Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

The relationship between skeletal muscle mass and the KOSHA cardiovascular risk in obese male workers: Hyo Won Chong, JunSeok Son, Changho Chae, Changho Jae; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e40. Published online October 4, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e40

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Efforts for the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in workers have been actively pursued. Obesity is one of the important risk factors related to CVDs. Obesity has various metabolic characteristics, and some individuals can be metabolically healthy. Body composition including skeletal muscle mass is known to have protective effect in obesity. The study aims to investigate the association between skeletal muscle mass and Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) CVD risk among obese male manufacturing workers in Korea and to identify appropriate indicators of skeletal muscle mass for predicting risk of CVDs.
Methods
The study was conducted on 2,007 obese male workers at a manufacturing industry aged more than 19 years. Skeletal muscle mass, skeletal muscle index (SMI), skeletal muscle mass percent (SMM%) and skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) were used to evaluate body composition and these indicators were divided into quartiles. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the KOSHA CVD risk groups according to quartiles of skeletal muscle mass indicators were estimated using ordinal logistic regression analysis.
Results
The OR for the KOSHA CVD risk groups in the highest quartile of SMI was 1.67 (95% CI: 1.42–1.92), while the ORs for the KOSHA CVD risk groups in the highest quartiles of SMM%, SMM/body mass index (BMI), and MFR were 0.47 (95% CI: 0.22–0.72), 0.51 (95% CI: 0.05–0.76), and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.23–0.74), respectively.
Conclusions
We found that high SMI increase the likelihood of high risk of CVDs, while high SMM%, SMM/BMI, and MFR lower the likelihood of high risk of CVDs. Accurate evaluation of skeletal muscle mass can help assess the cardiovascular risk in obese male workers.; 비만 남성 근로자에서 골격근량과 KOSHA 심혈관질환 위험도와의 연관성
목적
근로자의 심혈관질환의 예방과 사후관리를 위한 노력이 활발이 이루어지고 있다. 비만은 심혈관질환과 관련한 중요한 위험인자로 알려져 있다. 비만은 다양한 대사 특성을 나타내며 일부는 대사적으로 건강하다. 기전 중 하나로 골격근량을 포함한 체성분 구성의 대사적 보호 효과가 알려져 있다. 본 연구를 통해 국내 제조업 비만 남성 근로자를 대상으로 골격근량과 KOSHA 심혈관질환 위험도 간의 연관성을 확인하고, 심혈관질환 위험도를 예측할 수 있는 적절한 골격근량 지표를 확인하고자 하였다.
방법
제조업에 근무하는 19세 이상의 비만 남성 근로자 2,007명을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 체성분을 평가하기 위해 골격근량, skeletal muscle index (SMI), skeletal muscle mass percent (SMM%) 및 skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) 지표를 사용하였으며 4분위수로 나누었다. 순서형 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 골격근량 지표의 사분위수에 대한 KOSHA 심혈관질환 위험도의 교차비와 95% 신뢰구간을 산출하였다.
결과
순서형 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행한 결과, SMI 의 높은 사분위수에서 심혈관질환 위험군의 교차비는 1.67 (95% CI, 1.42-1.92) 으로 나타났다. SMM%, SMM/BMI 및 MFR 의 높은 사분위수에서 MHO 군의 심혈관질환 위험군의 교차비는 각각 0.47 (95% CI, 0.22-0.72), 0.51 (95% CI, 0.05-0.76), 및 0.48 (95% CI, 0.23-0.74) 으로 나타났다.
결론
본 연구에서 높은 SMI 에서 KOSHA 심혈관질환 위험도가 높게 나타날 가능성이 높으며, 높은 SMM%, SMM/BMI 및 MFR 에서 KOSHA 심혈관질환 위험도가 높게 나타날 가능성이 낮았다. 정확한 골격근량의 평가는 비만 남성 근로자의 심혈관질환 위험도를 가늠하는데 도움이 될 것으로 보인다.

