Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between sudden work recall and psychological health issues: a cross-sectional analysis of the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Dong-Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, In-Ho Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e33. Published online September 8, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e33

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
The impact of global integration has led to an increase in non-standard work patterns, threatening workers' health. Psychological health problems, such as anxiety and fatigue, negatively affect workers' health and safety. Sudden work recall, a situation where workers are asked to return to work under unpredictable circumstances, is associated with uncertainty. Research on the relationship between sudden work recall and anxiety and fatigue is limited, and this study aims to investigate this relationship among Korean workers.
Methods
The study used data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey. To analyze the pure effects of sudden work recall, the final sample was limited to 15,702 non-shift workers with a ‘good’ subjective health status. The presence of sudden work recall was categorized into three frequency groups: “several times a month,” “rarely,” and “never.” Anxiety and fatigue were each categorized into "yes" or "no" responses. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed.
Results
After adjusting for demographic and occupational characteristics, the odds ratio (OR) for anxiety in the 'several times a month' group was 4.066 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.787–5.931), indicating a significantly higher risk. Conversely, the OR for the 'rarely' group was 1.363 (95% CI: 0.921–2.017), which was not statistically significant. A similar pattern was observed for fatigue: the 'several times a month' group had a significantly higher risk (OR: 1.875; 95% CI: 1.490–2.359), but the 'rarely' group (OR: 0.955; 95% CI: 0.750–1.215) did not.
Conclusions
The relationship between sudden work recall and psychological health may not be a simple linear one. The results suggest that only a high frequency of sudden work recall is associated with an increased risk of anxiety and fatigue. Therefore, it is necessary to establish appropriate measures and to conduct additional research in this area.; 돌발적 업무 복귀 요청과 심리적 건강 문제의 연관성 : 제 6차 근로환경조사를 이용한 단면 분석
목적
세계화로 인한 비정형적 근무 형태의 증가는 노동자의 건강을 위협하고 있습니다. 특히 불안과 피로와 같은 심리적 건강 문제는 삶의 질과 안전에 부정적인 영향을 미칩니다. 본 연구는 예측 불가능한 상황에서 갑자기 업무에 복귀하라는 요청을 받는 ‘돌발적 업무 복귀 요청’이 한국 노동자의 불안 및 피로와 어떤 연관성을 가지는지 조사하고자 합니다.
방법
본 연구는 제6차 근로환경조사 자료를 활용했으며, 돌발적 업무 복귀 요청의 순수한 영향을 분석하기 위해 교대 근무자와 주관적 건강 상태가 ‘보통’ 이하인 근로자를 제외한 총 15,702명을 최종 분석 대상으로 선정했습니다. 돌발적 업무 복귀 요청의 빈도에 따라 ‘없음’, ‘드물게’, ‘한 달에 여러 번’으로 범주를 나누었으며, 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 돌발적 업무 복귀 요청과와 불안 및 피로 간의 연관성을 분석했습니다.
결과
인구통계학적 및 직업적 특성을 보정한 후, ‘한 달에 여러 번’ 돌발적 업무 복귀를 경험한 그룹은 불안(OR: 4.066, 95% CI: 2.787–5.931)과 피로(OR: 1.875, 95% CI: 1.490–2.359)의 위험이 유의미하게 높았습니다. 반면, ‘드물게’ 경험한 그룹은 불안(OR: 1.363, 95% CI: 0.921–2.017)과 피로(OR: 0.955, 95% CI: 0.750–1.215) 모두에서 통계적으로 유의미한 연관성이 나타나지 않았습니다.
결론
돌발적 업무 복귀 요구와 불안 및 피로의 관계는 단순히 선형적이지 않으며, 높은 빈도로 경험할 때만 유의미한 위험 증가와 관련이 있음을 시사합니다. 돌발적인 업무 복귀 요청이 신체적 및 정신적 장애를 유발할 수 있는 가능성에 대한 연구는 제한적이며, 이러한 문제를 예방하기 위한 대책이 충분히 발전되지 않았습니다. 따라서 돌발적 업무 복귀와 관련된 근로자 건강 보호 및 예측 가능한 근무 환경 조성 분야에서 적절한 대책을 수립하고 추가적인 연구를 수행할 필요가 있습니다.

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Original Article

Factors affecting heat-related illness symptoms among school food service workers: a cross-sectional study in Korea: Nahyun Kim, Dongwhan Suh, Jia Ryu, Woo Chul Jeong, Yun-Keun Lee, Jinwoo Lee, Hyunjoo Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e30. Published online September 2, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e30

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
School food service workers are highly likely to develop heat-related illnesses because of their work environment. However, studies that have examined the risk of heat-related illnesses among them are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of heat exposure, implementation of heat wave countermeasures, and prevalence of heat-related illness symptoms among school food service workers in Korea, and to explore the relationship between them.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey of school food service workers from May 25 to June 12, 2023, via three labor unions. We analyzed 6,244 valid responses. We assessed general characteristics, heat-related illness symptoms (heat rash, heat cramps, heat edema, heat exhaustion, heat syncope), duration of heat exposure during heat waves, and heat wave preventive measures. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, with adjustments for age, occupation, hypertension, diabetes, and school type.
Results
More than one-third of school food service workers reported heat exposure between May and September exceeding 4 hours daily, and 94.6% experienced at least one heat-related illness symptom during the last year. A dose-response relationship was observed between heat exposure duration and heat-related illness symptoms (p for trend < 0.001). School food service workers who did not have increased rest periods or did not reduce high-heat prepared foods showed significantly higher odds ratios for heat-related illness symptoms.
Conclusions
School food service workers experience substantial heat exposure and a high prevalence of heat-related illness symptoms. The risk of heat-related illness symptoms was associated with extended duration of heat exposure. Increasing rest periods and reducing high-heat food preparation were effective preventive measures. These findings underscore the need for improved heat exposure management and implementation of effective preventive measures to protect the health of school food service workers, with particular attention to appropriate rest periods.

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Special Article

Occupational stress (KOSS^®19): scale development and validation in the Korean context: Hansoo Song, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Inah Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Da-Yee Jeung, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei-Jin Chang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e12. Published online May 7, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e12

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background
The Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) was developed in 2004. During this time, industrial structures have evolved, and societal awareness of occupational stress has changed. This study aims to develop and validate a revised version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS®19), tailored for workers, reflecting these changes.
Methods
The KOSS®19 was developed based on the 26-item KOSS–short form (SF) through a review by eight experts. A survey was conducted including 359 service industry workers, comprising the KOSS®19, Burnout, and Depression scales. The KOSS®19 subscales were restructured, and their reliability and validity were evaluated.
Results
The KOSS®19 composed of eight subscales: hazardous physical environment (2 items), high job demand (3 items), insufficient job control (2 items), low social support (2 items), job insecurity (2 items), organizational injustice (4 items), lack of reward (2 items), and work-life imbalance (2 items). The reliability and validity of the KOSS®19 were found to be satisfactory.
Conclusions
The KOSS®19 is a suitable tool for assessing occupational stress, effectively replacing the original KOSS and KOSS-SF.

직무 스트레스: 한국적 맥락에서의 척도 개발 및 타당화
목적
한국형 직무스트레스 척도(KOSS)가 2004년에 개발된 이후 산업 구조가 변화하고 직무 스트레스에 대한 사회적 인식도 달라졌다. 본 연구는 이러한 변화를 반영하여 한국형 직무스트레스 척도 개정판(KOSS®19)을 개발하고 타당성을 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다.
방법
KOSS®19는 기존의 26문항 KOSS-SF를 기반으로 8명의 전문가 검토를 거쳐 개발되었다. 서비스업 종사자 359명을 대상으로 KOSS®19, 소진(Burnout) 척도, 우울 척도를 포함한 설문조사를 실시하였으며, KOSS®19의 요인을 재구성하고 신뢰도 및 타당도를 평가하였다.
결과
KOSS®19는 8개 요인으로 구성되었다: 위해물리환경(2문항), 높은직무요구 (3문항), 직무자율성결여(2문항), 낮은사회적지지(2문항), 직업불안정(2문항), 조직불공정(4문항), 보상부적절(2문항), 일-삶의불균형 (2문항). KOSS®19의 신뢰도 및 타당도는 만족할 만한 수준으로 확인되었다.
결론
KOSS®19는 직무 스트레스를 평가하는 데 적절한 도구로, 기존 KOSS 및 KOSS-SF를 효과적으로 대체할 수 있다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Work-related risk factors of sleep apnea: evidence from the Korean work, sleep, and health study
Heejoo Ko, Seong-Sik Cho, Hye-Eun Lee, Jeehee Min, Mo-Yeol Kang
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Effect of psychosocial safety climate on work-family conflict and psychological health among working couples: Nurfazreen Aina Muhamad Nasharudin, Zhao Rui; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e27. Published online October 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e27

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
The purpose of the study was to look into how work-family conflict (WFC), family-work conflict (FWC), and psychological health are affected by the psychosocial safety climate (PSC). First, the study suggested that for both husband and wife, PSC moderates the relationship between job demands and WFC. Second, the study predicted FWC mediates the relationship between WFC and depressive symptoms through the “crossover” process.
Methods
The study design used a multi-source sample that involved 350 teachers and their working spouses (n = 700). The analysis of mediation and moderation among job demands, WFC, FWC, PSC, and depressive symptoms was conducted using SPSS and structural equation modeling AMOS software.
Results
For the teacher’s sample, based on behavioral (β = 0.166, p < 0.05) and strain-based (β = 0.170, p < 0.05) aspects, the hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the PSC moderates the relationship between physical demand and WFC. The results also showed that the relationship between time-based WFC and emotional demand is moderated by PSC (β = 0.103, p < 0.05). Next, the analysis found that PSC moderates the association between cognitive demand and WFC of strain-based (β = 0.179, p < 0.05). For the spouse’s sample, according to the analysis, PSC moderates the relationship between strain-based WFC and physical demand (β = 0.091, p < 0.05). The study also revealed that FWC serves as a mediator in the relationship between WFC and depressive symptoms in both husbands (β = 0.233, p < 0.01) and wives (β = 0.135, p < 0.001).
Conclusions
Overall, this study contributes significant insights to the current literature by examining the impact of PSC on the psychological well-being of individuals and others through the crossover process.

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Gender discrimination in the workplace and the onset of problematic alcohol use among female wage workers: A longitudinal study in Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Social Science & Medicine.2025; 379: 118183. CrossRef
Validating the polish version of the psychosocial safety climate PSC-12 scale (PSC-12-PL): a multisample and multilevel study
Paweł Jurek, Michał Olech, Ali Afsharian, Maureen F. Dollard
Safety Science.2025; 191: 106956. CrossRef

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Original Article

The risk of insomnia by work schedule instability in Korean firefighters: Saebomi Jeong, Jeonghun Kim, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Kyoung Sook Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e24. Published online September 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e24

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Firefighters are exposed to shift work, as well as unpredictable emergency calls and traumatic events, which can lead to sleep problems. This study aimed to investigate the risk of insomnia by work schedule instability in Korean firefighters.
Methods
This study used the Insomnia Severity Index to assess the insomnia in firefighters. The work schedule stability was classified with the frequency of the substitute work and the timing of notification for work schedule changes. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the adjusted odds ratio of insomnia by work schedule stability with covariates including sex, age, education, smoking, alcohol, caffeine intake, shift type, job, and underlying conditions.
Results
Of the 8,587 individuals, 751 (8.75%) had moderate to severe insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index ≥ 15). The prevalence of insomnia was statistically significantly higher as the frequency of substitute work increased: <1 time per month (6.8%), 1–2 times (9.5%), 3–5 times (13.4%), and more than 5 times (15.7%) (p < 0.001). Additionally, the prevalence of insomnia was statistically significantly higher when the timing of the schedule change notification was urgent or irregular: no change or several weeks before (5.4%), several days before (7.9%), one day before or on the day (11.2%), irregularly notification (11.6%) (p < 0.001). In comparison to the group with good frequency of the substitute work/good timing of schedule change notification group, the adjusted odds ratios of insomnia were 1.480 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.237–1.771) for Good/Bad group, 1.862 (95% CI: 1.340–2.588) for Bad/Good group, and 1.885 (95% CI: 1.366–2.602) for Bad/Bad group.
Conclusions
Work schedule instability was important risk factor of insomnia in firefighters. It suggests that improving the stability of work schedules could be a key strategy for reducing sleep problems in this occupational group.

