Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and urine phthalate metabolites: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3: Jisoo Kang, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e53. Published online December 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e53

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Plastics are high-molecular-weight materials composed of long carbon chains. They are prevalent in daily life, present in various items such as food containers and microwavable packaging. Phthalates, an additive used to enhance their flexibility, are endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We utilized the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3, representing the general South Korean population, to investigate the relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and phthalate exposure.
Methods
We assessed 3,333 adult participants (aged ≥ 19 years) including 1,526 men and 1,807 women, using data from KoNEHS cycle 3. Using the 75th percentile concentration, urine phthalate metabolites were categorized into high and low-concentration groups. χ² test was conducted to analyze variations in the distribution of each variable, considering sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, food intake, the use of plastics, and the concentration of urine phthalate metabolites as the variables. To calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine phthalate metabolites based on the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage, logistic regression analysis was conducted.
Results
In men, the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those using the others. The adjusted ORs were calculated as follows: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) had an OR of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.72), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.16–1.88), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) had an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.04–1.66), ∑di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) had an OR of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08–1.74) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had an OR of 1.44 (95% CI: 1.13–1.84).
Conclusion
The concentrations of urine phthalate metabolites (MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, and MnBP) were significantly higher in men who used plastics in refrigerator food storage compared to those using the others.; 제3기(2015-2017) 국민환경보건 기초조사 자료를 이용한 냉장고 식품보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체간의 관계
목적
플라스틱은 긴 탄소 사슬로 구성된 고분자 물질로 일상생활에서 식품용기, 전자레인지용 포장용기 등 다양한 곳에서 사용되고 있다. 프탈레이트는 플라스틱의 유연성을 증가시키는 가소제로 사용되는데, 이는 내분비계 장애물질로 알려져있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 인구를 대표하는 자료인 국민환경보건 기초조사 3기를 이용하여 가정내 냉장고 식품보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체와의 연관성을 조사하였다.
방법
본 연구는 국민환경보건 기초조사 3기에서 3,333명의 19세 이상 성인을 연구 대상자로 선정하였다. (남자: 1,526명 여자: 1,807명) 요중 프탈레이트 대사체는 75th percentile값을 기준으로 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 고농도군과 저농도군으로 정의하였다. 사회인구학적 요인, 건강행태 요인, 식이요인과 플라스틱 사용, 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 농도간의 분포를 분석하기위해 χ2-test를 사용하였다. 또한 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 가정내 냉장고 식품보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 고농도군에 속할 OR값을 계산하였다.
결과
남성에서 가정내 냉장고 식품보관시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우 플라스틱을 사용하지 않는 경우보다 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 농도가 높았다. 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우 MEHHP의 고농도군에 해당될 adjusted ORs은 1.35(95%CI: 1.05-1.72), MEOHP 1.48(95%CI: 1.16-1.88), MECPP 1.32(95%CI: 1.04-1.66), ∑DEHP 1.37(95%CI: 1.08-1.74), MnBP 1.44(95%CI: 1.13-1.84)으로 조사되었다.
결론
남성에서 가정내 냉장고 식품 보관 시 플라스틱을 사용하는 경우는 플라스틱을 사용하지 않는 경우보다 요중 프탈레이트 대사체(MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MnBP) 농도가 높았다.

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Original Article

Relationship between shellfish consumption and urinary phthalate metabolites: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015-2017): Jisoo Kang, Seong-yong Cho, Jinseok Kim, Seongyong Yoon, Jong-min An, Gayoung Kim, Si young Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e2. Published online February 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e2

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are widely used in the production of items of daily life such as in polyvinylchloride plastics, insecticides, and medical devices. This study aimed to determine the association between phthalate exposure and shellfish consumption using data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017), which is a nationally representative survey.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the KoNEHS cycle 3 data of 3,333 (1,526 men and 1,807 women) adults aged more than 19 years. Data related to the variables of sociodemographic factors, health-related behaviors, dietary factors, seafood consumption frequency, and urinary phthalate metabolites concentrations were collected. The concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites of all the participants were divided into quartiles to define high and low concentration groups based on the 75th percentile concentration. A χ² test was conducted to analyze the distribution of independent variables. To analyze the relationship between shellfish consumption and phthalate exposure, the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Total adults with shellfish consumption frequency of over once a week showed the following adjusted ORs for high concentrations of the following metabolites compared with the group that consumed shellfish once a week or less: 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.06) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), 1.43 (95% CI: 1.01–2.03) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10–2.24) for ∑di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (∑DEHP), 2.01 (95% CI: 1.46–2.77) for mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP), 1.56 (95% CI: 1.11–2.18) for mono-carboxy-isononly phthalate (MCNP), and 2.57 (95% CI: 1.85–3.56) for mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP).