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Research Article

Association between urinary phthalate metabolites and obesity in adult Korean population: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS), 2012–2014: Yangwon Kang, Juha Park, Kanwoo Youn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e23. Published online September 9, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e23

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Background

Phthalate is a chemical that is commonly used as a plasticizer in processing plastic products and as a solvent in personal care products. Although previous experimental studies have reported that phthalate metabolites are associated with obesity, epidemiological study results have been inconsistent and insufficient. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary phthalate metabolites and obesity in adult Korean population.

Methods

The present study selected 4,752 Korean adults aged 19 years or older from the 2012–2014 Korean National Environmental Health Survey data. The concentrations of urinary di-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites—i.e., mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate—mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were adjusted using the urinary creatinine. We used logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between urinary phthalate metabolite concentration and body mass index (BMI) with respect to sex and age.

Results

Among women, urinary MEHHP and DEHP concentrations were found to have statistically significantly positive associations with obesity (Q4 versus Q1; odds ratio (OR): 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–2.49 for MEHHP and OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04–2.21 for DEHP). Among men, urinary MnBP concentration was found to have statistically significantly negative association with obesity (Q4 versus Q1; OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.50–0.99). In the analysis stratified by sex and age, women aged ≥ 50 years showed statistically significantly positive associations between the concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites, DEHP, MBzP, and obesity (Q4 versus Q1; OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.28–2.94 for MEHHP, OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.21–2.94 for MEOHP, OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.31–3.18 for DEHP, and Q3 versus Q1; OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.02–2.05 for MBzP). Meanwhile, men aged ≥ 50 years showed no significant associations between urinary phthalate concentrations and obesity.

Conclusions

In the present study, we found differences in the associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and BMI according to sex and age. However, because the present study was cross-sectional in nature, additional support through prospective studies is needed to estimate the causal associations.

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Research Article

Effects of shift work on abdominal obesity among 20–39-year-old female nurses: a 5-year retrospective longitudinal study: Gyeong-Jin Lee, Kunhyung Kim, Se-yeong Kim, Jeong-Ho Kim, Chunhui Suh, Byung-Chul Son, Chae-Kwan Lee, Junghye Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:69. Published online December 5, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0148-6

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Background

This study aimed to investigate the effects of shift work on abdominal obesity among young and middle-aged female nurses during a 5-year retrospective study.

Methods

This retrospective study included female nurses (20–39 years old) who worked at a university hospital in Korea and had available health screening results from 2010–2015. Among 2,611 employees, 934 healthy 20–39-year-old female nurses were identified, and data regarding their demographic information (age and date of employment), waist circumferences (WC), and lifestyle factors (alcohol and exercise) were obtained. Abdominal obesity was defined as a WC of ≥80 cm, based on the World Health Organization’s Asia-West Pacific standard in 2000. The mean WC change from baseline was analyzed using the paired t test, and the association between shift work and abdominal obesity was analyzed using the generalized estimating equation.

Results

Compared to all day workers (both age groups), the 20–29-year-old nurses did not exhibit significant changes in WC at each follow-up. However, among the 30–39-year-old nurses, shift workers exhibited a significant change in WC (vs. baseline) during years 4 and 5, compared to day workers. After adjusting for effective confounders and stratifying the participants according to age, the 20–29-year-old nurses exhibited an odds ratio of 3.21 (95 % confidence interval: 1.29–7.98) for shift work-associated obesity, although the odds ratio for the 30–39-year-old nurses was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

In the study population, shift work was associated with a significant change in mean WC among 30–39-year-old nurses, and the shift work-associated risk of abdominal obesity was significant among 20–29-year-old nurses. These results indicate that shift work may influence abdominal obesity differently in 20–29-year-old and 30–39-year-old female nurses.

