Z-365 high risk group, depression symptom and job stress were related with musculoskeletal symptoms. In order to prevent musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic improvements and stress reduction are required.

Citations

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Original Article

The Relationship of Physical and Psychosocial Risk Factors to Work-related Musculoskeletal Upper Extremity Symptoms amongst Male Automobile Manufacturing Workers: Ki Hyun Lee, Jin Ha Yoon, Sung Kyung Kim, In Jung Cho, Sung Soo Oh, Sung Hoon Kim, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Koh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):72-85. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.72

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of physical and psychosocial risk factors to work-related musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms amongst automobile manufacturing workers.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted using male automobile manufacturing workers in order to examine the relationship of physical and psychosocial risk factors to work-related musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms. A total of 1,793 male workers were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding general characteristics, health related behaviors, work-related characteristics, job stress, ergonomic risk factors, and the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms (neck, shoulder, arm, and hand). Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms were evaluated using the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) surveillance criteria. In order to measure the physical risk factors, the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Z-365 Quick checklist was incorporated into the questionnaire. Job stressors were measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS). A binary logistic regression analysis was performed that examined the relationship of physical and psychosocial risk factors to musculoskeletal symptoms.
RESULTS
The result showed that the physical and psychosocial risk factors were associated with musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms. The workers with high physical risk factors reported more musculoskeletal symptoms than those having low physical risk factors (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.56~3.62). The workers with high job stress were more likely to have an increased risk of musculoskeletal upper extremity symptom compared to those with normal job stress (OR: 2.65, 95% CI: 2.03~3.47). A significant relationship between the combined effects of physical and psychosocial risk factors on musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms was also found. The workers exposed to high physical risk factors, high job stress, and long working hours were more likely to report musculoskeletal symptoms than those having low physical risk factors, normal job stress and moderate working hours(OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.56~3.62).
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that some physical and psychosocial risk factors increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms amongst automobile manufacturing workers. In order to prevent or reduce musculoskeletal disorders amongst automobile manufacturing workers, it is strongly recommended to manage the physical psychosocial risks occurring in the workplace.

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Original Article

The Differences the Relationship According to Body Part between Occupational Stress and Self-reported Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms as Seen in Surveys of Public Office Workers Using VDT: Han Soo Song, Chul Gab Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):20-32. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.20

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The investigation of the degree of the relationship according to body part between occupational stress and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck, shoulder, elbow, and hands of workers performing computer tasks.
METHODS
In August and September 2009, we conducted a survey of 529 public office workers employed by the National Health Insurance Corporation using structured questionnaires in order to find demographic factors, work related factors, job stress, physical computer task load and musculoskeletal symptoms. Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, Quick DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score), and the Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire were all used to evaluate their musculoskeletal symptoms. The presence of symptoms segregated by body part determined the dependent variables. The degree of job stress and other confounder variables determined the independent variables. We calculated the odds ratio employing multiple logistic regressions.
RESULTS
A score of > or =5 in the VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) 10-point scale and the presence of symptoms lasting at least 1 week determined the musculoskeletal symptom group in regards to the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. The neck pain odds ratio was adjusted by sex, age, work hours, employment duration, physical computer task load and depression. It was determined to be 2.92 (95% CI 1.76~4.84) in the higher to lower occupational stress group. The shoulder pain odds ratio was 1.96 (95% CI 1.18~3.24), elbow pain 0.55 (95% CI 0.21~1.43), and hand pain 1.71 (95% CI 0.99~2.95). A score of > or =10 in the 100-unit scale determined the musculoskeletal symptom group in regards to the Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire and the Quick DASH. The neck symptom odds ratio was 2.73 (95% CI 1.66~4.49) and the upper extremity symptom figure was 2.18 (95% CI 1.29~3.68).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the relevance between neck and shoulder symptoms and occupational stress was obvious, however the relevance between elbow and hand pain and job stress was not as clear or ambiguous.

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Parisa Hosseini-Koukamari, Mohtasham Ghaffari, Sedigheh Sadat Tavafian, Ali Ramezankhani
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Original Article

Relationship between Occupational Stress-Emotional Labor and Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Experience of Absence or Early Leave in Some Civil Affairs Officials: Sang Kon Yoo, Chang Ki Choi, Han Soo Song, Chul Gab Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(2):192-202. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.2.192

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are to identify the relationship between the Korean occupational stress scale (KOSS) and emotional labor, and to study the association between emotional labor and musculoskeletal symptoms, absence or early leave due to physical problems among civil affairs officials.
METHODS
391 public workers who provide social insurance service were analyzed. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographics, job stress, emotional labor, musculoskeletal symptoms and the experience of absence or early leave due to physical problems. For a comprehensive understanding of the relationship among these factors, multiple logistic regression analysis was used.
RESULTS
The Pearson coefficient was 0.409 between the job demand of KOSS and the emotional labor score. The odds ratio of musculoskeletal symptoms is 2.32(95% CI: 1.17~4.61), 2.48(95% CI: 1.15~5.33) in the groups of moderate and, high emotional labor score, respectively, compared to the low score group. On the other hand, the odds ratio of the experience of absence or early leave due to physical problems is 2.43(95% CI: 1.24~4.76) and, 3.08(95% CI: 1.44~6.57) in the same groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Emotional labor acts as a factor of job demand of KOSS, and has an effect on musculoskeletal symptoms and absence or early leave among civil affairs officials.

