Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between exposure to particulate matter and school absences in Korean asthmatic adolescents: Seongmin Jo, Kiook Baek, Joon Sakong, Chulyong Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e21. Published online August 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e21

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Because particulate matter (PM) and asthma are closely related, the prevalence of school absence among adolescents with asthma can be affected by the concentration of PM. We aimed to investigate the relationship between school absences due to asthma and the total number of days that the PM concentration exceeded the standard.
Methods
We used the data from the 16th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey and the PM levels of 17 metropolitan cities and provinces gathered from the AirKorea. Information on the characteristics of asthmatic adolescents and the prevalence of school absence was obtained using a questionnaire, while the PM levels based on the total number of days with poor and very poor PM grades were collected from the AirKorea website. Both χ² test and logistic regression analysis were performed using the weights presented in the original dataset.
Results
In the case of particulate matter of 10 microns in diameter or smaller (PM₁₀), the odds ratio (OR) after adjusting for confounders (sex, school year, body mass index, smoking history, diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and city size) was 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.13) for absents due to asthma when the total days of poor and very poor grades of PM₁₀ (81 μg/m³ or higher) increased by 1 day. In the analysis of particulate matter of 2.5 microns in diameter or smaller (PM_2.5), the OR after adjusting for confounders was 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00–1.03) for absents due to asthma when the total number of days with poor and very poor PM_2.5 grades (36 μg/m³ or higher) increased by 1 day.
Conclusions
A significant association was observed between the total number of days of poor and very poor PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 grades and school absence due to asthma; PM can cause asthma exacerbation and affect the academic life.; 한국 천식 청소년의 미세먼지 노출과 학교 결석과의 상관관계
목적
미세먼지와 천식은 밀접한 관련이 있기 때문에 천식을 앓고 있는 청소년들의 천식악화로 인한 결석률은 미세먼지 농도에 영향을 받을 수 있다. 이번 연구는 일정 기준의 미세먼지 농도를 초과하는 총 일수와 천식 악화로 인한 학교 결석의 관계를 조사했다.
방법
제16차 청소년건강행태조사의 설문결과 중 천식을 진단받은 청소년들을 대상으로 ‘천식으로 인한 학교 결석 여부’를 결과변수로, 에어코리아에서 제공하는 광역시·도의 미세먼지 측정 자료 중 연간 나쁨 및 매우나쁨 등급을 받은 날짜를 미세먼지의 노출 지표로 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석 시 복합표본설계에 따른 가중치를 적용한 카이-제곱 검정과 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용하였다.
결과
교란 변수를 보정 후, 1년간 대기 중 PM10 나쁨 및 매우나쁨 등급을 합산한 총 일수가 1일 증가할 때 천식 증상 악화로 인한 학교 결석에 대한 오즈비는 1.06 (95% 신뢰 구간: 1.01–1.13)이었다. PM2.5는 1년간 대기 중 나쁨 및 매우나쁨 등급을 합산한 총 일수가 1일 증가할 때, 천식 증상 악화로 인한 학교 결석에 대한 오즈비는 1.01 (95% 신뢰구간: 1.00–1.02)이었다.
결론
PM10과 PM10의 나쁨 및 매우나쁨 등급을 합산한 총 일수와 천식으로 인한 학교 결석 사이에 유의한 연관성이 관찰되었다.

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Original Article

Maternal working hours and smoking and drinking in adolescent children: based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI and VII: Tae-Hwi Park, Yong-Duk Ahn, Jeong-Bae Rhie; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e25. Published online August 12, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e25

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Adolescent smoking and drinking are influenced by parental supervision. This study aimed to investigate the gap in adolescent smoking and drinking experience rates and age at initiation according to maternal working hours.

Methods

Data from 1,580 adolescents aged 12–18 years and 1,172 working mothers of double-parent or single-mother households were selected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI & VII data. Figures on adolescents' smoking and drinking rates and their ages at imitation were used. Maternal working hours were divided into < 40 hours, 40–52 hours, and > 52 hours to analyze whether smoking and drinking experience rates and age at initiation differ according to maternal working hours and by the child's sex. Maternal age, education level, household income, occupation, shift work, current smoking status, monthly drinking frequency and child's obesity, stress recognition and depressive mood were adjusted for in the statistical analyses.

Results

The odds for adolescents' smoking behavior were significantly higher with increasing maternal working hours in boys but not in girls. The odds for adolescents' drinking behavior were not significantly higher in both boys and girls. Regardless of the child's sex, there were no significant differences in the age of smoking and drinking initiation according to maternal working hours.

Conclusions

Adolescents of mothers who work long hours are at a higher risk of being exposed to smoking. Thus, our society needs to share the burden of raising children, which is concentrated on women, and employers and governments should support policies that can help prevent long working hours.