한국 교대근무 소방관에서 근무 스케줄 불안정성에 따른 불면증 유병 위험
목적
한국 교대근무 소방관에서 근무 스케줄 불안정성이 불면증 유병 위험을 평가하였다.
방법
한국판 불면증 심각도 평가척도를 이용하여 불면증을 평가하였다. 근무 스케줄 안정성으로는 월별 대체 근무 횟수 및 근무일정 변경 통보 시점으로 분류하였다. 월별 대체 근무 횟수 및 근무일정 변경 통보 시점을 각각 좋음, 나쁨으로 분류하고, 두 요인을 조합하여 좋음/좋음, 좋음/나쁨, 나쁨/좋음, 나쁨/나쁨의 4개 그룹으로 나누었다. 통계분석은 카이제곱검정, t-검정, 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용하였다.
결과
8,587명 중 751명(8.75%)은 중등도 이상의 불면증이 있었다. 별 대체근무 일수가 증가할수록, 근무 일정 변화를 미리 고지하지 않을수록 불면증 유병률이 유의하게 높았다. 4개의 그룹으로 나누어 근무 예측 가능성과 불면증의 연관성을 분석한 결과, 대체 근무 빈도가 “좋음”그룹/근무일정 변경 통보 시점이 “좋음” 그룹과 비교하여 불면증의 보정 비차비는 “좋음/나쁨” 그룹은 1.480(95%신뢰구간: 1.237~1.771), “나쁨/좋음” 그룹은 1.862(95% CI: 1.340~2.588), “나쁨/나쁨”그룹은 1.885(95% CI: 1.366~2.602)였다.
결론
근무 스케줄 안정성이 좋지 못할수록 불면증의 위험성이 높았다.

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Mapping Connection and Direction Among Symptoms of Sleep Disturbance and Perceived Stress in Firefighters: Embracing the Network Analysis Perspective
Bin Liu, Mingxuan Zou, Lin Liu, Zhongying Wu, Yinchuan Jin, Yuting Feng, Qiannan Jia, Mengze Li, Lei Ren, Qun Yang
Nature and Science of Sleep.2025; Volume 17: 1143. CrossRef
Environmental noise exposure and a new biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study
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Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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2 Crossref

Original Article

Burnout, stress, and their correlates among bank employees of South India: a cross-sectional study: Guruprasad Vinod, Srikant Ambatipudi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e22. Published online August 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e22

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
The banking sector is one of the job sectors that experience high stress, workload, complex interpersonal relationships, and job burnout as it involves interaction with the public and financial responsibilities, which leads to high burnout and stress. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of burnout and stress among bank employees and to find the associated factors.
Methods
This cross-sectional survey was conducted among 282 bank employees of Kollam district, Kerala, India. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire related to the socio-demographic and professional details. We used the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) to screen for burnout levels. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21) to screen for the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among study participants. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with the levels of burnout and stress.
Results
Of 282 study participants, moderate to high levels of burnout were observed in 232 participants (82.2%), and 74 participants (26.2%) had mild to extremely severe levels of stress. Daily average working duration showed an association with higher levels of burnout (adjusted odds ratio [ORAdj]: 2.391; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–5.10) and stress (ORAdj: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.58–7.16).
Conclusions
A high prevalence of burnout and stress was observed in the present study. The duration of working hours was associated with both burnout and stress. Therefore, regulating the working hours may help adequately manage stress and burnout, thereby improving the mental health of bank employees.

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Original Article

Association between receiving work communications outside of work hours via telecommunication devices and work-related headaches and eyestrain: a cross-sectional analysis of the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Yoon-Soo Jang, Jae-Han Lee, Na-Rae Lee, Dong-Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e50. Published online December 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e50

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

The rise in telecommuting or non-face-to-face work owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has fueled conversations regarding the “right to disconnect.” Although evidence suggests that receiving work-related communications through telecommunication devices outside of work hours may lead to various symptoms and illnesses, limited research has been undertaken on these symptoms. This study therefore aims to investigate the correlation between receiving work communications through telecommunication devices after work hours and the occurrence of work-related headaches and eyestrain in full-time, non-shift white-collar workers.

Methods

This study used data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey. The frequency of using telecommunication devices for work purposes outside of working hours was divided into five categories: “Every day,” “Several times a week,” “Several times a month,” “Rarely,” and “Never.” Work-related headaches and eyestrain were categorized based on a “yes” or “no” response to the survey questions. Descriptive statistics, χ² tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0.

Results

After adjusting for sex, age, income level, education, occupation, workplace size, work hours, and sleep disorders, the odds ratio (OR) of work-related headaches and eyestrain based on frequency of telecommunication device usage were as follows: “rarely” (OR: 1.292; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.111–1.503), “several times a month” (OR: 1.551; 95% CI: 1.249–1.926), “several times a week” (OR: 1.474; 95% CI: 1.217–1.784), and “every day” (OR: 1.548; 95% CI: 1.321–1.813).

Conclusions

Employees who use telecommunication devices for work after regular hours are more susceptible to experiencing work-related headaches and eyestrain compared to those who do not. However, there is a dearth of research examining the physical and mental health impacts of using telecommunication devices for after-hours work. Furthermore, the existing preventative measures in Korea are insufficient. Consequently, it is imperative to develop effective measures and conduct additional research to address this issue.

근무시간 외 통신기기를 통한 업무 연락 수신과 업무 관련 두통/눈의 피로의 연관성
목적
코로나19의 영향으로 재택근무, 비대면 업무가 증가하면서 “연결차단권”에 대한 논의가 계속되고 있다. 근무시간 외에 통신기기를 통한 업무 연락 수신은 다양한 증상과 질병을 유발할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 각각의 증상에 대한 연구는 제한적이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 교대근무를 하지 않는 정규직 사무직 근로자를 대상으로 근무시간 외 통신기기를 통한 업무 연락 수신과 업무 관련 두통/눈의 피로 발생 간의 상관관계를 조사하고자 한다.
방법
제6차 한국 근로환경조사의 데이터를 바탕으로 근무시간 외 업무 목적으로 통신기기를 사용하는 빈도를 5가지 항목: "매일", "일주일에 여러 번", "한 달에 여러 번", "드물게”, "전혀 없었음"으로 나누어 조사하였다. 업무 관련 두통/눈의 피로는 "예" 또는 "아니오" 응답에 따라 두 가지 범주로 분류하였다. SPSS 27.0을 사용하여 기술 통계, 카이제곱 검정, 다중회귀분석을 시행하였고, 근무시간 외 업무 목적의 통신기기 사용 빈도에 따른 업무 관련 두통/눈의 피로의 odds ratio를 구하였다.
결과
근무시간 외 업무 목적의 통신기기 사용 빈도에 따른 업무 관련 두통/눈의 피로의 odds ratio는 “드물게”(odds ratio [OR]:1.292, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.111-1. 503), “한 달에 여러 번”(OR:1.551, 95% CI:1.249-1.926), “일주일에 여러 번”(OR:1.474, 95% CI:1.217-1.784), “매일”(OR:1.548, 95% CI:1.321-1.813)로 나타났다.
결론
근무시간 외에 통신기기를 통해 업무 관련 연락을 받는 근로자는 그렇지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 두통/눈의 피로의 위험이 더 크다. 그러나 근무 시간 외 통신기기를 통한 업무 연락 수신이 근로자의 신체적, 정신적 건강에 미치는 영향을 조사한 연구는 제한적이며, 관련 예방 및 중재 조치 또한 미흡하다. 따라서 해당 분야에 대한 후속 연구 및 실효성 있는 대책 마련이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

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Original Article

Occupational stress changes and new-onset depression among male Korean manufacturing workers: Jiho Kim, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Minsun Kim, Seong-Cheol Yang, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem, Dong-Wook Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e33. Published online August 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e33

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Studies on the association between occupational stress and depression have been frequently reported. However, the cross-sectional designs of studies limited insight into causal associations. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal association between occupational stress and new-onset depression among employees in a single manufacturing plant.

Methods

The annual health checkup data of employees at a manufacturing plant in Korea were collected. A total of 1,837 male employees without depression who completed a health checkup during two consecutive years were included. Occupational stress was measured using a short form of the Korea Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS-SF), and depression was assessed using a Patient Health Questionnaire-2. The association between occupational stress change over the two years and newly developed depression was investigated using two logistic regression models.

Results

Across all sub-factors of KOSS-SF, employees who reported increased occupational stress had a higher risk of new-onset depression. Newly developed depression was significantly associated with job demand (odds ratio [OR]: 4.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.37–7.96), job insecurity (OR: 3.21; 95% CI: 1.89–5.48), occupational climate (OR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.91–5.31), lack of reward (OR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.26–4.12), interpersonal conflict (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.18–3.86), insufficient job control (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.05–3.56), and the organizational system (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.01–3.36).

Conclusions

For every sub-factor of the KOSS-SF, occupational stress increase and persistent high stress were associated with the risk of developing new-onset depression. Among the seven sub-factors, job demand had the most significant effect. Our results show that occupational stress should be managed to promote employee mental healthcare.

한국 남성 제조업 근로자의 직무 스트레스 변화와 우울증 발생의 관계
목적
직무 스트레스와 우울증의 연관성에 대한 연구는 지속적으로 보고되고 있다. 그러나 국내 연구는 부족한 실정이며 주로 단면적 분석 설계에 국한되고 있다. 이 연구에서 우리는 단일 제조업 공장의 근로자들에서 직무 스트레스와 새롭게 발병하는 우울증 사이의 종단적 연관성을 조사하였다.
방법
국내 한 제조업 공장 근로자들의 연간 건강검진 자료를 수집하였다. 2년 연속 건강검진을 완료한 이들 중 우울증이 없는 남성은 총 1837명이었다. 직무 스트레스는 Korea Occupational Stress Scale KOSS Short Form (KOSS-SF)으로 측정하였고, 우울증은 Patient Health Questionnaire-2(PHQ-2)로 평가하였다. 1년 간의 직무 스트레스 변화와 새로 발생한 우울증과의 연관성을 로지스틱 회귀 모델을 사용하여 분석했다.
결과
KOSS-SF의 모든 하위 영역에서 직무 스트레스가 증가했다고 보고한 근로자는 새로운 우울증 발병 위험이 더 높았다. 새로 발생한 우울증의 위험은 각각 직무 요구[교차비(OR)=4.34, 95% 신뢰 구간(CI)= 2.37–7.96], 직무 불안정(OR=3.21, 95%CI=1.89–5.48), 직장문화(OR=3.18, 95%CI=1.91–5.31), 보상 부적절(OR=2.28, 95%CI=1.26–4.12), 관계 갈등(OR=2.14, 95%CI=1.18–3.86), 직무 자율성 결여(OR=1.93, 95%CI=1.05–3.56) 및 조직체계(OR=1.84, 95%CI=1.01–3.36) 순이었다.
결론
KOSS-SF의 모든 하위 영역에서 직무 스트레스 증가와 높은 스트레스 상태의 지속은 새로운 우울증 발병 위험과 관련이 있었다. 7가지 하위 영역 중 직무 요구가 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 우리의 결과는 근로자 정신 건강을 증진하기 위해 직무 스트레스를 관리해야 함을 시사한다

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Association between occupational health literacy and generalized anxiety disorder among couriers: A cross-sectional survey based in China
Dahuan Cai, Yanxin Zeng, Fengqiong Chen, Xiaohua Wu, Xiaobin Xian, Min Chen, Mengliang Ye
WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The correlation among occupational stress, coping style and depressive symptoms in 2083 Chinese manufacturing workers
Xiaoyi Li, Huiqing Chen, Xiqing Liao, Manqi Huang, Xiaoman Liu, Yao Guo, Jiabin Chen, Shuang Li
WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Relationship between job stress and impaired fasting glucose in male steel industry workers: a cross-sectional study: Hyun-Kyo Lee, Inho Lee, Jisuk Yun, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Soon-Chan Kwon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e12. Published online June 2, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e12