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Research Article

Association between urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and body mass index in Korean adults: 1^st Korean National Environmental Health Survey: Minsang Yoo, Youn-Hee Lim, Taeshik Kim, Dongwook Lee, Yun-Chul Hong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:2. Published online January 13, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0079-7

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Background

According to US-EPA report, the use of pyrethrins and pyrethroids has increased during the past decade, and their area of use included not only in agricultural settings, but in commerce, and individual household. It is known that urinary 3-PBA, major metabolite of pyrethroid, have some associations with health effect in nervous and endocrine system, however, there’s no known evidence that urinary 3-PBA have associations with obesity.

Method

We used data of 3671 participants aged above 19 from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey in 2009–2011. In our analysis, multivariate piece-wise regression and logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the association between urinary 3-PBA (3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid) and BMI.

Result

Log-transformed level of urinary 3-PBA had significantly positive association with BMI at the low-level range of exposure (p < 0.0001), and opposite associations were observed at the high level exposure (p = 0.04) after adjusting covariates. In piece-wise regression analysis, the flexion point that changes direction of the associations was at around 4 ug/g creatinine of urinary 3-PBA. As quintiles based on concentration of urinary 3-PBA increased to Q4, the ORs for prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m²) were increased, and the OR of Q5 was lower than that of Q4 (OR = 1.810 for Q4; OR = 1.483 for Q5). In the analysis using obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) as outcome variable, significant associations were observed between obesity and quintiles of 3-PBA, however, there were no differences between the OR of Q5 and that of Q4 (OR = 1.659 for Q4; OR = 1.666 for Q5).

Conclusion

Our analysis suggested that low-level of pyrethroid exposure has positive association with BMI, however, there is an inverse relationship above the urinary 3-PBA level at 4 ug/g creatinine.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-015-0079-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Research Article

Association between shift work and obesity according to body fat percentage in Korean wage workers: data from the fourth and the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2008–2011): ManKi Son, Byeong Jin Ye, Jung-Il Kim, ShinUk Kang, Kap-Yeol Jung; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:32. Published online December 23, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0082-z

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Background

Health problems in shift workers vary including obesity acting as a risk factor in cerebrovascular diseases. Recent studies have commonly determined the prevalence of obesity in shift workers on the basis of body mass index. The accuracy of BMI for diagnosing obesity are still limited apparently. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the relationship between shift work and obesity according to the total body fat percentage in Korean wage workers.

Methods

From the Fourth and the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011), after military personnel were excluded, a total of 2952 wage workers (20 ≤ age ≤ 65) whose current jobs were their longest jobs were selected as subjects of the study. The total body fat percentage was used to determine the obesity standards (≥25.7 % in males and ≥36.0 % in females). The subjects were divided into groups by gender and work type (manual vs non-manual), and chi-squared test was used to evaluate the relationship between socio-economic, health behavior, and work-related factors, on the one hand, and obesity, on the other. In addition, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of shift work on obesity.

Results

When other factors were controlled for, the risk of obesity in shift work showed a statistically significant increase (odds ratio = 1.779, 95 % confidence interval = 1.050-3.015) in the male manual worker group. However, there were no significant results in the male non-manual and female worker groups.

Conclusion

Shift work was related to a higher risk of obesity in the Korean male manual worker group.

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Karolina Łagowska, Agnieszka Kuleta‐Koberska, Michał Michalak, Joanna Bajerska
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Prediction of risk of coronary artery disease based on the Framingham risk score in association with shift work among nurses
Farhad Solymanzadeh, Dariush Rokhafroz, Marziyeh Asadizaker, Maryam Dastoorpoor
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Jingyi Qian, Christopher J. Morris, Rosanna Caputo, Wei Wang, Marta Garaulet, Frank A. J. L. Scheer
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Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.2019; 70(3): 194. CrossRef
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Research Article

The association between long working hours and the metabolic syndrome: evidences from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2010 and 2012: Jae Uk Jeong, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:53. Published online December 21, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0053-9

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Objectives

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the association between the working hours of Korean employees and the metabolic syndrome and the effects of long working hours on metabolic syndrome based on the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012).

