KSOEM
Articles
- Page Path
- HOME > Ann Occup Environ Med > Volume 30; 2018 > Article
- Research Article The associations between work-related factors and temporomandibular disorders among female full-time employees: findings from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007–2009)
- Wook Han1, Soon-Chan Kwon1, Yong-Jin Lee1,2, Chan Park1, Eun-Chul Jang1
-
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2018;30:42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0253-9
Published online: June 20, 2018
1Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, 31, Suncheonhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151 Republic of Korea
2Environmental Health Center for Asbestos, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, 67, Suncheonhyang 3-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151 Republic of Korea JFIF d d Ducky d qhttp://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/ |er˭|I|-fGK.rΛp8XV1%K6mvG+tc+qE &ǸC_Nm:l=_/m5^[dߌڇ.c<%:)tQ$Ow~-aY;UJ >=F)2[nk؆?훐 M=l6[4(O.]2#-H^n#->&mp5~Fӛ+|| S,xag% qkEUzUgæBhߕP(7]kFnq?֖Cpru Z6*rEڊtS|*tI*E}7R<,nUU֫^I7Q*mSly%rdȓd8hE<9oHhMfNSRj[i7D[Rj݊+kდq{"$$H?p \̅S?㭻;t~ R߁ )^/>Qj`yt[w ԛ;² ~+ ߔ_ YW~|o] ?x^ᯛ `ʼn;g)T@vWn]>&4l p+$D̢1l|ȨF%-} .9[}w~
ԠLM9hСablfe&QoW !s ?wjLK?s7yO>(=C~_nyǜu? v 3vyo oI@qV-jeES^[9WoSܝh"l2C1a͔CiJ@3:Pճw= /7ovuk+\V;lDgն <[A+r X~d;m!_s8ݖ;;.0llUC+?i#_crʙ1~C.\q u l8Hܶ2m`ܻM3Tov|Bs rɵ"oLS-
DКw=Tv@f '6|YlD͓Y%-#Ѯo%:&!3o%\J<02;K87>^vgƓ# ;ݝmz^Y6=PS39U%~
&f#
}o!muH; ʲŇ˷yvP+&.7e[3'vR4Yj̗IZ`e˽3o[WU{
m[sUbۋZǾۆl6~9'V*.\S2<Sd*zY[aŶ`]C$n.v^Ʌ
dng>ەZ,Mmϑ :n6nϦezW qUJ4! ۇ4R! =>>F n|Q[{pRO 17ƕ~._I ''00k=b՛o}Osðc2'o\3}ݭQ^ 2 . R1yKȣtAݿ-u ܾw!`?1Whn|gzU o[ECWwjUIן)^h#1ɭ!/Z
np;o;ΗŻkXs."6E`Z1
עӐ9Kl8qd q} 2Stt;#j>;խabONŗ=fwP1j)l6J̶|gV 2`y/0E˛6+ԫ1?
6}KW c\KoKͨ2ۅFws*TԞLיuDx .kCzWXhy۶gLu|%TnupǺl-S* P RaLnT+c+*xl.v!.U=|; !_L̎뱚U=4hm:ٯ"y)$:>%(n}X'p[ȴ
^˒4kƓmzDx
\
'Nq amP7nyN݅=
• Received: December 18, 2017 • Accepted: June 12, 2018
© The Author(s). 2018
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Abstract
-
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the association between work-related factors and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) among female full-time employees using representative data from a national population-based survey.
-
Methods Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007–2009) were used to analyze 1,612 women. Complex samples logistic regression was applied for adjusting for general characteristics and work-related factors to examine the association between work-related factors and TMD.
-
Results The prevalence of TMD was 12.8% in this study population. With respect to age, educational status, marital status, problem drinking, exercise, and stress, there were statistically significant differences in the prevalence of TMD. In logistic regression analyses on complex samples, based on 40 h or less per week, odds ratios (ORs) for respondents who worked 40–48 working hours, 49–60 working hours, and more than 60 h were 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69–1.94), 1.41 (95% CI 0.79–2.54), and 2.43 (95% CI 1.29–4.59), after adjusting for general characteristics, working schedule, employment status, and occupation.