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between job stress and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) of male workers in a manufacturing industry.
Methods
Data were collected from 5,886 male workers in a manufacturing industry who participated in the medical examination from June 19 to August 14, 2020 through self-reported questionnaires. The general characteristics of the subjects, shift work, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and job stress were included. Job stress was measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) consisting of 8 items and 43 questions. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the IFG association with job stress.
Results
Among the various factors that can cause job stress, only high job demand was associated with a risk of IFG (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.82) especially in non-shift worker. For all other factors, no statistically significant results were obtained.
Conclusions
In this study of male workers engaged in the Korean steel manufacturing industry, the 'job demand' item among job stress of non-shift worker was related to IFG.; 철강 공장에 근무하는 남성 근로자의 직무 스트레스와 공복혈당장애와의 관계: 단면연구
목적
제2형 당뇨와 직무 스트레스와의 관계를 다룬 여러 연구가 있었으나 공복혈당장애와의 관계를 조사한 연구 결과는 존재하지 않았다. 본 연구는 단일 철강 사업장에서 직무스트레스와 공복혈당장애의 관련성을 확인하되 한국형 직무스트레스 각각 항목과의 연관성을 파악하고자 하였다.
방법
2020년 6월 19일부터 8월 14일까지 건강검진에 참여한 제조업 남성 근로자 5,886명을 대상으로 자체 보고 설문지를 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 변수로 대상자의 일반적인 특성 및 교대근무, 재직년수, 고혈압, 이상지질혈증, 직무스트레스 점수가 포함되었다. 직무스트레스는 8개 항목과 43개 질문으로 구성된 한국직업스트레스척도(KOSS)를 이용하여 측정되었다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용하여 직무 스트레스와 IFG의 연관성을 조사하였다.
결과
직무스트레스를 유발할 수 있는 다양한 요인 중, 비 야간작업자의 높은 직무요구도만이 IFG(OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.13-1.82)의 위험 증가와 관련이 있었다. 다른 모든 요인의 경우 통계적으로 유의한 결과가 얻어지지 않았다.
결론
철강 제조업에 종사하는 남성 근로자들을 대상으로 한 본 연구에서 직무 스트레스 중 ‘직무 요구’ 항목은 비 야간작업자의 공복혈당장애와 관련이 있었다. 향후 다양한 직업군을 대상으로 한 후속 연구가 필요할 것이다.

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Original Article

The health effects of low blood lead level in oxidative stress as a marker, serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level, in male steelworkers: Su-Yeon Lee, Yong-Jin Lee, Young-Sun Min, Eun-Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Inho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e34. Published online November 2, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e34

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

This study aimed to investigate the association between lead exposure and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) levels as an oxidative stress marker in male steelworkers.

Methods

Data were collected during the annual health examination of workers in 2020. A total of 1,654 steelworkers were selected, and the variables for adjustment included the workers’ general characteristics, lifestyle, and occupational characteristics. The association between the blood lead level (BLL) and serum γGT level was investigated by multiple linear and logistic regression analyses. The BLL and serum γGT values that were transformed into natural logarithms were used in multiple linear regression analysis, and the tertile of BLL was used in logistic regression analysis.

Results

The geometric mean of the participants’ BLLs and serum γGT level was 1.36 μg/dL and 27.72 IU/L, respectively. Their BLLs differed depending on age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking status, shift work, and working period, while their serum γGT levels differed depending on age, BMI, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, and working period. In multiple linear regression analysis, the difference in models 1, 2, and 3 was significant, obtaining 0.326, 0.176, and 0.172 (all: p < 0.001), respectively. In the multiple linear regression analysis stratified according to drinking status, BMI, and age, BLLs were positively associated with serum γGT levels. Regarding the logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of the third BLL tertile in models 1, 2, and 3 (for having an elevated serum γGT level within the first tertile reference) was 2.74, 1.83, and 1.81, respectively.

Conclusions

BLL was positively associated with serum γGT levels in male steelworkers even at low lead concentrations (< 5 μg/dL).

제철소 남성근로자들의 저농도 납노출이 산화스트레스 지표인 혈청 감마지티에 미치는 건강영향
목적
본 연구의 목적은 일개 제철소에 근무하는 남성 근로자들의 납 노출 수준과 산화스트레스 지표로서의 혈청 감마지티와의 연관성을 확인하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구는 2020년 시행된 근로자 건강검진 자료를 이용하였으며, 총 1,654명의 남성 근로자가 최종 연구대상으로 선정되었다. 일반적 특성, 생활양식 및 직업적 특성을 나타내는 변수를 설정하여 보정하였으며, 혈중납수준과 혈청 감마지티의 연관성을 알아보기 위해 다중선형회귀분석 및 로지스틱회귀분석을 실시하였다. 다중선형회귀분석에서는 자연로그로 변환된 혈중납 및 혈청 감마지티값을, 로지스틱회귀분석에서는 혈중납 3분위수를 이용하였다.
결과
연구대상자의 혈중납 및 혈청 감마지티의 기하평균은 각각 1.36 μg/dL, 27.72 IU/L 이었으며, 혈중납수준은 연령, 체질량지수, 흡연, 음주, 교대근무, 근무기간에 따라 차이가 있었고, 혈청 감마지티는 연령, 체질량지수, 흡연, 음주, 신체활동, 근무기간에 따라 차이를 보였다. 다중선형회귀분석에서는 모형 1,2,3 에서 혈중납수준과 혈청감마티지의 유의미한 연관성을 보여주었으며 (Model 1, β : 0.326, p < 0.001 ;Model 2, β: 0.176, p< 0.001;Model 3, β: 0.172 p< 0.001), 음주상태, 연령, 체질량지수, 음주 및 흡연 통합변수로 층화하여 분석하였을 때에도 혈중납수준과 혈청감마지티의 연관성은 유의하였다. 로지스틱회귀분석은 혈중납 3분위수와 혈청 감마지티 상승위험의 연관성을 보여주었다. (Model 1, OR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.764.28 ;Model 2, OR: 1.83, 95%CI:1.132.95 ; Model 3, OR 1.81, 95%CI:1.122.92)
결론
일개 제철소 남성근로자를 대상으로 실시된 본 연구는 혈중납 5μg/dL 이하의 저농도 노출수준에서도 혈중납 수준과 혈청 감마지티 수치가 연관성이 있음을 보여준다.

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Occupational Lead Exposure Among Civilian Indoor Shooting Range Workers in Korea: A Report of Blood Lead Levels and Airborne Lead
Sungjin Park, Jaeyoung Park, Bumjoon Lee, Yi-Ryoung Lee, Jiho Kim, Younmo Cho, Hyeongyeong Choi, Kyeongyeon Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Research Article

A descriptive study of claims for occupational mental disorder: adjustment disorder: Kyuyeon Kim, Inah Kim, Kanwoo Youn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e39. Published online December 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e39

Abstract PDF

Background

The number of claims of Industrial Accidents Compensation Insurance (IACI) for mental illness has increased. In particular, the approval rate was higher in cases with confirmed incident circumstances such as adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. With increased numbers of filed IACI applications and their approval rates, the need to evaluate various work-related incidents and stressors consistently is also increasing.

Method

In January 2015–December 2017, among the cases of industrial accidents filed for mental illness and suicide by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, 76 filed or approved adjustment disorder cases were included. The cases of adjustment disorder were applied in this study to the “Criteria for Recognition of Mental Disorders by Psychological Loads” established in Japan in 2011 and investigated if cases were approved/rejected consistently. Additionally, features with the greatest influence on approval/rejection were examined quantitatively.

Results

The number of applications more than doubled from 2015 to 2017, with the approval rate rising from 66.7% to 90.6%. Among the major categories, applications of adjustment disorder related to “interpersonal relationships” were the largest number of applications. Applications related to “sexual harassment”, “interpersonal relationships”, and “accidents and experiences including fires” showed relatively higher approval rate. The approval rate was the lowest in the case of “change in the amount and quality of work”.

Conclusions

Approved cases tend to have special precedents and strong intensity. The main reasons for the rejection were that there were no special precedents and that the intensity of the case was weak. These 2 were the most important factors in determining approval/rejection.

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Reciprocal longitudinal associations of supportive workplace relationships with depressive symptoms and self-rated health: A study of Korean women
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Social Science & Medicine.2023; 333: 116176. CrossRef

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Research Article

Effects of job stress on symptoms of bipolar spectrum disorder in an electronic parts manufacturing company: Hyeonchoel Oh, Kihun Kim, Taewoong Ha, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e25. Published online July 13, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e25

Abstract PDF

Background

Mental illness is known to be caused by genetic, biological, and environmental risk factors. Although previous studies have established the link between mental illness and job stress, most of them are limited to major depression disorder. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between job stress and bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD).

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study based on a survey conducted in April 2017 at an electronic parts manufacturing company in Busan. In a total of 441 workers, the degree of BSD was identified using the Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, and the degree of job stress was identified using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale Short Form. This study also identified general characteristics of workers and job-related factors. The χ² test and Fisher's exact test was conducted to determine the differences among the variables, based on BSD. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the influence of independent variables on BSD.

Results

Cross-analysis showed significant differences between the BSD high-risk and low-risk groups regarding age, sex, occupation, smoking, problem drinking, job stress total score, occupational climate, and major depression disorder symptom. In addition, the significant differences between the BSD high-risk and low-risk groups about job stress were observed in terms of job demand, job insecurity, and occupational climate. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the high-risk group in the job stress group had a higher effect on BSD than the low-risk group (odds ratio [OR]: 2.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–4.88). Among the categories of job stress, high-risk groups in 3 areas—job demand (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.27–5.17), job insecurity (OR: 4.42, 95% CI: 1.19–16.42), and occupational climate (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.29–5.05)—were more likely to have an impact on BSD than the low-risk groups.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that the high-risk groups of job stress total score, job demand, job insecurity, and occupational climate had a more significant effect on BSD than the low-risk groups. As workers with BSD may have difficulties in their work and personal lives, there is a need to manage job stress to prevention of BSD.

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Manuel Gardea‐Resendez, Manuel Fuentes‐Salgado, Francisco Romo‐Nava, Miguel L. Prieto, David J. Bond, Aysegul Ozerdem, Hannah K. Betcher, Katherine M. Moore, Melissa Solares‐Bravo, Mete Ercis, Alessandro Miola, Jorge A. Sanchez‐Ruiz, Marin Veldic, Balwind
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Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.2023; 64(2): 171. CrossRef
The clinical characterization of the adult patient with bipolar disorder aimed at personalization of management
Roger S. McIntyre, Martin Alda, Ross J. Baldessarini, Michael Bauer, Michael Berk, Christoph U. Correll, Andrea Fagiolini, Kostas Fountoulakis, Mark A. Frye, Heinz Grunze, Lars V. Kessing, David J. Miklowitz, Gordon Parker, Robert M. Post, Alan C. Swann,
World Psychiatry.2022; 21(3): 364. CrossRef

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Research Article

A study of job stress, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in display manufacturing workers: a cross-sectional study: Seung-hwan Ahn, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Seung-Hoon Ryu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e16. Published online June 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e16

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to investigate the association between job stress and suicide ideation/attempts among display manufacturing workers.

Methods

Data were collected from 836 workers in a display manufacturing company who participated in health screenings from May 22 to June 16, 2017. The data included general characteristics, night work, job tenure, previous physician-diagnosed chronic diseases, suicidal ideation/suicide attempts, and job stress. We investigated suicidal ideation/suicide attempts that covered the past year by using a self-reported questionnaire. Job stress was measured using the 43-item Korean Occupational Stress Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between job stress and suicidal ideation/suicide attempts. The mediator effect of depression on suicidal ideation/suicide attempts was tested using a series of logistic regression by applying Baron and Kenny's mediation method.

Results

In the model adjusting for variables (e.g., age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, shift work, job tenure, chronic disease and depression), physical environment (OR: 3.60, 95% CI: 1.08–12.02), lack of reward (OR: 5.31, 95% CI: 1.54–18.34), and occupation climate (OR: 7.36, 95% CI: 2.28–23.72) were correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts in women. However, all subscales of job stress were not significantly correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts in men. In mediation analysis, job instability and occupational climate were correlated with suicidal ideation/suicide attempts and were mediated by depression in men workers.

Conclusions

In women workers, the experiences of suicidal ideation/suicide attempts were significantly correlated with the physical environment, lack of reward, and occupational climate that were subscales of job stress. In men workers, depression rather than job stress was correlated with experiences of suicidal ideation/suicide attempts.

