Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between workplace cooperation and depressive symptoms differs according to employment type: the 7th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Jung Wook Kim, Youngdo Kim, Jung Ho Yang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2026;38:e30. Published online July 14, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2026.38.e30

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: Background
The relationship between workplace cooperation and mental health has gained increasing attention. However, the extent to which employment type moderates the association between workplace cooperation and depressive symptoms remains underexplored. The present study aimed to investigate the association between workplace cooperation, depressive symptoms, and employment type among South Korean wage workers.
Methods
The present work analyzed data from the 7th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), including 25,259 wage workers aged 20 years and older. Employment type was categorized as one of regular, temporary, or daily laborer. Workplace cooperation was assessed using a five-point Likert scale item regarding cooperation among colleagues. Depressive symptoms were measured using the World Health Organization (WHO)-5 Well-Being Index. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between workplace cooperation and depressive symptoms or the WHO-5 Well-Being Index.
Results
Cooperation was significantly associated with lower odds of depressive symptoms in regular workers (odds ratio [OR]: 0.538; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.498–0.581), temporary workers (OR: 0.666; 95% CI: 0.561–0.790), and daily laborers (OR: 0.479; 95% CI: 0.339–0.679). The association between workplace cooperation and depressive symptoms differed significantly by employment type (interaction p = 0.016 for temporary vs. regular workers): the inverse association was weaker among temporary workers than among regular workers (interaction OR: 1.261; 95% CI: 1.045–1.522), whereas no significant difference was observed between regular workers and daily laborers (interaction OR: 0.912; 95% CI: 0.651–1.279; p = 0.595).
Conclusions
Workplace cooperation was significantly associated with lower odds of depressive symptoms across all employment types, but the magnitude of this protection varies significantly by employment status.; 고용 형태에 따른 직장 내 협력과 우울 증상 간의 연관성: 제7차 한국근로환경조사
배경
직장 내 협력과 정신건강의 관계는 최근 점차 중요한 연구 주제로 주목받고 있다. 그러나 고용형태가 직장 내 협력과 우울증상 간의 연관성을 어느 정도 조절하는지에 대해서는 아직 충분히 규명되지 않았다.
목적(Objective):
본 연구는 국내 임금근로자를 대상으로 직장 내 협력, 우울증상, 그리고 고용형태 간의 연관성을 규명하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 제7차 한국근로환경조사(Korean Working Conditions Survey, KWCS) 자료를 활용하였으며, 20세 이상 임금근로자 25,259명을 분석 대상으로 포함하였다. 고용형태는 상용근로자, 임시근로자, 일용근로자로 구분하였다. 직장 내 협력은 동료 간 협력 정도를 묻는 5점 리커트 척도 문항을 이용하여 평가하였다. 우울증상은 세계보건기구(WHO)-5 행복지수(Well-Being Index)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 직장 내 협력과 우울증상 및 WHO-5 행복지수 간의 연관성을 평가하기 위해 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석과 선형 회귀분석을 수행하였다.
결과
직장 내 협력은 모든 고용형태에서 우울증상의 낮은 위험과 유의한 관련성을 보였다. 상용근로자에서는 교차비(OR)가 0.538(95% 신뢰구간[CI]: 0.498–0.581), 임시근로자에서는 0.666(95% CI: 0.561–0.790), 일용근로자에서는 0.479(95% CI: 0.339–0.679)였다. 또한 직장 내 협력과 우울증상 간의 연관성은 고용형태에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다(상용근로자 대비 임시근로자의 상호작용 p=0.016). 즉, 임시근로자에서는 상용근로자에 비해 직장 내 협력의 우울증상 보호효과가 유의하게 약한 것으로 나타났다(상호작용 OR=1.261, 95% CI: 1.045–1.522). 반면, 상용근로자와 일용근로자 간에는 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다(상호작용 OR=0.912, 95% CI: 0.651–1.279, p=0.595).
결론
직장 내 협력은 모든 고용형태에서 우울증상의 위험을 낮추는 것과 유의하게 관련되어 있었으나, 이러한 보호효과의 크기는 고용형태에 따라 유의하게 달랐다. 특히 임시근로자에서는 상용근로자에 비해 직장 내 협력의 보호효과가 상대적으로 약하게 나타났다.

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Original Article

The relations among workplace verbal abuse, job stress, and good self-rated health among Korean wage workers: Evidence from the 7th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS): Youngdo Kim, Jung Wook Kim, Jung Ho Yang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2026;e29. Published online July 14, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2026.38.e29 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Background
Workplace verbal abuse has increasingly been recognized as a psychosocial hazard affecting employees’ health. Although its direct psychological consequences have been well documented, the mechanisms through which verbal abuse shapes employees’ self-rated health have been less thoroughly examined. In particular, limited empirical attention has been given to the mediating role of job stress in this relationship. The association between workplace verbal abuse and good self-rated health among Korean wage workers was investigated, and the mediating role of job stress in this relationship was further examined.
Methods
Data were drawn from the 7th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), which included a nationally representative sample of 26,427 wage workers aged 20 years or older. Verbal abuse, job stress, and good self-rated health were assessed using structured self-report items. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations among verbal abuse, job stress, and good self-rated health, with adjustments made for individual- and occupational/workplace-related covariates.
Results
Workplace verbal abuse was significantly associated with higher odds of job stress (odds ratio [OR]: 1.527; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.300–1.803; p < 0.001) and lower odds of good self-rated health (OR: 0.641; 95% CI: 0.566–0.726; p < 0.001). Mediation analysis indicated that job stress partially mediated the relationship between verbal abuse and good self-rated health, accounting for 2.38% of the total effect (indirect effect: –0.0021; p < 0.001), while the direct effect of verbal abuse remained significant.
Conclusion
Workplace verbal abuse was associated with poorer good self-rated health, both directly and indirectly through job stress. These findings highlight the need for organizational interventions and policy-level strategies aimed at reducing verbal aggression and mitigating occupational stress.

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