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HOME > Ann Occup Environ Med > Volume 28; 2016 > Article
Research Article Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among operation room staff at a Tertiary Care Center, Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
Moath Bin Homaid, Doaa Abdelmoety, Waleed Alshareef, Amer Alghamdi, Fareed Alhozali, Naif Alfahmi, Wael Hafiz, Abdulrahman Alzahrani, Soha Elmorsy,
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2016;28:1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0089-0
Published online: January 29, 2016

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• Received: September 13, 2015   • Accepted: January 5, 2016

© Bin Homaid et al. 2016

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  • Background
    Low Back Pain (LBP) is the commonest musculoskeletal disorder and an important occupational hazard among healthcare workers (HCWs) that peaks among Operating Room (OR) staff. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of low back pain among operating room (OR) staff in a tertiary healthcare center in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Methods
    A 39-item self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all available OR staff. Data about personal, sociodemographic, general risk factors OR specific risky activities, and LBP characteristics were obtained. Descriptive, crosstabs, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were employed.
  • Results
    Out of the 143 distributed questionnaires, 84 % were received. LBP prevalence was 74.2 %. No statistically significant associations were detected between LBP and any of the general risk factors (p >0.05). However, most of the OR risky activities were significantly associated with the occurrence of LBP (p <0.05) e.g. lifting objects above the waist, rotating torso while bearing weight, transferring patients onto bed or chair, pulling a patient up the bed, and repositioning a patient in bed. These significant associations were preserved after adjustment for gender, perceived stress at work, educational level, and receiving education about LBP. Rest and analgesics were reported to be the most common relievers.
  • Conclusions
    LBP is a common health issue among KAMC OR staff. OR risky activities were found to contribute to this problem. We suggest designing educational interventional programs to teach OR staff the best way to prevent this problem.
  • Keywords:

    Keywords

    Musculoskeletal pain; Low back pain; Healthcare worker; Operating room staff
Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the most common complaints requiring medical attention. It is the most common form of musculoskeletal disorders [1, 2]. It is estimated that over half of the general population will seek medical care for back pain at some point in their lives [3]. Globally, the prevalence of LBP among general population ranges between 15 and 45 % [1, 2, 4, 5]. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of LBP among general population is estimated to be 18.8 % according to a single study conducted in Al-Qaseem [6]. Usually females complain more than males from LBP [6–15].
Occupational LBP is a common health problem worldwide. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a higher risk of developing LBP due to a variety of factors [16]. This problem is associated with major consequences in terms of disability and frequent absence [16]. LBP might lead to activity limitation and sick leaves for more than 50 % of the nurses [17]. Generally, female gender, advanced age, and high Body Mass Index (BMI) are some examples of risk factors commonly associated with LBP [7–12]. Sport and regular physical activity were found to decrease LBP [18]. Working in a surgical department might be associated with a higher risk of developing LBP compared to other departments as shown in a study by Attar [19]. He found OR staff to have the highest prevalence of LBP as compared to other departments [19]. Also, Al Dajah and Al Daghdi reported the highest prevalence of LBP among Operation Room (OR) staff as compared to other HCWs [17]. Working at the OR carries its own risk for developing LBP due to exposure to additional risk factors e.g. prolonged standing and awkward posture during surgeries [13–16].
In Saudi Arabia, the situation of LBP is not different from that in other parts of the world [6, 17, 19, 20]. A few studies addressed the prevalence of LBP among OR staff in Saudi Arabia [17, 19, 20]. However, the assessment was not comprehensive in terms of details of the pain and associated risk factors. This study aims to assess the prevalence and risk factors of LBP among all categories of OR staff in a tertiary center in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
This cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC), Makkah, Saudi Arabia in the period from 1st to 30th June, 2014. It approached all categories of OR staff from different specialties.
KAMC Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the study and adequate information was distributed on a sheet given to each invited HCW. The research objectives were explained to each participant separately. The questionnaires distributed in this study showed no personal identifiers and so the confidentiality of participants was maintained.
Data collection was carried out through a 39-item, adapted, self-administered questionnaire that was based on the previous work of Karahan et al. [16]. Adaptation included some spelling and grammar changes, adding and rephrasing some questions concerning work experience at KAMC. This adaptation was carried after piloting the questionnaire. Twenty-seven questions were multiple choice ones including some binary (yes/no) questions. The questionnaire was composed of the following sections:

  • Questions concerning personal and sociodemographic information: age, gender, height, weight, specialty, etc.

