Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between multiple jobs and physical and psychological symptoms among the Korean working population: Seok-Yoon Son, Jin-Young Min, Seung-Woo Ryoo, Baek-Yong Choi, Kyoung-Bok Min; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e21. Published online August 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e21

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
The prevalence of multiple job-holding (MJH) is expected to show an upward trend among Korean workers, yet its potential impact on workers’ health remains poorly discussed. This study aimed to explore the association between MJH and experience of physical and psychological symptoms in various aspects among active Korean workers and to identify its differences depending on workers’ gender.
Methods
We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study among South Korean workers aged 15–59 using data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey. The final study sample comprised 34,175 participants. MJH status and symptoms, such as musculoskeletal pain, headache or eyestrain, fatigue, insomnia, and anxiety, were measured by self-reported data. Logistic regression analyses were performed on the total sample and gender-stratified groups, with adjustments for the sociodemographic and occupational characteristics of the participants.
Results
One hundred thirty-five men and 103 women were defined as multiple job-holders (MJHers) among the study sample. When adjusted for sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, MJHers suffered more events of headache or eyestrain (odds ratio [OR]: 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23–2.78) and anxiety (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.05–3.79). Gender-stratified analyses with adjustment showed that among women workers, MJH was associated with musculoskeletal pain (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.02–3.34), headache or eyestrain (OR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.37–4.67), fatigue (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.29–4.40), insomnia (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.04–3.57), and anxiety (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.11–7.20).
Conclusions
We found a significant association between MJH and various symptoms. Women MJHers were revealed to be a more vulnerable population than their men counterparts. Further research should account for the social context of MJH, and appropriate monitoring and intervention for maintaining the well-being of MJHers are needed.; 한국인 근로자 집단에서의 다중직업종사와 육체적, 정신적 증상 간 연관성
목적
한 근로자가 동시에 두 개 이상의 직업을 가지는 행위인 ‘다중직업종사’ 현상은 한국인 근로자들 간 그 비중이 점차 증가할 것으로 전망된다. 그러나, 다중직업종사가 근로자의 다양한 육체적, 정신적 증상에 미칠 수 있는 영향에 대한 논의는 부족한 실정이다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 한국인 근로자 집단을 대상으로 하여 다중직업종사와 근로자의 건강 간 연관성을 다양한 관점에서 탐구하였다. 나아가 이러한 연관성이 근로자의 성별에 따라 관찰되는 차이에 대하여 확인하였다.
방법
본 연구는 제6차 근로환경조사 자료를 활용한 단면 연구로, 만 15세 이상 59세 이하인 한국인 근로자 34,175명을 대상으로 수행되었다. 다중직업종사 상태 및 육체적, 정신적 증상으로서 근골격계 통증, 두통 및 눈의 피로, 전신피로, 불면 및 불안의 유무는 자가 보고된 자료로 확인하였다. 연구대상 집단 전체 및 각 성별 집단을 대상으로, 근로자들의 인구사회학적 특성 및 직업 특성을 보정한 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다.
결과
연구대상 집단 중 135명의 남성과 103명의 여성이 다중직업종사자로 정의되었다. 인구사회학적 특성 및 직업 특성을 보정한 분석 결과 다중직업종사자에서 두통 및 눈의 피로 (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.23-2.78)와 불안 (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.05-3.79)의 위험이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 성별을 통한 층화 후 분석 결과 여성 근로자 집단에서 다중직업종사는 근골격계 통증 (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.02-3.34), 두통 및 눈의 피로 (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.37-4.67), 전신피로 (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.29-4.40)와 불안 (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.11-7.20) 간 유의한 연관성을 보였다.
결론
본 연구에서 다중직업종사와 근로자의 다양한 증상 간 유의한 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다. 다중직업종사의 건강 영향은 여성 근로자 집단에서 보다 저명한 것으로 나타났다. 후속 연구는 다중직업종사 현상에 대한 사회적 맥락을 보다 고려해야 할 것이다. 또한 다중직업종사자들의 건강 유지를 위한 모니터링 및 중재가 적절히 수행되어야 함을 제안한다.

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Original Article

Exploring the impact of age and socioeconomic factors on health-related unemployment using propensity score matching: results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015–2017): Ye-Seo Lee, Dong-Wook Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e16. Published online July 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e16

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Previous reports showed that age and socioeconomic factors mediated health-related unemployment. However, those studies had limitations controlling for confounding factors. This study examines age and socioeconomic factors contributing to health-related unemployment using propensity score matching (PSM) to control for various confounding variables.
Methods
Data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2015–2017. We applied a 1:1 PSM to align health factors, and examined the association between health-related unemployment and age or socioeconomic factors through conditional logistic regression. The health-related unemployment group was compared with the employment group.
Results
Among the 9,917 participants (5,817 women, 4,100 men), 1,182 (853 women, 329 men) were in the health-related unemployment group. Total 911 pairs (629 women pairs and 282 men pairs) were retained after PSM for health factors. The results of conditional logistic regression showed that older age, low individual and household income levels, low education level, receipt of the Basic Livelihood Security Program benefits and longest-held job characteristics were linked to health-related unemployment, despite having similar health levels.
Conclusions
Older age and low socioeconomic status can increase the risk of health-related unemployment, highlighting the presence of age discrimination and socioeconomic inequality. These findings underscore the importance of proactive management strategies aimed at addressing these disparities, which are crucial for reducing the heightened risk of health-related unemployment.; 연령과 사회경제적 요인이 건강 관련 실업에 미치는 영향: 성향점수매칭을 활용한 한국 국민건강영양조사(2015-2017)자료 분석 결과
목적
이전 연구들에서 연령 및 사회경제적 요인들이 건강 관련 실업을 연관되어 있다는 것을 보여주었으나, 이러한 연구들은 교란 요인을 통제하는 데 한계가 있었다. 본 연구는 다양한 교란 변수를 통제하기 위해 성향점수매칭을 사용하여 건강 관련 실업에 기여하는 요인들을 분석하고자 하였다.
방법
2015년부터 2017년까지 조사된 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하였으며, 건강 관련 실업군을 취업군과 비교하였다. 우리는 1:1 성향점수매칭을 적용하여 두 군 간의 건강관련 요인을 통제하였으며, 조건부 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 통해 건강 관련 실업과 연령 및 사회경제적 요인 간의 관련성을 조사하였다.
결과
9,917명의 참가자(5,817명의 여성, 4,100명의 남성) 가운데 건강 관련 실업군은 1,182명(853명의 여성, 329명의 남성), 취업군은 5,777명(2,894명의 여성, 2,883명의 남성)이었다. 성향점수매칭 후 조건부 로지스틱 회귀의 결과, 고령, 낮은 개인 및 가구 소득, 낮은 교육 수준, 기초생활수급상태, 최장일자리의 성격이 건강 관련 실업과 연관되었다.
결론
고령과 낮은 사회경제적 지위는 건강 관련 실업의 위험을 증가시킬 수 있으며, 이는 연령 차별 및 사회경제적 불평등을 시사한다. 따라서 건강 관련 실업 위험을 완화하기 위해서는 이러한 차별을 해소하기 위한 적극적인 관리 방안이 필요하다.

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Data Profile

Data resource profile: the Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS): Yoonho Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e49. Published online November 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e49

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

The Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) is a state-approved statistical survey that has been conducted by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (OSHRI) every 3 years since 2006 to monitor changes in the working conditions of Koreans. This cross-sectional national survey involves a sample of 50,000 employed people aged 15 or older. KWCS measures various working conditions through > 130 survey questions, including questions regarding working hours, labor intensity, work–life balance, degree of exposure to risk factors, and subjective health status. Professional survey interviewers visit households and conduct face to face interviews. KWCS provides data and statistics for occupational safety and health polices and research in Korea. Furthermore, OSHRI holds academic conferences every year, awards high-quality academic papers, and supports researchers using data. Microdata is publicly available through the OSHRI website (https://oshri.kosha.or.kr).