Methods

Based on the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012), 4,456 Korean employees without shift work, aged over 15, who work 30 hours or more per week were targeted in this study. The association between the general characteristics, including age, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, and the metabolic syndrome criteria defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and weekly working hours were analyzed. In addition, the association between weekly working hours and the metabolic syndrome of the subjects stratified by gender was analyzed through multiple logistic regression analyses and generalized linear mixed model after adjusting the general characteristics.

Results

In the results of stratified analysis by gender, in male subjects, in comparison with the 30-39 weekly working hours group, there were no significant adjusted odds ratios to the other working hours groups. In female subjects, in comparison with the 30-39 weekly working hours group, there were no significant adjusted odds ratios to the other working hours groups. In addition, no trend associations were observed among weekly working hour groups in both stratified genders.

Conclusion

No significant differences in prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the subjects stratified by gender were found according to weekly increasing working hours. However, due to some limitations of this study, further prospective studies may be necessary for verification.

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Hye-Eun Lee, Ichiro Kawachi
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Yihui Wang, Li Yu, Yinyan Gao, Lili Jiang, Lin Yuan, Pengju Wang, Yanwen Cao, Xuping Song, Long Ge, Guowu Ding
Chronobiology International.2021; 38(3): 318. CrossRef
Mediation analysis of dietary habits, nutrient intakes, daily life in the relationship between working hours of Korean shift workers and metabolic syndrome : the sixth (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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The association between long working hours and metabolic syndrome remains elusive
Adriano M. Pimenta, Miguel A. Martinez-Gonzalez
The European Journal of Public Health.2016; 26(3): 377. CrossRef

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Research Article

Occupational Factors Associated with Changes in the Body Mass Index of Korean Male Manual Workers: In-Woong Song, Kuck-Hyun Woo, Jin-Seok Kim, Seong-Yong Yoon, Joo-Yong Na, Jin-Hyun Yu, Seong-Yong Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:40-40. Published online December 27, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-40

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Objectives

This study was carried out to analyze and compare the occupational factors that could influence changes in body mass index (BMI) in male manual workers stratified into short-term and long-term work experience groups.

Methods

The subjects were 299 male manual workers (sampled systematically) from 27 workplaces, who had undergone travelling medical examinations at a university hospital between March 28 and May 10, 2013, and had also undergone medical examinations at the same hospital in 2012. Their general and occupational characteristics were investigated through a structured, self-administered questionnaire. The BMI at each point in time was calculated based on the anthropometric results of the medical examinations. Multiple regression analyses were conducted on outcomes of the BMI change and predictors composed of the general and occupational characteristics, with the subjects stratified into groups with 5 years or less (short-term) versus more than 5 years (long-term) of work experience at the present post.

Results

In the short-term work experience group, the BMI increases of 3-shift workers and groups reporting disagreement with feeling “insufficient job control” and “lack of reward” at work, two of the subscales of job stress, were significantly higher than those of daytime workers and high-stress groups, respectively. In the long-term work experience group, However, although the BMI increase for 3-shift workers was also significantly higher than that of daytime workers, none of the job stress factors were significantly associated with a BMI increase, whereas the social factors of education and marital status were significant, and some lifestyle factors (such as smoking and regular exercise) were also significant.

Conclusion

This study showed that, except for 3-shift work, the factors associated with BMI increase could differ depending on the length of job experience. Consequently, different strategies may be needed for workers with short-term versus long-term job experience when designing interventions for preventing their obesity.

