Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

The impact of long working hours on daily sodium intake: Kyungho Ju, Yangwoo Kim, Seung Hee Woo, Juhyeong Kim, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Soo-Jin Lee, Jeehee Min; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e9. Published online April 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e9

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Long working hours are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, yet the underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. The study examines how occupational factors like working hours, shift work, and employment status correlate with dietary choices and sodium intake, impacting hypertension risk.

Methods

This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2020. The dataset included 8,471 respondents, all of whom were wage workers aged 20 or older and reported working at least 36 hours per week. Individuals who have been previously diagnosed with or are currently diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia were excluded. The average daily sodium intake was assessed via a 24-hour dietary recall method. Average weekly working hours were categorized into 3 groups: 36–40 hours, 41–52 hours, and over 52 hours. Multiple logistic regression models were used.

Results

Study findings revealed that 83.7% of participants exceeded the recommended daily sodium intake of 2 g set by the World Health Organization. After adjusting for confounding factors, a positive correlation was observed between average working hours and daily sodium intake. Among males, statistical significance was found in the group with average weekly working hours of 41–52 hours (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.30) and the group exceeding 52 hours (PR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.09–1.38) when comparing the fourth quartile of daily sodium intake to the combined quartiles of Q1, Q2, and Q3. Among females, no significance was noted.

Conclusions

Long working hours were associated with increased sodium intake, primarily among male workers. This connection is likely attributed to having less time for home-cooked meals, resulting in higher fast food consumption and dining out. A workplace intervention promoting healthy eating and reducing stress is essential to lower sodium consumption and mitigate hypertension risk.

장시간 근무가 일일 소듐 섭취량에 미치는 영향
목적
장시간 근무는 심혈관 질환의 증가와 관련이 있다고 알려져 있지만, 그 메커니즘은 명확히 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구는 주당 평균 근로시간, 교대근무 및 고용 형태 등의 직업적 요인과 식습관 변화 간의 관계를 확인하고, 특히 고혈압의 알려진 위험 요인인 과다한 소듐 섭취와의 관련성을 조사하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2013년부터 2020년까지 실시된 대한민국 국민건강영양조사의 데이터를 사용하였다. 연구대상자는 20세 이상의 임금 근로자, 주당 최소 36시간 이상 근무하는 자로 선정하였다. 이 외에도 다양한 인구학적, 직업 변수가 설문 조사를 통해 수집되었으며, 평균 일일 소듐 섭취량은 24시간 회상법을 통해 조사되었다. 주당 평균 근무 시간은 36-40시간, 41-52시간 및 52시간 이상의 세 집단으로 분류되었다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀 모델이 분석에 사용되었다.
결과
연구대상자 중 83.7%가 세계보건기구(WHO)에서 권장한 일일 나트륨 섭취량인 2g을 초과한 것이 확인되었다. 교란변수 보정 후에도 주당 평균 근로시간과 일일 소듐 섭취 간의 통계적 유의성이 확인되었다. 남성에 대하여, 주당 평균 근무 시간이 41-52시간인 그룹 (PR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05-1.30)과 52시간을 초과한 그룹 (PR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.09-1.38)이 일일 소듐 섭취량 4분위에서 1, 2, 3분위를 포함한 그룹과와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의미한 관련이 있었다. 여성에 대하여는 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다.
결론
장시간 근무는 주로 남성 근로자에서 소듐 섭취 증가와 관련이 있었다. 이는 가정에서 조리하는 시간이 줄어들어 패스트 푸드 및 외식 소비가 증가하는 것에 기인한 것으로 생각된다. 과량의 소듐 섭취는 고혈압의 알려진 위험 요인이므로, 직장에서의 적극적인 개입을 통해, 더 건강한 식습관과 개선된 근무 환경을 통해 소듐 섭취를 줄이는 것이 필요하다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Temporary Employment Is Associated with Poor Dietary Quality in Middle-Aged Workers in Korea: A Nationwide Study Based on the Korean Healthy Eating Index, 2013–2021
Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1482. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Working hours and the regulations in Korea: Inah Kim, Jeehee Min; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e18. Published online July 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e18

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South Korea has the highest policy priority for working hour regulations because it has longer annual working hours than other Organization for Economic Development Co-operation and Development countries and has fewer holidays. According to the results of the Working Conditions Surveys between 2006 and 2020, in 2020, 6% of wage earners worked for > 52 hours weekly. The percentage of workers exceeding 52 hours weekly has decreased over time; however, disparities exist based on age, industry, occupation, company type, and company size, particularly in service-, arts-, and culture-related occupations and workplaces with fewer than 5 employees. South Korea’s working hours system is greatly influenced by the 52-hour weekly maximum; sometimes, a maximum of 64–69 hours, including overtime, is theoretically possible. To ensure healthy working hours, it is important to actively protect workers who fall through the cracks, such as those in businesses with fewer than 5 employees.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of long working hours on psychological distress among young workers in different types of occupation
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2024; 179: 107829. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and diet quality and patterns: A latent profile analysis of a nationally representative sample of Korean workers
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107890. CrossRef
Long working hours, work-life imbalance, and poor mental health: a cross-sectional mediation analysis based on the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey, 2020–2021
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Journal of Epidemiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between long working hours and the onset of problematic alcohol use in young workers: A population-based longitudinal analysis in South Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 344: 141. CrossRef
Sex differences in the association between social jetlag and hazardous alcohol consumption in Korean workers: A nationwide cross-sectional study
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Sleep Medicine.2024; 119: 549. CrossRef
Association of low-quality employment with the development of suicidal thought and suicide planning in workers: A longitudinal study in Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won
Social Science & Medicine.2024; 358: 117219. CrossRef
Changes in Korea’s working time policy: the need for research on flexible working hours considering socioeconomic inequality
Inah KIM
Industrial Health.2024; 62(2): 77. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and engagement in preventive healthcare services in Korean workers: Findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107849. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease: a nationwide population-based study in Korea
S.-U. Baek, J.-U. Won, Y.-M. Lee, J.-H. Yoon
Public Health.2024; 232: 188. CrossRef
How does working time impact perceived mental disorders? New insights into the U-shaped relationship
Xiaoru Niu, Chao Li, Yuxin Xia
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Temporary Employment Is Associated with Poor Dietary Quality in Middle-Aged Workers in Korea: A Nationwide Study Based on the Korean Healthy Eating Index, 2013–2021
Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1482. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and the development of suicidal ideation among female workers: An 8-year population-based study using the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Family (2012–2020)
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Psychiatry Research.2024; 333: 115731. CrossRef
Special Series I: Working hours as a social determinant of workers’ health
Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Tae-Won Jang, Mo-Yeol Kang, Jungwon Kim, Eun-A Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Special Article

Standards for recognition and approval rate of occupational cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in Korea: Ui-Jin Kim, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang, Wanhyung Lee, Seunghon Ham, Junhyeong Lee, Yongho Lee, Eunseun Han, Sanghyuk Lee, Yongkyu Kim, Inah Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e30. Published online October 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e30

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Although working hours have decreased in Korea, they are still high compared to that of other countries. In Korea, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) related to overwork in Korea continually occur, and the social burden from overwork is estimated to be high. This study investigated the amendment of regulations affecting the approval rate of occupational CCVDs.