Conclusions

The concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites (MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MCOP, MCNP, and MCPP) were higher in adults with a higher frequency of shellfish consumption.

국민환경보건 기초조사 제3기(2015-2017) 자료를 이용한 조개류 섭취와 요중 프탈레이트 대사체간의 관계
목적
프탈레이트(phthalate)는 내분비계 장애물질(endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs)로서, 일상생활에서 가소제, 살충제, 의료기기 등으로 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 프탈레이트는 해양 생태계에서 널리 발견되며, 조개류는 해양생태계오염의 대표적인 지표로 사용된다. 현재까지 해양 생태계의 프탈레이트의 오염에 대한 다양한 연구가 수행되고 있으나 국내에서 프탈레이트 노출과 조개류 섭취와 관련된 연구는 아직 이루어진 바가 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 인구를 대표하는 자료인 국민환경보건 기초조사 제3기(2015-2017) 자료를 이용하여 요중 프탈레이트 대사체와 조개류 섭취와의 연관성을 분석하고자 했다.
방법
본 연구는 국민환경보건 기초조사 제3기(2015-2017) 자료를 이용하여 만 19세 이상 성인 3,333명(남자1,526명과 여자1,807명)을 대상으로 진행하였다. 사회인구학적 변수 및 건강행태 관련 변수 및 식이 요인과 해산물의 섭취 빈도, 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 농도를 변수로 두어 각 변수 간의 분포 차이를 분석하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 조개류 섭취빈도에 따라 요중 프탈레이트 대사체 고농도군에 속할 OR값을 계산하였다.
결과
조개류 섭취의 경우 주 1회 초과군에서 MEOHP의 고농도군에 해당될 adjusted ORs은 1.43(95%CI: 1.01-2.06), MECPP 1.43(95%CI: 1.01-2.03), ∑DEHP 1.57(95%CI: 1.10-2.24), MCOP 2.01(95%CI: 1.46-2.77), MCNP 1.56(95%CI: 1.11-2.18), MCPP 2.57(95%CI: 1.85-3.56)으로 조사되었다.
결론
성인에서 조개류 섭취 빈도가 많을수록 요중 프탈레이트 대사체(MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MCOP, MCNP, MCPP) 농도가 높았다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Urinary phthalate metabolites and heart rate variability: A panel study
Ziqian Zhang, Miao Liu, Lei Zhao, Linlin Liu, Wenting Guo, Jie Yu, Huihua Yang, Xuefeng Lai, Xiaomin Zhang, Liangle Yang
Environmental Pollution.2023; 330: 121760. CrossRef
Microplastics induced inflammation and apoptosis via ferroptosis and the NF-κB pathway in carp
Tianchao Xu, Jie Cui, Ran Xu, Jingwen Cao, Meng-yao Guo
Aquatic Toxicology.2023; 262: 106659. CrossRef
Relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and urine phthalate metabolites: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3
Jisoo Kang, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Association of phthalates and early menarche in Korean adolescent girls from Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015–2017: One Park, Jong-Tae Park, Youngchan Chi, Kyeongmin Kwak; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e4. Published online February 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e4

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Phthalates are one of renowned endocrine-disrupting chemicals, although inconsistent results are present around their effect on onset of menarche. Our hypothesis is that pre-pubertal exposure to phthalates is associated with acceleration of menarche.

Methods

We analyzed a total of 236 middle school (7th to 9th grade) girls from Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2015–2017. We used multiple linear regression to investigate impact of eight phthalate metabolites on age of menarche. We also conducted logistic regression to evaluate association between phthalate metabolite concentrations and early onset of menarche, adjusting for grade, maternal age of menarche and body mass index (BMI).

Results

In linear regression analysis, no significant association was found for any phthalate metabolites. In logistic regression analysis, however, odds ratios (ORs) of early menarche were significantly increased for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and for sum of all phthalates. When compared to group with the lowest level, high concentration group for MnBP presented significantly increased odds of early menarche (OR: 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 4.23) after adjusting for grade, maternal age of menarche and BMI. Furthermore, high concentrations of sum of all phthalates were associated with significant increase of OR of early menarche (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.10, 4.49) after adjustment, compared to the lowest concentration group.