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Research Article

Longitudinal associations between occupational stress and depressive symptoms: Hyung Doo Kim, Shin-Goo Park, Youna Won, Hyeonwoo Ju, Sung Wook Jang, Go Choi, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jong-Han Leem; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e13. Published online May 7, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e13

Abstract PDF

Background

Most of the studies that have examined the association between the sub-factors of occupational stress and depressive symptoms have used cross-sectional data. However, our study has longitudinally measured the occupational stress and depressive symptoms of Korean workers of a semiconductor manufacturing company across six years to intending to investigate the associations between the sub-factors of occupational stress and depressive symptoms using longitudinal data.

Methods

Data collected from the workers of a semiconductor manufacturing company. Out of 1,013 recruited workers, 405 (40.0%) completed the survey questionnaires at 3 and 6-year follow-ups. Occupational stress was measured using a shorter version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), whereas depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depressive Symptoms Scale (CES-D). The data of male and female participants independently analyzed. Longitudinal associations were analyzed using panel data analysis with fixed effects.

Results

In panel data analysis with fixed effects, job insecurity (B = 0.048, p-value = 0.004) was associated with depressive symptoms among male workers. In female workers, inadequate social support (B = 0.080, p-value < 0.001), job insecurity (B = 0.039, p-value = 0.004), lack of reward (B = 0.059, p-value = 0.004) and discomfort in occupational climate (B = 0.074, p-value < 0.001) were associated with depressive symptoms among female workers.

Conclusions

Temporal changes in the sub-factors of occupational stress were associated with changes in depressive symptoms within the same period. There was a gender difference in occupational stress sub-factors related to depressive symptoms.

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Xiaoyi Li, Huiqing Chen, Xiqing Liao, Manqi Huang, Xiaoman Liu, Yao Guo, Jiabin Chen, Shuang Li
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Research Article

Association between job-related stress and experience of presenteeism among Korean workers stratified on the presence of depression: Jihyun Kim, Yeong-Kwang Kim, Sung-Ho Leem, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e26. Published online September 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e26

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Presenteeism refers to the phenomenon of working while sick. Its development can be attributed to not only somatic symptoms but also underlying social agreements and workplace atmosphere. In this study, we analyzed presenteeism among workers from various industries, focusing on job-related stress with stratification on the presence of depression.

Methods

We conducted the study with data from questionnaires filled in by different enterprises enrolled in the Federation of Korean Trade Unions. Workers' depressive symptoms were investigated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, while questions on job-related stress and presenteeism were derived from the short form of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale and the official Korean version of the Work-Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire-General Health, respectively. Multilevel logistic analysis was conducted to determine the statistical differences derived from the differences between companies.

Results

In total, 930 participants (753 men and 177 women) from 59 enterprises participated in the research. We conducted multilevel logistic regression to determine the association between the variables and presenteeism, with stratification by the presence of depression. Higher job demands and higher interpersonal conflict showed significantly elevated odds ratios (ORs) in univariate models and in the multivariate multilevel model. In the final model of total population, fully adjusted by general and work-related characteristics, higher job demands (OR: 3.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.08–5.21) and interpersonal conflict (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.29–2.71) had significantly higher ORs—a tendency that remained in participants without depression.

Conclusions

This study reflected the factors associated with presenteeism among workers from various enterprises. The findings revealed that job-related stress was closely related to presenteeism in both the total population and in the population without depression. Thus, it emphasized interventions for managing job stress among workers to reduce presenteeism in general workers' population.

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Hansoo Song, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Inah Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Da-Yee Jeung, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei-Jin Chang
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Research Article

The association between serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels and job-related stress among female nurses: Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park, Wonyang Kang, Hyeong-Min Lim, Ji-Sung Ahn, Dae-Young Lim, Jai-Dong Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e18. Published online August 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e18

Abstract PDF

Background

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is an endogenous steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland. DHEAS has been suggested to play a protective role against psychosocial stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between job-related stress and blood concentrations of DHEAS according to occupational stress factors among female nurses.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 118 premenopausal nurses from 4 departments (operating room, emergency room [ER], intensive care unit, and ward) of a university hospital. Participants were all rotating night shift workers who have worked for over a year and mean age of 33.5 ± 4.8 years. Data from structured questionnaires including the Korean Occupational Stress Score, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used.

Results

In the high job-related stressor group, scores of BDI, BAI, and PSQI were significantly higher than low-stressor group. ER nurses had relatively more work-burden related stressors, but they had significantly lower levels of anxiety and depression than other groups. And, ER nurses showed higher levels of DHEAS than the other department nurses. The differences were significant (p = 0.003). Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference even after adjusting for factors that could affect level of DHEAS, such as age, body mass index, drinking, and physical activity (p = 0.039).

Conclusions

This result suggests the possibility that DHEAS may play a role as a marker of proper stress management. The capacity to secrete DHEAS is not simply due to workload or job stressor but could be determined depending on how individuals and groups deal with and resolve stress. Proper resolution of stress may affect positive hormone secretion.

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Research Article

Difference in health status of Korean farmers according to gender: Ho Lee, Seong-yong Cho, Jin-seok Kim, Seong-yong Yoon, Bu-il Kim, Jong-min An, Ki-beom Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:7. Published online March 8, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0287-7

Abstract PDF

Background

The objective of this study was to compare differences in lifestyle diseases, musculoskeletal pain, psychosocial stress, and self-health awareness according to gender in Korean farmers.

Methods

The study population comprised 436 farmers residing in rural areas in Korea. A self-administered questionnaire was used to survey demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and musculoskeletal pain. The psychosocial well-being index short form (PWI-SF) was used to survey psychosocial stress, and the 12-item short form health survey (SF-12) was used to survey self-health awareness. In addition, a clinical examination was performed for each participant, and lifestyle diseases were identified through a health checkup.

Results

Among lifestyle diseases, females showed a significantly higher proportion than males for metabolic syndrome (OR: 4.57 [95% CI, 1.67–12.51]). For musculoskeletal pain, females again showed significantly higher proportion than males for hand pain (OR: 16.79 [95% CI, 3.09–91.30]), and pain in at least one body part (OR: 2.34 [95% CI, 1.16–4.70]). For psychosocial stress, females showed a significantly higher proportion than males for high-risk stress (OR: 3.10 [95% CI, 1.17–8.24]). Among the items in self-health awareness, females showed significantly higher proportion than males for mental component score (MCS) (OR: 3.10 [95% CI, 1.52–6.31]) and total score (OR: 2.34 [95% CI, 1.11–4.90]).

Conclusions

For all items that showed significant differences, females showed higher proportion than males, which indicates that female farmers tended to have poorer overall health than male farmers. Therefore, specialized programs will have to be developed to improve the health of female farmers.

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Carlos Fabricio Gavilanes Carvajal, Janneth Maricela Illapa Atupaña, María Dolores Guamán Guevara, César Andrés Guerrero Velástegui
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Sahar Daghagh Yazd, Sarah Ann Wheeler, Alec Zuo
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Research Article

Effects of work-related factors on self-reported smoking among female workers in call centers: a cross-sectional study: Young Joon Yang, Young Hoon Moon, Sang Yoon Do, Chul Gab Lee, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:4. Published online February 12, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0286-8

Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study conducted to investigate work-related factors in relation to smoking among women working in call centers in Gwangju, South Korea.

Methods

From 56 call centers (7320 employees), we selected 10 and conducted a survey using a structured questionnaire by randomly selecting 10% of workers from each center. A total of 387 subjects participated in this survey We analyzed for 375 respondents, after excluding men and those with missing responses. We analyzed the relationships of work-related factors such as emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period with smoking, using multiple logistic regression analysis. Emotional labor and workplace violence were measured using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) and Korean Workplace Violence Scale (K-WVS).

Results

The prevalence of current smoking among call center female workers was 13.6%. Univariate analysis showed that “Emotional disharmony and hurt”, “Experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and co-workers” among items of K-ELS and K-WVS, working hours, annual salary correlated with smoking. After adjusting for emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period, and age, only working hours show a significant association with smoking. Women who worked 40–49 h had 3.50 times (95% CI = 1.04–11.80) and worked more than 50 h had 8.68 times (95% CI = 1.89–39.78) greater odds of smoking as compared with women who worked less than 40 h.

Conclusions

Smoking was associated with working hours among female workers in call center. However, emotional labor and workplace violence did not show significant relationships with smoking.

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Research Article

Relationship between job stress and functional dyspepsia in display manufacturing sector workers: a cross-sectional study: Younghyeon Nam, Soon-Chan Kwon, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Seung-hwan Ahn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:62. Published online October 19, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0274-4

Abstract PDF

Background

Job stress has been reported as a risk factor of psychological changes, which have been shown to be related to gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms such as functional dyspepsia. However, few studies have assessed the relationship between job stress and functional dyspepsia. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between job stress and functional dyspepsia in South Korea.

Methods

This study was conducted between May 23 and July 6, 2016 and included 901 workers in the display manufacturing sector. Subjects completed self-reported questionnaires, regarding Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), functional dyspepsia, Insomnia Severity Index-K, and health-related behaviors and job characteristics. Subjects were divided into functional dyspepsia-positive and -negative groups based on the Rome III criteria. The KOSS high-risk group was defined as subjects with KOSS score above the 75 percentile of KOSS reference value. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between job stress and functional dyspepsia.

Results

In women, the risk of functional dyspepsia was significantly higher in the high-risk groups of the following KOSS subcategories in unadjusted model: job demand (OR 3.282, 95% CI 1.181–9.126), and occupational climate (OR 2.665, 95% CI 1.041–6.823). Even in adjusted model, the risk was significantly higher in the high-risk groups of the following KOSS subcategories: job demand (OR 3.123, 95% CI 1.036–9.416) and occupational climate (OR 3.304, 95% CI 1.198–9.115). In men, the risk of functional dyspepsia was not significant in all KOSS subcategories.

Conclusions

This study showed that job demand and occupational climates were associated with functional dyspepsia in female display manufacturing sector workers. Therefore, both clinical and mental health approaches should be used in the management of functional dyspepsia in women.

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Research Article

Changes of depression and job stress in workers after merger without downsizing: Jun Ick Jung, Jun Seok Son, Young Ouk Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Jea Chul Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:54. Published online August 29, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0266-4

Abstract PDF

Background

Since the 1980s, restructuring, which includes downsizing, closures, mergers, and privatization, has expanded worldwide, and various studies have investigated its effect on health. However, previous studies have mainly focused on restructuring accompanied by massive lay-offs, and the effect of a merger on workers’ health is still controversial. This study aims to investigate changes in worker depression and job stress after a merger without downsizing, which is unusual in Korea.

Methods

Repeated surveys were done in April 2014, April 2015, and April 2016 involving the participation of 209 subjects. Participants were divided into two groups, which were comprised of blue-collar workers (104) and white-collar workers (105). Sociodemographic characteristics, including age, education level, job tenure, gender, marital status, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, were measured via a survey. To determine the level of depression, the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was employed, and to investigate job stress, the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF) was used. For statistical analyses, Pearson’s chi-square test, the Student’s t-test, and repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed.

Results

The results showed that depression (CES-D, F[2, 400] = 0.466, p = 0.628) was changed but without significance and job stress (KOSS-SF, F[1.899, 379.831] = 3.192, p = 0.045) were significantly different. The between-group difference in the CES-D score between the blue- and white-collar workers by survey administration time was not statistically significant (F = 0.316, p = 0.574). The interaction between the survey time and occupational group was also not statistically significant (F = 0.967, p = 0.381). The between-group difference in the KOSS-SF total score was not statistically significant (F = 1.132, p = 0.289), and the interaction between the survey administration time and occupational group was also not significant (F = 0.817, p = 0.437). In the job stress subgroup analyses Job insecurity and Lack of reward showed a significant difference by survey administration time.

Conclusion

This study showed that a merger without massive downsizing can cause negative health effects such as an changes in depression and increase in job stress. To improve the health of workers, both the immediate negative effects on health, and the long-term effects or their resolution over time should be considered prior to the merger.

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A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
Bruno Špiljak, Maja Vilibić, Ana Glavina, Marija Crnković, Ana Šešerko, Liborija Lugović-Mihić
Behavioral Sciences.2022; 12(10): 400. CrossRef

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Research Article

Psychometric properties of the 10-item Conner-Davidson resilience scale on toxic chemical-exposed workers in South Korea: Gab-Sik Shin, Kyeong-Sook Choi, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Young-Sun Min, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Min-Gi Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:52. Published online August 13, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0265-5

Abstract PDF

Background

Resilient individuals have a comprehensive ability to adapt to various life circumstances. Psychological resilience predicts an individual’s physiological response to stress. The 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is a widely used measure to quantify the level of self-perceived resilience. This study examined the psychometric properties of a Korean version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (10-item K-CD-RISC) on workers in Gumi, South Korea, exposed to hydrofluoric acid (HF).