어머니의 근로시간에 따른 청소년 자녀의 음주 및 흡연 경험율과 시작 연령 차이 : 제 6, 7기(2013-2018) 국민건강영양조사(Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) 자료를 바탕으로
목적
청소년의 흡연이나 음주는 부모의 감독에 영향을 받는다고 알려져 있다. 이 연구는 어머니의 근로시간에 따라서 청소년의 흡연 및 음주 경험율과 시작 연령에 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위해 수행되었다.
방법
국민건강영양조사 제6, 7기(KNHANES VI & VII)의 자료에서 만 12-18세의 청소년이고, 어머니가 직업이 있으며, 가족 구성이 ‘부부의 자녀’ 혹은 ‘편모의 자녀’ 인 경우를 선별하여 총 1,580명의 자녀와 1,172명의 어머니를 대상자로 선정하였다. 설문 문항을 통해 청소년 자녀의 흡연, 음주 경험과 첫 시작 연령을 조사하였다. 어머니의 근로시간은 40시간 미만, 40-52시간, 52시간 초과로 구분하여 자녀의 성별에 따라 흡연 및 음주 경험율, 시작 연령에 차이가 있는지를 알아보았다. 통계분석시 어머니의 연령, 학력, 가구소득, 교대근무 여부, 현재 흡연 여부, 월간 음주율, 자녀의 비만, 우울감, 스트레스 여부를 보정하였다.
결과
어머니의 근로시간이 증가할수록 자녀가 흡연을 경험할 오즈비가 아들은 유의미하게 높았고, 딸은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 음주를 경험할 오즈비는 아들과 딸 모두에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 성별에 관계없이 어머니의 근로시간에 따른 자녀의 흡연, 음주 시작연령은 유의미한 차이가 없었다.
결론
장시간 근로를 하는 어머니를 둔 아들은 흡연을 경험할 위험성이 더 높다. 따라서 우리 사회는 여성에게 집중된 자녀 양육의 부담을 분담해야 하며, 고용주와 정부는 장시간 노동을 방지할 수 있는 정책을 지원해야 한다.

Citations

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Case Report

Cases of acute mercury poisoning by mercury vapor exposure during the demolition of a fluorescent lamp factory: Sang Yoon Do, Chul Gab Lee, Jae Yoon Kim, Young Hoon Moon, Min Sung Kim, In Ho Bae, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:19. Published online June 20, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0184-x

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

In 2015, workers dismantling a fluorescent lamp factory in Korea were affected by mercury poisoning from exposure to mercury vapor.

Case presentation

Eighteen out of the 21 workers who participated in the demolition project presented with symptoms of poisoning and, of these, 10 had persistent symptoms even at 18 months after the initial exposure to mercury vapor. Early symptoms of 18 workers included a general skin rash, pruritus, myalgia, sleep disturbance, and cough and sputum production. Following alleviation of these initial symptoms, late symptoms, such as easy fatigue, insomnia, bad dreams, and anxiety disorder, began to manifest in 10 out of 18 patients. Seven workers underwent psychiatric care owing to sleep disturbance, anxiety disorder, and depression, and three workers underwent dermatologic treatment for hyperpigmentation, erythematous skin eruption, and chloracne-like skin lesions. Furthermore, three workers developed a coarse jerky movement, two had swan neck deformity of the fingers, and two received care at an anesthesiology clinic for paresthesia, such as burning sensation, cold sensation, and pain. Two workers underwent urologic treatment for dysfunction of the urologic system and impotence. However, symptomatic treatment did not result in satisfactory relief of these symptoms.

Conclusion

Awareness of the perils of mercury and prevention of mercury exposure are critical for preventing health hazards caused by mercury vapor. Chelation therapy should be performed promptly following mercury poisoning to minimize damage.

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Research Article

Mothers’ Working Hours and Children’s Obesity: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2010: Goeun Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:28-28. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-28

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The aim of this study is to find the association between mothers’ working hours and obesity of their children according to children’s age and gender.

Methods

This study used data from the second and third year of KNHANES IV and the first year in KNHANES V (2008–2010). We calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by using survey logistic regression to assess association of mother’s working hours with overweight or obesity of her children. The model was adjusted with household income, mothers’ education and obesity and mothers’ job characteristics.

Results

13–18 aged boys whose mothers worked under 40 hours per week were higher risk for obesity and overweight (including obesity) than 13–18 aged boys whose mothers worked 40–48 hours. 6–12 aged girls whose mothers worked 49–60 hours per week were more overweight (including obesity) than girls whose mothers worked 40–48 hours per week. 13–18 aged girls whose mothers worked over 60 hours were more overweight (including obesity) than the reference.

Conclusion

This study showed that girls’ obesity was associated with mothers’ long working hours. Long working hours can influence health of workers’ family.