-
Conclusions This study found that long working hours were significantly associated with TMD in Korean female full-time employees.
Background
Companies are introducing innovative technologies in an effort to enhance production and efficiency in today’s competitive global market. The accompanying changes in the occupational environment such as longer working hours, more temporary workers, and greater job instability have resulted in a greater workload, faster pace of work, and greater complexity of work for many workers; accordingly, their physical and psychological burden has increased [1].
Long working hours are reported to be associated with all-cause mortality and have a negative effect on circulatory system diseases, diabetes, depression, anxiety, and other types of mental disorders as well as sleep patterns, cognitive function, and health-related behaviors [2–4]. Furthermore, temporary workers are more likely to experience psychological distress and depression than regular workers [5, 6].
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are one of the main contributors to pain of the face and are the second most common musculoskeletal condition after chronic low back pain [7]. TMD is a term that refers to all types of pain and functional problems in the masticatory muscles and jaw joints [8]. Some of the most common features of TMD include pain in the face and in front of the ear, limited jaw movement, and clicking or popping noises in the joint when the jaw moves [9].
Women show a higher level of TMD prevalence (2 to 4 times) than men [9]. Sex hormones, especially estrogens, play an important role in the pathogenesis of masticatory muscles and increase sensitivity to pain in TMD [10, 11]. Furthermore, many research articles have reported that women are considered to be more typically associated with TMD and pain control for TMD, because women are more sensitive to the development of pain [11, 12]. In addition to physiological factors, psychosocial factors such as depression, stress, and anxiety are correlated with TMD, and such factors occur more frequently among women than men [13, 14]. However, studies among women on the association between occupational environment and TMD are quite limited in Korea as well as in other countries.
Therefore, this research aimed to identify the association between TMD and work-related factors, such as long working hours and type of employment among female full-time workers in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV).
Subjects and method
The KNHANES is a nationally representative health and nutrition examination survey in Korea conducted to establish and evaluate policy goals and provide policy references for a national health promotion program. The first survey of the Fourth KNHANES was conducted from July to December 2007, the second and third surveys of the Fourth KNHANES were performed from January to December in 2008 and 2009.
The Fourth KNHANES introduced rolling survey sampling in each of the 3 years of the survey, with probability samples representing the Korean population; rolling samples were independent from and homogenous with each other. In addition, three-stage stratified cluster sampling was used in the Fourth KNHANES. The first sampling was conducted based on dongs (neighborhood), eups (towns), and myeons (townships) in 11 cities and provinces of Korea. Participants were stratified and categorized into 29 strata based on age groups and percentages in dongs, eups, and myeons. The second sampling was based on gus (districts) whereas the third sampling was performed among households.
The health questionnaire and examination were conducted in a mobile medical examination center. The questionnaire was administered as an interview or was self-administered depending on the question items; examinations were performed by direct measurement, observation, and sample analysis.
There were 24,871 participants in the Fourth KNHANES; the percentage of those participating in all survey years was 78.4%. In this study, we analyzed the information of 1,612 full-time female workers, aged between 20 and 64 years, who answered the questionnaire. All participants provided written informed consent, and the institutional review board (IRB) of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) approved the study (IRB: 2007–02-CON-04-P, 2008-04EXP-01-C, 2009-01CON-03-2C) [15].
Age was categorized into three groups (20–39, 40–54, and 55–64 years). Respondents were also divided into four income groups (low, mid-low, mid-high, and high) and four groups by educational attainment (elementary school, middle school, high school, and college or higher). Marital status included single and married participant groups. Among respondents who drank alcohol in a given year, women were considered problem drinkers if they consumed five glasses or more of alcohol per occasion and drank twice or more every week. Smoking status was divided into three groups (current smoker, ex-smoker, and nonsmoker). For exercise, we categorized respondents according to whether they had engaged in vigorous-intensity physical activity for 20 min or longer per occasion and 3 days or more per week in the previous week (vigorous intensity was defined as feeling more exhausted or breathing more rapidly than usual). Respondents were also grouped based on whether they slept 6 hours and more or fewer than 6 hours a day. To evaluate obesity, we categorized respondents into three groups based on body mass index (BMI): < 18.5 kg/m2 (underweight), 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 (normal), and ≥ 25 kg/m2 (overweight). Two participant groups were formed according to whether they currently had osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis (yes or no). In addition, respondents were grouped as those who perceived little stress and those who perceived a lot of stress. Self-rated health was surveyed on a five-point scale and respondents were classified as follows: ratings of “very good” and “good” were defined as “healthy”; other ratings were regarded as “not healthy”. Finally, respondents were queried whether they had depression in the previous 2 weeks in a row during the previous year (yes or no).