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Férfi fizikai dolgozók testösszetételének jellemzői: középpontban az életkor
Zsolt Szakály, Zsófia Pápai, Zsuzsanna Liszkai, József Bognár, Csaba András Dézsi
Orvosi Hetilap.2023; 164(3): 96. CrossRef
Obesity trend in the United States and economic intervention options to change it: A simulation study linking ecological epidemiology and system dynamics modeling
H.-J. Chen, H. Xue, S. Liu, T.T.K. Huang, Y.C. Wang, Y. Wang
Public Health.2018; 161: 20. CrossRef
Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among Health-Care Workers of Endoscopy Units in Korea
Seung-Joo Nam, Hoon Jai Chun, Jeong Seop Moon, Sung Chul Park, Young-Jae Hwang, In Kyung Yoo, Jae Min Lee, Seung Han Kim, Hyuk Soon Choi, Eun Sun Kim, Bora Keum, Yoon Tae Jeen, Hong Sik Lee, Chang Duck Kim
Clinical Endoscopy.2016; 49(3): 266. CrossRef
Demographic, health-related, and work-related factors associated with body mass index and body fat percentage among workers at six Connecticut manufacturing companies across different age groups: a cohort study
Jennifer L. Garza, Alicia G. Dugan, Pouran D. Faghri, Amy A. Gorin, Tania B. Huedo-Medina, Anne M. Kenny, Martin G. Cherniack, Jennifer M. Cavallari
BMC Obesity.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between shift work and obesity according to body fat percentage in Korean wage workers: data from the fourth and the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2008–2011)
ManKi Son, Byeong Jin Ye, Jung-Il Kim, ShinUk Kang, Kap-Yeol Jung
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Mothers’ Working Hours and Children’s Obesity: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2010: Goeun Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:28-28. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-28

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The aim of this study is to find the association between mothers’ working hours and obesity of their children according to children’s age and gender.

Methods

This study used data from the second and third year of KNHANES IV and the first year in KNHANES V (2008–2010). We calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by using survey logistic regression to assess association of mother’s working hours with overweight or obesity of her children. The model was adjusted with household income, mothers’ education and obesity and mothers’ job characteristics.

Results

13–18 aged boys whose mothers worked under 40 hours per week were higher risk for obesity and overweight (including obesity) than 13–18 aged boys whose mothers worked 40–48 hours. 6–12 aged girls whose mothers worked 49–60 hours per week were more overweight (including obesity) than girls whose mothers worked 40–48 hours per week. 13–18 aged girls whose mothers worked over 60 hours were more overweight (including obesity) than the reference.

Conclusion

This study showed that girls’ obesity was associated with mothers’ long working hours. Long working hours can influence health of workers’ family.

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Original Article

Influence of Job Stress Change on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference among Male White-Collar Workers: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study: Jiwon Kim, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Se Eun Kim, Sung Mi Jang, Jung Wan Koo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(2):180-188. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.2.180

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To reveal the influence of job stress change on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in white-collar male workers.
METHODS
A total of 277 male workers in a Korean R&D company were enrolled between 2008 and 2010. Baseline and follow-up data were collected with structured self-administered questionnaires and anthropometric measurements by nurses. The questionnaire survey included general and work-related characteristics and the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF). The job stress scores in each examination were dichotomized at the median values for the Korean workers and categorized into four groups as follows: Group I: Both low job stress (2008, 2010), Group II: High job stress (2008) & low job stress (2010), Group III: Low job stress (2008) & high job stress (2010), Group IV: Both high job stress (2008, 2010). Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to determine the influence of job stress change on BMI and waist circumference.
RESULTS
The adjusted odds ratio for the change in waist circumference above the 75th percentile for Group IV in 'job demand' increased more than in Group I (OR = 2.54 95% CI=1.06~5.55). Also, Group IV in 'job demand' has higher odds ratio for change in BMI above the 75th percentile than Group I (OR=2.25 95% CI=1.01~5.00). Adjusted odds ratios comparing Group II to Group I for the change in waist circumference above the 75th percentile were 0.36 (95% CI=0.15~0.87) in 'inadequate social support', 0.12 (95% CI=0.02~0.98) in 'lack of reward', 0.25 (95% CI=0.08~0.80) in 'total score', respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that sustained high job control is a risk factor for abdominal obesity and weight gain. Also, diminished job stress has a negative influence on change in abdominal obesity. Further studies are required to establish job stress intervention plans.