Methods

The questionnaires included the 10-item K-CD-RISC and Beck Anxiety Inventor (BAI), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised-Korean version (IES-R-K), the Rosen-berg Self Esteem Scale (RSES), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). These were randomly distributed at 237 workplaces near the HF-spill site, in the Gumi 4 complex. The responses of 991 (67.3%) workers were analyzed.

Results

The exploratory factor analysis shown that a single-factor model was consistent with the original design of the 10-item CD-RISC. The scale also demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.95). Scores on the scale reflected different levels of resilience with respect to personal factors (age, gender, marital status, and education and income levels) that are thought to be differentiated. Differences of resilience were also reflected by psychiatric symptoms (anxiety and depression). Moreover, the total score of scale positively correlated with RSES, whereas the IES-R-K, BAI, CES-D, and the PSS negatively correlated with the 10-item K-CD-RISC.

Conclusions

The 10-item K-CD-RISC has good psychometric properties and is applicable for victims exposed to noxious chemical such as HF.

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Research Article

Occupational stress among medical residents in educational hospitals: Sedigheh Ebrahimi, Zahra Kargar; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:51. Published online August 8, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0262-8

Abstract PDF

Background

Occupational stress and its related psychological strain is a concern among resident doctors that may affect patient care adversely. Residents face many stresses because of their high job demands in delivery of hospital care. They are often subject to work load and pressure due to direct involvement with patients, prolonged working hours, poor job opportunities and low support. Their multiple educational and clinical roles can also affect their performance and quality of personal or professional life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occupational stress among residents of various medical specialties.

We aimed to explore the reasons of occupational stress in residents’ life and determine how we can enhance the stress-coping strategies and create more suitable conditions.

Methods

This cross-sectional analytical-descriptive study was conducted on all medical residents with various specialties in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Data was collected using Osipow occupational stress questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software version 17.

Results

The response rate was 88.8%. The average stress score of all residents was 156.35 out of 250. The highest and lowest average stress scores belonged to gynecology and dermatology specialties, respectively. The highest average score of the stress factors was related to the workload with the score of 35.09 of 50 (moderate to severe stress). The total stress score had a significant relationship with age (P = 0.030) and sex (P = 0.009) as well as lack of time to get the needed healthy meals (P = 0.047), high work hours (P < 0.01), surgical specialties (P < 0.01) and on call shift (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Since most of the stressors were related to the workload, interventions such workload reduction, education about occupational stress and its management, promoting interpersonal relations and more supportive measures are recommended.

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Research Article

Working hours and depressive symptoms: the role of job stress factors: Yeogyeong Yoon, Jia Ryu, Hyunjoo Kim, Chung won Kang, Kyunghee Jung-Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:46. Published online July 13, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0257-5

Abstract PDF

Background

South Korea is one of the countries with the longest working hours in the OECD countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of working hours on depressive symptoms and the role of job stress factors between the two variables among employees in South Korea.

Methods

This study used data from the Korea Working Conditions Survey in 2014. Study subjects included 23,197 employees aged 19 years or older who work more than 35 h per week. Working hours were categorized into 35–39, 40, 41–52, 53–68, and more than 68 h per week. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the WHO’s Well-Being Index with a cut-off score of 13. We calculated prevalence ratios of depressive symptoms according to working hours using log-binomial regression. Through the percentage change in prevalence ratios, we identified the extent of the role of job stress factors that explain depressive symptoms.

Results

The risks of depressive symptoms were significantly higher in people who worked 35–39 h per week (PR: 1.09, CI: 1.01–1.18), 53–68 h/week (PR: 1.21, CI: 1.16–1.25), and more than 68 h/week (PR: 1.14, CI: 1.07–1.21) than 40 h/week, after adjusting for confounding variables. Job stress explained the effects of long working hours on depressive symptoms in about 20–40% of the groups working more than 40 h/week. Among the factors of job stress, social support was 10–30%, which showed the highest explanatory power in all working hours. Reward explained 15–30% in the more than 52 h working group, and reward was the most important factor in the working group that exceeded 68 h.

Conclusions

We showed the working hours could be an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms in employees. To improve workers’ mental health, it is important to strengthen social support in the workplace, to provide adequate rewards as they work, and ultimately to regulate the appropriate amount of working hours.

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Research Article

Effects of changes in occupational stress on the depressive symptoms of Korean workers in a large company: a longitudinal survey: Jaehyuk Jung, Inchul Jeong, Kyung-Jong Lee, Guyeon Won, Jae Bum Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:39. Published online June 8, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0249-5

Abstract PDF

Background

Prospective studies on occupational stress and depression among Korean workers are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between changes in occupational stress and the presence of depression.

Methods

This study analyzed data from a survey conducted with workers in a large Korean company (2015–2016). Occupational stress was measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale, and depression was screened using the WHO-5 Well-being Index. The levels of occupational stress were grouped in quartiles based on subjects’ occupational stress scores in 2015, and changes in occupational stress were measured using the score changes between the 2015 and 2016 surveys. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of depression in 2015 and 2016: a non-depressed group whose mental health did not change, a non-depressed group whose mental health deteriorated, a depressed group that continued to be depressed, and a depressed group whose symptoms of depression were alleviated. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of the subjects’ deterioration in mood or alleviation of depression by occupational stress levels and changes.

Results

The OR for developing depressive symptoms was 2.51 (95% CI 1.46–4.33) and 2.73 (95% CI 1.39–5.36) in the third and the fourth quartiles of occupational stress, respectively, compared to the first quartile. When the occupational stress score increased by 1 point, the OR for increasing depressive symptoms was 1.07 (95% CI 1.04–1.10). There was no significant difference in the alleviation of depressive symptoms between the groups by level of occupational stress. However, when the occupational stress score decreased by 1 point, the OR for alleviating depressive symptoms was 1.08 (95% CI 1.05–1.11).

Conclusion

The results showed that increased occupational stress increased the presence of depressive symptoms, and that reduced occupational stress suppressed the development of depressive symptoms. More attention should be paid to stress management among workers.

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Research Article

Association between organizational justice and depressive symptoms among securities company workers: HyunSuk Lee, KangHyun Um, YoungSu Ju, Sukkoun Lee, Min Choi, Domyung Paek, Seong-Sik Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e7. Published online June 5, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e7

Abstract PDF

Background

The organizational justice model can evaluate job stressor from decision-making process, attitude of managerial or senior staff toward their junior workers, and unfair resource distribution. Stress from organizational injustice could be harmful to workers' mental health. The purpose of this study is to explore the association between organizational justice and depressive symptoms in a securities company.

Methods

To estimate organizational justice, a translated Moorman's organizational justice evaluation questionnaire (Korean) was employed. Cronbach's α coefficient was estimated to assess the internal consistency of the translated questionnaire. To assess depressive symptoms, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale was used. The link between the sub-concepts of the organizational justice model and depressive symptoms was assessed utilizing multiple logistic regression models.

Results

The risk of depressive symptoms was significantly higher among workers with higher levels of all subcategory of organizational injustice. In the full adjusted model odds ratio (OR) of higher level of procedural injustice 2.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–4.90), OR of the higher level of relational injustice 4.25 (95% CI, 2.66–6.78), OR of higher level of distributional injustice 4.53 (95% CI, 2.63–7.83) respectively. Cronbach's α coefficient of the Korean version was 0.93 for procedural justice, 0.93 for relational justice, and 0.95 for distributive justice.

Conclusions

A higher level of organizational injustice was linked to higher prevalence of depressive symptoms among workers in a company of financial industry.

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Yuanping Deng, Jiahui Huang, Juan Fang, Shaochang Wu, Yawen Zheng, Li Chen
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Research Article

Factors increasing the risk for psychosocial stress among Korean adults living in rural areas: using generalized estimating equations and mixed models: Ju-Hyun Nam, Myeong-Seob Lim, Hyun-Kyeong Choi, Jae-Yeop Kim, Sung-Kyeong Kim, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh, Hee-Tae Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:53. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0209-5

Abstract PDF

Background

This study was conducted to analyze the distribution of the psychosocial well-being index among adults living in two rural communities in Korea and to examine its correlation with lifestyle variables such as sleep duration, regular exercise, and sedentary time.

Methods

Using the cohort data of the Atherosclerosis Risk of a Rural Area Korean General Population, this study examined 3631 participants living in Wonju and Pyeongchang in Gangwon Province; their preliminary data were established from 2005 to 2007 while their follow-up data were collected 3 years later. This study investigated demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, disease history, Psychosocial Well-being Index-Short Form (PWI-SF) scores, sleep duration, regular exercise, and sedentary time during work. Using repeated measures ANOVA, this study examined how the variables and PWI-SF scores changed over the course of 3 years and identified the correlation between them based on mixed model analysis. Afterwards, using the generalized estimation equation, this study identified each variable’s risk towards the PWI-SF high-risk group and performed a stratified analysis by occupation after dividing the participants into farmers and non-farmers.

Results

The PWI-SF high-risk group was found to be 18.9% of the participants from preliminary data and 15.5% from follow-up data. The odds ratio towards the PWI-SF high-risk group was 1.503 (95% CI 1.241–1.821) in the short sleep duration group and 1.327 (95% CI 1.136–1.550) in the non-regular exercise group. A stratified analysis by occupation showed that middle and long sedentary time in the white-collar group increased the risk toward the PWI-SF high-risk group.

Conclusions

Short sleep duration, no regular exercise, and long sedentary time in the white-collar group were identified as risk factors toward the PWI-SF high-risk group in the rural communities, and policy interventions are needed to address this issue.

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Research Article

Association between supervisors’ behavior and wage workers’ job stress in Korea: analysis of the fourth Korean working conditions survey: Shin Uk Kang, Byeong Jin Ye, ByoungGwon Kim, Jung Il Kim, Jung Woo Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:43. Published online October 11, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0199-3

Abstract PDF

Background

In modern society, many workers are stressed. Supervisors’ support or behavior can affect the emotional or psychological part of the worker. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of supervisor’s behavior on worker’s stress.

Methods

The study included 19,272 subjects following the assignment of weighted values to workers other than soldiers using data from the Fourth Korean Working Condition Survey. Supervisors’ behavior was measured using 5 items: “supervisor feedback regarding work,” “respectful attitude,” “good conflict-resolution ability,” “good work-related planning and organizational ability,” and the encouragement of participation in important decision making. Job stress was measured using 1 item: “I experience stress at work.” Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of supervisors’ behavioral, general, occupational, and psychosocial characteristics on job stress in workers. Organizational characteristics associated with supervisors’ behavior were also analyzed.

Results

The results showed that supervisors’ provision of feedback regarding work increased workers’ job stress (OR = 1.329, 95% CI = 1.203 ~ 1.468). When a supervisor respect workers (OR = 0.812, 95% CI = 0.722 ~ 0.913) or good at planning and organizing works (OR = 0.816, 95% CI: 0.732 ~ 0.910), workers’ job stress decreased. In particular, the two types of supervisor behaviors, other than feedback regarding work, were high in private-sector organizations employing less than 300 employees.

Conclusion

Supervisors’ behavior influenced job stress levels in workers. Therefore, it is necessary to increase education regarding the effects of supervisors’ behavior on job stress, which should initially be provided in private-sector organizations with up to 300 employees.

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Research Article

What causes the experience of discrimination in non-regular workers?: Seong-Hoon Kang, Jin-Ho Song, Tae Hwan Koh, Do Myung Paek, Jong-Tae Park, HoSun Chun; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:35. Published online August 15, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0192-x

Abstract PDF

Background

Discrimination based on type of employment against non-regular workers is still a social issue. However, there are few studies on job factors that affect the discrimination experience in each type of employment or the association between discrimination and health impact indicators. This study examined occupational health characteristics according to discrimination experience and relating factors that affect discrimination experience.

Methods

This study used the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey (2014) provided by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. Among the 50,000 workers, 7731 non-regular wage workers were selected as study population. To examine differences in discrimination experience, we used a t-test on occupational risk factors, occupational stress, occupational characteristics, health impact indicators. To identify the factors that affected discrimination experience, we performed binomial logistic regression analysis.