자료원 프로파일: 근로환경조사
KWCS는 국가승인통계로 대한민국에 거주하는 만15세 이상 취업자 5만명을 표본으로 매 3년마다 실시하는 단면적 조사로, 2006년부터 산업안전보건연구원에서 실시하고 있다. KWCS는 전문조사원에 의해 가구를 방문하여 1:1 면접 조사로 이루어지며, 근무시간, 노동강도, 일과 삶의 균형, 유해위험요인에 대한 노출 정도, 주관적 건강상태 등 다양한 근로환경에 대해 130여개 이상의 문항에 대해 조사한다. 조사 결과는 정책 수립과 연구자를 위한 기초 자료로 제공하고 있으며, 마이크로데이터는 산업안전보건연구원 홈페이지(OSHRI.OR.KR)를 통해 공개하고 있다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association between multiple jobs and physical and psychological symptoms among the Korean working population
Seok-Yoon Son, Jin-Young Min, Seung-Woo Ryoo, Baek-Yong Choi, Kyoung-Bok Min
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Commuting time, working time, and their link to insomnia symptoms among Korean employees: A cross-sectional study
Hoje Ryu, Suhwan Ju, Hye-Eun Lee, Seong-Sik Cho
Sleep Health.2024; 10(4): 434. CrossRef
Interaction between old age and precarious employment on poor mental well‐being in workers: Evidence from a nationally representative sample in Korea
Seong‐Uk Baek, Yu‐Min Lee, Jong‐Uk Won, Jin‐Ha Yoon
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT: using the 5th and 6th Korean Working Condition Surveys
Tae-Yeon Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Byungyoon Yun, Domyung Paek, Kyung Ehi Zoh, Kanwoo Youn, Yun Keun Lee, Yangho Kim, Jungwon Kim, Eunsuk Choi, Mo-Yeol Kang, YoonHo Cho, Kyung-Eun Lee, Juho Sim, Juyeon Oh, Heejoo Park, Jian Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Long working hours, work-life imbalance, and poor mental health: a cross-sectional mediation analysis based on the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey, 2020–2021
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Journal of Epidemiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between sickness presenteeism and depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study using the 6th Korean working conditions survey
Myeong-Hun Lim, Min-Seok Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Tae-Yeon Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2024; 97(5): 537. CrossRef
The association of job training duration and risk of depression among wage workers: an analysis of the mediating factors
Dong Geon Kim, Dong Kyu Kim, Kiook Baek
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

The effect of job insecurity, employment type and monthly income on depressive symptom: analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging data: Myeong-Hun Lim, Jong-Uk Won, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e24. Published online September 13, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e24

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

In modern society, depression is serious issue that causes socioeconomic and family burden. To decrease the incidence of depression, risk factors should be identified and managed. Among many risk factors for depression, this study examined socioeconomic risk factors for depression.

Methods

We utilized first (2006), second (2008), and third (2010)-wave data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). Depressive symptom was measured with the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Short Form (CES-D-10) in the survey in 2008 and 2010. Three risk factors including job security, employment type and monthly income were measured in the survey in 2006. The association between risk factors and depressive symptom was analyzed by Cox proportional-hazard model.

Results

We analyzed data from 1,105 workers and hazard ratios (HRs) for 3 risk factors were significant entirely. In addition, regular worker with high income group is the most vulnerable group of poor job insecurity on depression among male workers (HR: 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–2.81). Finally, HRs for 7 groups who had at least 1 risk factor had higher HRs compared to groups who had no risk factors after stratifying 3 risk factors. In the analysis, significantly vulnerable groups were total 5 groups and the group who had highest HR was temporary/daily workers with poor job security (HR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.36–4.64). The results concerning women, regardless of job type, were non-significant.

Conclusions

This study presented one or more risk factors among poor job security, low income, temporary/daily employment type increase hazard for depressive symptom in 2 or 4 years after the exposure. These results inform policy to screen for and protect against the risk of depression in vulnerable groups.

직업 안정성, 고용 형태, 월 소득이 우울 증상에 미치는 영향 : 고령화연구 패널조사 분석을 중심으로
목적
우울증은 전세계적으로 사회경제적 부담을 유발하는 심각한 문제로 받아들여지고 있으며 우울증의 위험요인으로는 유전적, 기질적, 환경적, 사회경제적 요인들이 알려져 있으나, 최근 코로나바이러스 감염증-19로 인한 월 소득의 감소, 직업 불안정성을 포함한 사회경제적 요인이 중요하게 다루어지고 있다. 우울증을 스크리닝하기 위한 고위험군을 선정하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 전향적 코호트 내에서 직업 안정성, 고용 형태, 월 소득을 기준으로 8가지 그룹을 나누어 각 그룹의 우울 증상 발생 위험도를 분석하고자 한다.
방법
본 연구는 전향적 코호트 연구인 제 1, 2, 3차 고령화연구패널조사 결과를 분석하였다. 2, 3차 조사에서 적어도 한 번 이상 CES-D-10 점수가 4점 이상인 경우, 우울 증상이 발생하였다고 판단하였으며, 1차 조사에서 응답한 직업 안정성 여부, 고용 형태, 월 소득의 영향을 분석하였다. 분석에는 Cox proportional-hazard regression model이 사용되었으며, 나이, 학력, 월 근무시간, 흡연 및 음주 과거력, 직무 스트레스가 보정 변수로 사용되었다.
결과
먼저, 남성 근로자에서 직업 불안정성, 임시직/일용직 근로자, 낮은 월 소득을 위험요인으로 갖는 경우, 그렇지 않은 경우보다 우울 증상의 위험도가 유의하게 증가하였다. 두 번째로, 남성 근로자에서 월 소득, 고용 형태에 따라 4개의 그룹을 나누어 각 그룹에서 직업 불안정성의 영향을 분석하였으며, 월 소득이 높은 상용직 근로자 그룹에서만 유의한 결과를 보였다. 세 번째로, 직업 안정성, 월 소득, 고용 형태를 기준으로 8개의 그룹을 나누어 각각의 우울 증상의 위험도를 분석하였다. 남성과 여성 근로자에 대하여 각각 분석하였으며, 상용직, 높은 월 소득, 높은 직업 안정성을 가진 근로자를 기준 그룹으로 선정한 후, 위험도 분석을 진행하였다. 세 가지 위험 요소 중, 낮은 직업 안정성만을 위험 요소로 갖는 그룹 (HR [95% CI]: 1.66 [1.05-2.61]), 낮은 직업 안정성과 낮은 월 소득을 갖는 그룹 (HR [95% CI]: 1.76 [1.19-2.61]), 낮은 직업 안정성과 임시직/일용직 근로자를 갖는 그룹 (HR [95% CI]: 2.51 [1.36-4.64]), 낮은 월 소득과 임시직/일용직 근로자를 갖는 그룹(HR [95% CI]: 1.81 [1.02-3.22]) 세 가지 위험 요소를 모두 갖는 그룹 (HR [95% CI]: 2.27 [1.57-3.27])에서 우울 증상의 위험도 증가가 유의하게 나타났다. 세 가지 분석 모두에서 여성 근로자의 경우, 유의미한 결과를 보이지 않았다.
결론
본 연구에서는 직업 불안정성, 임시직/일용직 고용 형태, 낮은 임금에 노출된 경우, 노출 후 2년과 4년 중 1회 이상 우울 증상 발생 위험도가 유의하게 증가한다는 결과를 도출하였다. 본 연구에서 우울 증상에 대한 위험요인이 많은 근로자일수록 우울 증상에 대한 위험도가 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 예외적으로, 임시직/일용직 근로자의 경우, 높은 월 소득의 근로자가 낮은 근로자보다 위험도가 높았다. 마지막으로 월 소득과 고용 형태를 기준으로 그룹을 나누었을 때, 직업 안정성에 의한 위험도 증가가 가장 큰 그룹은 상용직 근로자 중 월 소득이 높은 경우였다. 위 결과를 바탕으로 1개 이상의 위험요인을 갖는 고위험군을 대상으로 우울증에 대한 스크리닝 검사를 2년 간격으로 실시하는 것과 모든 근로자를 대상으로 직업 안정성에 대한 자가 조사가 필요하다는 것을 제안하였다.

