Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Correlation of commute time with the risk of subjective mental health problems: 6^th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS): Hyo Choon Lee, Eun Hye Yang, Soonsu Shin, Seoung Ho Moon, Nan Song, Jae-Hong Ryoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e9. Published online May 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e9

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Studies conducted so far on the link between commute time and mental health among Koreans remain insufficient. In this study, we attempted to identify the relationship between commute time and subjective mental health using the 6^th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS).
Methods
Self-reported commute time was divided into four groups: ≤ 30 (group 1), 30–60 (group 2), 60–120 (group 3), and > 120 minutes (group 4). Subjective depression was defined as a score of 50 points or less on the WHO-5 well-being index. Subjective anxiety and fatigue were defined as answering ‘yes’ to the questionnaire on whether they had experienced it over the past year. The analysis of variance, t-test, and χ² test was used to analyze the differences among the characteristics of the study participants according to commute time, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for depression, anxiety, and fatigue according to commute time were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age, monthly income, occupation, company size, weekly working hours, and shift work status.
Results
Long commute times showed increased ORs and graded increasing trends for depression, anxiety, and fatigue. The ORs for depression increased significantly in group 2 (1.06 [1.01–1.11]), group 3 (1.23 [1.13–1.33]), and group 4 (1.31 [1.09–1.57]) compared to group 1 (reference). The ORs for anxiety increased significantly in group 2 (1.17 [1.06–1.29]), group 3 (1.43 [1.23–1.65]) and group 4 (1.89 [1.42–2.53]). The ORs for fatigue increased significantly in group 2 (1.09 [1.04–1.15]), group 3 (1.32 [1.21–1.43]), and group 4 (1.51 [1.25–1.82]).
Conclusions
This study highlights that the risk of depression, anxiety, and fatigue increases with commute time.; 통근 시간과 주관적 정신건강문제 위험의 상관관계 : 제6차 한국근로환경조사
목적
한국인들의 통근 시간과 정신 건강의 관계에 대해 지금까지 수행된 연구는 매우 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 제6차 한국근로환경조사 자료를 이용하여 통근 시간과 주관적 정신건강의 관계를 규명하고자 하였다.
방법
자가 보고된 통근 시간은 30분 이하(1군), 30분-60분(2군), 60분-120분(3군), 120분 초과(4군)의 4개 그룹으로 분류하였다. 주관적 우울은 WHO-5 웰빙 지수 50점 이하인 경우로 정의하였다. 주관적 불안과 피로는 지난 1년간 이러한 증상을 경험한 적이 있는지에 대한 설문지에 '그렇다'고 대답한 경우로 정의하였다. 분산분석, T-검정 및 카이-제곱 검정을 사용하여 출퇴근 시간, 우울, 불안, 피로에 따른 연구 참여자들의 특성 차이를 분석하였다. 성별, 연령, 월 소득, 직업, 회사 규모, 주당 근로 시간, 교대근무 상태를 보정한 다변량 로지스틱 회귀모형을 이용하여, 통근 시간에 따른 우울, 불안, 피로에 대한 오즈비와 95% 신뢰구간을 산출하였다.
결과
긴 통근 시간은 우울, 불안, 피로에 대한 오즈비 증가 및 점진적인 상승 추세를 보여주었다. 우울에 대한 오즈비는 2군(1.06[1.01-1.11]), 3군(1.23[1.13-1.33])과 4군(1.31[1.09-1.57])에서 1군(참조군)에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다. 불안에 대한 오즈비는 2군(1.17[1.06-1.29]), 3군(1.43[1.23-1.65])과 4군(1.89[1.42-2.53])에서 유의하게 증가했다. 피로에 대한 오즈비는 2군(1.09[1.04-1.15]), 3군(1.32[1.21-1.43])과 4군(1.51[1.25-1.82])에서 유의하게 증가했다.
결론
본 연구는 출퇴근 시간이 증가함에 따라 우울증, 불안, 피로의 위험이 증가한다는 것을 강조한다.

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Original Article

Association between presenteeism and mental health among logistic center workers: Hyoungseob Yoo, Ji-hun Song, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e39. Published online November 17, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e39

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Workers in logistics centers are always pressed for time to collect and pack products. They also participate in high-intensity manual labor in which various musculoskeletal hazards exist. In the case of logistic center labor, it is estimated that there is a high risk of presenteeism due to the above characteristics which can cause deterioration of workers’ mental health. However, there is insufficient research on this topic.

Methods

Workers in a logistic center were surveyed using an Internet questionnaire. The survey items included demographic characteristics, labor intensity and work-related factors, and mental health aspects such as depression and anxiety. The survey was conducted for about a month from July 26, 2021 and a total of 353 people were analyzed. Through the χ² test and t-test, the characteristics of workers who experienced presenteeism were examined and the prevalence ratios (PRs) of depression and anxiety experiences were calculated by multivariable Poisson regression. Afterwards, stratification analysis considering gender, the type of contract, and labor intensity was implemented.

Results

In the group that experienced presenteeism, the number of working days per week was higher and fixed-term workers, high labor intensity, and sleep deprivation were more common. In the multi-Poisson regression analysis conducted by adjusting the demographic characteristics, working hours, and work-related factors, the PRs of depression and anxiety were 1.98 (95% confidence interval: 1.24–3.18) and 1.81 (1.22–2.68), respectively. In particular, the p-value for interactions was significant when stratified with the type of contract.