Conclusions

Results of our study suggest that exposure to phthalates around puberty may be associated with increased risk of early menarche.

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Research Article

Relationship between urinary phthalate metabolites and diabetes: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017): Do Jin Nam, Yeji Kim, Eun Hye Yang, Hyo Choon Lee, Jae-Hong Ryoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e34. Published online September 18, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e34

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

We aimed to determine relationship diabetes according to urinary phthalate metabolites using adult data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey cycle 3 (2015–2017).

Method

This study was conducted on 3,781 adults aged 19 years and older (1,648 men and 2,133 women) based on KoNEHS cycle 3. Participants' data were analyzed by gender; Relationship between phthalate metabolites in the urine and diabetes was analyzed by dividing the sociodemographic variables, health behavior-related variables, and urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations into quartiles. To determine the relationship between urinary phthalate metabolites and the prevalence of diabetes, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Based on the 1st quartile of each metabolite, the ORs for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (4th quartile), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) (2nd quartile, 3rd quartile and 4th quartile), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) (4th quartile), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECCP) (4th quartile), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (3rd quartile and 4th quartile), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) (2nd quartile) and 4th quartile), and mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) (3rd quartile and 4th quartile) were significantly higher after the adjustment in men. The ORs for DEHP (2nd quartile, 3rd quartile and 4th quartile), MEHHP (2nd quartile, 3rd quartile and 4th quartile), MEOHP (4th quartile), MECCP (4th quartile), MBzP (4th quartile), and MCPP (4th quartile) were significantly higher after the adjustment in women.

Conclusion

This study investigated relationship between urinary phthalate metabolites and diabetes. The higher urinary phthalate metabolites, the higher the prevalence of diabetes. Further regulation of phthalate may be needed, and further studies are warranted to confirm the association between phthalate concentration and other chronic diseases (such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease).

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Research Article

Association between urinary phthalate metabolites and obesity in adult Korean population: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS), 2012–2014: Yangwon Kang, Juha Park, Kanwoo Youn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e23. Published online September 9, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e23

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Phthalate is a chemical that is commonly used as a plasticizer in processing plastic products and as a solvent in personal care products. Although previous experimental studies have reported that phthalate metabolites are associated with obesity, epidemiological study results have been inconsistent and insufficient. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary phthalate metabolites and obesity in adult Korean population.

Methods

The present study selected 4,752 Korean adults aged 19 years or older from the 2012–2014 Korean National Environmental Health Survey data. The concentrations of urinary di-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites—i.e., mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate—mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were adjusted using the urinary creatinine. We used logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between urinary phthalate metabolite concentration and body mass index (BMI) with respect to sex and age.

Results

Among women, urinary MEHHP and DEHP concentrations were found to have statistically significantly positive associations with obesity (Q4 versus Q1; odds ratio (OR): 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–2.49 for MEHHP and OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04–2.21 for DEHP). Among men, urinary MnBP concentration was found to have statistically significantly negative association with obesity (Q4 versus Q1; OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.50–0.99). In the analysis stratified by sex and age, women aged ≥ 50 years showed statistically significantly positive associations between the concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites, DEHP, MBzP, and obesity (Q4 versus Q1; OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.28–2.94 for MEHHP, OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.21–2.94 for MEOHP, OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.31–3.18 for DEHP, and Q3 versus Q1; OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.02–2.05 for MBzP). Meanwhile, men aged ≥ 50 years showed no significant associations between urinary phthalate concentrations and obesity.

Conclusions

In the present study, we found differences in the associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and BMI according to sex and age. However, because the present study was cross-sectional in nature, additional support through prospective studies is needed to estimate the causal associations.

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Case Report

A Case of Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome in a Synthetic Resin Manufacture Factory: So Young Park, Jong Seong Lee, Boo Wook Kim, Joung Oh Lee, Kyu Chul Park, Byung Soon Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(4):372-378. Published online December 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.4.372

Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), which represents between 5% and 18% of new-onset, work-related asthma, remains underreported in spite of increasing reports of occupational asthma cases through occupational asthma surveillance in Korea. We report a 61-year-old male who developed RADS after exposure to a high level of toxic gases from a workplace accident.
CASE
The patient who had worked for 21 years at a PVC manufacture factory and had retained good health until Aug 22, 2007, when he was exposed to PVC (polyvinyl chloride), DEHP (Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate), dibutyl tin maleate and epoxidized soybean oil gases from a heated mixer. Within several minutes of exposure, he developed coughing, rhinorrhea, dyspnea and wheezing. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) showed an FVC of 3.81 L(82% of predicted), FEV1 of 1.63 L/s (50% of predicted), FEV1/FVC% of 43 %, and FEV1 of 1.80 L/s that increased by 170 ml and 10.4% in response to bronchodilator. After 7 months of treatment with inhaled steroids and bronchodilators, repeat PFTs showed an FVC of 6.56 L(143.5% of predicted), FEV1 of 3.21 L(99.3% of predicted), and FEV1/FVC% of 48.9%. A methacholine challenge test was negative at a concentration of 25 mg/ml.
CONCLUSION
RADS occurred due to exposure to raw material vapors or their thermal decomposition products.

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Original Article

Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method with UV Detector for the Determination of Di(2-ethylhexyl)Phthalate in Plasma in some Korean Male Workers: Yun Jung Yang, Soon Chul Myoung, Sae Chul Kim, Yeon Pyo Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):70-78. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.70

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to validate a simple, rapid and sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detector (HPLC-UV) and present the plasma level of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in some Korean male workers.
METHODS
HPLC-UV for quantification of plasma DEHP was validated by the following guideline from the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)-calibration/standard curve, precision, accuracy and recovery. Plasma DEHP from 255 healthy Korean male workers aged from 30 to 60 years was analyzed by validated HPLC-UV method.
RESULTS
The calibration curve over the range 0~150 microgram/liter for the plasma DEHP standard solution showed linearity(r2=0.999). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of plasma DEHP were 5.22 microgram/liter and 15.81 microgram/liter, respectively. The accuracy and precision for 2.5 microgram/liter of DEHP were acceptable in CDER guideline on the second and third day but not first day, and those for 50 microgram/liter and 150 microgram/liter of DEHP were acceptable on all three days(Ed-confirm this addition). The distribution of plasma DEHP level was skewed to the left and ranged from 0 to 18.9 microgram/liter. The plasma DEHP level was lower than 10 microgram/liter for 98 % of subjects and lower than 5 microgram/liter for 85 %. The geometric mean and standard deviation of plasma DEHP were 0.4 +/- 1.5 microgram/liter.
CONCLUSIONS
The HPLC-UV method for quantification of plasma DEHP was acceptable by CDER guideline. The plasma DEHP of 255 Korean male workers ranged from 0 to 18.9 microgram/liter and the distribution was skewed to the left.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Assessment of Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure by Urinary Metabolites as a Function of Sampling Time
Moon-seo Park, Yun-jung Yang, Yeon-pyo Hong, Sang-yon Kim, Yong-pil Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2010; 43(4): 301. CrossRef

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Original Article

Age-dependent Effect of Metabolism and Testicular Toxicity to di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate: Yeong Ju Park, Byung Sun Choi, Jung Duck Park, Yeon Pyo Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(3):236-246. Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.3.236

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the age-dependent response of testicular toxicity and the mechanism of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) induced testicular toxicity.
METHODS
DEHP was administered orally in doses of 0, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg/day, for 7 days, to 3, 6 and 9 week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Testicular weight and sperm head counts, plasma level of DEHP, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and testicular lipid peroxidation were measured. Histopathological changes in the testis were observed.
RESULTS
Reductions in weight gains, and relative testis weights, were observed in the 3 week-old rats in a dose-dependent manner, but not in the 6 and 9 week-old rats, compared to those of the control rats. Sperm head counts were decreased in the 6 week-old rats exposed to 2.0 g/kg/day, but not in the 9 week-old rats. Testicular atrophy and significant size reduction of the seminiferous tubule were observed in a dose-dependent manner in the 3 week-old rats. The plasma concentrations of MEHP were higher than those of DEHP, with these levels being most elevated in the younger rats. Lipid peroxidation, following exposed to DEHP, was increased in a dose-dependent manner in the 3 week-old, but with no changes in the 6 and 9 week-old rats.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest the age related difference observed in the testicular response to the oral administration of DEHP may be due to the metabolism, and that oxidative stress may be related to the mechanism of DEHP induced testicular toxicity.

Citations

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The Impairment of Thyroid Hormones Homeostasis after Short-Term Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in Adolescent Male Rats
Sang-Yon Kim, Yeon-Pyo Hong, Yun-Jung Yang
Development & Reproduction.2021; 25(4): 293. CrossRef

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