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Trajectories of job insecurity and the probability of poorer mental health among prime working-age Australian women and men
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Association between temporary employment and current smoking and change in smoking behaviors: A prospective cohort study from South Korea (2009–2018)
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Original Article

Analyzing decline in quality of life by examining employment status changes of occupationally injured workers post medical care: Won-Tae Lee, Sung-Shil Lim, Min-Seok Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e17. Published online July 18, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e17

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

This study aimed to investigate the decline in quality of life (QOL) by examining changes in the employment status of workers who had completed medical treatment after an industrial accident.

Methods

This study utilized the Panel Study of Worker’s Compensation Insurance cohort (published in October 2020) containing a sample survey of 3,294 occupationally injured workers who completed medical care in 2017. We divided this population into four groups according to changes in working status. A multivariate logistic regression model was utilized for evaluating QOL decline by adjusting for the basic characteristics and working environment at the time of accident. Subgroup analysis evaluated whether QOL decline differed according to disability grade and industry group.

Results

The QOL decline in the “maintained employment,” “employed to unemployed,” “remained unemployed,” and “unemployed to employed” groups were 15.3%, 28.1%, 20.2%, and 11.9%, respectively. The “maintained employment” group provided a reference. As a result of adjusting for the socioeconomic status and working environment, the odds ratios (ORs) of QOL decline for the “employed to unemployed” group and the “remained unemployed” group were 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51–3.01) and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.13–1.90), respectively. The “unemployed to employed” group had a non-significant OR of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.54–1.07).

Conclusions

This study revealed that continuous unemployment or unstable employment negatively affected industrially injured workers’ QOL. Policy researchers and relevant ministries should further develop and improve “return to work” programs that could maintain decent employment avenues within the workers’ compensation system.

한국 산업재해 근로자의 요양 종료 후 고용상태의 변화와 삶의 질 저하와의 관계 분석
목적
산업재해 근로자의 요양 이후 직업 복귀와 삶의 질에 대한 사안은 이전부터 큰 사회적 관심사였다. 하지만 요양 종결 이후의 경제활동상태의 종적인 변화와 삶의 질과 연관시킨 연구는 거의 없다. 본 연구는 산업재해 후 요양을 마친 근로자의 고용상태 변화를 조사하여 삶의 질(QOL) 저하를 조사하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2017년에 요양을 마친 3,294명의 산업재해 근로자를 대상으로 한 산재보험패널조사의 자료를 활용하였다. 우리는 이 산재노동자 인구를 근로 상태의 변화에 따라 ”고용 상태 유지”, ”고용에서 미취업 상태”, ”미취업 상태 유지” 및 ”미취업에서 고용 상태”의 4개 그룹으로 나누었다. 다변량 로지스틱 회귀모형은 기본 특성과 산업재해 당시의 작업환경을 보정하여 삶의 질 저하를 평가하는데 활용하였다. 하위집단 분석은 장애등급과 산업군에 따라 삶의 질 저하가 다른 지를 평가하였다.
결과
“고용 상태 유지”, ”고용에서 미취업 상태”, ”미취업 상태 유지” 및 ”미취업에서 고용 상태” 그룹의 삶의 질 감소 비율은 각각 15.3%, 28.1%, 20.2%, 그리고 11.9%이었다. 고용 상태를 유지한 그룹을 기준으로 하였을 때 사회경제적 상태와 근로환경을 보정한 결과 “고용에서 미취업 상태” 집단과 “미취업 상태 유지” 집단의 삶의 질 하락의 오즈비는 2.13 (95% 신뢰구간: 1.51–3.01)과 1.47로 분석되었다. (95% 신뢰구간: 1.13–1.90). "미취업에서 고용 상태" 그룹은 유의하지 않은 오즈비 0.76(95% 신뢰구간: 0.54–1.07)을 가졌다.
결론
본 연구에서는 지속적인 실업과 불안정한 고용이 산업재해 근로자의 삶의 질에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 높은 장해등급, 건설업종의 경우 위험성이 더 높다. 정책 연구자와 관련 부처는 산업재해 보상 시스템 내에서 적절한 고용 수단을 유지할 수 있는 프로그램의 개발 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

Citations

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Work Performance Among Workers without Disabilities after Industrial Accidents: A Longitudinal Study
Chong Min Hong
The Open Public Health Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Self-Esteem Trajectories After Occupational Injuries and Diseases and Their Relation to Changes in Subjective Health: Result From the Panel Study of Workers’ Compensation Insurance (PSWCI)
Seong-Uk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Macro Aspect of Quality of Life Can Be Affected by Occupational Accidents, a Macro Vision for Managers
Farahnaz Khajehnasiri, Vida Zaroushani
Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology.2023; 12(3): 130. CrossRef
Prevalence and Consequences of Verbal Aggression among Bank Workers: A Survey into an Italian Banking Institution
Daniela Acquadro Maran, Antonella Varetto, Cristina Civilotti, Nicola Magnavita
Administrative Sciences.2022; 12(3): 78. CrossRef

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Original Article

Mental health symptoms among dependent contractors in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey: Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e1. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e1

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Recently, there has been a call to improve the holistic welfare of dependent contractors (DCs). Thus, our study examined the relationship between DCs and mental health symptoms and how this relationship was modified by age, sex, and income status of workers.

Methods

A total of 27,980 workers from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey are included in our study. The participants who reported having depression or anxiety over the last 12 months are defined those who had mental health symptoms. We performed exact matching for age group and sex, followed by conditional logistic regression with survey weights. Finally, stratified analyses by age, sex and income level were conducted.

Results

DCs were found to be at increased risk of depression/anxiety compared to other workers. The odds ratio (OR) is 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–2.17). In the stratified analyses, vulnerable groups were middle-aged (OR [95% CI]: 1.68 [1.10–2.54]), female (OR [95% CI]: 1.85 [1.20–2.84]), and low-income (OR [95% CI]: 3.18 [1.77–5.73]) workers.

Conclusions

Our study's results reinforce those of other studies that show that DCs are at greater risk of experiencing mental health issues than other workers and that and this risk is greater for middle-aged, female, and low-income workers. These results suggest that appropriate policy efforts should be made to improve the psychological well-being of DCs.