Methods

The change in approval rate of occupational CCVDs and related regulations were investigated using the Act and public notice on the standards for recognition of occupational CCVDs and the yearbooks of the Ministry of Employment and Labor. The CCVD mortality was estimated using data on the number of deaths according to the cause of death, the number of employed people, and resident registration population aged 15–64 years. The cumulative mortality of CCVDs was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Since the establishment of the standards for recognition in Korea in 1982, the scope of occupational diseases has been expanded to include intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, and aortic dissection. In 2013, the concept of working hours was introduced in chronic overwork. The approval rate of occupational CCVDs was 44.7% in 2006, which decreased to 12.9% in 2011. After the improvement of related regulations, the approval rate increased to 41.3% in 2018. From 2000 to 2017, the CCVD mortality of both the unemployed and employed tended to decrease, and their cumulative CCVD mortalities were 549.3 and 319.7 per 100,000 people, respectively.

Conclusions

CCVDs are recognized as occupational diseases in Korea. The amendments to the standards for recognition, the introduction of the Occupational Disease Adjudication Committee, the principle of presumption, and the reduction of working hours have changed the approval rate of occupational CCVDs. A strategic approach is needed to further reduce the incidence of CCVDs.

한국의 직업성 뇌심혈관계 질환에 대한 연구
목적
근로기준법 개정 적용 사업장 확대로 우리나라의 근무시간은 지속적으로 감소 추세에 있으나 타 국가에 비하면 여전히 높은 수준이다. 우리나라의 과로 관련 뇌심혈관계 질환은 지속적으로 나타나고 있으며 과로로 인한 사회적 부담이 클 것으로 추정된다. 이번 연구에서는 우리나라 뇌심혈관계 질환의 업무상 질병 승인율 변화 및 관련된 제도의 변화를 요약하고자 하였다.
방법
뇌심혈관계 질환 업무상 질병 인정기준에 관한 법령 및 고시와 고용노동부 사업연보를 통해 뇌심혈관계 질환 산재 승인율 변화 및 관련 규정을 조사하였다. 국가통계포털의 사망 원인, 취업자 수 및 주민등록인구 자료를 사용하여 우리나라의 뇌심혈관계 질환 사망자수, 사망률을 조사하고 Kaplan-Meier 방법을 통해 누적사망률을 산출하였다.
결과
1982년 우리나라에서 뇌졸중과 급성심장사에 대한 업무상 질병 인정기준이 제정된 이후 수차례 개정을 거쳐 인정 대상 질병 범위가 뇌실질내출혈, 지주막하출혈, 뇌경색, 심근경색증, 해리성대동맥류로 확대되었다. 2013년 만성과로 인정기준에 근무시간 개념이 도입되었다. 뇌심혈관계 질환 업무상 질병 승인율은 2006년 44.7%였다가 2011년 12.9%건까지 감소하였다. 제도적인 개선 후 승인율은 2018년 41.3%까지 증가하였다. 2000년부터 2017년까지 뇌심혈관계 질환 사망률은 미취업자 및 취업자 모두에서 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 이 기간 동안 미취업자 및 취업자의 뇌심혈관계 질환 누적사망률은 각각 10만 명당 549.3명 및 319.7명이었다.
결론
우리나라는 뇌심혈관계 질환을 업무상 질병으로 받아들이고 있다. 뇌심혈관계 질환 업무상 질병 승인율은 업무상 질병 인정기준 개정, 업무상질병판정위원회 제도 도입, 추정의 원칙 도입 및 평균 근무시간 감소 등에 의해서 변동되었다. 뇌심혈관계 질환은 그 경제적 부담이 크고 예방 가능한 질환으로 지속적인 예방 사업 등 발병 예방을 위한 전략적 접근이 필요하다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association between long working hours and the development of suicidal ideation among female workers: An 8-year population-based study using the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Family (2012–2020)
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Psychiatry Research.2024; 333: 115731. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and diet quality and patterns: A latent profile analysis of a nationally representative sample of Korean workers
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107890. CrossRef
Self-Esteem Trajectories After Occupational Injuries and Diseases and Their Relation to Changes in Subjective Health: Result From the Panel Study of Workers’ Compensation Insurance (PSWCI)
Seong-Uk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Parkinson's disease in a worker exposed to insecticides at a greenhouse: Yangwoo Kim, Inah Kim, Jung-Min Sung, Jaechul Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e6. Published online February 5, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e6

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Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a rare, neurodegenerative disease with various occupational and environmental risk factors. Exposure to specific pesticides contributes significantly to the incidence of PD. However, it is difficult to measure the level of pesticide exposure in workers. This study presents the first case recognized the work-relatedness between PD and pesticide exposure.

Case presentation

A 68-year-old male was diagnosed with PD after working with pesticides at a tomato greenhouse for 12 years and 5 months. From the results of a field study, it was reasonable to assume that the patient had been exposed to a significant level of various insecticides. In the present report, we described the first accepted case of work-relatedness between PD and exposure to pesticides. The evaluation was conducted using the following steps: we ruled out other possible risk factors including additional occupational history and personal risk factors, we assessed the work environment, surveyed possible exposures, found proper epidemiological evidence, and calculated the probability of causation. The work-relatedness was determined through the review of epidemiological evidence and estimation of exposure situation and level, and biological plausibility. We also decided work-relatedness based on the exposure of PD related pesticides with identified biologically plausible and the presumption that the exposure level would be high due to the working process.

Conclusions

In this case, the field study and epidemiological results supported the work-relatedness of PD and exposure to pesticides. Moreover, the results of previous studies have confirmed a causal relationship between exposure to pesticides and PD.

Citations

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Rotenone-Induced Model of Parkinson’s Disease: Beyond Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition
María Teresa Ibarra-Gutiérrez, Norma Serrano-García, Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
Molecular Neurobiology.2023; 60(4): 1929. CrossRef
Food Contamination: An Unexplored Possible Link between Dietary Habits and Parkinson’s Disease
Giulia Caioni, Annamaria Cimini, Elisabetta Benedetti
Nutrients.2022; 14(7): 1467. CrossRef

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Research Articles

A descriptive study of claims for occupational mental disorder: adjustment disorder: Kyuyeon Kim, Inah Kim, Kanwoo Youn; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e39. Published online December 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e39

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The number of claims of Industrial Accidents Compensation Insurance (IACI) for mental illness has increased. In particular, the approval rate was higher in cases with confirmed incident circumstances such as adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. With increased numbers of filed IACI applications and their approval rates, the need to evaluate various work-related incidents and stressors consistently is also increasing.

Method

In January 2015–December 2017, among the cases of industrial accidents filed for mental illness and suicide by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, 76 filed or approved adjustment disorder cases were included. The cases of adjustment disorder were applied in this study to the “Criteria for Recognition of Mental Disorders by Psychological Loads” established in Japan in 2011 and investigated if cases were approved/rejected consistently. Additionally, features with the greatest influence on approval/rejection were examined quantitatively.

Results

The number of applications more than doubled from 2015 to 2017, with the approval rate rising from 66.7% to 90.6%. Among the major categories, applications of adjustment disorder related to “interpersonal relationships” were the largest number of applications. Applications related to “sexual harassment”, “interpersonal relationships”, and “accidents and experiences including fires” showed relatively higher approval rate. The approval rate was the lowest in the case of “change in the amount and quality of work”.