Conclusions

As a result of the study, presenteeism and mental health were associated in logistic center workers. To prevent mental health issues of logistic center workers, management of presenteeism is necessary and a prospective study is needed.

일개 물류센터 노동자에서 프리젠티즘과 정신건강 사이의 상관성
목적
코로나19 이후 물류 산업 전반의 수요가 증가하기 시작하였다. 물류센터 노동은 상품을 입고하고 주문된 상품을 제한 시간 내에 집품, 포장해야하는 업무로 항상 시간에 쫓기며, 다양한 근골격계 유해인자들이 상존하는 고강도의 육체 노동이 특징적이다. 물류센터 노동의 경우 위와 같은 특징으로 프리젠티즘이 발생할 위험이 높을 것으로 추정되며, 이후 근로자의 정신건강의 악화를 가져올 것으로 추정이 되나, 이에 대한 연구는 드물다. 이에 물류산업 노동자에서의 프리젠티즘과 정신건강 사이의 상관성을 보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다.
방법
일개 물류센터 종사자들을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사 링크를 통해 2021.7.26-2021.8.27. 동안 설문조사를 실시하였다. 중복을 제외하여 총 353명의 물류센터 종사자들이 최종 연구대상자로 선정되었다. 인구학적 특징, 고용 형태 및 업무 내용, 노동 시간 및 강도, 교대 근무, 질병 경험, 수면장애, 우울 등 건강 실태 등에 대해 조사하였다. Chi-square test, T-test를 통해 프리젠티즘 여부에 따른 근로 관련 특징을 살펴보았고, multivariable Poisson regression을 통해 프리젠티즘 유무에 따른 우울, 불안의 Prevalence ratio(PR)을 산출하였고, 성별, 근무 시간, 노동 강도에 따른 층화 분석을 시행하였다. 통계 프로그램은 SAS 9.4(SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA)를 사용하였다.
결과
프리젠티즘이 확인되는 군에서 주당 근로일수가 길고, 계약직이 많으며, 노동 강도가 높고, 수면시간이 적은 것으로 확인된다. 나이, 성별, 계약조건, 주당 근로시간, 근무 형태, 노동 강도를 보정하여 multivariable Poission regression을 통해 분석한 결과 프리젠티즘이 있는 군에서 우울과 불안이 발생할 PR 값이 1.98(95%CI 1.24-3.18), 불안이 발생할 PR 값이 1.81(95%CI 1.22-2.68)로 나타났다. 층화 분석 시 고용 형태가 프리젠티즘과 우울과의 관계에서 유의한 상호작용이 확인되었다.
결론
본 연구 결과 물류센터 노동자에서 프리젠티즘과 정신건강 사이의 상관관계가 확인되었다. 물류센터 노동자의 정신건강을 예방하기 위해 프리젠티즘을 유발할 노동 강도 및 노동 환경을 개선해야하며, 아파도 일을 쉴 수 있도록 상병수당, 유급휴가 등의 정책 등이 마련되어야 할 것을 보여준다.

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FATORES ASSOCIADOS AO PRESENTEÍSMO EM TRABALHADORES NO TERRITÓRIO BRASILEIRO: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Lucas Barros de Araujo, Luiz Almeida da Silva, Alexandre de Assis Bueno, Mikael Henrique de Jesus Batista, Ludmila Grego Maia, Hudson de Oliveira Silva
Revista Contemporânea.2024; 4(7): e4946. CrossRef
Multidimensional typologies of precarious employment and their relationships with mental well-being in Korean wageworkers: A latent class analysis based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2023; 177: 107787. CrossRef

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Original Article

Association between working evening shifts and mental health among Korean employees: data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Seongchan Heo, Yunrae Cho, Man-Joong Jeon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e36. Published online November 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e36

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Many studies have been conducted to investigate the harmful effect of shift work on physical and mental health. Although, by definition, “working evening shift” is included in the scope of shift work, most related studies conducted thus far have focused on working night shifts, overtime work, or different types of shift work, with little research effort dedicated to “working evening shifts.” Therefore, to fill this research gap, we investigated the effect of working evening shifts on workers’ mental health.

Methods

The participants of this study were 16,692 employees of the 50,205 that participated in the 5^th wave of the Korean Working Conditions Survey. We performed χ² test and logistic regression analysis to analyze the effects of independent variables on health problems and calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

In the logistic regression analysis adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health-related factors, and work-related characteristics, employees who worked evening shifts showed higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to those that did not. In particular, the adjusted odds ratios of the group working evening shifts between one and nine times a month were the highest with 2.723 (95% CI: 2.014–3.682) for depression, 3.294 (95% CI: 2.547–4.259) for anxiety.

Conclusions

The results of our study suggest that working evening shifts has a negative effect on employees’ mental health. This trend decreased with an increase in the monthly frequency of evening work.