한국의 특수형태근로종사자의 정신건강증상: 제5차 한국근로실태조사에 근거한 단면 연구
목적
최근 특수형태근로종사자의 법적 지위와 근로환경에 대한 사회적 관심이 증가하고 있다. 우리의 연구 목표는 특수형태근로종사자와 정신 건강 증상 사이의 관계를 조사하며,이 관계가 근로자의 연령, 성별 및 소득수준에 따라 구분된 층화 그룹에 따라 어떻게 변화되는지를 조사하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구에는 제5차 한국 근로 환경 조사의 총 27,980명의 임금근로자가 포함되었다. 정신건강증상을 가진 근로자는 지난 12개월 이내 우울증 혹은 불안감으로 인한 건강장애를 경험했다고 대답한 근로자로 정의되었다. 참여 근로자를 연령 그룹과 성별에 따라 매칭하였으며, 설문 조사 가중치를 사용한 조건부 로지스틱 회귀를 수행하여 분석하였다. 연령, 성별, 소득수준에 따라 그룹별로 층화분석이 추가적으로 진행되었다.
결과
특수형태근로종사자로서의 지위는 정신 건강 증상의 위험 증가와 관련이 있었다 (오즈비 1.52, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.06-2.17). 층화분석에서 취약 그룹은 40대와 50대의 중년 (오즈비 1.68, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.10-2.54), 여성 (오즈비 1.85, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.20-2.84) 및 저소득층 (오즈비 3.18, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.77-5.73)에 속하는 근로자로 분석되었다.
결론
우리의 연구는 특수형태근로자로서 일하는 것이 그 자체로 불안감이나 우울감과 관련이 있다는 이전 연구 결과를 재확인하였다. 또한 중장년층, 여성, 저소득층에서 그 영향이 더 크다는 사실도 처음으로 밝혀냈다. 본 연구는 특수형태근로종사자의 정신 건강을 보호하기 위한 적절한 정책적 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

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Association between precarious employment and the onset of depressive symptoms in men and women: a 13-year longitudinal analysis in Korea (2009–2022)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Temporary Employment Is Associated with Poor Dietary Quality in Middle-Aged Workers in Korea: A Nationwide Study Based on the Korean Healthy Eating Index, 2013–2021
Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1482. CrossRef
Association of precarious employment with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among female workers: Findings from a nationwide longitudinal study in Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 351: 931. CrossRef
Characteristics and Socio-Demographic Distribution of Precarious Employment Among Korean Wage Workers: A Proposition of Multidimensional Approach Using a Summative Score
Seong-Uk Baek, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Taeyeon Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Safety and Health at Work.2023; 14(4): 476. CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between employment status and sickness presenteeism among Korean employees: a cross-sectional study: Jeong Woo Park, Seong Sik Cho, JongWoo Lee, Jonghyun Hwang, Jung Il Kim, Byoung Gwon Kim, Young Seoub Hong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e17. Published online June 12, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e17

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Sickness presenteeism (SP) indicates “going to work while being ill.” The importance of SP has only recently been investigated, and the association between SP and employment status has been inconsistent across studies. Therefore, we conducted this study to explore the association between SP and employment status by using presenteeism propensity (PP), which can reflect the individual decision-making process.

Methods

The study population included employees participating in the 5th Korean Working Condition Survey. We analyzed data of only employees with at least one health event, which was calculated as the sum of SP and sickness absenteeism days. Employment status was grouped into 3 categories: stable employment, unstable employment (contract period ≥ 1 year), and unstable employment (contract period < 1 year). Survey-weighted logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between employment status and PP (dichotomized as “≤ 0.5” and “> 0.5”).

Results

Unstable employees (contract period ≥ 1 year) had higher odds of PP than stable employees (odds ratio [OR]: 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.47), whereas unstable employees (contract period < 1 year) had lower odds of PP than stable employees (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.71–0.96).

Conclusions

Employment status was associated with SP. Given the negative health impact of SP, social efforts, such as paid sick leave, are required to reduce SP and enhance the health status of unstable workers.

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Belgin Oral, Yavuzalp Solak, Hasan Durmuş
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Atsushi Takayama, Takashi Yoshioka, Tomohiro Ishimaru, Satomi Yoshida, Koji Kawakami, Takahiro Tabuchi
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2023; 65(7): 553. CrossRef
A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychosocial Factors and Sickness Presenteeism in Japanese Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Masashi Masuda, Tomohiro Ishimaru, Ayako Hino, Hajime Ando, Seiichiro Tateishi, Tomohisa Nagata, Mayumi Tsuji, Shinya Matsuda, Yoshihisa Fujino
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2022; 64(1): e1. CrossRef
Associations between job and workplace factors, health and physical factors, personal factors, and presenteeism among general employees in Japan: A longitudinal study
Eiko Goto, Hirono Ishikawa, Tsuyoshi Okuhara, Hiroko Okada, Aiko Tsunezumi, Yumi Kagawa, Yoshihisa Fujino, Takahiro Kiuchi
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Research Article

The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being in Korean wage workers through the Cantril ladder Scale: Go Choi, Shin-Goo Park, Youna Won, Hyeonwoo Ju, Sung Wook Jang, Hyung Doo Kim, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jong-Han Leem; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e11. Published online April 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e11

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The global labor market is moving towards increasing job instability. Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being using quantitative scales. We evaluated the association between wage workers' employment status and their subjective well-being through the Cantril ladder scale using Korean Welfare Panel Survey data (KOWEPS).

Methods

This study used KOWEPS data. A total of 4,423 wage workers were divided into permanently employed workers, temporarily employed workers and daily employed workers. The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being was analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounding factors.

Results

The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being, which can be expressed by the Cantril ladder scale. The mean score of both temporarily employed and daily employed workers were statistically significantly lower (B = −0.454, p < 0.001; B = −0.994, p < 0.001, respectively) than permanently employed workers. This appeared to be the same when occupational and sociodemographic factors were adjusted (B = −0.153, p = 0.002 for temporarily employed, B = −0.610, p < 0.001 for daily employed).

Conclusions

The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being score according to the Cantril ladder scale.

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Research Article

Multidimensional sleep quality of dependent self-employment workers: Sang Ha Lee, Dukyun Kang, Junhyeong Lee, Uijin Kim, Seunghon Ham, Wanhyung Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e6. Published online January 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e6

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Background

The number of workers in non-standard employment (NSE) is increasing due to industrial change and technological development. Dependent self-employment (DSE), a type of NSE, was created decades ago. Despite the problems associated with this new type of employment, few studies have been conducted on the effects by DSE on health, especially sleep quality. This study aims to determine the relationship between DSE and sleep quality.

Methods

This study analyzed data of 50,250 wage workers from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey. Workers that did not respond or refused to answer any questions related to variables were excluded, and finally 36,709 participants were included in this study. A total of 2,287 workers (6.2%) were compared with non-DSE (34,422; 93.8%) workers, and multiple logistic regression analyses were applied.

Results

DSE status had a significant association with difficulty falling asleep (odds ratio [OR]: 1.331, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.178–1.504), difficulty maintaining sleep (OR: 1.279; 95% CI: 1.125–1.455), and extreme fatigue after waking up (OR: 1.331; 95% CI: 1.184–1.496). A multiple logistic regression of the variables for sleep quality in DSE showed a significant association with exposure to physical factors for all types of poor sleep quality as well as shift work for difficulty maintaining sleep with extreme fatigue after waking up. Long working hours and emotional labor were also associated with extreme fatigue after waking up.

Conclusions

This study shows a significant association between DSE and poor sleep quality, especially when workers were exposed to physical risk factors (noise, vibration, abnormal temperature, etc.) and shift work.

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Teleworking Is Significantly Associated with Anxiety Symptoms and Sleep Disturbances among Paid Workers in the COVID-19 Era
Minji Kim, Inho Park, Hyojin An, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(2): 1488. CrossRef
Self-employment and health inequality of migrant workers
Deshui Zhou, Xin Wen
BMC Health Services Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Mental health symptoms among dependent contractors in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey
Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effect of Job Demands, Job Resources, and Musculoskeletal Complaints on Presenteeism Among the Dependent Self-employment Workers in Korea
Jiyun Kim, Sookja Choi
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2022; 64(9): 719. CrossRef
Association between physical risk factors and sleep disturbance among workers in Korea: The 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
Inho Park, Seunghan Kim, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
Sleep Medicine.2022; 100: 157. CrossRef
The Impact of Mandate Contract and Self-Employment on Workers’ Health—Evidence from Poland
Katarzyna Piwowar-Sulej, Dominika Bąk-Grabowska
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3138. CrossRef

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Research Article

Distribution of age, gender, and occupation among individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome based on the National Health Insurance data and National Employment Insurance data: Il-Ho Lee, Young-Ki Kim, Dong-Mug Kang, Se-Yeong Kim, In-Ah Kim, Eun-Mi Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e31. Published online November 7, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e31

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Background

The present study aimed to investigate the basic characteristics of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and its differences between occupations using Korea's National Health Insurance (NHI) and National Employment Insurance (NEI).