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Original Article

Wrist Ratio as a Risk Factor of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Duck Soo Kim, Hae Kwan Cheong, Yong Wook Kwon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(3):242-252. Published online September 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.3.242

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the risk factors of the carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and the impact of the wrist ratio on the prevalence of CTS in workers on repetitive work over a long term.
METHODS
Study subjects consisted of 45 male and 16 female workers in a company that produces soundproof material in Gyeongju. We conducted a physical examination, a self-reported questionnaire survey and a nerve conduction study. CTS cases were defined as those subjects that had a positive finding in both the nerve conduction study and the physical examination done by a doctor specializing in rehabilitation medicine.
RESULTS
Prevalence of CTS among the study subjects was 26.2/100 persons. The prevalence of CTS was positively associated with increasing age (p<0.01, using the chi-square test for trend) and female gender (OR=6.98, 95% CI=1.66-31.0), but was negatively associated with the educational level (p<0.01 by the chi-square for trend). Workers in the production area had a higher prevalence of CTS compared to those in the clerical area (OR=10.8 in the frame manufacturing process, OR=32.2 in the vacuum molding process). Patients with CTS had a narrower mean wrist width and a shorter mean hand and palm length, compared to those that had no disease (p<0.01 by the Student's t-test). The number of subjects who had a wrist ratio of 0.74 or more was significantly higher in cases of CTS (OR=4.0, 95% CI=1.01-16.3). However, a multiple logistic regression analysis showed only that the type of work was a significant variable after adjusting for the other variables.
CONCLUSIONS
The wrist ratio, a surrogate of carpal tunnel configuration, can represent individual susceptibility to CTS. However this study shows that the use of the wrist ratio for predicting CTS risk is not adequate. The development of a new carpal tunnel configuration index based on more direct measurements of the tunnel shape will provide a better predictor of individual susceptibility to CTS.

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Original Article

Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Ethylene Oxide: Soung Hoon Chang, Won Jin Lee, Cheong Sik Kim, Cheong Hyun Hwang, Jong Tae Park, Dae Seong Kim, Young Whan Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(4):428-437. Published online December 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.4.428

Abstract PDF

Operators of hospital sterilizers who use ethylene oxide (EtO) were studied to determine the exposure of EtO level and the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) from June 12 to July 20, 1997. To evaluate SCEs in the peripheral blood cells, we selected 22 workers at the central supply room of 4 university hospitals and 22 unexposed workers at the same hospitals according to match sex, age, and smoking habit and also did questionnaires. The mean air concentrations (8-hr TWA) of EtO at 4 university hospitals were less than 1 ppm. The SCE frequencies in exposed workers to EtO and controls were normally distributed. The SCE frequencies in exposed workers to EtO and controls were 6.42+/-.63, 5.86+/-.69, respectively and their differences were statistically significant (p=0.0093). But there were no statistically significant differences in smoking, alcohol intake, coffee drinking. Especially smokers who exposed to EtO were increased SCE statistically significant than the exposed group who did not smoke.

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Analysis of Micronuclei and Its Association with Genetic Polymorphisms in Hospital Workers Exposed to Ethylene Oxide
Sun-Yeong Lee, Yang-Jee Kim, Young-Joo Choi, Joong-Won Lee, Young-Hyun Lee, Mi-Yeon Shin, Won Kim, Chung-Sik Yoon, Sung-Kyoon Kim, Hai-Won Chung
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Original Article

Sister-Chromatid Exchanges in Lymphocytes of Medical Students Exposed to Formaldehyde: Soo Jin Lee, Jeong Il Son, Sang Hyo Sim, Kee Young Kim, Jaecheol Song, Suo Ja Chu, Sung Han Shim, Youl Hee Cho, Doo Jin Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(2):282-289. Published online May 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.2.282

Abstract PDF

Sister-chromatic exchanges measured in the peripheral lymphocytes of 15 non-smoking medical students after exposure to formaldehyde during a 24-week anatomy class showed a small but significant (p=0.0468) increase when compared with samples obtained from the same individuals immediately before exposure. Mean frequencies of sister-chromatic exchange of cultured peripheral lymphocytes were 5.40+/-0.24 from the samples before exposure and 5.87+/-0.22 from the same samples after exposure. Breathing-zone air samples collected by formaldehyde monitoring kit with digital colorimeter (SKC) showed a mean concentration of 0.72+/-0.02 ppm formaldehyde.