Results

The discrimination experience rate was significantly higher in male, aged less than 40 years old, above high school graduate than middle school graduate, higher wage level, shorter employment period and larger company’s scale. As factors related to discrimination experience, they experienced discrimination more as occupational stress was higher and when they were temporary or daily workers rather than permanent workers, work patterns were not consistent, and the support of boss was low. It showed that physical, musculoskeletal, and mental occupational risk scores and subjective job instability were higher and work environment satisfaction was lower in discrimination experienced group.

Conclusions

The present study showed that the demographic and occupational factors were complexly related to discrimination experience in non-regular workers. The experience of discrimination had increased when occupational stress was higher, they were temporary or daily workers rather than permanent workers, work patterns were not consistent, and their boss’ support was low. Improving various relating factors, (e.g. occupational stresses, employment status and occupational characteristics), this would ultimately expect to improve non-regular workers’ discrimination.

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Research Article

The relationship between emotional labor status and workplace violence among toll collectors: Yosub Joo, Jeongbae Rhie; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:34. Published online August 10, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0193-9

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to identify the emotional labor and workplace violence status among toll collectors by assessing and comparing the same with that in workers in other service occupation. It also aimed to analyze the relationship between emotional labor and workplace violence.

Methods

This study examined emotional labor and workplace violence status in 264 female toll collectors from August 20 to September 4, 2015. The emotional labor was assessed using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS), and a questionnaire was used to examine the presence or absence, and type and frequency of workplace violence experienced by the subjects. A linear regression analysis was also performed to analyze the relationship between workplace violence and emotional labor.

Results

The scores on “emotional demanding and regulation (p < 0.001),” “overload and conflict in customer service (p = 0.005),” “emotional disharmony and hurt (p < 0.001),” and “organizational surveillance and monitoring (p < 0.001)” among the sub-categories of emotional labor were significantly high and indicated “at-risk” levels of emotional labor in those who experienced workplace violence, whereas they were “normal” of emotional labor in those who did not. Even after being adjusted in the linear regression analysis, the emotional labor scores for the above 4 sub-categories were still significantly high in those who experienced workplace violence. On comparing the present scores with 13 other service occupations, it was found that toll collectors had the highest level in “emotional disharmony and hurt,” “organizational surveillance and monitoring,” and “organizational supportive and protective system”.

Conclusions

This study found that the toll collectors engaged in a high level of emotional labor. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between emotional labor and the experience of workplace violence among the toll collectors.

Citations

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Review

A socioecological framework for research on work and obesity in diverse urban transit operators based on gender, race, and ethnicity: BongKyoo Choi, Peter Schnall, Marnie Dobson, Haiou Yang, Dean Baker, YoungJu Seo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:15. Published online May 17, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0171-2

Abstract PDF

Urban transit (bus and rail) operators, totaling nearly 700,000 persons, are one of the heaviest occupational groups in the United States (US). Little is known about occupational risk factors for weight gain and obesity and their interrelationship with health-related behaviors, particularly among female minority (African Americans and Hispanics) transit operators who are at greater risk for obesity. As a step towards developing successful obesity interventions among urban transit operators, this paper aims to present a new socioecological framework for studying working conditions, chronic strain, health-related behaviors, weight gain/obesity, and obesity disparity in diverse urban transit operators based on gender, race, and ethnicity. Our framework is a synthesis of several different theories and disciplines: the resource-work load model (work stress), occupational ergonomics, the theory of intersectionality, and worksite health promotion. The framework was developed utilizing an extensive literature review, results from our on-going research on obesity, input from focus groups conducted with Los Angeles transit operators as well as interviews and meetings with transit operator stakeholders (management, unions, and worksite transit wellness program), and ride-along observations. Our hypotheses highlighted in the framework (see Fig. 1) are that adverse working conditions, largely characterized as a combination of high demands and low resources, will increase the risk for weight gain/obesity among transit operators directly through chronic strain and hypothalamic dysfunction (hyper-and hypo-activations), and indirectly through health-related behaviors and injuries/chronic severe pain. We also hypothesize that the observed increase in adiposity among female minority operators is due to their greater exposure to adverse occupational and non-occupational conditions that reflect their intersecting social identities of lower social class and being a minority woman in the US. Our proposed framework could greatly facilitate future transit worksite obesity studies by clarifying the complex and important roles of adverse working conditions in the etiology of weight gain/obesity and obesity disparity among transit operators and other working populations.

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Research Article

Pesticide metabolite and oxidative stress in male farmers exposed to pesticide: Kang Myoung Lee, Sang-Yoo Park, Kyungsuk Lee, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang Baek Ko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:5. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0162-3

Abstract PDF

Background

The objective of this study was to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) and isoprostane which has been used as an index of lipid injury, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which has been used as an index of DNA damage, and dialkyl-phosphate (DAP), which has been used to quantify pesticide exposure, and to investigate the relationship between pesticide exposure and oxidative stress.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 84 male farmers exposure to pesticide. In this study, 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA were measured as oxidative stress indices, and dialkyl-phosphate (dimethylphosphate(DMP), diethylphosphate(DEP), dimethylthiophosphate(DMTP), and diethylthiophosphate (DETP)) excreted in the urine was also measured to evaluate pesticide exposure. A linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between pesticide metabolites, and oxidative stress biomarkers.

Results

A Correlation analysis was performed for pesticide exposure month (PEI), cumulative exposure index (CEI), and DAP as well as the concentration of the oxidative stress biomarkers. The PEM significantly and positively correlated to the levels of 8-OHdG, isoprostane, CEI, and DMP. CEI showed a correlation to 8-OHdG and PEM. DMP, DEP, and DETP showed a positive correlation to 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA. A correlation analysis was adjusted some demographic characteristics, such as age, smoking, drinking, and exercise to determine the relationship between pesticide exposure and oxidative stress. The 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA levels were significantly related to the DMP (ß = 0.320), DEP (ß = 0.390), and DETP (ß = 0.082); DMP (ß = 0.396), DEP (ß = 0.508), and DETP (ß = 0.504); and DMP (ß = 0.432), DEP (ß = 0.508), and DETP (ß = 0.329) levels, respectively.

Conclusions

The concentration between oxidative stress biomarkers and the pesticide metabolite were a positive correlation. Indicators of oxidative stress was associated with a pesticide metabolite DMP, DEP, and DETP. Therefore, Pesticide exposure and oxidative stress were relevant.

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Research Article

Self-resilience as a protective factor against development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in police officers: Jong-Ku Lee, Hyeon-Gyeong Choi, Jae-Yeop Kim, Juhyun Nam, Hee-Tae Kang, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:58. Published online October 17, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0145-9

Abstract PDF

Background

This study was conducted to check whether self-resilience, one of the characteristics known to affect the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after experiencing traumatic events, could serve as a protective factor for police officers whose occupational factors are corrected.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study in which 112 male police officers in Gangwon Province participated. They visited the Wonju Severance Christian Hospital Occupational Environment Center for medical check-ups from June to December 2015. Their general characteristics were identified using structured questionnaires, and they were asked to fill in the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF). Further, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale-Korean (CD-RI-K), and Impact of Event Scale-Revised-Korean version (IES-R-K) were used to evaluate their job stress, depression, self-resilience, and PTSD symptoms. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to correct their personal, occupational, and psychological factors to analyze the relationship between self-resilience and PTSD symptoms.

Results

Among 112 respondents who experienced a traumatic event, those with low self-resilience had significantly higher rate of PTSD symptoms than those with high self-resilience even after correcting for the covariate of general, occupational, and psychological characteristics (odds ratio [OR] 3.51; 95 % CI: 1.06–19.23).

Conclusions

Despite several limitations, these results suggest that a high degree of self-resilience may protect police officers from critical incident-related PTSD symptoms.

Citations

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Research Article

Ambulatory heart rate of professional taxi drivers while driving without their typical psychosocial work stressors: a pilot study: BongKyoo Choi, SangJun Choi, JeeYeon Jeong, JiWon Lee, Shi Shu, Nu Yu, SangBaek Ko, Yifang Zhu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:54. Published online October 6, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0139-7

Abstract PDF

Background

Few studies have examined ambulatory cardiovascular physiological parameters of taxi drivers while driving in relation to their occupational hazards. This study aims to investigate and quantify the impact of worksite physical hazards as a whole on ambulatory heart rate of professional taxi drivers while driving without their typical worksite psychosocial stressors.

Methods

Ambulatory heart rate (HR_driving) of 13 non-smoking male taxi drivers (24 to 67 years old) while driving was continuously assessed on their 6-hour experimental on-road driving in Los Angeles. Percent maximum HR range (PMHR_driving) of the drivers while driving was estimated based on the individual HR_driving values and US adult population resting HR (HR_rest) reference data. For analyses, the HR_driving and PMHR_driving data were split and averaged into 5-min segments. Five physical hazards inside taxi cabs were also monitored while driving. Work stress and work hours on typical work days were self-reported.

Results

The means of the ambulatory 5-min HR_driving and PMHR_driving values of the 13 drivers were 80.5 bpm (11.2 bpm higher than their mean HR_rest) and 10.7 % (range, 5.7 to 19.9 %), respectively. The means were lower than the upper limits of ambulatory HR and PMHR for a sustainable 8-hour work (35 bpm above HR_rest and 30 % PMHR), although 15–27 % of the 5-min HR_driving and PMHR_driving values of one driver were higher than the limits. The levels of the five physical hazards among the drivers were modest: temperature (26.4 ± 3.0 °C), relative humidity (40.7 ± 10.4 %), PM_2.5 (21.5 ± 7.9 μg/m³), CO₂ (1,267.1 ± 580.0 ppm) and noise (69.7 ± 3.0 dBA). The drivers worked, on average, 72 h per week and more than half of them reported that their job were often stressful.

Conclusions

The impact of physical worksite hazards alone on ambulatory HR of professional taxi drivers in Los Angeles generally appeared to be minor. Future ambulatory heart rate studies including both physical and psychosocial hazards of professional taxi drivers are warranted.

Citations

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Cardiovascular health status of taxi/for-hire vehicle drivers in the United States: A systematic review
Sheena Mirpuri, Kathryn Traub, Sara Romero, Marisol Hernandez, Francesca Gany
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Bharat Narang, Sheena Mirpuri, Soo Young Kim, Devika R. Jutagir, Francesca Gany
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2020; 22(6): 962. CrossRef

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Research Article

The association of relational and organizational job stress factors with sleep disorder: analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey (2011): Gyuree Kim, Bokki Min, Jaeyoup Jung, Domyung Paek, Sung-il Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:46. Published online September 13, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0131-2

Abstract PDF

Background

Sleep disorder is a disease that causes reduction in quality of life and work efficiency of workers. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between job-related stress factor and sleep disorder among wageworkers in Korea.

Methods

This study was based on analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey. We analyzed 35,902 workers whose employment status is wageworker. We classified the job-related stress factor into 12 sections. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the relationship between job-related stress factor and sleep disorder and Odds ratio and 95 % CI were calculated using the SPSS version 23.0 program.

Results

Many categories of Job-related stress factor were correlated with sleep disorder (8 of 12 for women, 10 of 12 for men). The results of the regression analysis, corrected for general and occupational characteristics, indicated that sleep disorder was significantly correlated with the following categories of job-related stress: discrimination experience (OR 3.37, 95 % CI = 2.49 ~ 4.56 in women, OR 1.96, 95 % CI = 1.53 ~ 2.51 in men), direct customer confrontation (OR 2.72, 95 % CI = 1.91 ~ 3.86 in women, OR 1.99, 95 % CI = 1.45 ~ 2.72 in men), emotional stress (OR 2.01, 95 % CI = 1.30 ~ 3.09 in men), work dissatisfaction (detailed) (OR 1.99, 95 % CI = 1.36 ~ 2.93 in men), work dissatisfaction (overall) (OR 2.30, 95 % CI = 1.66 ~ 3.20 in women, OR 2.40, 95 % CI = 1.88 ~ 3.08 in men), expression of opinion difficulty (OR 0.66, 95 % CI = 0.48 ~ 0.92 in women, OR 0.57, 95 % CI = 0.45 ~ 0.73 in men).