Methods

The study participants were obtained from the NEI and NHI data from 2008 to 2015, with a diagnosis code of G560 (CTS) as the main or sub-diagnosis. Data about gender, age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, drinking, and length of employment, information about type of occupation, and number of employees according to age and occupation were obtained from NHI and NEI data. In total, 240 occupations were classified into blue-collar (BC) and white-collar (WC) work. In addition, each occupation was classified as high-risk and low-risk groups depending on the degree of wrist usage.

Results

The number of patients with CTS per 100,000 individuals increased with advancing age, and it was higher in women (4,572.2) than in men (1,798.5). Furthermore, the number was higher in BC workers (3,247.5) than in WC workers (1,824.1) as well as in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group in both BC workers (3,527.8 vs. 1,908.2) and WC workers (1,829.9 vs. 1,754.4). The number of patients with CTS was higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group among male and female BC workers and female WC workers. However, the number was higher in the low-risk group among male WC workers. In the BC category, the number of patients with CTS was highest among food processing-related workers (19,984.5). In the WC category, the number of patients with CTS was highest among social workers and counselors (7,444.1).

Conclusions

The results of this study are expected to help identify occupational differences in patterns of CTS. High number of patients with CTS was seen in new jobs, as well as in previous studies.

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Mahshid Malakootian, Mahdieh Soveizi, Akram Gholipour, Maziar Oveisee
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Research Article

Comparison of work environment and occupational injury in direct and indirect employment in Korea and Europe: Joonho Ahn, Seong-Sik Cho, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jun-Pyo Myong, Mo-Yeol Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e24. Published online September 25, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e24

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Background

To investigate the risk of injury for indirect employment in Korea, we compared work environment, workplace exposure, and injury risk according to the type of employment contract between Korea and European Union (EU) countries.

Methods

We analyzed data of blue-collar workers from the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2014) and the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015) and compared workplace risk factors and preventive factors for occupational injuries. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between occupational injury and the type of employment contract after adjusting for age and sex.

Results

For descriptive characteristics, a relatively older age, lower income, lower proportion of full-time work, greater proportion in small-sized companies, and fewer unionizations were noted in indirect employment in Korea than in direct employment. Workplace exposure was significantly higher in indirect employment in both Korea and Europe. Among safety-related factors, indirect employment in both Korea and Europe lacked the support of company education, coworkers, and supervisors. Indirectly employed blue-collar workers had a significantly higher risk of occupational injury than those directly employed in Korea (odds ratio [OR]: 1.876), whereas there was no significant difference between directly and indirectly employed workers in EU countries (OR: 1.038).

Conclusions

Indirectly employed blue-collar workers have an increased risk of occupational injury in Korea.

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Estimated trends in hospitalizations due to occupational injuries in Korea based on the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey (2006-2019)
Seonguk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon
Epidemiology and Health.2023; : e2023042. CrossRef
Teleworking Is Significantly Associated with Anxiety Symptoms and Sleep Disturbances among Paid Workers in the COVID-19 Era
Minji Kim, Inho Park, Hyojin An, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(2): 1488. CrossRef
Economic costs and Predictors of occupation-related Injuries in Ethiopian sugar industries from the Employer’s perspective: top-down approach and friction method
Mitiku Bonsa Debela, Muluken Azage, Negussie Deyessa, Achenef Motbainor Begosaw
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Inho Park, Seunghan Kim, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Comparative analyses of occupational injuries among temporary agency worker and direct contract workers: Findings from the Korea Health Panel 2009–2018
Joonho Ahn, Jongin Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Yu Min Lee, Tae-Won Jang, Dong-Wook Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
Journal of Occupational Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Inequalities in External-Cause Mortality in 2018 across Industries in Republic of Korea
Jiyoung Lim, Kwon Ko, Kyung Eun Lee, Jae Bum Park, Seungho Lee, Inchul Jeong
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Joonho Ahn, So-Jung Ryu, Jihun Song, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
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Joonho Ahn, Jongin Lee, Sang Ha Lee, Min Young Park, Wanhyung Lee
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Research Article

The association between dependent self-employment and self-reported depression/anxiety and sleep disorder in South Korea: Guyeon Won, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Ryun Ha, Seungho Lee, Inchul Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e13. Published online July 29, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e13

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Background

Dependent self-employment is precarious employment, which can be vulnerable to mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate the association of dependent self-employment with depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder in South Korea.

Methods

This study used data from the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey and included 32,691 paid workers. Dependent self-employment and self-reported depression/anxiety, and sleep disorder were investigated using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between dependent self-employment and mental health problems.

Results

Of the 32,691 paid workers, 2,371 (7.3%) were dependent self-employed workers. The odds ratio (OR) of dependent self-employment for self-reported depression/anxiety was 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–2.45) and the OR of dependent self-employment for self-reported sleep disorder was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.01–1.59) compared to other paid workers.

Conclusions

Dependent self-employment is related to an increased risk of self-reported depression/anxiety and sleep disorder in South Korea.

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Association between precarious employment and the onset of depressive symptoms in men and women: a 13-year longitudinal analysis in Korea (2009–2022)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Gender differences in the prevalence of and trends in sleep patterns and prescription medications for insomnia among US adults, 2005 to 2018
Lei Zuo, Xia Chen, Mingliang Liu, Shan Dong, Li Chen, Guangzhen Li, Zhiyu Zhai, Long Zhou, Haiyan Chen, Yuan Wei, Liping Shi, Guang Hao
Sleep Health.2022; 8(6): 691. CrossRef
How Does the Involuntary Choice of Self-Employment Affect Subjective Well-Being in Small-Sized Business Workers? A Cross-Sectional Study from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey
SangJin Park, Chulyong Park, Joo Hyun Sung
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(2): 1011. CrossRef
Mental health symptoms among dependent contractors in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey
Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
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Peter A. Creed, Michelle Hood, Eva Selenko, Shi Hu, Louella Bagley
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High Emotional Demands at Work and Poor Mental Health in Client-Facing Workers
Chunhui Suh, Laura Punnett
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Associations of socioeconomic status and sleep disorder with depression among US adults
Wenzhen Li, Wenyu Ruan, Ying Peng, Zuxun Lu, Dongming Wang
Journal of Affective Disorders.2021; 295: 21. CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between employment status and self-rated health: Korean working conditions survey: Kimin Kwon, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Yoon-Sik Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:43. Published online September 8, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0126-z

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Background

This research was conducted with an aim of determining the association between employment status and self-rated health.

Methods

Using the data from the Third Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2011, We included data from 34,783 respondents, excluding employers, self-employed workers, unpaid family workers, others. Self-rated health was compared according to employment status and a logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results

Among the 34,783 workers, the number of permanent and non-permanent workers was 27,564 (79.2 %) and 7,219 (20.8 %). The risk that the self-rated health of non-permanent workers was poor was 1.20 times higher when both socio-demographic factors, work environment and work hazards were corrected.

Conclusions

In this study, perceived health was found to be worse in the non-permanent workers than permanent workers. Additional research should investigate whether other factors mediate the relationship between employment status and perceived health.