We grouped respondents by working hours per week: < 40 h, 40–48 h, 49–60 h, and > 60 h. The categories were based on 48 h of work, the maximum working hours set forth by the European Union (EU) [16], and 60 h, working hours recognized as a possible cause of death by overwork in Korea [17]. Regarding working schedule, respondents were classified as day workers if they worked between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. and shift workers for all other work schedules. The type of employment was grouped into regular and temporary workers. Workers skilled in agriculture, forestry, and fishery; technicians; equipment, machine, and assembly workers; and low-skill workers were considered manual workers whereas all other occupations were categorized as non-manual workers.
The questions pertaining to dental examinations in the Fourth KNHANES were questions suggested by the American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP). AAOP questions show good reliability and validity for TMD screening according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) [18].
Dentists ask the survey participants the following questions in person and objectively examine the current status [19]:
When the participants had any of these three, they were defined as having TMD.
Because the Fourth KNHANES used a complex sample design, we applied survey modules and weights in this study. A descriptive analysis was performed of survey participants’ demographic and behavioral characteristics and work-related factors. To identify the factors associated with TMD, chi-squared tests were conducted on complex samples. To estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), we adjusted for general characteristics and work-related factors, and then performed a logistic regression analysis on complex samples. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and p-values less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Among the 1,612 female respondents, there were 207 (12.8%) with TMD. With respect to age, educational status, marital status, problem drinking, exercise, and stress, there were statistically significant differences in the prevalence of TMD (Table 1). However, household income, smoking, sleep duration, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms showed no significant differences. For age, respondents aged 20–39 years showed the highest prevalence of TMD (18.4%). With respect to education, women with college-level education and higher had the highest prevalence of TMD (17.4%). For marital status, single people had a higher prevalence of TMD (21.1%) than married ones (9.6%). Regarding alcohol use, TMD prevalence among the problem drinker group (25.1%) was higher than the non-problem drinker group (12.2%). Women who exercised showed a higher prevalence of TMD (18.3%) than those who did not (12.3%), and respondents who felt a lot of stress had higher prevalence of TMD (18.9%) than those who felt little stress (9.9%).
Table 1
The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) according to general characteristics of study population
Non-manual workers were found to have a higher prevalence of TMD (15.6%) than manual workers (6.4%) (Table 2). Participants who worked less than 40 h had the lowest TMD prevalence (8.0%), followed by those working 40–48 h (12.6%), 49–60 h (15.2%), and more than 60 h (19.8%). Although working hours and occupation differ significantly in the prevalence of TMD, working schedule and employment status did not show any significant differences.
Table 2
The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) according to work-related factors
We found no association between occupation and TMD (OR 1.69, 95% CI 0.99–2.88) in model 1. After adjusting for working schedule, employment status, and working hours, however, we found the association between occupation and TMD (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.01–2.91). We found no association between shift work and TMD (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.51–1.39). In addition, no association was found between temporary work and TMD (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.75–1.72). In the case of working hours, based on 40 h less per week, ORs for women who worked 40–48 h, 49–60 h, and more than 60 h were 1.65 (95% CI 1.02–2.67), 2.05 (95% CI 1.17–3.60), and 2.82 (95% CI 1.49–5.35), respectively (Table 3). After adjusting for general characteristics including age, educational level, marital status, problem drinking, exercise, and stress, ORs for women who worked 40–48 h, 49–60 h, and more than 60 h per week were 1.16 (95% CI 0.69–1.93), 1.39 (95% CI 0.78–2.46), and 2.41 (95% CI 1.28–4.53), respectively (Model 1). In model 2, we adjusted for working schedule, employment status, and occupation as well as the variables in model 1. ORs for respondents who worked 40–48 h, 49–60 h, and more than 60 h were 1.16 (95% CI 0.69–1.94), 1.41 (95% CI 0.79–2.54), and 2.43 (95% CI 1.29–4.59), respectively. We found no association between shift work and TMD (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.51–1.39). In addition, no association was found between temporary work and TMD (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.75–1.72).