Conclusion

A number of studies have reported that stress affects sleep disorder. In this study, many factors suspected to increase the risk of sleep disorder were added to previously known job stress factors. In particular, this study found a strong correlation between work-associated sleep disorder and relational and organizational job stress factors. Sleep disorder may lead to large decreases in workers’ quality of life and work efficiency. Awareness and interventions are therefore required to reduce workplace stress; additional research of this topic is also required.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0131-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Citations

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Research Article

The association between Korean workers’ presenteeism and psychosocial factors within workplaces: Yun-Sik Cho, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Kyoung-Bok Min, Chul-In Baek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:41. Published online September 7, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0124-1

Abstract PDF

Background

Presenteeism, a concept that has recently undergone active study, is the act of attending work while sick. This study investigates the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces.

Methods

This study analyzed 29246 wage earners from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2011) data using the logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces.

Results

Among the 29246 wage earners, 6347 (21.7 %) showed presenteeism. Those who experienced age discrimination at work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.77: 95 % CI 1.56–2.00), educational background discrimination (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.22–1.51), regional discrimination (aOR 1.55: 95 % CI 1.31–1.83), sexual discrimination (aOR 1.65: 95 % CI 1.41–1.94), employment type discrimination (aOR 2.13: 95 % CI 1.89–2.40), physical violence (aOR 1.92: 95 % CI 1.45–2.55), sexual harassment (aOR 2.90: 95 % CI 2.01–4.19), job insecurity (aOR 1.36: 95 % CI 1.18–1.56), work–life imbalance (aOR 1.38: 95 % CI 1.29–1.47), low job satisfaction (aOR 2.04: 95 % CI 1.91–2.17), no colleague support (aOR 1.11: 95 % CI 1.02–1.21), job stress (aOR 1.89: 95 % CI 1.76–2.02), emotional labor (aOR 1.50: 95 % CI 1.41–1.60), high work intensity (aOR 1.31: 95 % CI 1.23–1.38), and 3 groups of job strain that are passive group (aOR 1.09: 95 % CI 1.00–1.18), active group (aOR 1.39: 95 % CI 1.28–1.51), and high strain group (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.24–1.46) showed an increased risk of presenteeism compared to their respective counterparts (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The study results confirmed the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. Considering that presenteeism negatively affects productivity and the mental and physical health of individuals, managing various psychosocial factors within workplaces is proposed to reduce presenteeism.

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Research Article

Factors associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers in Korea: Junsu Byun, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Hye-Eun Lee, Se-Eun Kim, Jongin Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:31. Published online August 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0120-5

Abstract PDF

Background

There were several suicide events of subway drivers in Korea. The aim of this study is to explore work-related factors associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers.

Methods

We analyzed data from 980 male subway drivers. A section of the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI 2.1) was administered by trained interviewers to judge whether a driver has suicide ideation and to diagnose psychiatric disorders. A questionnaire was also administered to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, work environments, occupational stress, person under train (PUT) experience, and work-related problems. Occupational stress was examined by using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS). Logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between work-related factors and suicide ideation among subway drivers.

Results

Regarding work-related problems, conflict with passengers and sudden stops due to the emergency bell were significantly associated with suicide ideation. MDD, PTSD, and panic disorder were strongly associated with suicide ideation. In the analysis of occupational stress, insufficient job control (OR 2.34) and lack of reward (OR 2.52) were associated with suicide ideation even after being adjusted for psychiatric disorders and other work-related factors.

Conclusions

Insufficient job control and lack of reward were associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers. Strategies for drivers to have autonomy while working and to achieve effort-reward balance should be implemented. Furthermore, drivers who have experienced negative work-related problems should be managed appropriately.

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Boris E. Cendales, Viviola Gómez-Ortiz, Sergio A. Useche, Leonor Cedillo, Daryl W.H. Stephenson, Paul Landsbergis
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Renata Carvalho Macedo De Jesus, Sandra Leal Calais, Hugo Ferrari Cardoso
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Research Article

A study on the relationship between job stress and nicotine dependence in Korean workers: Seung Rak Son, Byeong Moo Choe, Seong Hwan Kim, Young Seoub Hong, Byoung Gwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:27. Published online June 10, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0113-4

Abstract PDF

Background

Nicotine dependence and its severity are often determined by individuals’ psychosocial factors.This study purposed to analyze how Korean workers’ job stress is related with their nicotine dependence according to demographic and occupational characteristics in order to reduce smoking related to job stress and to establish objective indicators to be used in developing adequate smoking cessation strategies.

Methods

The subjects of this study were 4,639 workers who replied to the questionnaire survey. In addition, 1,948 current smokers were separated from non-smokers and ex-smokers, and the relationship between job stress and nicotine dependence was analyzed with the current smoker group. Nicotine dependence was tested using Fagerström’s Test of Nicotine Dependence, and stress was measured using a questionnaire on subjective stress felt by workers in their daily life and the short form of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale.

Results

The smoking rate was 54.1 % among men and 2.5 % among women. Nicotine dependence was significantly different according to interpersonal conflict, organization system and lack of reward (p < 0.05). As multivariate logistic analysis, job control, occupational climate and total stress score were statistical significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Job stress was found to be related with smoking status and nicotine dependence. Based on this result, it is suggested to enhance workers’ welfare for health promotion in workplace by improving their working environment in order to reduce job stress and consequently to decrease the smoking rate.

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Case Report

A case of fitness to work in a worker with COPD using the exercise stress test: Yewon Kim, Kyungyong Jung, Ji Young Ryu, Dae Hwan Kim, Sangyoon Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:26. Published online December 11, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0074-z

Abstract PDF

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation. Therefore, both work ability and workday length may be affected in individuals with this disease. We studied a worker with suspected COPD and assessed fitness to work using post-bronchodilator spirometry, symptom assessment scales, and the exercise stress test.

Case report

The patient was a 58-year-old man due to work as a field supervisor in the ship construction sector. He had a 40 pack-year smoking history and experienced occasional dyspnea when climbing stairs. He visited this hospital to receive cardiopulmonary function tests and to determine his ability to work. Post-bronchodilator spirometry revealed severe irreversible airway obstruction corresponding to a modified Medical Research Council grade of 2 on the dyspnea scale. His COPD Assessment Test score was 12, placing him in patient group D (high risk, more symptoms) based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease classification system. His maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max) was determined to be 19.16 ml/kg/min, as measured by the exercise stress test, and his acceptable workload for 8 h of physical work was calculated to be 6.51 ml/kg/min. His work tasks required an oxygen demand of 6.89 ml/kg/min, which exceeded the acceptable workload calculated. Accordingly, he was advised to adjust the work tasks that were deemed inappropriate for his exercise capacity.

Conclusion

As COPD incidence is expected to rise, early COPD diagnosis and determination of fitness to work is becoming increasingly important. Performing the exercise stress test, to evaluate the functional capacity of workers with COPD, is considered an acceptable solution.

Citations

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De beoordeling van COPD in de verzekeringsgeneeskunde in België
M. DAENEN, M. DU BOIS
Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde en Gezondheidszorg.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory as related factor for post traumatic stress disorder symptoms according to job stress level in experienced firefighters: 5–year study: In-Sung Chung, Mi-Young Lee, Sung-Won Jung, Chang-Wook Nam; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:16. Published online June 5, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0067-y

Abstract PDF

Objectives

As first responders to an increasing number of natural and manmade disasters, active-duty firefighters are at increased risk for physical and psychiatric impairment as reflected by high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because little is known about related factor with PTSD according to job stress level among firefighters, we assessed utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) using 5-year medical surveillance.

Methods

Data were analyzed from 185 male firefighters without psychiatric disease history and who at assessments in 2006 and 2011 completed all questionnaires on personal behaviors (including exercise, drinking and smoking habits) and job history (including job duration and department). MMPI, Events Scale-Revised-Korean version (IES-R-K) and Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF) were used to screen for personality trait, PTSD symptom presence and job stress level, respectively. IES-R-K subgroups were compared using two-sample t- and χ2 tests, and factors influencing IES-R-K according to KOSS-SF were determined using uni- and multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Mean age and job duration were higher in PTSD-positive than negative groups. In multivariate analysis, increased PTSD risk was associated with: job duration (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.064, 95 % CI 1.012–1.118) for firefighters overall; masculinity-femininity (OR = 5.304, 95 % CI 1.191–23.624) and job duration (OR = 1.126, 95 % CI 1.003–1.265) for lower job stress level; and social introversion (OR = 3.727, 95 % CI 1.096–12.673) for higher job stress level.

Conclusions

MMPI relates with PTSD according to job stress level among experienced firefighters. Masculinity-femininity and social introversion were the strongest related factor for PTSD symptom development in low and high job stress levels, respectively.

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Yoshikazu Noda, Kenichi Asano, Eiji Shimizu, Yoshiyuki Hirano
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Elpidoforos S. Soteriades, Paris Vogazianos, Federica Tozzi, Athos Antoniades, Eleftheria C. Economidou, Lilia Psalta, George Spanoudis
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Research Article

Effect of maternal job strain during pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment by gender at 6 and 12 months: Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study: Eunjeong Kim, HyeSook Park, Yun-Chul Hong, Mina Ha, Yangho Kim, Bo-Eun Lee, Eun-Hee Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:8. Published online March 20, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0059-y

Abstract PDF

Objectives

Limited evidence is available regarding the association between prenatal job strain and infant neurodevelopment. Most studies used stress indicators other than job strain to explain the relationship between prenatal maternal stress and child development. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between maternal job strain during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in infancy.

Methods

Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, an on-going prospective birth cohort study, has been conducted in South Korea since 2006. Job strain during pregnancy was measured using Korean version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). Infant neurodevelopment was assessed using Korean Bayley Scale of Infant Development II (K-BSID-II) at 6 and 12 months of age. A total of 343 mother-child pairs that completed JCQ and K-BSID-II more than once were included. Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) defined in the K-BSID-II were used as outcome variables.

Results

Compared to infants from mothers with low job strain, significant (p < 0.05) decreases in PDI were found in infants from mothers with active and passive job at 6 months of age. After stratification by infant sex, boys in the high strain group had a lower MDI score than boys in the low job strain group at 12 months. On the other hand, girls in the high strain and active groups had higher MDI scores than girls in the low job strain group at 12 months. PDI at 12 months also showed different results by sex. Boys in the high strain and passive job groups had lower PDI scores than boys in the low job strain group. However, such difference was not observed in girls.

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that prenatal job strain affects infant neurodevelopment in a gender-dependent manner.

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Research Article

The effect of organisational system on self-rated depression in a panel of male municipal firefighters: Se-Jin An, Yun Kyung Chung, Bong Hyun Kim, Kyeong Min Kwak, Jun-Seok Son, Jung-wan Koo, Young-Su Ju, Young-Jun Kwon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:1. Published online January 14, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0044-x

Abstract PDF

Objectives

The present study evaluated the effects of job stress, including organisational system to self-rated depression through a panel study of male municipal firefighters in the Republic of Korea.

Methods

A panel of 186 municipal firefighters reported self-rated depressive symptoms according to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The effects of job stress were evaluated using the Korea Occupational Stress Scale, taken one year earlier and classified by the median value. Panel members were classified into Depression or Control groups according to BDI scores, with a cut-off level of ‘over mild depression’ in a follow-up survey.

Results

The Depression group included 17 (9.1%) workers. Firefighters who scored high on occupational system had an 8.3 times greater risk of being assigned to the Depression group than those who had not (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 8.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [1.73–37.22]). In contrast, job stress from a ‘difficult physical environment’ revealed negative risks related to being classified in the Depression group (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI = [0.04–0.92]).

Conclusions

Although the healthy worker effect may be involved, job stress based on perceptions of organisational system was a strong risk factor for depression. A comprehensive approach should be considered that encompasses social issues when assessing or mental health in high-risk groups, as well as the practical issue of physiochemical hazards.

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Research Article

Risk factors of musculoskeletal symptoms in university hospital nurses: Eunkwang Ryu, Byeongjin Ye, Youngil Yi, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:47. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0047-7

Abstract PDF

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate musculoskeletal symptom prevalence in university hospital nurses and explore the relation between musculoskeletal symptom prevalence and work related factors.