한국 근로자의 저녁 근무와 정신건강과의 관련성: 제 5차 한국 근로환경조사를 이용하여
목적
교대근무가 신체 및 정신건강에 미치는 유해한 영향에 대해서는 많은 연구가 이루어져왔다. 하지만 정의 상 저녁근무 또한 교대근무에 포함됨에도 불구하고 기존의 연구는 주로 야간근무 및 장시간 근무 또는 교대근무의 형태에 대해서 다뤘을 뿐 저녁시간 근무에 대한 검토는 거의 없었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 저녁시간 근무가 근로자의 정신건강에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다.
방법
이 연구는 제 5차 한국 근로환경조사에 포함된 50,205명의 참가자 중 임금 근로자 16,692명을 대상으로 진행되었다. 카이제곱 검정을 사용하여 대상자들의 각 특성과 건강문제와의 관련성을 파악하고, 이러한 결과를 기반으로 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 건강문제에 대한 독립변인의 영향력을 파악하고 교차비 (OR)와 95% 신뢰 구간 (CI)을 산출하였다.
결과
사회인구학적 특성, 건강관련 요인, 직업별 특성에 따라 조정된 로지스틱 회귀 분석에서 저녁 근무를 수행하는 근로자는 그렇지 않은 근로자에 비해 높은 수준의 우울, 불안, 피로감을 보였다. 특히 저녁 근무를 한 달에 1회이상 9회 이하 수행하는 군의 조정된 교차비는 우울 2.723 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.014-3.682), 불안 3.294 (95% CI:2.547-4.259)으로 가장 높은 수치를 나타냈다.
결론
우리 연구의 결과는 저녁시간 근무가 근로자의 정신건강에 부정적 영향을 미침을 나타낸다. 이러한 경향은 한 달에 수행하는 저녁근무 횟수가 증가할수록 감소하는 결과를 보였다.

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Tackling Shift Work: Cardiovascular Health in the Auto Industry
Marius Gabriel Bunescu, Veronica Gheorman, Iulia Rahela Marcu, Cristian Virgil Lungulescu, Venera Cristina Dinescu
Healthcare.2024; 12(11): 1097. CrossRef

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Original Article

Relationship between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety, separating the types of perpetrators: a cross-sectional study using data from the fourth and fifth Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS): Na-Rae Lee, Sang-Woo Kim, Jae-Han Joo, Jae-Han Lee, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e13. Published online June 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e13

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Work is an inseparable element of a person’s life, and violence in the workplace has various effects on individual workers and companies. While most studies have focused on specific industries, very few studies have investigated the influence of workplace violence by co-workers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety in various occupations by differentiating the perpetrators of violence as co-workers and clients.

Methods

This study was conducted based on data from the 4th and 5th Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS). The experience of workplace violence was classified in terms of the perpetrator: workplace violence by co-workers and that by clients. Work-related depression and anxiety were assessed using questions about health problems related to depression and anxiety and whether the problems were related to work. Descriptive statistics, χ² tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using the SPSS 26.0.

Results

After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, income, subjective health status) and occupational characteristics (occupation, weekly working hours, type of employment, size of workplace, and shift work), male workers with experience of workplace violence by co-workers were found to be at a higher risk of work-related depression/anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 11.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.65–15.36). The same was confirmed for female workers (OR, 10.89; 95% CI, 7.90–15.02).

Conclusions

Employees who experienced workplace violence from co-workers were found to be more vulnerable to work-related depression/anxiety. Continuous contact between the victim and the perpetrator may occur, and the possibility of a secondary assault can frighten the victim. Appropriate prevention and intervention measures that focus on the perpetrators of violence are needed.

가해자 유형별 작업장 폭력과 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성
목적
작업장 폭력은 근로환경에서 타인에게 의도적으로 상해, 사망, 정신적 손상, 발달장애 또는 결핍을 일으키는 행위나 위협을 가하는 것으로, 근로자의 신체적·정신적 건강에 부정적 영향을 미치며 기업의 생산성을 저해한다. 작업장 폭력에 대한 대다수의 연구는 특정 직종에 초점을 맞추고 있어 직장 동료에 의해 내부에서 발생하는 작업장 폭력의 영향이 잘 반영되지 않을 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 가해자 유형별 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성을 비교‧확인하고자 한다.
방법
제 4차 및 제 5차 근로환경조사를 바탕으로, 만 18세 이상 피고용자 55,201 명에서 작업장 폭력에 대한 경험과 그 가해자 및 업무 관련 우울/불안 유무를 분석하였다. SPSS 26.0을 통해 기술통계, 카이제곱검정 및 다중로짓회귀분석을 시행했고, 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자에서 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안이 있을 위험에 대한 Odds ratio [OR]를 구하였다.
결과
성별을 막론하여 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자의 경우 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 빈도가 유의하게 높았다. 작업장 폭력을 경험한 남성 근로자에서 업무 관련 우울/불안에 대한 OR은 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 11.52 (95% Confidence interval [CI] 8.65-15.36), 고객일 경우 5.06 (95% CI 3.73-6.88)으로 나타났으며, 여성 근로자의 경우에도 마찬가지로 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 OR 10.89 (95% CI 7.90-15.02), 고객일 경우 OR 4.94 (95% CI 3.77-6.47)로 나타났다.
결론
작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자는 작업장 폭력 경험이 없는 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우, 피해자와 가해자가 동일 작업장 내에서 지속적으로 접촉하여 폭력에 대한 반복적인 회상 또는 2차 가해 등이 이루어지기 쉬운 환경이 조성되기 때문에 고객에 의한 작업장 폭력에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크게 나타날 수 있다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자를 고려한 적절한 예방 및 중재 조치가 필요하며, 해당 분야에 대해 후속 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

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Original Article

Association between coronavirus disease 2019-related workplace interventions and prevalence of depression and anxiety: Hyun Woo Park, Seung Hyun Park, Young Wook Kim, JunSeok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Chang Ho Chae, Eui Yup Chung, Hun Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e11. Published online June 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e11

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Although coronavirus disease 2019 is causing a variety of psychological problems for workers, there are few longitudinal studies on changes in workers’ mental health by workplace intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the change in the prevalence of depression and anxiety according to the active involvement of the workplace.