Table 3
The risk of TMD according to work-related factors
Discussion
This cross-sectional study investigated the association between work-related factors and TMD. Among work-related factors, the association between non-manual occupation and TMD and the association between working hours and TMD was significant. This study found that the risk of TMD was higher among women who worked more than 60 h per week than among those who worked less than 40 h per week, after adjusting for the general characteristics and work-related factors of this study population. However, the association between TMD and other work-related factors such as shift work and temporary work was not significant.
Younger women were more likely to have a higher TMD prevalence rate (Table 1). This result is consistent with the findings of other study [9]. Young women have a lower threshold for pain and they are more likely to perceive TMD symptoms than men [11]. Women that has a higher educational level showed a higher TMD prevalence rate (Table 1). A study showed jaw dysfunction symptoms were associated with higher education level [20]. Significant associations of pain in the orofacial region have been found with both higher and lower educational levels [21]. The association between educational level and TMD is not conclusive. About marital status in this study, single female workers showed a higher TMD prevalence rate (Table 1). A study reported that unmarried status correlated with poorer health [22]. Another study, however, suggested no correlation between marital status and TMD and whether a correlation exists between them is controversial [23]. For drinking, problem drinkers’ TMD prevalence rate was higher (Table 1). Miettinen O et al. reported that drinking at least once a week correlated with TMD symptoms [24]. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis’s dysregulation observed in chronic active alcoholism is closely related to psychiatric stress-related disorders, and TMD patients had higher prevalence rates for these disorders [25–27].
According to a 2015–2016 OECD report, the annual number of working hours in Korea was 2,464 in 2002 and this has declined each year. Nonetheless, the annual number of working hours in 2014 stood at 2,124, the second-highest among the OECD member states next to Mexico [28]. The number of working hours per week is limited to no more than 48, including overtime hours, according to the EU [16]. In Korea, death by overwork is considered for those working 60 h or more per week [17].
There are few researches to directly show the association between long working hours and TMD. However, many studies revealed a correlation between long working hours and psychiatric and musculoskeletal problems [29, 30]. Meanwhile, biologic (joint trauma), behavioral (psychiatric problems), environmental (head and cervical posture), and cognitive factors (pain threshold) all play a role in the development of TMD symptoms [31]. Since TMD is a disorder that presents with symptoms of the temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles, it can also be considered a musculoskeletal disorder. Accordingly, we assume that mental and physical stress arising from long working hours affected TMD prevalence.
Chen Y et al. reported that the job stress of female workers who worked for 48 h or more per week was 1.79 times as that of women who worked for fewer than 48 h [32]. In the prospective Whitehall II cohort study, showed an excess risk of depression (hazard ratios [HR] 2.67, 95% CI 1.07–6.68) and anxiety (HR 2.84, 95% CI 1.27–6.34) associated with long working hours among women [33].
And many studies have supported that psychosocial factors related to long working hours have a correlation with TMD [13, 14]. In a case-control study, patients with TMD pain showed a higher level of anxiety (OR 5.1), somatization (OR 2.7), and depression (OR 3.5) than the control group [34]. Depression (incidence density ratio [IDR] 3.2), perceived stress (IDR 2.6), and mood (IDR 7.3) increased the risk of TMD [35]. A prospective cohort study on orofacial pain confirmed several psychological variables (stress, previous stressful life events, and negative affect) that could predict the onset of TMD pain [36].
In this study results, the TMD prevalence rate was significantly high for workers who perceived stress a lot (Table 1). Although we might think of the role of stress in the relationship between long working hours and TMD, the stress used in this study was not evaluated using a quantitative stress assessment tool but using only a questionnaire survey on stress perception in general. Therefore, it is not enough to regard the stress of our research as stress associated with long working hours. A more detailed analysis would be needed in the future, using an assessment tool that can accurately show a correlation between stress and long working hours.