  • Questions concerning general LBP risk factors: smoking, psychological stress, standing time, etc.

  • Questions concerning OR specific risky activities: lifting, transferring, or pulling patients or objects, etc.

Questions concerning LBP characteristics: presence of LBP, severity, duration, treatment etc. The questionnaires were numbered before distribution to ensure tracking and to calculate the response rate. Participants’ initials were optional to avoid duplication. All the available OR staff were invited including surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, anesthesia technicians, OR technicians, and central sterile supply department (CSSD) staff. The questionnaire was delivered to the surgeons’ departments and clinics if they didn’t have duty on the same day in the OR. For the rest of the OR staff the questionnaires were distributed in the OR after obtaining permission from the head of the OR department.
For the purpose of this study LBP was defined as “pain, muscle tension, or stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without leg pain (sciatica)” [21].
The sample size was estimated using the Epi InfoTM version seven software with the following assumptions: a population size of 175 (the number of OR staff at KAMC), an expected frequency of LBP of 80 % as guided by previous studies, a precision of ± 5 at a 95 % confidence limit [15, 18, 22, 23]. This dictated having a sample of 102 participants at a minimum. Therefore, considering that some staff might not be available or might not respond, we decided to approach all available OR staff. The data was coded and entered into STATA version 11.0. For descriptive statistics, percentages were used for categorical variables and the mean (standard deviation [SD]) or the median and the interquartile range were used for numeric data according to the type of distribution. A logistic regression model was constructed with presence of LBP as the dependent variable and all suspected risk factors as independent ones. Univariate analysis was initially performed for each factor separately, then, a multivariate model was built for each risky OR activity while adjusting for demographic and other general risk factors found to give a P value < 0.1 in univariate analysis. A two-sided α was set at 0.05 for all comparative analyses.
One hundred and forty three (143) questionnaires were distributed and 120 were received with a response rate of 84 %. The mean age of respondents (SD) was 33.9 (7.6) and 89 (74.2 %) of them were males and 31 (25.8 %) were females. Table 1 shows the participants’ characteristics. The prevalence of LBP among all participants collectively was 74.2 %. The prevalence among males was 69.7 % and was 87.1 % among females. Anesthesia technicians and Anesthesiologists had the highest prevalence of LBP followed by nurses, surgeons, CSSD staff, and OR technicians, none of these differences however was statistically significant (Table 1). Out of those who have had LBP, 56.3 % experienced LBP for the first time before joining KAMC while the remaining 43.7 % experienced LBP for the first time after joining KAMC (Table 2).
Table 1
Characteristics of study participants
Variable n %* Have experienced LBP
n %**
Total 120 100 89 74.2
Age category (n = 120)
  < 24 10 8.3 8 80
 25 – 34 56 46.7 38 67.9
 35 – 44 36 30 27 75
  > 45 18 15 16 88.9
Gender (n = 120)
 Female 31 25.8 27 87.1
 Male 89 74.2 62 69.7
Marital status (n = 120)
 Single 30 25 23 76.7
 Married 90 75 66 73.3
BMI (n = 90)
 Underweight (<18.49) 2 2.2 2 100
 Normal (18.5 – 24.99) 27 30 19 67.9
 Overweight (25 – 29.99) 37 41.1 24 66.7
 Obese (>30) 24 26.7 19 79.2
Educational level (n = 119)
 Diploma 21 17.6 12 57.1
 Bachelor 41 34.5 31 75.6
 Post-Graduate Degree 57 47.9 45 78.9
Specialty (n = 119)
 Surgeon 44 37 31 70.5
 Anesthesiologist 17 14.3 14 82.4