Methods

This study was conducted on 1,978 workers at a workplace who underwent a health screening from January 2019 to August 2020, and classified depression and anxiety disorders using a self-report questionnaire. After the first pandemic, the company stopped health screening, took paid leave and telecommuting, and conducted interventions such as operating its own screening clinic. To see if this workplace intervention affects workers’ mental health, we conducted generalized estimating equations to compare odds ratio (OR).

Results

In the pre-intervention group, 384 people (16.86%) had depression, and 507 people (22.26%) had anxiety disorder. Based on the OR before intervention, the OR of depression decreased to 0.76 (0.66–0.87) and the OR of anxiety disorder decreased to 0.73 (0.65–0.82).

Conclusions

As a result of this study, it was confirmed that workplace intervention was related to a decrease in depression and anxiety. This study provides basic data to improve workers’ mental health according to workplace intervention, and further research is needed according to workplace intervention in the future.

코로나바이러스감염증-19 관련 사업장 개입과 우울증 및 불안장애 유병률 간의 관련성
목적
COVID-19가 근로자에게 다양한 심리적 문제를 야기하고 있지만, 사업장 개입이 근로자의 정신 건강의 변화에 대한 종단적 연구는 거의 없다. 이 연구는 사업장의 적극적인 개입 여부에 따른 우울, 불안의 유병률 변화를 평가하는 것을 목표로 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2019년 1월부터 2020년 8월까지 건강검진을 받은 한 사업장의 근로자 1,978명을 대상으로 하였으며, 자기기입식 설문지를 이용하여 우울증, 불안장애를 분류하였다. 이 회사는 1차 대유행 이후 건강검진을 중단하고, 유급휴직 및 재택근무, 자체선별진료소 운영 등의 개입을 실시하였다. 이런 사업장 개입이 근로자의 정신건강에 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 Generalized estimating equation(GEE)을 시행하여 Odds ratio(OR)을 비교하였다.
결과
Pre-intervention group에서 우울증은 총 384명(16.86%)이었으며, 불안장애는 총 507명(22.26%)이었다. Pre-intervention group의 OR를 기준으로 하였을 때, post-intervention group의 우울증 OR는 0.76(0.66-0.87), 불안장애의 OR는 0.73(0.65-0.82)로 감소하였다.
결론
본 연구 결과, 사업장의 개입이 우울, 불안의 감소와 관련이 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 사업장 개입 여부에 따른 근로자 정신건강을 개선시키기 위한 기초자료를 제공하며, 향후 사업장 개입에 따른 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 본다.

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Telecommuting-related health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea: a national population-based cross-sectional study
Seung-Woo Ryoo, Jin-Young Min, Dong-Wook Lee, Baek-Yong Choi, Juho Choi, Ho-Yeon Kim, Kyoung-Bok Min
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Multidimensional typologies of precarious employment and their relationships with mental well-being in Korean wageworkers: A latent class analysis based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2023; 177: 107787. CrossRef

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Original Article

Mental health symptoms among dependent contractors in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey: Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e1. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e1

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Recently, there has been a call to improve the holistic welfare of dependent contractors (DCs). Thus, our study examined the relationship between DCs and mental health symptoms and how this relationship was modified by age, sex, and income status of workers.

Methods

A total of 27,980 workers from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey are included in our study. The participants who reported having depression or anxiety over the last 12 months are defined those who had mental health symptoms. We performed exact matching for age group and sex, followed by conditional logistic regression with survey weights. Finally, stratified analyses by age, sex and income level were conducted.

Results

DCs were found to be at increased risk of depression/anxiety compared to other workers. The odds ratio (OR) is 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–2.17). In the stratified analyses, vulnerable groups were middle-aged (OR [95% CI]: 1.68 [1.10–2.54]), female (OR [95% CI]: 1.85 [1.20–2.84]), and low-income (OR [95% CI]: 3.18 [1.77–5.73]) workers.

Conclusions

Our study's results reinforce those of other studies that show that DCs are at greater risk of experiencing mental health issues than other workers and that and this risk is greater for middle-aged, female, and low-income workers. These results suggest that appropriate policy efforts should be made to improve the psychological well-being of DCs.

한국의 특수형태근로종사자의 정신건강증상: 제5차 한국근로실태조사에 근거한 단면 연구
목적
최근 특수형태근로종사자의 법적 지위와 근로환경에 대한 사회적 관심이 증가하고 있다. 우리의 연구 목표는 특수형태근로종사자와 정신 건강 증상 사이의 관계를 조사하며,이 관계가 근로자의 연령, 성별 및 소득수준에 따라 구분된 층화 그룹에 따라 어떻게 변화되는지를 조사하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구에는 제5차 한국 근로 환경 조사의 총 27,980명의 임금근로자가 포함되었다. 정신건강증상을 가진 근로자는 지난 12개월 이내 우울증 혹은 불안감으로 인한 건강장애를 경험했다고 대답한 근로자로 정의되었다. 참여 근로자를 연령 그룹과 성별에 따라 매칭하였으며, 설문 조사 가중치를 사용한 조건부 로지스틱 회귀를 수행하여 분석하였다. 연령, 성별, 소득수준에 따라 그룹별로 층화분석이 추가적으로 진행되었다.
결과
특수형태근로종사자로서의 지위는 정신 건강 증상의 위험 증가와 관련이 있었다 (오즈비 1.52, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.06-2.17). 층화분석에서 취약 그룹은 40대와 50대의 중년 (오즈비 1.68, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.10-2.54), 여성 (오즈비 1.85, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.20-2.84) 및 저소득층 (오즈비 3.18, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.77-5.73)에 속하는 근로자로 분석되었다.
결론
우리의 연구는 특수형태근로자로서 일하는 것이 그 자체로 불안감이나 우울감과 관련이 있다는 이전 연구 결과를 재확인하였다. 또한 중장년층, 여성, 저소득층에서 그 영향이 더 크다는 사실도 처음으로 밝혀냈다. 본 연구는 특수형태근로종사자의 정신 건강을 보호하기 위한 적절한 정책적 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