Although the participant group with depressive symptoms showed a higher prevalence of TMD than the group with no depressive symptoms, the difference was not significant (Table 1). One possible reason of inconsistent findings with other previous studies could be that we used a single question to evaluate whether someone had depression; therefore this could affect the validity of our results. This should be addressed in future follow-up research.
In this study, we found no significant differences between day work and shift work when it came to prevalence of TMD. One of the reasons could be that there was possible underestimation owing to the healthy worker effect. Another reason is too small number of study subjects in this study.
In addition, we assume that satisfaction with shift work, not shift work itself, is associated with TMD. Symptoms related to TMD were correlated with alexithymia and depressive mood [37]. Dissatisfaction with shift work, not shift work itself, has been reported to have a positive correlation with depressive mood [37]. Kim et al. reported that whereas shift work increased metabolism risk factors for cardiovascular diseases or had a negative effect on mental health, shift work offers less responsibility outside of normal working hours and greater economic reward than day work [38]. Accordingly, it is necessary to more accurately evaluate the level of job satisfaction arising from shift work.
When the association between type of employment and TMD was examined, the TMD risk among temporary workers (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.75–1.72) was higher but it was not significant (Table 3). According to 2016 data of Statistics Korea [39], 40.3% of female wage earners in Korea are temporary workers; the percentage of temporary female workers (27.8%) was lower in our research. It is believed that different definitions and assessment methods of temporary workers are used, which would result in different percentages of temporary workers and ultimately different TMD prevalence rates among published studies. Accordingly, future research should be conducted using an agreed definition, if possible, rather than a questionnaire as in our study, to identify whether a participant is a temporary worker.
Only few people have difficulty in daily life owing to TMD. However, such disorders worsen while unnoticed, and patients miss the right treatment timing and the disorders develop into chronic ones. Greene et al. reported that chronic TMD pain can result in the absence or loss of work or social interaction, and ultimately reduces the overall quality of life [40]. In the United States, it is estimated that 17.8 million working days are lost annually for 100 million full-time adult workers due to serious TMD [41].
The following limitations should be noted in this study. First, this research was a cross-sectional study to identify the association between work-related factors and TMD, therefore, we were unable to find any causal relationships. Second, this study was unable to reflect the double burden of female full-time workers. Third, information error may have been introduced during data collection using the questionnaire. We only checked whether participants worked shifts and did not evaluate their levels of satisfaction or stress regarding shift work, which would have resulted in a more compelling conclusion. In addition, in this study, participants were evaluated using only the questionnaire, without establishing a clear definition of regular and temporary workers. Lastly, various confounding variables, such as oral and maxillofacial habits that could affect TMD (clenching and bruxism), were not considered in this research. Tooth contacting habits (TCH) such as clenching and bruxism are considered to have an effect on the incidence, continuation, and deteriorating condition of TMD [42]. However, we did not include evaluation items for clenching and bruxism owing to the nature of the data used, which could not accurately reflect these factors and therefore could not produce significant outcomes. Follow-up research should incorporate evaluation items for clenching and bruxism to delve further into these factors.
Despite these limitations, our study is the first to address the associations between work-related factors and TMD using representative national data in Korea. There are various factors that contribute to TMD. If TMD is treated at an appropriate time and by considering various factors, the quality of life for people with TMD would be greatly improved. In addition, we believe it can reduce socioeconomic loss resulting from TMD.
Conclusions
In this study, we found the risk of TMD was higher among women with long working hours. We believe that this study holds significance, as it provides basic data on the negative effects of long working hours on health.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
The data of the KNHANES is opened to the public, therefore, any researcher can be obtained after request from the website https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/eng/index.do.