Conclusions

Approved cases tend to have special precedents and strong intensity. The main reasons for the rejection were that there were no special precedents and that the intensity of the case was weak. These 2 were the most important factors in determining approval/rejection.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Reciprocal longitudinal associations of supportive workplace relationships with depressive symptoms and self-rated health: A study of Korean women
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Social Science & Medicine.2023; 333: 116176. CrossRef

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1 Crossref

Distribution of working position among workers with varicose veins based on the National Health Insurance and National Employment Insurance data: Saemi Jung, Youngki Kim, Dongmug Kang, Se Yeong Kim, Inah Kim, Eun Mi Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e21. Published online July 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e21

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

This study aimed to determine the effect of specific working postures on the development of varicose veins (VV). By using Korea's National Health Insurance (NHI) and National Employment Insurance (NEI) data, we analyzed the general characteristic and difference in proportions of VV cases according to occupational working posture.

Methods

From the NEI and NHI data, participant demographics, such as gender, age, body mass index, and number of workers in specific occupations or industries were obtained. We classified the 240 occupations into blue-collar (BC) and white-collar (WC) occupations and subdivided them into standing, sitting, and walking groups according to the dominant working posture.

Results

The number of VV patients per 100,000 individuals increased with age, with a higher number of women than men and a higher number of patients in the BC than WC groups. For the BC group, the proportion of VV cases was the highest in the standing group, followed by the walking and sitting groups, but there was no significant difference between standing and walking groups in man. For the WC group, the standing group had a higher proportion of VV cases than the sitting group, but there was no significant difference between the standing and sitting group in man. In the BC group, the proportion of VV cases was the highest among medical and welfare-related elementary workers, bakers and cookie makers, automobile assemblers, cleaning and guarding-related elemental workers, and nurses and dental hygienists. In the WC group, the proportion of VV cases was the highest among food/lodging/tourism/entertainment/sports-related managers, environment/cleaning/protective services-related managers, finance and insurance clerks, accounting book-keeping clerks, and social welfare and counseling professionals.

Conclusions

This study was performed to determine the characteristics of VV with different working posture among Korean workers. It is expected to be the basis of further studies on occupational musculoskeletal diseases.

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Tobias Hirsch, Uwe Wahl, Eberhard Rabe
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Davide Costa, Nicola Ielapi, Egidio Bevacqua, Salvatore Ciranni, Lucia Cristodoro, Giuseppina Torcia, Raffaele Serra
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Sergio GIANESINI, Emidia VAGNONI, Caterina CAVICCHI, Yung-Wei CHI, Anselmo PAGANI, Mirko TESSARI, Paolo ZAMBONI, Erica MENEGATTI
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Occupational morbidity and occupational injury in the food industry
V. Yu. Kontareva, S. N. Belik
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Martha Ofelia Correa Posada, Laura Maria Contreras Correa, John Fernando García Vélez
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Gender differences and site-specific incident risks of musculoskeletal disorders among 224 506 workers in the food and beverage service industry in Taiwan: A 15-year Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Chiung-Yu Peng, Hui-Min Hsieh, Meng-Yun Li, Lih-Jiun Liaw, Chao-Ling Wang, Chih-Hong Pan, Ming-Tsang Wu
Journal of Occupational Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Descriptive analysis of prevalence and medical expenses of cancer, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, psychiatric disease, and musculoskeletal disease in Korean firefighters: Jeehee Min, Yangwoo Kim, Hye Sim Kim, Jiyoung Han, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Sang-Baek Koh, Tae-Won Jang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e7. Published online January 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e7

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Firefighters are exposed to many dangerous working conditions. Many studies have identified the risk of disease for firefighters, but only a few studies have addressed the medical expenses of firefighters, which represents a concrete scale of disease. Our purpose in this study was to determine the medical expenditures of firefighters to assess the overall scale of disease in Korea. We focused on cancer, mental disorders, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and musculoskeletal disease, the prevalence of which was expected to be high in firefighters.

Methods

This study utilized National Health Insurance Service data. We targeted firefighters, police officers, and government officials. We classified disease based on the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes. We compared prevalence by the age-standardized prevalence rate, considering standard distribution of the population. Medical expenditure of disease was defined as outpatient fees, hospitalization fees, and drug costs. Total medical expenditures were calculated by the sum of those 3 categories.

Results

The age-standardized prevalence of cancer, mental disorders, and cardiovascular disease in firefighters was slightly higher than or similar to that of government officials and police officers (no significant difference). However, medical expenditures for stomach cancer, mental disorders, and most cardio-cerebrovascular diseases were higher in firefighters than in others. In particular, firefighters spent 12 times more money for ischemic heart disease than did government officials. Of musculoskeletal diseases, lumbar disc disorder had the highest expenditures among firefighters.

Conclusions

The age-standardized prevalence of most of diseases of firefighters was not as high as in the other groups, but the medical expenses of firefighters were much higher than those of government officials and police officers.

Citations

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Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh, Saeid Yazdanirad, Saleh Al Sulaie, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Robin Marc Orr
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Non-cancer health risks in firefighters: a systematic review
Jeong Ah Kim, Soo Yeon Song, Wonjeong Jeong, Jae Kwan Jun
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Case Report

A case of acute organic solvent poisoning during epoxy coating: Sujin Lee, Inah Kim, Dooyong Park, Jaechul Song, Sang Gil Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e9. Published online June 18, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e9

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Background

In the construction industry, maintaining health and safety of workers often challenging. Among the workers at construction sites, painters are at particular risk of respiratory diseases and neurotoxicity. However, in Korea there is weak enforcement of workers' health and safety practices in the construction industry in Korea. Poisonings frequently occur at (semi)closed construction sites. In this study, we report a case of acute organic solvent poisoning during construction site painting.

Case presentation

A 71-year-old man was found unconscious at a construction site and immediately transferred to the emergency room. The consciousness level was 'stupor state' and the body temperature was hypothermic, at 32 degrees (Celsius). There were no acute brain or cardiac lesions that would have accounted for the faintness. In addition, blood and urine tests did not indicate a cause of loss of consciousness. He had been painting epoxy to waterproof the basement floor before fainting. According to exposure simulation, the patient was overexposed to various organic solvents, such as approximately 316–624 ppm toluene during the work before fainting. Considering the ventilation status of the workplace and the status of no protection, it is considered that exposure through the respiratory tract was considerable.

Conclusions

The patient in this case lost consciousness during the epoxy coating in a semi-enclosed space. It can be judged as a result of acute poisoning caused by organic solvent exposure and considered to be highly related to work environment.

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Physical and Chemical Interactions of the Polar and Nonpolar Solvents on the Mesoporous Silica Material to Developing Solvent Sensors.
Yesmin Panecatl‐Bernal, Joaquín Alvarado, Josué Ortiz‐Medina, Iván Fuentecilla‐Carcamo, Rodolfo Lima‐Juárez, Daladier‐Alonso Granada‐Ramírez, Melissa Chávez‐Portillo, Lucero Esquina‐Arenas, Sergio Hernández‐Corona, Elder Alpes de Vasconcelos, Walter Mende
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Research Articles

Occupational cancer claims in Korea from 2010 to 2016: Kyungjoon Lee, Sujin Lee, Jeehee Min, Inah Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:64. Published online November 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0272-6

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Background

Research on carcinogens causing occupational cancer has been updated. Further, social interest in occupational cancer has increased. In addition, the standard for recognizing cancer as a work-related disease has also been revised. The present study aims to describe the distribution of occupational cancer claims or its approval rate and their association with work-related variables.

Methods

We analyzed 1299 claim cases for occupational cancer from 2010 to 2016 provided by the Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service (KCOMWEL). The status of approval rate was shown by year, sex, industry, occupation, age of diagnosis, duration from employment to diagnosis, and cancer site.