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Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Original Article

Association between physical hazardous agent exposure and mental health in the Korean working population: the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Daeil Kwon, Kyeongmin Kwak, Kiook Baek, Youngchan Chi, Sewhan Na, Jong-Tae Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e33. Published online November 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e33

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Mental health problems are emerging issues in occupational safety and health, whereas the findings on the relationship between physical hazards and mental health are not consistent. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between physical hazard exposure and mental health outcomes including depression and anxiety.

Methods

We included 48,476 participants from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) in this study. The χ² test and logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between physical hazard exposures and mental health. All statistical analyses were performed sex-specifically.

Results

In logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (ORs) of depression were significantly increased in male workers who were exposed to vibration (severe OR: 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–1.95) and noise (severe OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.49–2.48) whereas the ORs of depression were not significant in female workers from vibration (severe OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.50–1.38) or noise exposure (severe OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.84–2.17). The ORs of anxiety were significantly increased in male workers with vibration (severe OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.43–2.15) and noise exposure (severe OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.69–2.63) whereas the OR between vibration and anxiety (severe OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.91–2.21) was not significant in female workers. High or low temperature exposure had significant associations with depression and anxiety in both male and female subjects.

Conclusions

Results of our study suggest that physical hazard exposures may be associated with increased risk of mental health problems including depression and anxiety. These associations are more prominent in male workers in comparison with female workers.

한국 노동인구에서 물리적 위험요인 노출과 정신건강의 연관: 제5차 근로환경조사 자료
목적
산업보건에서 정신건강 문제가 새롭게 대두되고 있으나 물리적 위험요인과 정신건강의 관련성에 대한 일치된 결과는 없었다. 본 연구는 물리적 위험요인 노출과 우울 및 불안의 상관관계를 밝히는 데에 목적을 두고 있다.
방법
본 연구는 제5차 근로환경조사에서 추출한 48,476명을 대상으로 수행하였다. 카이제곱 검정과 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하여 물리적 유해인자 노출과 정신건강의 상관관계를 평가하였다. 모든 통계 분석은 성별에 따라 각각 이루어졌다.
결과
로지스틱 회귀분석에서 우울의 오즈비(odds ratio; OR)는 진동(심한 노출 OR: 1.54, 95% 신뢰구간 [confidence interval; CI]: 1.21, 1.95) 및 소음(심한 노출 OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.49, 2.48) 노출이 있는 남성 근로자에서 통계적으로 유의하게 증가한 반면 여성 근로자에서는 진동(심한 노출 OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.50, 1.38) 및 소음(심한 노출 OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.84, 2.17) 모두 통계적 유의성이 나타나지 않았다. 불안의 오즈비는 남성 근로자에서 진동(심한 노출 OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.43, 2.15) 및 소음(심한 노출 OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.69, 2.63)이 있는 경우 통계적으로 유의한 상승을 보였으나 여성 근로자에서 진동과 불안 간의 오즈비(심한 노출 OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.91, 2.21)는 유의하지 않았다. 고온 및 저온 노출의 경우 남녀 모두에서 우울, 불안과 유의한 상관관계가 확인되었다.
결론
본 연구의 결과는 물리적 유해인자 노출이 우울, 불안 등의 정신건강 문제 위험의 증가와 관련이 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 이러한 관계는 여성 근로자보다 남성 근로자에서 더 두드러지게 나타났다.

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Research Article

Mental disorders among workers in the healthcare industry: 2014 national health insurance data: Min-Seok Kim, Taeshik Kim, Dongwook Lee, Ji-hoo Yook, Yun-Chul Hong, Seung-Yup Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Mo-Yeol Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:31. Published online May 3, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0244-x

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Numerous studies have shown that healthcare professionals are exposed to psychological distress. However, since most of these studies assessed psychological distress using self-reporting questionnaires, the magnitude of the problem is largely unknown. We evaluated the risks of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, and any psychiatric disorders in workers in healthcare industry using Korea National Health Insurance (NHI) claims data from 2014, which are based on actual diagnoses instead of self-evaluation.

Methods

We used Korea 2014 NHI claims data and classified employees as workers in the healthcare industry, based on companies in the NHI database that were registered with hospitals, clinics, public healthcare, and other medical services. To estimate the standardized prevalence of the selected mental health disorders, we calculated the prevalence of diseases in each age group and sex using the age distribution of the Korea population. To compare the risk of selected mental disorders among workers in the healthcare industry with those in other industries, we considered age, sex, and income quartile characteristics and conducted propensity scored matching.