 Anesthesia Technician 12 10.1 10 83.3
 Nurse 34 28.6 26 76.5
 OR Technician 7 5.9 3 60
 CSSD staff 5 4.2 4 57.1
If surgeon, specify: (n = 44)
 Breast oncology 2 4.5 1 50
 General surgery 9 20.5 5 55.6
 Gynecological oncology 2 4.5 2 100
 Thoracic 1 2.3 1 100
 Urology 3 6.8 3 100
 Vascular 2 4.5 1 50
 Ophthalmology 6 13.6 3 50
 ENT 5 11.4 4 80
 Neurosurgery 2 4.5 1 50
 Spine 3 6.8 2 66.7
 Maxillofacial 1 2.3 1 100
 Cardiac 7 15.9 6 85.7
 Other 1 2.3 1 100
Current work experience (n = 119)
 1 – 5 years 40 33.6 27 67.5
 6 – 10 years 33 27.7 24 72.7
  > 10 years 46 38.7 37 80.4
Current KAMC OR experience (n = 116)
  < 1 year 35 30.2 25 71.4
 1 – 2 years 30 25.9 20 66.7
  > 2 years 51 44 41 80.4
LBP low back pain, BMI Body Mass Index, OR operating room, KAMC King Abdullah Medical City
n = the number of responders to each question
*: shows the percentages of respondents in that category out of total respondents
**: shows the percentages of those with LBP within each category
Table 2
Descriptive data about LBP management (n = 89)
Variable N % of those with LBP
First LBP (n = 87)
 Before joining KAMC 49 56.3
 After joining KAMC 38 43.7
Other musculoskeletal pain (n = 120) 68 82.4
Severity of LBP
 Mild 32 36
 Moderate 48 53.9
 Sever 7 7.9
 Very sever 2 2.2
Sought medical care 22 24.7
Received a diagnosis (n = 22) 18 72.2
used treatment (n = 87) 35 39.8
Best LBP reliever: (n = 53)
 Rest (n = 35) 45 51.72
 Medication (n = 36) 38 43.68
 Physiotherapy (n = 35) 8 9.2
 Herbs (n = 35) 1 1.1
 Other (n = 35) 3 3.45
LBP has an impact on daily life activities (n = 81) 32 39.5
LBP has an impact on work life (n = 79) 33 41.8
n = the number of respondents to each question if less than 89, N = number of yes answers to each question or item
LBP low back pain, KAMC King Abdullah Medical City
Table 3 shows the relationship between some common risk factors and LBP. Female gender, advancing age, more years at work, and perceived stress at work were associated with a higher prevalence of LBP. However, none of the associations was statistically significant.
Table 3
Association between common risk factors and LBP
Risk factors n Univariate regression analysis
OR (95 % CI) P value
Age 111
  < 24 1
 25 – 34 0.500 (0.059 – 4.232) 0.525
 35 – 44 0.264 (0.055 – 1.273) 0.097
  > 45 0.375 (0.072 – 1.957) 0.245
Gender 120
 Female 1
 Male 2.940 (0.937 – 9.221) 0.065
Educational level 119
 Diploma 1
 Bachelor 0.356 (0.122 – 1.040) 0.059
 Post-graduate degree 0.827 (0.318 – 2.150) 0.696
Specialty 119
 Surgeon 1
 Anesthesiologist 1.788 (0.350 – 9.138) 0.485
 Anesthesia technician 3.500 (0.499 – 24.558) 0.208
 Nurse 3.750 (0.445 – 31.621) 0.224
 CSSD 2.437 (0.448 – 13.260) 0.303
 OR technician 1.125 (0.109 – 11.595) 0.921
Working years 119
 1 – 5 1
 6 – 10 0.505 (0.189 – 1.352) 0.174
  > 10 0.649 (0.225 – 1.867) 0.422
Working duration at KAMC 116
  < 1 year 1
 1 – 2 year(s) 0.610 (0.223 – 1.670) 0.336
  > 2 years 0.488 (0.175 – 1.362) 0.171
Smoking 120
 Yes 1
 No 0.472 (0.175 – 1.275) 0.139
BMI 87
 Underweight /Normal 1
 overweight 1.000 (0.347 – 2.882) 1.000
 Obese 1.900 (0.534 – 6.760) 0.322
Received education about LBP 119
 Yes 1
 No 0.455 (0.192 – 1.077) 0.073
Perceived stress level in work environment 116
 Mild 1
 Moderate 1.333 (0.525 – 3.388) 0.545
 Sever/ Very sever 4.500 (0.867 – 32.345) 0.073
Standing time 120
 1 – 4 h 1
 5 – 8 h 1.263 (0.343 – 4.647) 0.726
  > 8 h 1.417 (0.431 – 4.658) 0.566
Sitting time 118
 1 – 4 h 1
  > 5 h 1.780 (0.483 – 6.568) 0.387
Exercise 120
 Yes 1
 No 0.969 (0.424 – 2.218) 0.941
n = the number of respondents to each question
KAMC King Abdullah Medical City, BMI Body Mass Index