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Nayara Silva Alves, Mery Natali Silva Abreu, Ada Ávila Assunção
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Eunseun Han, Ui-Jin Kim, Yongho Lee, Sanghyuk Lee, Seunghon Ham, Wanhyung Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang
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Self-rated health may be a predictor for metabolic syndrome and high hs-CRP prevalences in healthy adults in South Korea: Based on the 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi Joung Kim, In Woo Kim
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Elijah Deku-Mwin Kuurdor, Hirokazu Tanaka, Takumi Kitajima, Jennifer Xolali Amexo, Shigeru Sokejima
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Silvia Portero de la Cruz, Jesús Cebrino
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Association between Near Work Time and Depression among Workers in South Korea
Na Rae Jeong, Seung Hun Lee, Yun Jin Kim, Jeong Gyu Lee, Yu Hyeon Yi, Yougn Jin Tak, Hye Rim Hwang, Gyu Lee Kim, Sang Yeoub Lee, Young Hye Cho, Eun Ju Park, Young In Lee, Jung In Choi
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Takashi Oshio
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Sou Hyun Jang
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Aziz Mensah, Nicholas Kofi Adjei
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Bohyun Park, Elizabeth Tarlov, Chang Gi Park
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Jae Woo Choi, Juyeong Kim, Euna Han, Tae Hyun Kim
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Nágila Soares Xavier Oenning, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Patrícia Klarmann Ziegelmann, Jean-François Chastang, Isabelle Niedhammer
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Hye Sun Hyun, Yunyoung Kim
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Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
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Research Article

Employment and occupation effects on late-life depressive symptoms among older Koreans: a cross-sectional population survey: Hyun Park, Young Hwangbo, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Wook Han; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:22. Published online May 14, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0107-2

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Background

The present study investigated the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older Koreans and identified associations between depressive symptoms and occupational factors.

Methods

Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (2010–2012) were used to analyze 7320 participants aged 55 years or older. Complex sample logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting general characteristics to determine associations between depressive symptoms and occupational factors.

Results

Among older Korean men, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the employed and the non-employed groups were 9.9 % and 13.7 %, respectively. Employment status was significantly associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for general factors (OR: 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.49–0.97). Among older Korean women, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the employed and the non-employed groups were 17.4 % and 20.3 %, respectively, but employment status was not significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Second skill level occupational groups (clerks, plant and machine operators) in particular showed significantly lower prevalence of depressive symptoms than the non-employed group of men (9.3 % vs 13.7 %). By occupation type, the odds ratios were 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.10–0.97, clerks) and 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.23–0.86, plant and machine operators) adjusting for general factors.

Conclusions

The employed group showed lower late-life depressive symptom prevalence than the non-employed group among older Korean men. In addition some second skill level occupations (clerks, plant and machine operators) were significantly associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms after adjusting for general factors in older Korean men.

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Sri Susanty, Herdiantri Sufriyana, Emily Chia-Yu Su, Yeu-Hui Chuang, Tarik A. Rashid
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Su Myat Cho, Yu Mon Saw, Thu Nandar Saw, Thet Mon Than, Moe Khaing, Aye Thazin Khine, Tetsuyoshi Kariya, Pa Pa Soe, San Oo, Nobuyuki Hamajima
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G. Perera, G. Di Gessa, L. M. Corna, K. Glaser, R. Stewart
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The Effect of Employment and Occupational Factors on Late-Life Depression in Korea
Hyun Park, Young Hwangbo, Younghyeon Nam
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2018; 60(9): e492. CrossRef
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Sung Suk Chung, Kyoung Hwa Joung
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Research Article

Relationship between Work Hours and Smoking Behaviors in Korean Male Wage Workers: Sung-Mi Jang, Eun-hee Ha, Hyesook Park, Eunjeong Kim, Kyunghee Jung-Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:35-35. Published online November 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-35

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purposes of this study are 1) to measure the prevalence of smoking according to weekly work hours by using data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS), and 2) to explain the cause of high smoking prevalence among those with short or long work hours by relative explanatory fraction.

Methods

Data from a total of 2,044 male subjects who responded to the questionnaire in the 10th year (2007) and 11th year (2008) of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study were used for analysis. Current smoking, smoking cessation, continuous smoking, start of smoking, weekly work hours, occupational characteristics, sociodemographic and work-related factors, and health behavior-related variables were analyzed. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to study the relationship between weekly work hours and smoking behaviors in terms of the prevalence ratio.

Results

The 2008 age-adjusted smoking prevalence was 64.9% in the short work hours group, 54.7% in the reference work hours group, and 60.6% in the long work hours group. The smoking prevalence of the short work hours group was 1.39 times higher than that of the reference work hours group (95% confidence interval of 1.17-1.65), and this was explained by demographic variables and occupational characteristics. The smoking prevalence of the long work hours group was 1.11 times higher than that of the reference work hours group when the age was standardized (95% confidence interval of 1.03-1.19). This was explained by demographic variables. No independent effects of short or long work hours were found when the variables were adjusted.

Conclusion

Any intervention program to decrease the smoking prevalence in the short work hours group must take into account employment type, job satisfaction, and work-related factors.

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Original Article

Comparison of Cardiovascular Disease Characteristics According to the Employment Status among Emergency Department Patients: Jeong Bae Rhie, Inn Shil Ryu, In Chul Jeong, Yoo Seok Park, Yong Su Lim, Sun Hyu Kim, Jong Uk Won; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(2):164-172. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.2.164

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The object of this study was to indentify characteristics of cardiovascular disease in the employed population in comparson with the non-employed group.
METHODS
The study subjects were patients aged 20~65 from 3 university based hospital emergency centers and a structured questionnaire were used for comparing the characteristics of cardiovascular disease according to employment status. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between employment status and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
RESULTS
Among the patients, 573 people were employed (482 males, 91 females) and 251 were non-employed (117 males, 134 females). Compared to the non-employed group, the employed group was distinctive in that it contained patients of younger age, had a male dominant gender distribution, and a higher proportion of smoking and drinking patients. The employed group was less likely to be previously-diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, chronic renal failure, cardiovascular disease, or cerebrovascular disease. The employed group was generally more stressed out but there was no significant differences in sleeping time. Infarction was more frequent in the employed group, but hemorrhage was more frequent in the non-employed group. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis results, the odds ratio of drinking and stress was 1.89(95% CI: 1.25~2.86) and 2.68(95% CI: 1.80~3.99) respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Infarction was more frequent in the employed group. Drinking and stress were also more frequent in the employed group. The results of this study don't necessarily mean that stress and drinking are more important than other risk factors but, it means stress and drinking control are more important in the employed group compared to the non-employed group.

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Original Article

The Association between Nonstandard Employment and Suicidal Ideation: Data from the First~Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: Woncheol Lee, Jaehyeok Ha; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):89-97. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.89

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
In light of the high percentage of nonstandard workers and the high suicide rates in South Korea since the 1997 economic crisis, we examined the association between nonstandard employment and suicidal ideation among South Korean employees.
METHODS
We analyzed data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) I, II, III and IV, conducted in 1998, 2001, 2005 and 2007-2009, respectively (13,632 waged workers aged 20-69 years). Employment status was categorized into standard and nonstandard (part-time, temporary and daily) employment. Prevalence ratios (PRs) for self-reported suicidal ideation were compared between nonstandard and standard workers according to each survey wave.
RESULTS
After adjusting for background variables, the risk for suicidal ideation was consistently higher among nonstandard workers in every survey wave. In women, the PRs for suicidal ideation of nonstandard workers compared with standard ones were 1.24~1.37 and all of them were statistically significant. In men, those PRs were 1.36~1.52 with (marginal) statistical significance except for the First KNHANES (1998). Because nonstandard employment is closely related to other factors of suicidal ideation, these estimates are unlikely to have been underestimated.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest the impact of employment status on suicidal ideation and the need for further prospective investigation that lead to policies aimed at improving the problematic labor markets.