Results

The approval rate was 39.0% from 2010 to 2016 and tended to increase annually since 2011. Both the number of claims and the approval rate were higher in men. Mining and quarrying showed the highest approval rate (78.4%). The approval rates by age of diagnosis and duration from employment to diagnosis increased as the time periods increased. Respiratory organ had the highest number of claims and the highest approval rate by cancer site.

Conclusions

The approval rate of occupational cancer has shown an increasing trend since 2011. The increase of occupational carcinogens and cancer sites and the improvement of social awareness about occupational cancer could have resulted in this trend. The present study provides unique, and the latest and most accurate findings on occupational cancer data of recent 7 years that could be helpful to researchers or policy makers on occupational cancer.

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Soonsu Shin, Woo-Ri Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Wanhyung Lee
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Min Young Park, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jun-Pyo Myong, Byung-Sik Cho, Hee-Je Kim, Mo-Yeol Kang
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Status and prediction of disapproval of the Korean workers’ compensation insurance for diseases and injuries
Soo Beom Choi, Seunghyun Lee, Wanhyung Lee
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Rena Kaneko, Masayoshi Zaitsu, Yuzuru Sato, Yasuki Kobayashi
Cancer Medicine.2019; 8(13): 6139. CrossRef

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Does formaldehyde have a causal association with nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia?: Soon-Chan Kwon, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Jungsun Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:5. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0218-z

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Background

The South Korean criteria for occupational diseases were amended in July 2013. These criteria included formaldehyde as a newly defined occupational carcinogen, based on cases of “leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure”. This inclusion was based on the Internal Agency for Research on Cancer classification, which classified formaldehyde as definite human carcinogen for nasopharyngeal cancer in 2004 and leukemia in 2012.

Methods

We reviewed reports regarding the causal relationship between occupational exposure to formaldehyde in Korea and the development of these cancers, in order to determine whether these cases were work-related.

Results

Previous reports regarding excess mortality from nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure seemed to be influenced by excess mortality from a single plant. The recent meta-risk for nasopharyngeal cancer was significantly increased in case-control studies, but was null for cohort studies (excluding unexplained clusters of nasopharyngeal cancers). A recent analysis of the largest industrial cohort revealed elevated risks of both leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma at the peak formaldehyde exposure, and both cancers exhibited significant dose-response relationships. A nested case-control study of embalmers revealed that mortality from myeloid leukemia increased significantly with increasing numbers of embalms and with increasing formaldehyde exposure. The recent meta-risks for all leukemia and myeloid leukemia increased significantly. In South Korea, a few cases were considered occupational cancers as a result of mixed exposures to various chemicals (e.g., benzene), although no cases were compensated for formaldehyde exposure. The peak formaldehyde exposure levels in Korea were 2.70–14.8 ppm in a small number of specialized studies, which considered anatomy students, endoscopy employees who handled biopsy specimens, and manufacturing workers who were exposed to high temperatures.

Conclusion

Additional evidence is needed to confirm the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and nasopharyngeal cancer. All lymphohematopoietic malignancies, including leukemia, should be considered in cases with occupational formaldehyde exposure.

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Review

Recognition criteria for occupational cancers in relation to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in Korea: Hogil Kim, Yun Kyung Chung, Inah Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:6. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0217-0

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The goal of this study was to review the scientific basis for the recognition of occupational cancer, in relation to hepatitis viral infections in Korea. Most Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in Korea occur as vertical infections, but these are decreasing rapidly due to vaccination. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to be transmitted through parenteral routes, but the transmission route is often unclear. Most occupational infections of hepatitis virus involve accidental injuries of medical institution workers while using virus-contaminated medical devices. Many cohort studies and case-control studies have consistently reported that HBV and HCV infection increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the strength of this association is high. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma appears to be associated with HCV. Cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, and thyroid cancer are considered to be less related or unrelated to epidemiological causation. There are no uniform international specific criteria for occupational cancer caused through occupational exposure to a hepatitis virus. In establishing appropriate standards applicable to Korea, there should be sufficient consideration of latency, virus exposure levels and frequency, and other cancers, apart from HCC.

In conclusion, we recommend keeping the current specific criteria. However, if a worker is injured at work when using a sharp medical device, and HBV and HCV viral infections are confirmed through serologic tests; if the worker is diagnosed as having a chronic HBV or HCV infection, a subsequent HCC (or Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma following chronic HCV infection) can then be considered highly related to the worker’s occupation.

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Research Article

Descriptive study of claims for occupational mental disorders or suicide: Jihoon Lee, Inah Kim, Sooyong Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:61. Published online October 20, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0147-7

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Background

This study aimed to identify the characteristics of claimed mental disorders. Because the workers believed the cause of the mental disorders was work-related stress or a specific event, we could identify the major work-related stressor for claimed cases.

Methods

We included claimed cases of occupational mental disorder or suicide reported during 2010–2014 to the Korea Workers Compensation and Welfare Service (KCOMWEL), established by Industrial Accidents Insurance (IACI) Act. We conducted qualitative analysis using a form specifically developed for this study as well as a quantitative analysis.

Results

Of the 569 claimed cases, 142 cases were recognized as occupational mental disorder or suicide. The approval rate was 24.9 %. Suicide was the most commonly approved mental disorder (23.0 %), followed by major depressive disorder (14.9 %). Regarding profession, 109 workers were managers, and 95 workers were office clerks. The main work-related stressors of the approved cases were acute stressful events (76 cases), long working hours (12 cases), and changes in workload (6 cases). The primary stressful events were work-related legal problems, workplace violence, and employment status-related issues.

Conclusion

Claims due to mental disorders or suicide increased during the 5-year study period, and the approval rate was approximately 33 %, and the main stressor of the claimed cases was an acute stressful event such as physiologic trauma, employment-related issues, fear of legal or financial responsibility, abrupt change in organizational responsibility, or workplace violence.

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Hong Chen, Bei Liu, Yi Li, Yujie Cai
Journal of Asian Economics.2022; 80: 101457. CrossRef
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Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park
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Kyuyeon Kim, Inah Kim, Kanwoo Youn
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Kang Soo Lee, So Young Joo, Cheong Hoon Seo, Joo-Eon Park, Boung Chul Lee
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Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2018; 60(4): e178. CrossRef
Incidence of overwork-related mental disorders and suicide in Japan
T Yamauchi, T Sasaki, T Yoshikawa, S Matsumoto, M Takahashi
Occupational Medicine.2018; 68(6): 370. CrossRef
Cerebrovascular/cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders due to overwork and work-related stress among local public employees in Japan
Takashi YAMAUCHI, Toru YOSHIKAWA, Takeshi SASAKI, Shun MATSUMOTO, Masaya TAKAHASHI, Machi SUKA, Hiroyuki YANAGISAWA
Industrial Health.2018; 56(1): 85. CrossRef

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Case Reports

Case report of renal cell carcinoma in automobile manufacturing factory worker due to trichloroethylene exposure in Korea: June-Hee Lee, Inah Kim, Hongdeok Seok, Inhyo Park, Jungho Hwang, Jae-Oh Park, Jong-Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:19. Published online August 3, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0068-x

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Background

The aim of this paper was report first case of renal cell carcinoma developed in a worker who worked in an automobile manufacture line which handles trichloroethylene in Korea.