A univariate logistic regression showed that the following OR risky activities were significantly associated with the occurrence of LBP (P < 0.05): lifting objects above the waist, rotating torso while bearing weight, transferring patients onto bed or chair, pulling patients up the bed, and repositioning a patient in bed (Table 4). The association between LBP and the following activities, however, did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05): transferring patients onto stretcher, bending to lift item from floor level, and ambulating patients. Adjusting the association of individual OR risky activities for gender, educational level, perceived stress at work, and receiving education did not greatly change the significance of the association. In none significant associations (bending to lift item from floor level and ambulating patients) remained as such. Association between LBP and lifting objects above the waist, rotating torso while bearing became more significant. While the association of LBP with pulling patients up the bed, and pulling patients up the bed became slightly less significant. However, transferring patients onto bed or chair and repositioning a patient in bed, did not show any changes in P value after the adjustment (Table 4).
Table 4
The relationship between OR risky activities and LBP
Risk factors Univariate logistic regression Multivariate logistic regression (Adjusted)
n OR (95 % CI) P value n OR (95 % CI) P value
Lifting objects above the waist 115 3.06 (0.119 – 0.787) 0.014* 109 4.910 (1.500 – 16.00) 0.008*
Rotating torso while bearing weight 111 4.490 (1.250 – 16.15) 0.021* 105 9.080 (1.950 – 42.28) 0.005*
Bending to lift an item from floor level 116 1.590 (0.640 – 3.660) 0.278 110 1.610 (0.600 – 4.290) 0.341
Transferring patients onto bed or chair 117 2.440 (1.010 – 5.910) 0.047* 111 2.820 (1.010 – 7.840) 0.047*
Transferring patients onto a stretcher 117 2.270 (0.980 – 5.220) 0.055 111 3.310 (1.160 – 9.470) 0.025*
Ambulating a patient 115 0.780 (0.300 – 2.040) 0.619 109 0.590 (0.180 – 1.740) 0.315
Pulling a patient up the bed 118 2.630 (1.140 – 6.090) 0.024* 112 3.000 (1.090 – 8.250) 0.033*
Repositioning a patient in bed 118 2.470 (1.060 – 5.720) 0.035* 112 2.820 (1.070 – 7.380) 0.035*
Adjusted: Adjusted for gender, perceived stress at work, educational level, and receiving education about LBP
n = the number of respondents to each question
* = statistically significant
The description of LBP and its management revealed that the affected participants were complaining mostly from mild to moderate LBP, 36 and 53.9 %, respectively (Table 2). A quarter of the affected participants have sought medical care and 72.7 % of them received a diagnosis (Table 2). Rest and analgesics were reported to be the most effective relievers of LBP (Table 2).
In this study 74.2 % of OR staff at KAMC (including: surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, anesthesia technicians, OR technicians, and CSSD) reported to have complained from LBP at some point of their career. This high percentage didn’t exceed the worldwide prevalence, which is reported to be around 84 % [15, 20, 22]. Females in our study were found to complain more from LBP as compared to males. This is also consistent with all the studies in this topic [15, 20, 22, 23].
Globally, among all HCWs, the nurses and physical therapists were found to have the highest prevalence of LBP while secretaries and hospital aids have the lowest [16]. In the present study, the prevalence among anesthesiologists and anesthesia technicians was high, that might be due to the long sitting time and psychological stress in such an advanced tertiary care center. Lifetime prevalence of LBP among nurses ranged between 70 and 80 %, annual prevalence ranged between 15 and 45 %, point prevalence was 30 % [13]. In our study, we found the highest prevalence of LBP among anesthesiologists and anesthesia technicians (82.4 and 83.3 % respectively). Additionally, we found that 76.5 % of the OR nurses and 