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Jonghee Chung, Jin-Hyo Kim, Jae Yoon Lee, Hee Seok Kang, Dong-wook Lee, Yun-Chul Hong, Mo-Yeol Kang
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Min-ju Je, Bohyun Park
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Effects of Lumbar Stabilization Exercise Program on the Ratio of Abdominal and Back Muscle Strength in White Collar Workers
Bo-Ram Kim, Sun-Wook Park, Han-Suk Lee
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Original Article

Shiftwork Duration and Metabolic Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease: Mi na Ha, Sang Chul Roh, Jung sun Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(2):132-139. Published online June 30, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.2.132

Abstract PDF

AIMS: To explore the relationship between shiftwork duration and metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular disease in shiftworkers.
METHODS
The study subjects comprised of 226 nurses, from a hospital, and 130 male workers, from a diaper and feminine hygienic material manufacturing firm. The mean ages of the male workers and nurses were 29 and 28.5 years, respectively. The fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol, blood pressure, height and weight, waist and hip circumferences (only in nurses), and number of step for a shift as indices of physical activity were measured. Using the Korean version of Karasek's job contents questionnaire, the job stress was assessed. Information about the number of years worked, duration of shiftwork, and past medical and behavioral histories, including smoking, were obtained by self-administrated questionnaires. Linear regression analyses were performed, to show the relationships between shiftwork duration and metabolic risk factors, using simple and multivariate models, adjusted for age, smoking, job strain and physical activity. The following criteria were defined: hypertension as a SBP>or160 or a DBP>or=90 mmHg at least once, hypercholesterolemia, as a serum total cholesterol >or=240 mg/dl, obesity as BMI (Body Mass Index) >or=25kg/m2 and central obesity as a WHR (Waist to Hip Ratio) >or=0.85; and the logistic regression analyses, according to years of shiftwork, were performed using simple and adjusted models.
RESULTS
The cholesterol and fasting blood sugar showed increasing trends, but without statistical significances, according to the increase in shiftwork duration of the male workers, although, the increases in the blood pressure and BMI were statistically significant. In the nurses, only the WHR showed a significant increase in relation to the shiftwork duration. In the logistic regression analyses, hypercholesterolemia and obesity showed significant increasing risks according to the number of years of shiftwork (OR=3.32 95%CI 1.27-8.72 and OR=3.21 95%CI 1.24-8.32 respectively) in the male workers, but hypertension showed no significance. In the nurses, only an increased central obesity was significant as a risk factor (OR=1.30 95%CI 1.05-1.62).
CONCLUSIONS
These results provide evidence of the associations between shiftwork and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease, although healthy shiftworker effects might exist in our cross sectional study design.

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Original Article

Styrene in Air and Blood and Mandelic acid in Urine in the Workers exposed to Styrene: Ho Keun Chung, Seong Kyu Kang, Jeong Sun Yang, Ki Woong Kim, Jong Seong Lee, Young Sook Cho, In Jeong Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1994;6(1):113-121. Published online February 28, 1994; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1994.6.1.113

Abstract PDF

The concentration of styrene in air and in blood and mandelic acid in urine were checked for the 60 workers with normal liver function, exposed to styrene. Styrene in air were sampled with personal air sampler at least 4 hours and analyzed by gas chromatography. Blood and spot urine were collected at the end of shift with a vacuum tube and a plyethylene bottle and analyzed by has chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Means of air and blood styrene and urine mandelic acid were 8.16 ppm (geometric mean), 0.199 mg/L, and 0.519 g/g creatinine, respectively. The concentration of styrene in air and mandelic acid in urine were high in the FRP factories and low in polymerization factory. Styrene in blood showed large difference by the working process. Styrene in air showed a good correlation with mandelic acid in urine(r=0.6369) and styrene in blood(r=0.6371). The mandelic acid in urine and styrene in blood corresponded to exposure of 50 ppm styrene were 0.890 g/g creatinine and 0.434 mg/L. However, hippuric acid in urine did not show any correlation with styrene in air. Urine mandelic acid excretion expected ratio showed a tendency to decrease according to obesity index and to increase with alcohol consumption.

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