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The effect of formaldehyde on neurobehavioral performance of student during cadaver dissection
Yong Sakong, Hee-Yoon Jo, In-Gook Lee, Kyeong-Soo Lee, Man-Joong Jun
Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine.2016; 33(2): 85. CrossRef

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Original Article

Biomarkers of Susceptibility in Bladder Carcinogenesis: Sue Kyung Park, Hae Won Jung, Dae Hee Kang, Keun Young Yoo, Soo Hun Cho; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1997;9(2):341-356. Published online June 30, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.2.341

Abstract PDF: Owing to the development of molecular biological techniques to identify new biomarkers of bladder cancer, the information obtained from the studios in which newly developed biomarkers are applied potentially useful in screening of general population, diagnosis of patients, predicting biological behavior and prognosis, and exposure assessments. Despite of rapid development there are a few review about the biomarkers in bladder cancer from which grogs summary of results as well as their optimal function can be considered. This study was carried out in biomarkers of bladder cancer by reviewing the literature to assess the usefulness and stapes of researches for biomarkers of bladder cancer on high risk groups, general population and patients. The biomarkers of bladder cancer were classified by Weinstein's model of carcinogenesis, simple classification of exposure-discase in classical epidemiology, classification by conception of exposure-disease continuum on molecular epidemiology, and application of biomarkers. Two biomarkers, N-acetylation enzyme and Glutathion S-transferase, which had been studied extensively in molecular epidemiology were selected and reviewed. Although the generalization, prediction and diagnosis of bladder cancer based on a single biomarker give rise to trouble due to intravariation of bladder tumor and heterogeneity of biomarkers variation, searching for more specific tumor markers may accurately lead better prediction of prognosis and better estimation of treatment response. The usefulness of both N-acetylation enzyme and glutathion 5-transferase in high-risk groups who have exposes to carcinogen may be more valuable. However more informations are neede in order to apply these biomarkers in clinical practices in further studies.

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Original Article

Mercury Concentration in air and in Urine of Workers in Fluorescent Lamp Manufacturing Factories in Korea: Kwang Jong Kim, Chul Whan Cha; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1990;2(2):179-185. Published online August 31, 1990; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1990.2.2.179

Abstract PDF: This research was conducted to investigate the correlations between urinary mercury concentration and each independent variable related with urinary mercury levels. the urinary mercury concentrations of 543 workers exposed to metal mercury vapor in a total of 11 fluorescent lamp manufacturing factories and at the same time mercury concentrations in air were measured from June 1989 to December 1989. And annually mercury consumption per workers, mercury consumption per lamp, numbers of breakage lamps, frequency of mercury infusion, numbers of droppers, and numbers of vacuum exhaustion pumps were also investigated. The results were as follows: 1. The geometric mean of airborne mercury concentration in a total of 11 factories was 47.9 microgram/m3 (5.8~352.2 microgram/m3), six factories(54.5%) of them were exceed the threshold limit value(50.0 microgram/m3). 2. The geometric mean of urinary mercury concentration among 543 workers was 84.3 microgram/l (1.13~533.9 microgram/l), the distribution of workers by urinary mercury concentration showed that 26 workers(4.8%) were above the mercury posioning level(300 microgram/l). 3. The correlation coefficient between urinary mercury concentration and monthly numbers of breakage lamps was the highest(0.74) and next was mercury consumption per lamp (0.67), annually mercury consumption per worker(0.63) in order.

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Original Article

Mercury Concentration in Air and in Urine of Workers in A Fluorescent Lamp Manufacturing Factory: Seung Hoi Park, Kwang Jong Kim, Soung Hoon Chang, Chul Whan Cha; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1989;1(2):197-205. Published online November 30, 1989; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1989.1.2.197

Abstract PDF: In order In interpret the relationship among many variables, urinary mercury and at the same time mercury concentration in air were measured for 254 workers of a fluorescent lamp manufacturing factory. And monthly mercury consumption amounts, numbers of monthly producing fluorescent lamps, numbers of inferior lamps and numbers of breakage lamps, numbers of vacuum exhaustion pumps and frequencies of mercury infusion were also investigated from January 1988 to March in 1989. The results were as follows; 1. On the mercury concentration in air by producing line and by working site, all of them were exceed the threshold limit value (0.05mg/m(2)). 2. The highest mercury concentration in air by sampling point was found at the floor of workplace (0.334mg/m(2)) and next were at vacuum exhaustion pimp (0.183mg/m(2)), and breathing zone of workers (0.103mg/m(2)) in order. 3. The highest mean of the mercury concentration in urine by producing line was the automatic exhausting line (80.8microgram/1) and next were high speed exhausting line (72.4microgram/1), and Manual exhausting line (35.8microgram/1) in order. Distribution of workers of the mercury concentration in urine more than 200microgram/1 by working site was the highest (10%) in the vacuum exhaustion pump part and next were sealing part (6.6%), packing part (4.6%), and stem part (4.1%) in order. 4. The correlation coefficient between mercury concentration in urine and in air was the highest (0.302) and next were numbers of breakage lamps (0.223), frequencies of mercury infusion (0.223), numbers of inferior lamps (0.205) in order.

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