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Original Article

Relationship between Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Non-fatal Occupational Injuries in Construction Workers in Korea: Seung Won Yoo, Hye Eun Lee, Dong Hee Koh, Kyoo Sang Kim, Tae Woo Kim, Min Gi Kim, Kyeong Yeol Yu; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):9-17. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.9

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to assess the relationship between musculoskeletal symptoms and non-fatal injuries in construction workers.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study involving 1,836 male construction workers in petrochemical plants in Korea. For this study, a structured self-reported questionnaire(KOSHA CODE H-30-2003) was used. Musculoskeletal symptoms were defined as symptoms that affect the operation of the musculoskeletal system, for longer than one week or a frequency of more than once per month. To evaluate the association between musculoskeletal symptoms and non-fatal occupatioanl injuries, multiple logistic-regressions were used after adjusting for age, exercise, smoking status, alcohol consumption, work time, work duration, and income.
RESULTS
A total of 140 workers were involved in non-fatal injuries cases, representing 7.6% prevalence. After adjusting for confounding variables, the logistic regression analyses indicated the group with musculoskeletal symptoms(OR 1.73 95% CI:1.21~2.47) and intensity criteria of musculoskeletal symptoms as related to 'moderate' criteria(OR 1.82 95% CI:1.18~2.81) or 'severe' criteria(OR 2.57 95% CI:1.43~4.63). This identified group was more likely to experience non-fatal occupational injuries. However, a 'mild' criteria(OR 1.00 95% CI:0.51~1.99) was not associated with non-fatal occupational injuries.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicated a possible association between musculoskeletal symptoms and non-fatal injuries. Hence, strengthening of laws and regulations, effective ergonomic programs and training is necessary to prevent musculoskeletal symptoms.

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Original Article

The Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Symptoms and the Ergonomic Risk Factors among Oriental Melon-growing Farmers: Kyu Jung Bae, Kyoung Sook Lee, Yong Ku Kong, Gyung Jae Oh, Soo Jin Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):1-8. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.1

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in oriental melon-growing farmers and to evaluate the ergonomic risk factors of melon cultivation.
METHODS
The study included 217 subjects growing oriental melons mainly in 3 villages. Subjects were interviewed by means of a structured questionnaire. Instruments used the general features and symptom table of NIOSH to evaluate tasks using ergonomic tools (REBA, OWAS).
RESULTS
A total of 202 final respondents answered. The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms based on the NIOSH standard criteria was 162 (75.2%). The prevalence per body part for lower back, knee and shoulder were 102 (50.5%), 86 (42.6%) and 71 (35.1%), respectively. The prevalence of pain complaints of the musculoskeletal symptom was 91 (45.0%). The prevalence of complaints per body part of lower back, knee and shoulder were 54 (26.7%), 41 (20.3%) and 37 (18.3%), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed men were at higher risk compared to women (OR=2.409, 95% CI=1.071~5.389), and ore than 30 years of work having a higher risk compared to less than 30 years of work (OR=2.445, 95% CI=1.150~5.197). High risk tasks were moving around boxes and nursery plants for planting, transplanting nursery plants, and picking melons.
CONCLUSIONS
Musculoskeletal symptoms were very highly prevalent in oriental melon-growing farmers, showing up in 75.2% of cases. They were exposed to ergonomic high risk factors such as squatting. These risk factors must be improved in some way.

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Do Yeon Won, Ji Hye Choi, Chang Hyeon Baek, Na Yun Park, Min Gu Kang, Young Jin Seo
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Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2011; 30(4): 525. CrossRef

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Original Article

Current Status of Sickness Absences and Early Leaves from Work among Workers with Work-related Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Each Body Part, and Relevant Factors: Dong Hoon Lee, Shin Goo Park, Jong Han Leem, Hwan Cheol Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Jeong Hoon Kim, Seung Jun Lee, Gee Woong Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(4):364-370. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.4.364

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to identify current status of sickness absence and early leaves from work as a result of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms.
METHOD
From January to December in 2007, 4,975 workers were recruited into this study and surveyed over this time period; workers came from 116 small and medium sized companies in Incheon. Among the study populations, only those who met the NIOSH criteria for work-related musculoskeletal symptoms on each symptom locations were included in the final analysis. The survey used a structured self-administered questionnaire, which asked questions about musculoskeletal symptoms regarding locations, sickness absences and early leaves from work. Other information gathered from participants included sociodemographical characteristics, and work-related characteristics.
RESULTS
The rates of sickness absences and early leaves in each symptom locations were highest (14.9%) among workers with waist symptoms. Men had higher rates of sickness absences and early leaves form work than women; manufacturing workers had higher rates of sickness absences and early leaves form work than office workers. After confounding variables that had significant difference in univariate analysis on each symptom locations were adjusted, the odds ratios for sickness absence and early leaves divided by pain intensity were 4.361(neck), 4.140(shoulder), 3.151(arm/wrist), 3.085(leg/foot), and 2.731(waist), respectively; these differences were statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
The rates of sickness absence and early leaves in each work-related musculoskeletal symptom locations were highest among workers with waist symptoms, and the intensity of pain was identified to have a considerable effect on the rates of sickness absences and early leaves. Based on these results, we think that there are needs to be early interventions on workers with waist symptoms.

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Gi-Yeol Kim, Jung-Lim Oh, Kyoung-Ok Hwang
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(1): 536. CrossRef
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Journal of the Korea Safety Management and Science.2013; 15(4): 89. CrossRef

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