Case presentation

To clarify the relationship between the onset of renal cell carcinoma in 52-years old male worker and the exposure to trichloroethylene, document studies and work environment measurement were done. Past work environment exposure data were reviewed and medical history and surgery records of the worker were also reviewed. The patient had no personal risk factor related to renal cell carcinoma except for his smoking habit of quarter a pack per day for twenty years, and since trichloroethylene was not part of measurement criteria, past work environment risk assessment data could not verify the exposure. The exposure level is deduced by analyzing material exposure level of work environments which has similar processes in data from revised research of chemical exposure standard and work environment validity assessment. Evaluation Committee of Epidemiologic Survey decided that there are relevant relationship between the exposure and the disease, though we do not have exact data during that period, most experts agree that in every factories they used trichloroethylene without any direction.

Conclusions

From the relevant medical history and the results of the usage of trichloroethylene in the relevant industries, and initial discovery of renal cell carcinoma at health inspection sonogram in 2001, it can be concluded that suggests significant causal relationship between the exposure to trichloroethylene and renal cell carcinoma onset, thus reporting it to be the first domestic case declared to be occupational disease.

Citations

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Chengwei Xu, Yan Yu, Xiaodong Si
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering.2022; 39(9): 2474. CrossRef
Association Between Kidney Cancer and Occupational Exposure to Trichloroethylene
Morten Buhagen, Anna Grønskag, Siri Fenstad Ragde, Bjørn Hilt
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2016; 58(9): 957. CrossRef

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A case of multiple myeloma in a poultry worker: Pil Kyun Jung, Inah Kim, Inhyo Park, Chinyon Kim, Eun-A Kim, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:35. Published online November 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y

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Background

Livestock breeders including poultry workers are exposed to various agricultural chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Multiple myeloma is a rare disease in Korea, and few reports have investigated the influence of occupational exposures on multiple myeloma occurrence.

Case presentation

A 61-year-old male poultry farm worker presented with bone pain and generalized weakness. A bone marrow biopsy was performed, and he was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The patient had worked in a poultry farm for 16 years and was exposed to various pesticides and organic solvents such as formaldehyde without any proper personal protective equipment. Results of the work reenactment revealed that the concentration of formaldehyde (17.53 ppm) greatly exceeded the time-weighted average (0.5 ppm) and short-term exposure limit (1.0 ppm) suggested in the Korean Industrial Safety and Health Act.

Conclusions

This case report suggests that poultry workers may be exposed to high levels of various hazardous chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Numerous previous studies have suggested an association between multiple myeloma and exposure to agricultural chemicals; thus, multiple myeloma in this patient might have resulted from the prolonged, high exposure to these chemicals.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Occupational risk factors in health of broiler-farm workers: A systematic review
Claudia dos Anjos Magri, Rodrigo Garófallo Garcia, Erlaine Binotto, Nilsa Duarte da Silva Lima, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Sarah Sgavioli, Maria Fernanda de Castro Burbarelli
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2021; 76(8): 482. CrossRef
Does formaldehyde have a causal association with nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia?
Soon-Chan Kwon, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Jungsun Park
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

The association between concealing emotions at work and medical utilization in Korea: Hongdeok Seok, Jin-Ha Yoon, Wanhyung Lee, June-Hee Lee, Pil Kyun Jung, Inah Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:31-31. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0031-2

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Objectives

We aimed to investigate the association between concealing emotions at work and medical utilization.

Methods

Data from the 2007–2009 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV) was used, 7,094 participants (3,837 males, 3,257 females) aged between 20 and 54 who were economically active and completed all necessary questionnaire items were included. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for differences in hospitalization, outpatient visits, and pharmaceutical drug use between those who concealed their emotions and those who did not were investigated using logistic regression models with and without gender stratification.

Results

Among those who concealed their emotions (n = 2,763), 47.4% were females, and 50.1% had chronic disease. In addition, 9.7% of the concealing emotions group had been hospitalized within the last year, 24.8% had been outpatients in the last two weeks, and 28.3% had used pharmaceutical drugs in the last two weeks.

All ORs represent the odds of belonging to the concealing emotions group over the non-concealing emotions group. After adjustment for individual, occupational, socioeconomic and disease factors, the adjusted ORs (95% CI) in hospitalization are 1.29 (1.08 ~ 1.53) in the total population, 1.25 (0.98 ~ 1.60) in males and 1.30 (1.02 ~ 1.66) in females, in outpatient visits are 1.15 (1.02 ~ 1.29) in the total population, 1.05 (0.88 ~ 1.24) in males and 1.25 (1.06 ~ 1.47) in females and in pharmaceutical drug use are 1.12 (1.01 ~ 1.25) in the total population, 1.08 (0.92 ~ 1.27) in males and 1.14 (0.98 ~ 1.33) in females.

Conclusions

Those who concealed their emotions at work were more likely to use medical services. Moreover, the health effects of concealing emotions at work might be more detrimental in women than in men.

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Review

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korea Provoked by Workers’ Collective Compensation Claims against Work Intensification: Dongmug Kang, Youngki Kim, Young-Il Lee, Sangbaek Koh, Inah Kim, Hoonkoo Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:19-19. Published online July 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-19

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This article presents the process of workers’ problems with work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), the introduction of risk assessments (RA) for their prevention, and the consequences of this process in Korea. In 1997, economic crisis caused a rapid increase of massive layoffs, worker dispatch system introduction, job insecurity, and use of irregular workers resulting in work intensification. Work intensification increased WMSDs, which created massive workers’ compensation collective claims. Workers argued for the reduction of work intensity. The RAs introduced as a consequence of the workers’ struggle is unique in the world. Whereas these RAs were expected to play a pivotal role in WMSDs prevention, they dis not due to workers’ lack of engagement after the compensation struggle. In fact, changes in the compensation judgment system and criteria have resulted in lower compensation approval rates leading to lower workers’ compensation claims. The Korean experience provides insight into WMSDs causes in a globalized world. In such a the globalized world, work intensification as the result of work flexibility could be an international trend.

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Editorial

Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Dongmug Kang, Young-Ki Kim, Eun-A Kim, Dae Hwan Kim, Inah Kim, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Kyoung-Bok Min, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:14-14. Published online June 24, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-14

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Research Article

The Effect of Work Characteristics on Dermatologic Symptoms in Hairdressers: Pil Kyun Jung, June-Hee Lee, Ji Hye Baek, Jungho Hwang, Jong-Uk Won, Inah Kim, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:13-13. Published online June 9, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-13

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Objectives

Hairdressers in Korea perform various tasks and are exposed to health risk factors such as chemical substances or prolonged duration of wet work. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive statistics on the demographics and work characteristics of hairdressers in Korea and to identify work-related risk factors for dermatologic symptoms in hairdressers.

Methods

1,054 hairdressers were selected and analyzed for this study. Independent variables were exposure to chemical substances, the training status of the hairdressers, and the main tasks required of them, and the dependent variable was the incidence of dermatologic symptoms. The relationships between work characteristics and dermatologic symptoms were evaluated by estimating odds ratios using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among the 1,054 study subjects, 212 hairdressers (20.1%) complained of dermatologic symptoms, and the symptoms were more prevalent in younger, unmarried or highly educated hairdressers. The main tasks that comprise the majority of the wet work were strictly determined by training status, since 96.5% of staff hairdressers identified washing as their main task, while only 1.5% and 2.0% of master and designer hairdressers, respectively, identified this as their main task. Multiple logistic regressions was performed to estimate odds ratios. While exposure to hairdressing chemicals showed no significant effect on the odds ratio for the incidence of dermatologic symptoms, higher odds ratios of dermatologic symptoms were shown in staff hairdressers (2.70, 95% CI: 1.32 - 5.51) and in hairdressers who perform washing as their main task (2.03, 95% CI: 1.22 - 3.37), after adjusting for general and work characteristics.