Results

In the matching study, workers in healthcare industry had higher odds ratios for mood disorders (1.13, 95% CI: 1.11–1.15), anxiety disorders (1.15, 95% CI: 1.13–1.17), sleep disorders (2.21, 95% CI: 2.18–2.24), and any psychiatric disorders (1.44, 95% CI: 1.43–1.46) than the reference group did. Among workers in healthcare industry, females had higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than males, but the odds ratios for psychiatric disorders, compared to the reference group, were higher in male workers in healthcare industry than in females.

Conclusions

The prevalence of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, and all psychiatric disorders for workers in the healthcare industry was higher than that of other Korean workers. The strikingly high prevalence of sleep disorders could be related to the frequent night-shifts in these professions. The high prevalence of mental health problems among workers in healthcare industry is alarming and requires prompt action to protect the health of the “protectors.”

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Research Article

Relationship of activities outside work to sleep and depression/anxiety disorders in Korean workers: the 4th Korean working condition survey: Sung Won Jung, Kyung-Jae Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Jae Gwang Lee, June-Hee Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:51. Published online October 11, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0206-8

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Background

Sleep disorders and depression/anxiety disorders are long-standing and significant problem for mental health. Also there are already known so many negative health effect of these disorders. But there were few studies to examine the association between activities outside work and forementioned disorders. So this study aimed the association of those things by using the Republic of Korean data.

Methods

Data from 32,232 wage workers were used in the 4th Korean Working Condition Survey. General and occupational characteristics, sleep disorders, depression/anxiety disorders and activities outside work are included in questionnaire. To find the relationship between activities outside work and sleep, depression/anxiety disorders, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used after adjusting for general and occupational characteristics.

Results

We observed that volunteer activities increased the odds ratio of both sleep disorders and depression/anxiety disorders(Odds ratio[OR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval[CI]: 1.03–1.78 and OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.29–1.84, respectively). And self-development activities increase the odds ratio of sleep disorders(OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.17–1.57). Gardening activities lowered the odds ratio of depression/anxiety disorders(OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.59–0.94).

Conclusion

Some of activities outside work were related to sleep disorders and depression/anxiety disorders among Korean wage workers. Our results showed negative health effect of some kinds of activities outside work such as volunteering and self-devlopment compared to other studies that emphasized positive effect of those activities for health.

Citations

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Association Between Occupational Physicochemical Exposures and Headache/Eyestrain Symptoms Among Korean Indoor/Outdoor Construction Workers
Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
Safety and Health at Work.2019; 10(4): 437. CrossRef
The association between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of Korean wage workers: data from the fourth Korean working conditions survey (a cross-sectional study)
Jae-Gwang Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, Sang Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Computer use at work is associated with self-reported depressive and anxiety disorder: Taeshik Kim, Mo-Yeol Kang, Min-sang Yoo, Dongwook Lee, Yun-Chul Hong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:57. Published online October 13, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0146-8

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Background

With the development of technology, extensive use of computers in the workplace is prevalent and increases efficiency. However, computer users are facing new harmful working conditions with high workloads and longer hours. This study aimed to investigate the association between computer use at work and self-reported depressive and anxiety disorder (DAD) in a nationally representative sample of South Korean workers.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was based on the third Korean Working Conditions Survey (2011), and 48,850 workers were analyzed. Information about computer use and DAD was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. We investigated the relation between computer use at work and DAD using logistic regression.

Results

The 12-month prevalence of DAD in computer-using workers was 1.46 %. After adjustment for socio-demographic factors, the odds ratio for DAD was higher in workers using computers more than 75 % of their workday (OR 1.69, 95 % CI 1.30−2.20) than in workers using computers less than 50 % of their shift. After stratifying by working hours, computer use for over 75 % of the work time was significantly associated with increased odds of DAD in 20–39, 41–50, 51–60, and over 60 working hours per week. After stratifying by occupation, education, and job status, computer use for more than 75 % of the work time was related with higher odds of DAD in sales and service workers, those with high school and college education, and those who were self-employed and employers.

Conclusions

A high proportion of computer use at work may be associated with depressive and anxiety disorder. This finding suggests the necessity of a work guideline to help the workers suffering from high computer use at work.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0146-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Citations

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Association between Kinesiophobia, Anxiety, and Chronic Neck Pain among Computer Programmers in Bangalore
Kamakshi Ghaie, Milan Anand
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Sex Differences in the Association between Prolonged Sitting Time and Anxiety Prevalence among Korean Adults
Eunsoo Kim, Chul-Hyun Park, Hyun-Seung Lee, Mi Yeon Lee, Sung Joon Cho
Brain Sciences.2024; 14(7): 729. CrossRef
Association between receiving work communications outside of work hours via telecommunication devices and work-related headaches and eyestrain: a cross-sectional analysis of the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey
Yoon-Soo Jang, Jae-Han Lee, Na-Rae Lee, Dong-Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Teaching after the pandemic: The role of technostress and organizational support on intentions to adopt remote teaching technologies
Alessandro Gabbiadini, Giulia Paganin, Silvia Simbula
Acta Psychologica.2023; 236: 103936. CrossRef
Influence of Prolonged Visual Display Terminal Use on Physical and Mental Conditions among Health Care Workers at Tertiary Hospitals, Taiwan
Meng-Ting Tsou
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(7): 3770. CrossRef
Occurrence of Mental Illness and Mental Health Risks among the Self-Employed: A Systematic Review
Kristina Willeke, Patrick Janson, Katharina Zink, Carolin Stupp, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Anne Berghöfer, Thomas Ewert, Ryan King, Peter U. Heuschmann, Andreas Zapf, Manfred Wildner, Thomas Keil
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8617. CrossRef
Haben digitale Technologien bei der Arbeit Einfluss auf die psychische Gesundheit?
Nico Dragano, Steffi G. Riedel-Heller, Thorsten Lunau
Der Nervenarzt.2021; 92(11): 1111. CrossRef
Technostress at work and mental health: concepts and research results
Nico Dragano, Thorsten Lunau
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Effects of prolonged continuous computer gaming on physical and ocular symptoms and binocular vision functions in young healthy individuals
Ji-Woo Lee, Hyun Gug Cho, Byeong-Yeon Moon, Sang-Yeob Kim, Dong-Sik Yu
PeerJ.2019; 7: e7050. CrossRef