Methods

A structured questionnaire was conducted with 620 nurses in a university hospital to look into the characters of responsibility and musculoskeletal symptom prevalence. The questionnaire respondents numbered 534, so the response rate was 86.1%. Among the respondents, three who gave insincere answers were excluded. The final study population was 531 respondents. ANSI Z-365 checklist was applied to look into ergonomic characteristics, and Korean Occupational Stress Scale Short Form was employed to measure job stress.

Results

In the case of the whole body, symptom prevalence amounted to 70.8%. Regarding each body region, shoulder symptom prevalence accounted for the highest, or 44.8%, waist 40.7%, and neck 33.3% in order. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, in the case of the whole body, the group with a high ANSI checklist grade had odds ratio of 3.59 (95% CI 1.48 ~ 8.76), and the group with high job stress had 3.19 (95% CI 2.01 ~ 5.07).

Conclusion

Regarding the occupational factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms of university hospital nurses, it was found that ANSI Z-365 checklist high risk group, total job tenure, department, shiftworks, and job stress had high relation with musculoskeletal symptoms. It is necessary to find an ergonomic solution and a stress reduction plan to prevent musculoskeletal disease.

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Research Article

The association between concealing emotions at work and medical utilization in Korea: Hongdeok Seok, Jin-Ha Yoon, Wanhyung Lee, June-Hee Lee, Pil Kyun Jung, Inah Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:31. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0031-2

Abstract PDF

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the association between concealing emotions at work and medical utilization.

Methods

Data from the 2007–2009 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV) was used, 7,094 participants (3,837 males, 3,257 females) aged between 20 and 54 who were economically active and completed all necessary questionnaire items were included. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for differences in hospitalization, outpatient visits, and pharmaceutical drug use between those who concealed their emotions and those who did not were investigated using logistic regression models with and without gender stratification.

Results

Among those who concealed their emotions (n = 2,763), 47.4% were females, and 50.1% had chronic disease. In addition, 9.7% of the concealing emotions group had been hospitalized within the last year, 24.8% had been outpatients in the last two weeks, and 28.3% had used pharmaceutical drugs in the last two weeks.

All ORs represent the odds of belonging to the concealing emotions group over the non-concealing emotions group. After adjustment for individual, occupational, socioeconomic and disease factors, the adjusted ORs (95% CI) in hospitalization are 1.29 (1.08 ~ 1.53) in the total population, 1.25 (0.98 ~ 1.60) in males and 1.30 (1.02 ~ 1.66) in females, in outpatient visits are 1.15 (1.02 ~ 1.29) in the total population, 1.05 (0.88 ~ 1.24) in males and 1.25 (1.06 ~ 1.47) in females and in pharmaceutical drug use are 1.12 (1.01 ~ 1.25) in the total population, 1.08 (0.92 ~ 1.27) in males and 1.14 (0.98 ~ 1.33) in females.

Conclusions

Those who concealed their emotions at work were more likely to use medical services. Moreover, the health effects of concealing emotions at work might be more detrimental in women than in men.

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Research Article

Association among Working Hours, Occupational Stress, and Presenteeism among Wage Workers: Results from the Second Korean Working Conditions Survey: Sung-Hwan Jeon, Jong-Han Leem, Shin-Goo Park, Yong-Seok Heo, Bum-Joon Lee, So-Hyun Moon, Dal-Young Jung, Hwan-Cheol Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:6. Published online March 24, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-6

Abstract PDF

Objectives

The purpose of the present study was to identify the association between presenteeism and long working hours, shiftwork, and occupational stress using representative national survey data on Korean workers.

Methods

We analyzed data from the second Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), which was conducted in 2010, in which a total of 6,220 wage workers were analyzed. The study population included the economically active population aged above 15 years, and living in the Republic of Korea. We used the chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression to test the statistical association between presenteeism and working hours, shiftwork, and occupational stress.

Results

Approximately 19% of the workers experienced presenteeism during the previous 12 months. Women had higher rates of presenteeism than men. We found a statistically significant dose–response relationship between working hours and presenteeism. Shift workers had a slightly higher rate of presenteeism than non-shift workers, but the difference was not statistically significant. Occupational stress, such as high job demand, lack of rewards, and inadequate social support, had a significant association with presenteeism.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that long working hours and occupational stress are significantly related to presenteeism.

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Research Article

Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Stress Management Program to Reduce Work-Related Stress in a Medium-Sized Enterprise: Shin-Ae Kim, Chunhui Suh, Mi-Hee Park, Kunhyung Kim, Chae-Kwan Lee, Byung-Chul Son, Jeong-Ho Kim, Jong-Tae Lee, Kuck-Hyun Woo, Kabsoon Kang, Hyunjin Jung; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:4. Published online February 13, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-4

Abstract PDF

Objectives

To assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive workplace stress management program consisting of participatory action-oriented training (PAOT) and individual management.

Methods

A comprehensive workplace stress management program was conducted in a medium-sized enterprise. The baseline survey was conducted in September 2011, using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) and Worker’s Stress Response Inventory (WSRI). After implementing both organizational and individual level interventions, the follow up evaluation was conducted in November 2011.

Results

Most of the workers participated in the organizational level PAOT and made Team-based improvement plans. Based on the stress survey, 24 workers were interviewed by a researcher. After the organizational and individual level interventions, there was a reduction of several adverse psychosocial factors and stress responses. In the case of blue-collar workers, psychosocial factors such as the physical environment, job demands, organizational system, lack of rewards, and occupational climate were significantly improved; in the case of white-collar workers, the occupational climate was improved.

Conclusions

In light of these results, we concluded that the comprehensive stress management program was effective in reducing work-related stress in a short-term period. A persistent long-term follow up is necessary to determine whether the observed effects are maintained over time. Both team-based improvement activities and individual interviews have to be sustainable and complementary to each other under the long-term plan.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Research Article

Relationship between Occupational Stress and Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korean Male Firefighters: Min Gi Kim, Kyoo-Sang Kim, Jae-Hong Ryoo, Seung-Won Yoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:9. Published online July 4, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-9

Abstract PDF

Objectives

A growing body of literature has documented that job stress is associated with the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). However, the association of WMSDs with job stress has not yet been fully studied in Korean male firefighters. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of WMSDs in almost all Korean male firefighters and to clarify the effect of job stress on the occurrence of WMSDs.

Methods

The study design was cross-sectional, and 21,466 firefighters were recruited. The study design included a structured questionnaire to assess general characteristics, the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (optional KOSS-26), Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and WMSDs. The chi-square test, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to look for a correlation between general characteristics and job stress, and the occurrence of WMSD.

Results

Back pain is the most common WMSD. Among the job stress subgroup, physical environment, job demands, organizational system, occupational climate, lack of reward and job insecurity were related to the occurrence of WMSDs. However, insufficient job control and interpersonal conflict were not related to the occurrence of WMSDs.

Conclusion

Job stress was related to the occurrence of WMSDs in Korean male firefighters. To reduce the occurrence of WMSDs, a job stress management program may be required.

Citations

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Original Article

The Relationship between the Korean Occupational Stress Scale and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness among Male Firefighters: Sang Jun Park, Dong Kyun Lim, Mi Young Lee, In Sung Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):420-430. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.420

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study examined the relationship between job stress and the common carotid intima-media thickness as an indicator of atherosclerosis (cardiovascular disease) among male firefighters in a metropolitan city.
METHODS
Between November and December 2011, a total of 838 participants were analyzed using a questionnaire, which included the participants' general characteristics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, and job stress. Job stress was measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF). The job stress data was merged with the clinical laboratory data and common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) by a medical examination. The relationship between job stress and the CIMT was examined by multiple logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for the general and cardiovascular risk factors revealed, the organizational system (adjusted OR 1.381 95% CI=1.005~1.898) to be associated with the right CIMT. Multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for general and cardiovascular risk factors and job types, the occupational climate (adjusted OR 1.392, 95% CI=1.009~1.922) was also associated with the right CIMT.
CONCLUSIONS
The level of job stress, particularly in regard to the organizaional system, shows a correlation with the right CIMT. Therefore, further preventive efforts and studies of firefighters will be needed to reduce job stress and help prevent cardiovascular disease.

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Original Article

Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Public Workers: Sei Kyun Noh, Ju Hwan Choi, Dong Hoon Shin, Mi Young Lee, In Sung Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):410-419. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.410

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the occupational risk factors associated with musculoskeletal symptoms in public workers.
METHODS
In November 2010, 544 participants anwered a survey that included questions on the participants' general characteristics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, and psychosocial stress. We measured the relationship of risk factors to musculoskeletal symptoms using a logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
After adjusting for general characteristics, factors associated with occupational musculoskeletal symptoms were gender (OR=2.858, 95% CI=1.701~4.801), unnatural posture (OR=2.386, 95% CI=1.308~4.354), psychosocial stress (OR=4.051, 95% CI=1.336~12.282) and sleep quality (OR=1.672, 95% CI=1.052~2.660).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that psychosocial stress levels and physical environment (especially in professions requiring an unnatural posture) are related to musculoskeletal symptoms in public workers.

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Original Article

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Factors in Male Firefighters in a Metropolitan City: Deuk Yong Shin, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):397-409. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.397

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted in order to evaluate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related factors in male firefighters in Daegu, Korea.
METHODS
A total of 1,261 firefighters from fire stations in Daegu were the subjects of this study. Each firefighter completed a questionnaire on general and occupational matters, experience of traumatic events, and impact of event scale (IES). The IES questionnaire was administered to subjects in order to determine the high risk group for PTSD. We calculated the IES score and determined that an individual was abnormal if the IES score was over 26.
RESULTS
The average IES score of the firefighters was 11.0+/-14.3, and the prevalence of high risk firefighters with PTSD was 15.1%. It was found that 40 years of age, fire sergeant, and emergency medical service personnel showed higher prevalence of PTSD than other groups. The most experienced event among traumatic events was 'witness death of victims or patients'. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis for the high risk PTSD group showed that fire sergeant (OR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.28~4.06), fire lieutenant (OR=2.47, 95% CI: 1.14~5.37), fire captain (OR=2.88, 95% CI: 1.11~7.45), firefighting department (OR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.00~4.17), emergency medical service personnel (OR=3.68, 95% CI: 1.47~9.23), total frequency of traumatic events experienced (OR=1.01, 95% CI: 1.00~1.02), and total type of traumatic event experienced (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.25~1.46) were significant variables with regards to the reference group (fire fighter and administration department).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that the prevalence of PTSD in firefighters is higher than that in the general population, and fire sergeant, fire lieutenant, fire captain, emergency medical service personnel, firefighting department, total frequency of traumatic events experienced, and total type of traumatic event experienced were significant variables for the PTSD high risk group.

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Original Article

Occupational Stress and MMPI-2 Profile of Workers in Some Plants Undergoing Labor Dispute: Chang Ki Choi, Chul Gab Lee, Han Soo Song, Sang Kon Yoo, Seung Yong Shin, Sul Ha Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):384-396. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.384

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To identify changes in relationships with superiors or colleagues at work and family members and social networks at home, based on occupational stress and psychological characteristics in during the process of restructuring some plants undergoing a long-term labor dispute.
METHODS
This study invested 213 workers involved in a long-term labor dispute using the KOSS (Korean Occupational Stress Scale) and the MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) and questionnaires. The KOSS and MMPI-2 scores in accordance with aggressiveness of trade union activity and changes in human relationships were compared. In addition, the odds ratio of whether there were differences in health behavior (perception of health status, smoking, alcohol abuse, medical treatment) and the absenteeism rate was calculated by logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
For members of the aggressiveness of trade union activity group, the rate at which the relationship between superiors or colleagues deteriorated was high, as was the total KOSS score, occupational system and lack of reward score of KOSS subclass. The depression subclass score of MMPI-2 was generally high, while the score of hypochondriasis, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, hypomania was high, and social introversion was low in the active group. In cases in which there were high score of psychopathic deviate, hypomania and paranoia, there were also signs of negative health behavior.
CONCLUSIONS
Occupational stress caused by a long-term labor dispute, accompanied with depression can result in an aggressive, hostile and vulnerable personalities and have a negative impact on health behavior.

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Changes of depression and job stress in workers after merger without downsizing
Jun Ick Jung, Jun Seok Son, Young Ouk Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Jea Chul Ha
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Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory as related factor for post traumatic stress disorder symptoms according to job stress level in experienced firefighters: 5–year study
In-Sung Chung, Mi-Young Lee, Sung-Won Jung, Chang-Wook Nam
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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