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Original Article

Self-rated Health Level Comparisons by the Criteria of Precarious Employment Status: The Korean Labor and Income Survey: Keunwhoe Kim, Hun Jong Chung, Sounghoon Chang, Hyeongsu Kim, Daehee Noh, Kyunghee Jung-Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(3):240-250. Published online September 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.3.240

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of precarious employment status on the level of self-rated health, based on various criteria, by participants in the Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey.
METHODS
Data were obtained from 3,268 subjects(2,057 men and 1,211 women), who participated in the 2005-2006 Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey. Group A was classified as Non-precarious employment by both the Ministry of Labor (MoLab) and the Korea Labor and Society Institute (KLSI). The group B was classified as Non-precarious employment by the MoLab and as precarious employment by the KLSI. The group C is classified as Non-precarious employment by both MoLab and KLSI. Outcome variables were self-rated health and a panel logistic regression analysis was performed on the data.
RESULTS
The level of self-rated health was worse among group B males (OR: 1.45, C.I:1.00~2.11) and group C males (OR: 1.69, C.I:1.35~2.10) compared to group A males. A substantial difference(57.8%) in the level of self-rated health between groups A and B was attributed to the sociodemographic characteristics of the populations. The difference in self-rated health between groups A and C was explained by work environments(15.7%), as well as by sociodemographic characteristics(26.1%). For female workers, the level of self-rated health in group B and C was worse than in group A, but this finding was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggested that the policy to improve the working environment, as well as a more comprehensive effort to reduce the disparity, is needed for the precarious employment worker.

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(8): 2736. CrossRef

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Original Article

The Effects of the Structural Unemployment on Health-related Behavior and Health: Daegyun Hong, Jungwon Kim, Dongmug Kang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):346-353. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.346

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to examine the effects of unemployment on health-related behavioral changes and worker's health, and to produce the basic data that is needed to formulate the necessary measures for reducing the health hazards and social costs caused by unemployment.
METHODS
A questionnaire survey was conducted with a group of 123 people who had lost their jobs due to structural unemployment (the unemployment group) and with a group of 155 employed people (the employment group). The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used as a tool for evaluating the demographic characteristics, the health-related behaviors and the health level.
RESULTS
Irregular mealtimes and increased smoking and drinking rates were observed in the unemployment group (P<0.05). The results of the logistic regression analysis that was conducted after correcting for the confounding variable showed that in the unemployment group, unlike in the employment group, the odds ratio of the group with a low health level score on the SF-36 has a significant difference in "Role limitation resulting from physical problems" (OR 2.20, 95% CI=1.01~4.78), "Role limitation resulting from emotional problems" (OR 4.51, 95% CI=1.90~10.69) and "Mental health" (OR 3.43, 95% CI=1.52~7.74) among the eight lower areas.
CONCLUSIONS
Unemployment causes a negative change in health-related behaviors and lower levels of mental and physical health. Systematic research must be conducted to promote good health among unemployed workers and to reduce their social costs.

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Original Article

Factors Related to Occupational Injuries and Health Problems for Some Female Workers in Non-standard Employment: Woo Jin Park, Hyoung June Im, Jong Uk Won, Sang Baek Koh, Young Su Ju, Jae Hoon Roh, Sang Yong Oh, Young Jun Kwon, Chang Kook Hwang, Jung Wook Lim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):301-313. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.301

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine certain factors associated with occupational injuries and health problems for some female workers in non-standard employment.
METHODS
We enrolled 754 female workers that were selected from 1,040 people who had agreed to be surveyed as part of a group or company in either the Seoul and the Kyonggi area. We performed univariate logistic regression on survey data and again performed multivariate logistic regression on those variables that were statistically significant.
RESULTS
In this study, the overall incidence of occupational injury for all workers was 12.5%. The incidence rates by position were as follows: 12.9%(insurance saleswoman), 7.4%(telemarketer), 9.2%(visiting teacher), 22%(golf caddy). The most frequent complaint was lower back pain(12.8%) in insurance saleswomen, voice symptoms(37%) in telemarketers, knee and ankle symptoms(33.8%) in golf caddies, and voice symptoms(14.4%) in visiting teachers. The factors related to occupational injuries included job type, and age. The factors related to health problems were job type, psychosocial stress, accident risk, and social support. The percentage of the cases that occurred without fringe benefits including social welfare was 30.4%, and the percentage of "paid out of the person's own pocket" of ways to arrange costs of accidents was 32.5%.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, some female workers in non-standard employment had relatively high level of occupational injuries, accompanied by various health problems. In these occupational classes, the conditions for social insurance and social welfare were poor. It is necessary to expand the application of social insurances including industrial accident compensation insurance. Regardless of job category, psychosocial stress and social support were statistically significant for many symptoms. We believe that measurement of these factors is necessary. In the future, additional studies are required with the use of objective methods for additional job categories.

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Original Article

The Relationship Between Job Stress and Quality of Life for Hospital Workers by Type of Employment: Eun Sook Jeon, Kang Sook Lee, Seon Young Lee, Jae Hee Yu, A Rum Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):28-37. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.28

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between job stress and quality of life for hospital workers by type of employment.
METHODS
Data were obtained for 361 workers in a large hospital 172 of whom were categorized as typical workers defined by permanent employee and 189 of whom were categorized as atypical workers defined by fixed-term contraction. Job stress was assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Questionnaire RESULTS: Atypical workers had significantly higher scores for job-related stress in the domains of insufficient control, over work, job insecurity, and lack of reward in the workplace compared with typical workers, who had higher scores for stress in the domains of job demands and occupational climate. Test scores also indicated that typical workers had a significantly better quality of life than atypical workers, especially in terms of mental health, social relationships and environment.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggested that factors contributing to job-related stress were different between typical and atypical hospital and typical workers are likely to have a better quality of life.

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Original Article

The Actual Implementing Status of the Preplacement Medical Examination after the Annulment of the Preemployment Medical Examination: Chunhui Suh, Jong Tae Lee, Dae Hwan Kim, Byung Chul Son, Chang Hee Lee, Hui Dong Kim, Jin Hong Ahn; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(3):174-181. Published online September 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.3.174

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
We investigated the status of the preplacement medical examination after the revision of the industrial safety and health law on Oct. 7, 2005 by the Ministry of Labor.
METHODS
Preplacement medical certificates of 6,507 recruits issued by two hospitals in Busan, Kyeongnam Province from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 2006 were reviewed. Telephone interviews were performed to the recruits with disease and self-reported questionnaires were administrated to health and safety personnel from May 1 to Sep. 30, 2007.
RESULTS
Interviews were conducted with 185(56.1%) recruits with disease, 51(27.4%) of whom were rejected for employment due to the preplacement medical certificate. The questionnaire survey for the health and safety personnel revealed that 39(22.9%) personnel were unaware of the annulment of the preemployment medical examination. Eighty(48.8%) of the health and safety personnel answered that they performed a preplacement medical examination after employment, and 63(37.3%) made a practical application of the workers' placement. The recruits with chronic conditions were refused employment: 20 (11.8%) due to hypertension, 21(12.4%) diabetes mellitus and 22(13.0%) hyperlipidemia. The recruits with work-related diseases were also refused employments: 76(44.4%) due to lumbar spine abnormality and 75(43.8%) hearing loss.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the annulment of the pre-employment medical examination, a preplacement medical examination was often used to discriminate among healthy and diseased recruits. Employers must respect the law for the point of time of the preplacement medical examination and the payment of cost. The government should publicize the revision of the objectives of the law. We suggest that health professionals elucidate the job fitness through the development of the assessment tools and maintain the confidentiality of recruits.

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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Original Article

The Effect of Job Stress on Umemployment: Yun Kyung Chung, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, So Yong Park, Jung Yeon Hong, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):115-124. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.115

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study estimated the relationship between job stress and unemployment through a 2-year follow-up study in the KOSS cohort.
METHODS
We established the KOSS cohort in 2004. Among this cohort, we selected 5680 persons with complete KOSS scores and resident registration numbers. We investigated the state of unemployment using unemployment insurance data from Jan. 2005 to Oct. 2006. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between job stress and unemployment. We also adjusted for age, education, marital status, experience of medical visiting, and size of enterprise.
RESULTS
Insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, occupational system, and lack of reward were related to unemployment for men, while only lack of reward was an unemployment risk factor for women.
CONCLUSIONS
Insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, occupational system, and lack of reward were found to be risk factors for male unemployment. Efforts should be made to reduce these job stressors as risk factors.