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Research Article

Comparison of anxiety and depression status between office and manufacturing job employees in a large manufacturing company: a cross sectional study: WonYang Kang, Won-Ju Park, Keun-Ho Jang, Hyeong-Min Lim, Ji-Sung Ann, Seung-hyeon Cho, Jai-Dong Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:47. Published online September 15, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0134-z

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Background

The aim of this study was to investigate whether type of work is associated with anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Additionally, we investigated the impact of number of working hours on anxiety and depression.

Methods

A total of 1774 workers participated and completed the HADS to determine their levels of anxiety and depression. All subjects were employed at one of two manufacturing plants for the same company. Of all participants, 222 were employed in office jobs and 1552 in manufacturing jobs.

Results

Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis including age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, factory region, and working hours, indicated that employment in an office job was associated with a 2.17-fold increase in the odds of anxiety compared to a manufacturing job (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.24–3.80). Office jobs were also associated with a 1.94-fold increase in the odds of depression (OR = 1.94; 95 % CI, 1.34–2.82). In addition, number of hours worked was significantly associated with depression, and working hours significantly modified the effect of office job employment on the risk of depression.

Conclusions

Office job workers had higher levels of anxiety and depression than those working in manufacturing jobs. Our findings suggest that occupational physicians should consider the organizational risks faced by office job employees, and consider the differences in psychological health between office and manufacturing job workers when implementing interventions.

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Qing Chen, Yong Chen, Yi Huang, Qinglin Yang, De-ying He, Bang-jiang Fang, Yi Ren, Jun Liu
The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Predicting Anxiety and Depression Among Erectile Dysfunction Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Nguyen Quang, Le Van Truong, Eric Chung, Bui Van Quang, Luu Quang Long, Nguyen Thanh Ngoc, Nguyen Anh Minh, Do Mai Anh, Nguyen Dinh Thanh, Nguyen Truong Nam
American Journal of Men's Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Austin Fannin, Cole Hooley, Cody J. Reeves, Katherine Marçal, Rachel Treglown, Rachel Woerner
Work.2024; 77(1): 49. CrossRef
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Zeinab Alizadeh, Hamidreza Roohafza, Awat Feizi, Nizal Sarrafzadegan
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.2023; 21(3): 1700. CrossRef
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Batholomew Chireh, Samuel Kwaku Essien, Nuelle Novik, Marvin Ankrah
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Young Joo Lee
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Young Joo Lee, Jeongok Park
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Sohrab Amiri
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Rajeswari Sambasivam, Anitha Jeyagurunathan, Edimansyah Abdin, Saleha Shafie, Sherilyn Chang, Janhavi Ajit Vaingankar, Siow Ann Chong, Mythily Subramaniam
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2022; 95(3): 753. CrossRef
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Sohrab Amiri, Seyed Morteza Hosseini
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Ochirbat Batbold, Christy Pu
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Yujin Lee, Elizabeth Meins, Fionnuala Larkin
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Sohrab Amiri
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Anxiety and depression symptoms among gas and oil industry workers
S Pavičić Žeželj, O Cvijanović Peloza, F Mika, S Stamenković, S Mahmutović Vranić, S Šabanagić Hajrić
Occupational Medicine.2019; 69(1): 22. CrossRef
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Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2017; 56(4): 175. CrossRef

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Research Article

The association between perceived discrimination and depression/anxiety disorders among Korean workers: analysis of the third Korean Working Conditions Survey: Sang Hyun Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:32. Published online August 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0121-4

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Discrimination is a long-standing social problem, and interest in the health effects of discrimination has been increasing. Unfortunately, Korean workers experience various types and combinations of discrimination. This study aimed to examine the association between perceived discrimination and depression/anxiety disorders among Korean workers.

Methods

Data from 33,530 paid workers were extracted from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey. The data included general characteristics, occupational characteristics, perceived discrimination, and depression/anxiety disorders. To examine the relationship between perceived discrimination and depression/anxiety disorders, multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate depression/anxiety disorders as the dependent variable and perceived discrimination as the independent variable, after adjusting for relevant general and occupational characteristics.

Results

After adjusting for the relevant general and occupational characteristics, we observed that male and female workers who had experienced perceived discrimination exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of having depression/anxiety disorders. The odds ratios among male and female workers were 3.25 (95 % confidence interval: 2.45–4.32) and 4.56 (95 % confidence interval: 3.45–6.03), respectively.

Conclusions

Perceived discrimination was significantly related to depression or anxiety disorders among Korean workers. The risk of depression or anxiety was higher among female workers, compared to male workers.