57.1 % of the OR technicians complain from LBP. This is less than the LBP prevalence among OR nurses and OR technicians that was found to be 84.4 % in a multicenter study conducted in Taif, Saudi Arabia [20]. These values are generally comparable to the worldwide reported values for prevalence of LBP among OR nurses that range between 70.6 and 84 % and the prevalence among OR technicians which hovers around 84 % [15, 20, 22]. We have also found that 70 % of the surgeons at KAMC complain from LBP. It is a high percentage but still less than that reported in studies conducted in some other countries. For instance 84.8 % of surgeons were found to complain from LBP according to a study conducted in Iran [15]. Statistically, however, the relationships between LBP and specialty, psychological stress, and sitting and standing time did not reach significance. Further studies with larger samples of HCWs may be needed to confirm the observed associations and to illustrate the possible causes.
Prolonged standing and sitting, awkward posture during surgeries, work overload, psychological stress, physically hard work, and long working hours may predispose to LBP. Smoking, high BMI, advancing age, female gender, inactivity, long standing time, and perceived stress were significantly associated with the presence of LBP worldwide and in Saudi Arabia [7–12]. However, we did not find statistically significant relationship between LBP and gender, age, BMI, regular exercise, standing time, specialty, or work experience in this study.
OR staff usually perform certain risky activities on daily basis that were found to significantly associate with LBP [16]. This may include lifting heavy objects above the waist, transferring patients onto bed or chair, transferring patients onto a stretcher, ambulating a patient, repositioning patients, pulling a patient up the bed, and rotating torso while bearing some weight [16]. In the present study, we have found that some of such activities were indeed significantly associated with the presence of LBP as consistent with the other studies. These association should shed light on the importance of enrolling OR staff in some educational interventional programs on how to lift objects and how to deal with various satiations that might face the them. Weight reduction programs can also be addressed to improve the OR staff quality of life.
The participants in this study have reported that rest and Analgesics are the best LBP relievers. Studies on the same topic have drawn the same conclusion.
LBP is common among OR staff at KAMC. Risky activities were found to contribute significantly to the problem. Rest and analgesics were reported to be the most common relievers of LBP.
A larger sample size including OR staff from different centers is needed to achieve more precise and comprehensive results. The sampling was based on including all the available OR staff at KAMC and the study was conducted at summer time in which many of the OR staff were on vacation.
Educational programs are needed for the OR staff to teach them the best way to prevent this problem. Such programs may include practical sessions on how to lift and pull heavy objects as well as some exercises that could be carried out during work. We also recommend to enroll the OR staff in stress management courses. It is also important to consider the shoes that a staff wears during work. Enhancing sports activities and designing programs to encourage weight reduction may also help. Future prospective randomized studies will be needed to evaluate such educational programs in order to find the best way to solve the problem and to improve the OR staff quality of life.
The authors acknowledge King Abdullah Medical City Research Summer Program (KReSP) for the advisory role and support it provided for this project.