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Danbee Kang, Ka Ryeong Bae, Ho Young Kim, Yeojin Ahn, Nayeon Kim, Youngmog Shim, Tae Sung Sohn, Woo Yong Lee, Ji Hyun Baek, Sun-Seog Kweon, Juhee Cho
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Original Article

The Health Status Assessment of Subcontracted Workers: Hong Ryul Choi, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Hyoung June Im, Sang Yun Lee, Jai Young Kim, Dong Mug Kang, Soo Hun Cho; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(1):18-30. Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.1.18

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The strategy for the labor flexibility through subcontracted labor have brought a negative effect on the lives of the workers, such as the increase of the unstable employment. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the employment of subcontracted firms and the health status of them, and to find out some problems which have been caused in the process of health evaluation and the characteristics of social exclusion.
METHODS
We reviewed the periodical health examination and preemployment health examination in order to compare health status of the subcontracted workers with those of the parent firm workers. The SF-36 questionnaire was administered to assess the self-perceived health status.
RESULTS
The result shows that compared to the working duration of the parent firm workers, those of the subcontracted workers were shorter, and the job transfer rate was higher. In the periodical health examination, the prevalence of occupational and general disease was higher in the parent firm(10%) than in the subcontracted firms(6%). Preemployment health examination plays an important role in worker's health management. Among 6,260 workers who received preemployment health examination, the prevalence of disease was 37.9%. Mean scores of health status measured by SF-36 were lower in the subcontracted firm than in the parent firm.
CONCLUSIONS
Due to social exclusion of the subcontracted workers from the periodical health examination, there is a possibility that the periodical health examination have the healthy worker effect. These results suggests that the preemployment health examination could be a more appropriate indicator which is able to assess the health status of the subcontracted workers than the periodical health examination.

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Young Joong Kang, Jong Heun Park, Huisu Eom, Bohwa Choi, Seyoung Lee, Ji-Won Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong
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Original Article

Study on the Pre-employment Lumbo-sacral Simple X-Ray Examination: Hyun Sul Lim, Soo Keun Kim, Duck Soo Kim, Hyeon Kyeong Lee, Dae Seob Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):218-226. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.218

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
A study was conducted for investigating the status of simple X-rays on lumbosacral regions at pre-employment health examination and analysing the effectiveness of simple X-rays on lumbosacral regions.
METHODS
The study data were pre-employment health examination data in a university hospital from Jan 3, 1993 through October of 1997. And, 97 newly employed workers who claimed no low back pain at pre-employment health examination of a certain company were follow-up survey about low back pain and related factors in April, 1995 and October of 1997. The data were collected by a self-reported questionnaire and a medical examination with a rehabilitation specialist.
RESULTS
Taking the simple X-rays on lumbo-sacral regions was 1, 591 workers(10.5%) among 15,166 pre-employment health examination from Jan 3, 1993 through October of 1997. And yearly application rates of these X-ray tests have been significantly statistical increasing (p<0.01). 2. The abnormal findings of simple X-rays on lumbo-sacral regions at pre-employment health examination were 40 workers. But, there was not significantly statistical difference between normal and abnormal group for the complaint rate of low back pain. 3. The number of case with symptoms of low back pain at the follow-up survey were 46, so the incidence density was 37. 1 persons/ 100 person-years. And the incidence density was not significantly statistical difference between normal and abnormal group of simple X-rays on lumbo-sacral regions. 4. Through the multivariate logistic regression, significantly associated factors with low back pain were found to be tenure(OR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.17-0.79), lifting of heavy materials(OR=5. 86, 95%CI: l. 58-21. 74).
CONCLUSION
The simple X-rays on lumbo-sacral regions at pre-employment health examination is required further research for utilizing pre-employment health examination according to above results.

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Original Article

Discriminating Function of Preemployment Medical Examination and Necessity of Changing over to Preplacement Medical Examination in Korea: Sang Hwan Han, Sung Chul Chung, Myung Hag Lee, Dong Bin Song; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1997;9(1):170-177. Published online February 28, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.1.170

Abstract PDF

In Korea, every worker should undergo a preemployment medical examination according to Law for Occupational Safety and Health. But evaluation of it has not been previously carried out. Thus a telephone survey of 213 establishments of Inchon area for evaluation of preemployment medical examination in Korea was conducted. One hundred and fourteen companies(46.5% of all the subjects) were examined medically on preemployment, 47 establishments(41.2% of this study subjects) reevaluated workers by each establishment's medical criteria, and only less than half of diseased workers(DM 38.6% ; hypertension 42.1%, HBV carrier 28.0 % ; active pulmonary tuberculosis 7.9 %; back pain 12.3 %, and noise induced hearing loss 18.4 %) were employed. Employee's fees for preemployment medical examination were covered by 53.5 % of all the subjects. From our survey, it is clear that preemployment medical examination plays discriminating role on the employment of workers based on health status. We thus proposed to change over from preemployment medical examination to preplacement examination based on the evaluation of essential job functions and reasonable accommodation.

Citations

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Participation inequality in the National General Health Examination based on enterprise size
Young Joong Kang, Jong Heun Park, Huisu Eom, Bohwa Choi, Seyoung Lee, Ji-Won Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Psychiatric Quarterly.2009; 80(1): 9. CrossRef

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Original Article

A Study on the Status of Preemployment Health Examination: Hae Kwan Cheong, Hyun Sul Lim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995;7(2):332-346. Published online October 31, 1995; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1995.7.2.332

Abstract PDF: Preemployment health examination, stipulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Regulations, plays an important role in workers' health management. Recently, employers are getting more aware of the importance of screening recruits before employment to decrease the development of occupational disorders and work loss due to health problems. Accordingly, additional test items are being included and selection criteria for preemployment health examination is getting more strict. However, studies and. data on preemployment health examination are scarce until now. Authors reviewed preemployment health certificates of 3,261 recruits issued by a university hospital in Pohang from January 3 to December 31, 1993, analyzed regulations on preemployment health examination of 16 companies in the Pohang area, and surveyed 80 health and safety personnel with questionnaire to evaluate the present status of preemployment health examination. Of 3,261 recruits 125 (3.8 %) failed to recruit. Main causes of. failure were chronic liver disease, tuberculosis of undetermined activity. The regulations of 16 companies on preemployment health examination were reviewed. Most companies adopted additional test items in addition to basic test items listed on the Regulation; test of physical strength, pulmonary function test, pure tone audiometer (2000 Hz and 4000 Hz in addition to 1000 Hz), exercise provocation test, urine erythrocyte and urobilinogen, complete blood count, stool examination, VDRL, arid sputum examination for acid fast bacilli In most companies, obesity, hearing disturbance, color vision disturbance was included in the selection criteria. Hepatitis B carrier was not accepted in 4 companies, accepted conditionally in 2, and accepted in 5 companies. Of 80 health and safety personnel of companies in the Pohang area, 56 (70. 0 %) perceived preemployment health examination as a tool for selection of recruits and 14(17.5%) as a procedure for job fitting. Most of them were against the acceptance of recruits with hepatitis B carrier, lumbar spine deformity, and hearing disturbance. In conclusion, preemployment health examination is performed mainly for the purpose of selection of healthier employee, but test items and selection creteria is not seem to be adequate. Authors suggest that further studies are needed to select the test items for specific job, and application of selection criteria be restricted only to some specified jobs. Consecutive filling of preemployment health examination to the periodic health examination was also suggested.

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