Conclusions

This study showed that the training status and main tasks of hairdressers are closely related to each other and that the training status and main tasks of hairdressers are related to the incidence of dermatologic symptoms. This suggests that in the future, regulations on working conditions and health management guidelines for hairdressers should be established.

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Zrinka Franić, Suzana Ljubojević Hadžavdić, Željka Babić, Jelena Macan
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Gitte Jacobsen, Kurt Rasmussen, Anne Bregnhøj, Marléne Isaksson, Thomas L. Diepgen, Ole Carstensen
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The Prevalence of Hand Eczema and Its Determinants Among Female Hairdressers: A Cross-Sectional Survey
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Skin health and safety at work in Croatian hairdressing apprentices
Tea Samardžić, Veda Marija Varnai, Marija Bakotić, Željka Babić, Richard Brans, Selma Cvijetić Avdagić, Darinka Štampar Šmaguc, Iva Kovačević, Jelena Macan
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Mohammad Nassaji, Shahin Kamal, Raheb Ghorbani, Mahnaz Moalem, Batool Karimi, Hossein Habibian, Abbas Daraei, Gholamreza Irajian, Masoud Bidokhti, Rahmane Fotohi, Saeed Haghighi, Soheila Ghazavi, Mashallah Kolahdoz, Sakine Sayadjoo, Ali Kermani, Jamile Me
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Review

The Relationship between the Occupational Exposure of Trichloroethylene and Kidney Cancer: Inah Kim, Jaehyeok Ha, June-Hee Lee, Kye-mook Yoo, Jaehoon Rho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:12-12. Published online June 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-12

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been widely used as a degreasing agent in many manufacturing industries. Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer presented “sufficient evidence” for the causal relationship between TCE and kidney cancer. The aim of this study was to review the epidemiologic evidences regarding the relationship between TCE exposure and kidney cancer in Korean work environments. The results from the cohort studies were inconsistent, but according to the meta-analysis and case–control studies, an increased risk for kidney cancer was present in the exposure group and the dose–response relationship could be identified using various measures of exposure. In Korea, TCE is a commonly used chemical for cleaning or degreasing processes by various manufacturers; average exposure levels of TCE vary widely. When occupational physicians evaluate work-relatedness kidney cancers, they must consider past exposure levels, which could be very high (>100 ppm in some cases) and associated with jobs, such as plating, cleaning, or degreasing. The exposure levels at a manual job could be higher than an automated job. The peak level of TCE could also be considered an important exposure-related variable due to the possibility of carcinogenesis associated with high TCE doses. This review could be a comprehensive reference for assessing work-related TCE exposure and kidney cancer in Korea.

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International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2023; 29(1): 70. CrossRef
Time-concentration-dependent profile of histone modifications on human hepatocytes treated by trichloroacetic acid
Xinyue Peng, Susu Yu, Hui Lin, Fan Wu, Jiani Yang, Cheng Zhou, Luyun Zhang, Jianping Yang, Wenjuan Zhang
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Intracellular complement activation in podocytes aggravates immune kidney injury in trichloroethylene-sensitized mice
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Case Report

Two Cases of Lung Cancer in Foundry Workers: Inchul Jeong, Innshil Ryu, Boowook Kim, Inhyo Park, Jong-Uk Won, Eun-A Kim, Inah Kim, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:16-16. Published online September 16, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-16

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Iron and steel foundry workers are exposed to various toxic and carcinogenic substances including crystalline silica, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and arsenic. Studies have been conducted on lung cancer in iron and steel founding workers and the concentration of crystalline silica in foundries; however, the concentration of crystalline silica and cases of lung cancer in a single foundry has never been reported in Korea. Therefore, the authors report two cases of lung cancer and concentration of crystalline silica by the X-ray diffraction method.
Case presentation
A 55-year-old blasting and grinding worker who worked in a foundry for 33 years was diagnosed with lung cancer. Another 64-year-old forklift driver who worked in foundries for 39 years was also diagnosed with lung cancer. Shot blast operatives were exposed to the highest level of respirable quartz (0.412 mg/m³), and a forklift driver was exposed to 0.223 mg/m³.
Conclusions
The lung cancer of the two workers is very likely due to occupationally related exposure given their occupational history, the level of exposure to crystalline silica, and epidemiologic evidence. Further studies on the concentration of crystalline silica in foundries and techniques to reduce the crystalline silica concentration are required.

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Original Articles

Association between Emotional Labor and Symptoms of Depression among Bankers: Sanghyo Chu, Hyunchul Ryou, Kyujeong Bae, Jaechul Song, Soojin Lee, Inah Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(4):316-323. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.4.316

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
We focused on the relationship between symptoms of depression and emotional labor to investigate the mental health status of workers.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, a total of 2,346 workers among bankers were our study subjects. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the socio-demographics, job characteristics, emotional labor and, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). We used multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate the relationship between emotional labor and the symptoms of depression.
RESULTS
The prevalence of symptoms of depression among the survey subjects was 20.6%. After adjusting for confounding factors, emotional effort (OR: 1.7, 95% CI=1.28~2.31) and, emotional disharmony (OR: 4.5, 95% CI=3.13~6.44) in men and emotional effort (OR: 1.9, 95% CI=1.33~2.75), emotional disharmony (OR: 6.1, 95% CI=4.12~9.09) in women showed a statistically significant association with symptoms of depression.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that emotional disharmony and emotional effort are related to symptoms of depression. Managing emotional disharmony is important in managing symptoms of depression.

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The Factors Related to Health-related Quality of Life(HRQOL), and Correlation between Occupational Stress and HRQOL among Municipal Fire Officers in Incheon: Kyungjin Lee, Hyeontaeck Heo, Dongwon Kim, Inah Kim, Sooyoung Kim, Junrae Rho, Sooyoung Jung, Jehyeok Mun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(3):267-275. Published online September 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.3.267

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the factors related to HRQOL, and a correlation between occupational stress and HRQOL among municipal fire officers.
METHODS
In November 2005, 341 male municipal fire officers submitted to the following tests: A general questionnaire, a medical questionnaire, the Korean Occupational Stress Scale Short Form(KOSSSF), and the SmithKline Beecham quality of life scale (SBQOL).
RESULTS
Back pain (OR=3.54, 95% C.I.=1.81-6.93) and occupational stress (OR=6.33, 95% C.I.=3.12-12.83) were significantly related to poor HRQOL scores among municipal fire officers, and there is negative relationship between KOSS-SF score and SBQOL score. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the medium occupational stress group (OR=2.21, 95% C.I.=1.04-4.71) and the high occupational stress group (OR=6.33, 95% C.I.=3.12-12.83) were more significantly associated with poor HRQOL than low occupational stress group.
CONCLUSIONS
Among municipal fire officers, back pain and occupational stress were found to be related to their HRQOL. Based on this study, we suggest that the management of back pain and occupational stress are instrumental to improving the HRQOL among municipal fire officers.