BMI

Body Mass Index

CSSD

Central Sterile Supply Department

HCW

Healthcare worker

IRB

Institutional Review Board

KAMC

King Abdullah Medical City

LBP

Low Back Pain

OR

Operating Room

SD

Standard Deviation

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

MH was the idea initiator, participated in literature review, writing the protocol, adapting the questionnaire, data collection, data entry, statistical analysis, and drafting the manuscript. DA was the principal investigator, participated in designing the study, writing the protocol, adapting the questionnaire, and drafting the manuscript. WA, AG, FH, NF, WH, and AZ participated in literature review, writing protocol, adapting the questionnaire, data collection, and data entry. SA supervised the study, participated in designing the study, writing the protocol, adapting the questionnaire, statistical analysis, and drafting manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Figure & Data

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      Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among operation room staff at a Tertiary Care Center, Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
      Ann Occup Environ Med. 2016;28:1  Published online January 29, 2016
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0089-0
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    Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among operation room staff at a Tertiary Care Center, Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
    Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among operation room staff at a Tertiary Care Center, Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
    Variable n %* Have experienced LBP
    n %**
    Total1201008974.2
    Age category (n = 120)
      < 24108.3880
     25 – 345646.73867.9
     35 – 4436302775
      > 4518151688.9
    Gender (n = 120)
     Female3125.82787.1
     Male8974.26269.7
    Marital status (n = 120)
     Single30252376.7
     Married90756673.3
    BMI (n = 90)
     Underweight (<18.49)22.22100
     Normal (18.5 – 24.99)27301967.9
     Overweight (25 – 29.99)3741.12466.7
     Obese (>30)2426.71979.2
    Educational level (n = 119)
     Diploma2117.61257.1
     Bachelor4134.53175.6
     Post-Graduate Degree5747.94578.9
    Specialty (n = 119)
     Surgeon44373170.5
     Anesthesiologist1714.31482.4
     Anesthesia Technician1210.11083.3
     Nurse3428.62676.5
     OR Technician75.9360
     CSSD staff54.2457.1
    If surgeon, specify: (n = 44)
     Breast oncology24.5150
     General surgery920.5555.6
     Gynecological oncology24.52100
     Thoracic12.31100
     Urology36.83100
     Vascular24.5150
     Ophthalmology613.6350
     ENT511.4480
     Neurosurgery24.5150
     Spine36.8266.7
     Maxillofacial12.31100
     Cardiac715.9685.7
     Other12.31100
    Current work experience (n = 119)
     1 – 5 years4033.62767.5
     6 – 10 years3327.72472.7
      > 10 years4638.73780.4
    Current KAMC OR experience (n = 116)
      < 1 year3530.22571.4
     1 – 2 years3025.92066.7
      > 2 years51444180.4
    VariableN% of those with LBP
    First LBP (n = 87)
     Before joining KAMC4956.3
     After joining KAMC3843.7
    Other musculoskeletal pain (n = 120)6882.4
    Severity of LBP
     Mild3236
     Moderate4853.9
     Sever77.9
     Very sever22.2
    Sought medical care2224.7
    Received a diagnosis (n = 22)1872.2
    used treatment (n = 87)3539.8
    Best LBP reliever: (n = 53)
     Rest (n = 35)4551.72
     Medication (n = 36)3843.68
     Physiotherapy (n = 35)89.2
     Herbs (n = 35)11.1
     Other (n = 35)33.45
    LBP has an impact on daily life activities (n = 81)3239.5
    LBP has an impact on work life (n = 79)3341.8