Citations

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PLOS Global Public Health.2024; 4(8): e0003373. CrossRef
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Original Article

The Effects of Aircraft Noise Exposure upon Hearing Loss, Anxiety, and Depression on Subjects Residing Adjacent to a Military Airbase: Yu Rim Jeong, Jae Beom Park, Kyoung Bok Min, Chan Lee, Hyun Gwon Kil, Won Wook Lee, Kyung Jong Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):40-51. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.40

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To determine the level of aircraft noise exposure and how it relates to hearing loss, and to investigate the association between noise exposure and anxiety and depression in subjects residing adjacent to a military airbase.
METHODS
The study was conducted upon 898 inhabitants between the ages of 30-79, living near the military airbase in Jeonra-do. The subjects were divided into three noise-exposure groups: high-exposure, low-exposure, and a control group. The cut-values were 80 and 60 on the Weighted Equivalent Continuous Perceived Noise Level scale. A self-administered questionnaire including the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were completed. Pure tone audiometry tests were performed.
RESULTS
Hearing loss prevalence was defined by a >40 dB loss in bilateral ears or in one ear; the difference of <15 dB compared to the better side was 30.8%. The mean BAI/BDI score was 18.9+/-14.3/18.7+/-11.6, the number of abnormal subjects with BAIs > or =22 was 317 (35.3%), with BDIs > or =21 was 347 (38.6%). The pure tone average, BAI, and BDI scores were higher in the noise-exposure groups compared to the control. The BAI/BDI abnormal subjects showed a higher hearing threshold shift level compared to the normal scored subjects. The odd ratios for anxiety was significantly high in both noise exposure groups and the hearing loss, for depression was significantly high in high-exposure group and hearing loss.
CONCLUSIONS
Anxiety and depression were higher when exposure to high-level noise and further complicated by hearing loss. Further investigation is needed to determine the cause-effect relationship.

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Original Article

Association between Occupational Stress and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms among White-collar Male Workers in an Automotive Company: Kyu Chul Park, Kyung Jong Lee, Jae Beom Park, Kyoung Bok Min, Kyu Won Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(3):215-224. Published online September 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.3.215

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the relationship between occupational stress and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among white-collar male workers in an automotive company.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study involving 286 white-collar male workers was conducted with the Korean Occupational Stress Scales (KOSS) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) questionnaire.
RESULTS
According to the DASS cut-off value (> or =78 percentile scores), the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms was 57.7%, 37.7% and 42.2%, respectively. By logistic regression analysis, organizational system was the factor most strongly associated with depression (OR=4.83, 95% C.I.=2.43-9.58), while job demand was strongly associated with anxiety (OR=3.21, 95% C.I.=1.77-5.85) and stress (OR=4.66, 95% C.I.=2.53-8.58).
CONCLUSIONS
Occupational stress was positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among white-collar male workers in an automotive company. A prospective study is warranted to delineate the causal relationships between job stress and psychiatric disorders.

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Original Article

Effect of Hearing Impairment on the Anxiety and Depression: Sang Wook Song, Jung Wan Koo, Won Chul Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(3):466-476. Published online December 31, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.3.466

Abstract PDF: Hearing loss is a very common health problem throughout the world, although the number of hearing impaired individuals varies greatly in the countries. It is generally accepted that hearing impairment inevitably leads to a breakdown in communication and physical and mental health problems consequently. Nevertheless, few community based studies have been undertaken to examine both the mental and more general physical state of the hearing impaired patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the anxiety and depression in hearing impaired patients. Self-administered questionnaires including sociodemographic data were given to 336 subjects over the age of 18 years who visited the Health Management Center, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital for the routine health check up from January 1996 to April 1996 and three hundred seventeen samples (male: 197, female: 120) were selected. For the assessment of anxiety and depression we used Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) devised by Zung. And hearing impairment was evaluated using a Beltone Model 110 Audiometer. The results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test and x(2) test. The results obtained were as follow: 1. The mean anxiety scores counted by SAS of 0-15dB HL (hearing loss) group (classified by the average loss in the better ear at 500, 1,000, 2,000Hz frequencies), 16-29dB HL group, 30-44dB HL group, more than 45dB HL group were 33.1+/-6.6 32.2+/-5.9, 41. +/-8.4, 42.8+/-6.0 respectively. And the mean depression Scores counted by SDS of 0-15dB HL group, 16-29dB HL group, 30-44dB HL group, more than 45dB HL group were 37.4+/-7.7, 37.2+/-7.2, 46.2+/-8.4, 48.6+/-8.6, respectively. The more than 30dB HL group showed significant high scores in SAS and SDS than the less than 30dB HL group (p<0.001). 2. The frequency of clinically significant anxiety disorder (SAS > or = 50) was 3.4% in less than 30dB HL group and 11. 1% in more than 30dB HL group. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). 3. The frequency of clinically significant depression disorder (SDS > or = 50) was 5.1% in less than 30dB HL group and 39.5% in more than 30dB HL group. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). 4. When several important interaction variables related to anxiety: and depression (such as age, sex, marital status, education level, economic status, occupation, religion) were stratified and we compared the groups between the more than 30dB HL and less than 30dB HL, most factors about anxiety and depression showed the significant differences in two groups. 5. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that hearing loss(p<0.05) predicted anxiety disorder (SAS> or = 50) and hearing loss(p<0.01), age(p<0.05) predicted depression disorder (SDS> or = 50). In conclusion, there was significant difference in anxiety and depression scores, between more than 30dB HL(in the better hearing ear) group and less than 30dB HL group. This study suggested that anxiety and depression should be considered as adverse effects of hearing impairment.

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