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Yunyoung Kim, Hye-Sun Hyun, Jong Hyang Yoo
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Effects of sleep quality and occupational stress on health-related quality of life among a university's security workers
Gun Woo Park, Su-Jin Goh, Dong Ha Kim, Hye Lim Kim, Jin Kwan Park, Soo-Young Yu, Du Young Jeong, Jin-Hee Chun, Soon-Young Hwang, Sung-Il Cho
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2015; 32(3): 73. CrossRef
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Gyung-Jae Oh, Jeong-Mi Lee, Chung-Yong Yang, Hyung-Ju Park, Yun-Hee Park, Chan-Uk Yoo, Eun-Yeong Kang, Bok-Hee Chong
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Analysis of Foot Pressure according to the Work Postures on Fire Fighters
Sung Min Son, Hyo Lyun Roh
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Health Hazards in Firefighters
Kyoo Sang Kim
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A Comparison of KOSHA's Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment and the Predicted 10-year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Developed by Jee for a Male Workers at a Wallpaper and Floor Covering Manufacturer: Kyungjin Yi, Hyeontaeck Heo, Dongwon Kim, Inah Kim, Sooyoung Kim, Junrae Rho, Jehyeok Mun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(2):174-183. Published online June 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.2.174

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between KOSHA's cardiovascular disease risk assessment and the predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease developed by Jee. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from a structured questionnaire survey and medical examination of 509 male workers aged 30-59 years employed at a wallpaper and floor covering workplace in May 2008. We calculated KOSHA's cardiovascular disease risk assessment and Jee's predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease. A high risk of cardiovascular disease was defined as the upper 10th percentile of Jee's predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal Wallis test and a logistic regression model.
RESULTS
Jee's predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease significantly increased as KOSHA's cardiovascular disease risk increased. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the group with 3 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors according to KOSHA's model was more likely to experience cardiovascular disease within 10 years(OR=34.4, 95% C.I.=4.4-267.2).
CONCLUSIONS
KOSHA's cardiovascular disease risk assessment was fairly well associated with Jee's predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease and was believed to be a practical and convenient method of preventing cardiovascular disease at the workplace.

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Comparing Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency and National Health Insurance Service’s cardio-cerebrovascular diseases risk-assessment tools using data from one hospital’s health checkups
Yunrae Cho, Dong Geon Kim, Byung-Chan Park, Seonhee Yang, Sang Kyu Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Overall and cardiovascular mortality according to 10-year cardiovascular risk of the general health checkup: the Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study
Youshik Jeong, Yesung Lee, Eunchan Mun, Eunhye Seo, Daehoon Kim, Jaehong Lee, Jinsook Jeong, Woncheol Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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The Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Job Stress and Intensity of Labor among Security Firm Workers: Yoon Hee Song, Jung Ok GongYoo, Inah Kim, Won Jun Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(4):283-294. Published online December 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.4.283

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the mental health status of security firm workers focusing on job stress, depressive symptoms, and overall psychosocial stress and to determine the relationship between depressive symptoms and the level of distress with changes in labor conditions and intensity.
METHODS
Using a cross-sectional design, a formal survey including basic sociodemographic factors, job-related characteristics, job stress, psychosocial stress, depressive symptoms, and changes in labor conditions and intensity was conducted on workers employed in nine security firms. A total of 1,313 workers replied to the survey. We estimated the relationship between psychosocial stress and depressive symptoms with job stress, and changes in labor conditions and intensity by multivariate logisitic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Severe and intermediate level of depressive symptoms occurred in 18.5% (209) of the workers, and the high risk psychosocial distress groups accounted for 44.2% or the workers. Based on multivariate analysis, the Borg scale (OR=2.43 95%, CI=1.72-3.45), relative labor intensity (OR=1.05, 95% CI=1.00-1.09), high job demand (OR=1.47, 95% CI=1.06-2.06) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. For psychosocial stress, the Borg scale (OR=2.39, 95% CI=1.84-3.10), relative labor intensity (OR=1.06, 95% CI=1.02-1.09), low job control (OR=1.80, 95%CI=1.38-2.35), and high job instability (OR=1.53, 95%CI=1.02-2.29) were significantly associated with high risk groups.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that a large proportion of security firm workers encountered depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress. Also, labor intensity and changes in labor condition (relative work intensity) were influential factors for depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress. Therefore, we conclude that not only an intervention for job stress should be offered, but also a policy toward the systemic problem of labor intensification should be considered.

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Wearables for Well-Being: A Longitudinal in Situ Study of Smartwatches to Understand and Enhance Line-Level Housekeeping Work
Aaron Necaise, Cynthia Mejia, Joseph T. Kider, Mindy Shoss, Mary Jean Amon
International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction.2024; : 1. CrossRef
Changes in Working Hours and Labor Intensity and Their Effect on Sleep Difficulties of Shift Work Nurses in Hospitals
Ji Yun Lee, Kyung Jin Hong
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(4): 446. CrossRef
Effects of Work Intensity and Physical Discomfort on Job Satisfaction in Clinical Nurses
Hyojin Kim, Soonjoo Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2016; 22(4): 362. CrossRef
Application of Community-Based Participatory Research Principles: Preventing Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Female Korean–Chinese Migrant Workers in Korea
Hyeonkyeong Lee, Duckhee Chae, Kyongeun Lee, Meenhye Lee
Workplace Health & Safety.2012; 60(7): 313. CrossRef
The Influence of Workplace Violence on Work-related Anxiety and Depression Experience among Korean Employees
Eun Sook Choi, Hye-Sun Jung, Su-Hyun Kim, Hyunju Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(5): 650. CrossRef

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Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Related Factors in Firefighters of a Firestation: Soon Chan Kwon, Jaechul Song, Soo Jin Lee, Inah Kim, Jaewoo Koh, Hyunchul Ryou, Seok Hyun Kim, Daeho Kim, Seung Ah Jung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(3):193-204. Published online September 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.3.193

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the factors related with posttraumatic symptoms and to estimate the prevalence of posttraumatic disorder of urban male firefighters.
METHODS
From a study sample comprising 260 male firefighters from one fire station, the responses from 146 who had experienced one or more traumatic events, responded to the 'Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version' (IES-R-K) and didn't show any evidence of depression were analyzed. We surveyed the firefighters using a self-administered questionnaire including general characteristics, job-related characteristics, IES-R-K, and a 'Firefighters and paramedics' incident stressor'.
RESULTS
The mean value of IES-R-K in this study was 11.3 and it was higher in the married firefighters than in the unmarried firefighters (p=0.005) and in the 24-hr shift workers than in the ordinary day shift workers (p=0.032). The frequency of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of the firefighters in this study using IES-R-K was 13.7%, with a cutoff point of 24/25. The overall number of experiences of 25 traumatic events was larger in emergency medical personnel and rescue workers than in other work functions (p=0.000).
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of PTSD symptoms in firefighters was estimated to 13.7% using IES-RK and was higher than the prevalence of PTSD in the general population. A program to manage the mental health and provide early detection for mental illness for firefighters is needed.