    Risk factors n Univariate regression analysis
    OR (95 % CI) P value
    Age111
      < 241
     25 – 340.500 (0.059 – 4.232)0.525
     35 – 440.264 (0.055 – 1.273)0.097
      > 450.375 (0.072 – 1.957)0.245
    Gender120
     Female1
     Male2.940 (0.937 – 9.221)0.065
    Educational level119
     Diploma1
     Bachelor0.356 (0.122 – 1.040)0.059
     Post-graduate degree0.827 (0.318 – 2.150)0.696
    Specialty119
     Surgeon1
     Anesthesiologist1.788 (0.350 – 9.138)0.485
     Anesthesia technician3.500 (0.499 – 24.558)0.208
     Nurse3.750 (0.445 – 31.621)0.224
     CSSD2.437 (0.448 – 13.260)0.303
     OR technician1.125 (0.109 – 11.595)0.921
    Working years119
     1 – 51
     6 – 100.505 (0.189 – 1.352)0.174
      > 100.649 (0.225 – 1.867)0.422
    Working duration at KAMC116
      < 1 year1
     1 – 2 year(s)0.610 (0.223 – 1.670)0.336
      > 2 years0.488 (0.175 – 1.362)0.171
    Smoking120
     Yes1
     No0.472 (0.175 – 1.275)0.139
    BMI87
     Underweight /Normal1
     overweight1.000 (0.347 – 2.882)1.000
     Obese1.900 (0.534 – 6.760)0.322
    Received education about LBP119
     Yes1
     No0.455 (0.192 – 1.077)0.073
    Perceived stress level in work environment116
     Mild1
     Moderate1.333 (0.525 – 3.388)0.545
     Sever/ Very sever4.500 (0.867 – 32.345)0.073
    Standing time120
     1 – 4 h1
     5 – 8 h1.263 (0.343 – 4.647)0.726
      > 8 h1.417 (0.431 – 4.658)0.566
    Sitting time118
     1 – 4 h1
      > 5 h1.780 (0.483 – 6.568)0.387
    Exercise120
     Yes1
     No0.969 (0.424 – 2.218)0.941
    Risk factorsUnivariate logistic regressionMultivariate logistic regression (Adjusted)
    n OR (95 % CI) P value n OR (95 % CI) P value
    Lifting objects above the waist1153.06 (0.119 – 0.787)0.014* 1094.910 (1.500 – 16.00)0.008*
    Rotating torso while bearing weight1114.490 (1.250 – 16.15)0.021* 1059.080 (1.950 – 42.28)0.005*
    Bending to lift an item from floor level1161.590 (0.640 – 3.660)0.2781101.610 (0.600 – 4.290)0.341
    Transferring patients onto bed or chair1172.440 (1.010 – 5.910)0.047* 1112.820 (1.010 – 7.840)0.047*
    Transferring patients onto a stretcher1172.270 (0.980 – 5.220)0.0551113.310 (1.160 – 9.470)0.025*
    Ambulating a patient1150.780 (0.300 – 2.040)0.6191090.590 (0.180 – 1.740)0.315
    Pulling a patient up the bed1182.630 (1.140 – 6.090)0.024* 1123.000 (1.090 – 8.250)0.033*
    Repositioning a patient in bed1182.470 (1.060 – 5.720)0.035* 1122.820 (1.070 – 7.380)0.035*
    Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

    LBP low back pain, BMI Body Mass Index, OR operating room, KAMC King Abdullah Medical City

    n = the number of responders to each question

    *: shows the percentages of respondents in that category out of total respondents

    **: shows the percentages of those with LBP within each category

    Table 2 Descriptive data about LBP management (n = 89)

    n = the number of respondents to each question if less than 89, N = number of yes answers to each question or item

    LBP low back pain, KAMC King Abdullah Medical City

    Table 3 Association between common risk factors and LBP

    n = the number of respondents to each question

    KAMC King Abdullah Medical City, BMI Body Mass Index

    Table 4 The relationship between OR risky activities and LBP

    Adjusted: Adjusted for gender, perceived stress at work, educational level, and receiving education about LBP

    n = the number of respondents to each question

    * = statistically significant

    Table 1

    Table 2

    Table 3

    Table 4

    Ann Occup Environ Med : Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
    © Korean Society of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.
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