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Development and validation of the trauma-specific emotional counting Stroop paradigm for fMRI study
Ji Sun Hong, Dayoung Lee, Doug Hyun Han, Minyoung Sim
Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 350: 118. CrossRef
Latent profile analysis of post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth among firefighters
Yongchan Shin, JeeEun Karin Nam, Aeyoung Lee, Youngkeun Kim
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Psychological Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Workers After Toxic Chemical Spill in Gumi, South Korea
Ji Young Song, Kyoung-Sook Jeong, Kyeong-sook Choi, Min-gi Kim, Yeon-Soon Ahn
Workplace Health & Safety.2018; 66(8): 393. CrossRef
The Study of Korea National Firefighters’ Physical Fitness over 6-year Period (2011~2016)
Kyoungmin Noh, Wook Song, Chungkun Lee, Seiyoung Park, Jungjun Park, Hanjoon Lee, Dongil Seo, Hyunjoo Kang, Yeonsoon Ahn
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE.2018; 12(2): 103. CrossRef
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Seon Mi Nho, Eun A Kim
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Post Traumatic Stress and Related Factors in Some Hand Replantation Patients
San-Hui Lee, Mi Ah Han, Jong Park, So Yeon Ryu
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Post-traumatic stress disorder and occupational characteristics of police officers in Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional study
June-Hee Lee, Inah Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh
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Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory as related factor for post traumatic stress disorder symptoms according to job stress level in experienced firefighters: 5–year study
In-Sung Chung, Mi-Young Lee, Sung-Won Jung, Chang-Wook Nam
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Short-Term Music Therapy in Fire Fighters with Post-Traumatic Stress Risk
Gyu-Sik Shim, Nam-Song Kim, Sung-Hwan Bang
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The Relationship of Post-traumatic Stress, Job Stress and Turnover Intention in Emergency Department Nurses
Jeong Won Han, Byoungsook Lee
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The Impact of Emotional Exhaustion and Physical Symptoms in about Rescue Workers Incident Shock
Eui-Tae Yoo, Sung-Je Cho
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Effects of a Stress Management Program Providing Cognitive Behavior Therapy on Problem-focused Coping, Job Stress, and Depression in Firefighters
Chun Youn Nam, Hee Sook Kim, So Hee Kwon
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The Influence of Field-Shock Experience and Post Traumatic Stress Perceived by Fire Officials upon Somatic Symptoms and Coping Methods
Tae-Young Moon
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Construction of a Post-traumatic Stress Model for Fire Fighters
Yoonjung Kim, Jeongyee Bae
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Kyoo Sang Kim
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(4): 296. CrossRef
Occupational Health and Fitness for Work of Firefighters
Inah Kim, Jaechul Sung
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2008; 51(12): 1078. CrossRef

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The Prevalence of Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of Music College Freshmen Playing String Instruments: Jaewoo Koh, Soo jin Lee, Yong Kyu Kim, Inah Kim, Soon Chan Kwon, Si Bog Park, Mi Jung Kim, Seongwoo Kim, Kyoungok Park, Hyunmi Kim, Jaegwang Song, Jaechul Song; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(3):189-198. Published online September 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.3.189

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) of some music college freshmen majoring in string instruments.
METHODS
The study subjects were 199 freshmen majoring in strings at three colleges in Seoul and surrounds. The symptom prevalence and related factors of PRMDs were surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire. The Southampton Protocol was used to diagnose PRMDs.
RESULTS
The freshmen had played for 9 years and 7 months on average. The symptom prevalence of PRMDs according to the modified-NIOSH surveillance criteria was 73.4%. The shoulder was the most prevalent symptom complaint site. The prevalence of PRMDs by the Southampton Protocol was 54.3% and myofascial pain syndrome was the most common. The instrument (violin or viola vs. cello or bass), regular breaks, self perceived evaluation of playing posture and regular computer use had a significant association with the symptom prevalence of PRMDs in univariate logistic regression analysis (p<0.05). The instrument, regular breaks and regular computer use were significant variables affecting the symptom prevalence of PRMDs in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that music college freshmen playing strings are a high risk group for musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, the prevention of PRMDs requires the establishment of an ergonomic playing-environment, and the education of comfortable posture and stretching program such as musical warming up and physical stretching. It is especially important to form an effective treatment and rehabilitation system based on earlier diagnosis for musicians who are suffering from the PRMDs.

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Musicians' Medicine: Musculoskeletal Problems in String Players
Han-Sung Lee, Ho Youn Park, Jun O Yoon, Jin Sam Kim, Jae Myeung Chun, Iman W. Aminata, Won-Joon Cho, In-Ho Jeon
Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery.2013; 5(3): 155. CrossRef
The Prevalence of Playing-related Musculoskeletal Disorders of Traditional Korean Musical Instrument Player
Jung Yong Kim, Seung Nam Min, Young Jin Cho, Jun Hyeok Choi
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2012; 31(6): 749. CrossRef

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The Relationship between Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Job Stress & Intensity of Labor among Shipbuilding Workers: Inah Kim, Sang Baek Koh, Jeong Soo Kim, Dong Mug Kang, Mia Son, Yongkyu Kim, Jaechul Song; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):401-412. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.401

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to reveal the multiple factors that are related to the work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) of shipbuilding workers, and to elucidate the relationship between musculoskeletal symptoms and factors such as the change of working conditions, job stress and physical workload.
METHODS
The study sample comprised 1,059 shipbuilding workers. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics, job stress, psychosocial well-being index (PWI), physical workload, change of working conditions and information concerning musculoskeletal symptoms. We estimated the relations of job stress, physical workload and intensity of labour to musculoskeletal symptoms using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.
RESULTS
The symptom prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in any part of the body was 89.5% by 'criteria 1'in the order of back (58.6%) and shoulder (56.3%). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, posture factor (Odds ratio [OR]=1.06, 95% confidence interval [ C I ] = 1 . 0 0~1.12), non-posture factor (OR=1.17, CI=1.05~1.31), Borg scale (OR=1.15, C I = 1 . 0 0~1.32), relative work intensity increase (OR=1.92, CI=1.08~3.41), labor flexibility increase (OR=2.04, CI=1.04~4.01), high job demand (OR=2.68, CI=1.48~4.88), and high risk stress group (OR=13.50, CI=3.15~57.97) were all found to be significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that WMSDs have multiple risk factors such as stress, physical workload and change of working conditions. High job demand, increased relative intensification of work and increased flexibility, especially such as subcontract, outsourcing and importing of contingent work, were very important factors associated with increasing WMSDs.

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Wearables for Well-Being: A Longitudinal in Situ Study of Smartwatches to Understand and Enhance Line-Level Housekeeping Work
Aaron Necaise, Cynthia Mejia, Joseph T. Kider, Mindy Shoss, Mary Jean Amon
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Effects of Work Intensity and Physical Discomfort on Job Satisfaction in Clinical Nurses
Hyojin Kim, Soonjoo Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2016; 22(4): 362. CrossRef
Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms and Its Related Factors among Male Workers in Manufacturing Industries
Seung-Hyun Lee, Young-Chae Cho
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(10): 6627. CrossRef
Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korea Provoked by Workers’ Collective Compensation Claims against Work Intensification
Dongmug Kang, Youngki Kim, Young-Il Lee, Sangbaek Koh, Inah Kim, Hoonkoo Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Job Stress at the Shipbuilding Industry
Kwan-Suk Lee, Da-Yeh Chung
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2012; 31(1): 177. CrossRef
Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms and Related Factors among Male Workers in Small-scale Manufacturing Industries
Seung-Hyun Lee, Ju-Yeon Lee, Young-Chae Cho
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(9): 4025. CrossRef
Ergonomic Research Trends in the Shipbuilding Industry: Present and the Future
Yu-Chang Kim
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2012; 31(1): 131. CrossRef
Medical Managements of Musculoskeletal Diseases in Shipbuilding Industry
Jong-Eun Kim, Young-Ki Kim, Dong-Mug Kang
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2012; 31(1): 157. CrossRef
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Dairy Farmers in Gyeonggi Province, Korea
Ji-Hyuk Park, Hyun-Sul Lim, Kwan Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2010; 43(3): 205. CrossRef
Characteristics of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korea and Their Work-relatedness Evaluation
Kun Hyung Kim, Kyoo Sang Kim, Day Sung Kim, Sun Je Jang, Ki Hun Hong, Seung-Won Yoo
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S77. CrossRef

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