Abbreviations
AAOP
The American Academy of Orofacial Pain
BMI
Body mass index
CI
Confidence interval
EU
European Union
HR
Hazard ratio
IDR
Incidence density ratio
KNHANES
Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
OR
Odds ratio
RDC/TMD
Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders
TCH
Tooth contacting habits
TMD
Temporomandibular disorders
- 1. Koh SB, Chang SJ, Sun BH, Kang DM, Son M, Park JK, et al. The impact of new work organizational system on job strain, and psychosocial distress. J Prev Med 2003;36(1):71–76. 10.1006/pmed.2002.1122.
- 2. Bannai A, Tamakoshi A. The association between long working hours and health: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health 2014;40(1):5–18. 10.5271/sjweh.3388. 24100465.ArticlePubMed
- 3. Artazcoz L, Cortes I, Escriba-Aguir V, Bartoll X, Basart H, Borrell C. Long working hours and health status among employees in Europe: between-country differences. Scand J Work Environ Health 2013;39(4):369–378. 10.5271/sjweh.3333. 23192445.ArticlePubMed
- 4. Kim I, Kim H, Lim S, Lee M, Bahk J, June KJ, et al. Working hours and depressive symptomatology among full-time employees: results from the fourth Korean National Health and nutrition examination survey (2007–2009). Scand J Work Environ Health 2013;39(5):515–520. 10.5271/sjweh.3356. 23503616.ArticlePubMed
- 5. Kachi Y, Otsuka T, Kawada T. Precarious employment and the risk of serious psychological distress: a population-based cohort study in Japan. Scand J Work Environ Health 2014;40(5):465–472. 10.5271/sjweh.3442. 24942557.ArticlePubMed
- 6. Kim W, Park EC, Lee TH, Kim TH. Effect of working hours and precarious employment on depressive symptoms in south Korean employees: a longitudinal study. Occup Environ Med 2016;73(12):816–822. 27540105.ArticlePubMed
- 7. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Facial pain. 2018.
- 8. List T, Jensen RH. Temporomandibular disorders: old ideas and new concepts. Cephalalgia 2017;37(7):692–704. 10.1177/0333102416686302. 28068790.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 9. LeResche L. Epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders: implications for the investigation of etiologic factors. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1997;8(3):291–305. 10.1177/10454411970080030401. 9260045.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 10. LeResche L, Mancl L, Sherman JJ, Gandara B, Dworkin SF. Changes in temporomandibular pain and other symptoms across the menstrual cycle. Pain 2003;106(3):253–261. 10.1016/j.pain.2003.06.001. 14659508.ArticlePubMed
- 11. Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. Sex differences in pain perception. Gend Med 2005;2(3):137–145. 10.1016/S1550-8579(05)80042-7. 16290886.ArticlePubMed
- 12. Sarlani E, Garrett PH, Grace EG, Greenspan JD. Temporal summation of pain characterizes women but not men with temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain 2007;21(4):309–317. 18018992.PubMedPMC
- 13. Manfredini D, Bandettini di poggio A, Cantini E, Dell’osso L, Bosco M. Mood and anxiety psychopathology and temporomandibular disorder: a spectrum approach. J Oral Rehabil 2004;31(10):933–940. 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01335.x. 15387831.ArticlePubMed
- 14. Giannakopoulos NN, Keller L, Rammelsberg P, Kronmüller KT, Schmitter M. Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic temporomandibular pain and in controls. J Dent 2010;38(5):369–376. 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.01.003. 20079799.ArticlePubMed
- 15. Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang MJ, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, et al. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol 2014;43(1):69–77. 10.1093/ije/dyt228. 24585853.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 16. EurWORK. Working time and work-life balance. Eurofound. 2017.
- 17. Ministry of Employment and Labor. Public notice no. 2016–25. Ministry of employment and labor. 2016.
- 18. Franco-Micheloni AL, Fernandes G, Gonçalves DA, Camparis CM. Temporomandibular disorders among Brazilian adolescents: reliability and validity of a screening questionnaire. J Appl Oral Sci 2014;22(4):314–322. 10.1590/1678-775720130694. 25141204.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 19. KCDC. Standardization for Oral Health Survey in KNHANES (2009). KCDC. 2010.
- 20. Yekkalam N, Wänman A. Associations between craniomandibular disorders, sociodemographic factors and self-perceived general and oral health in an adult population. Acta Odontol Scand 2014;72(8):1054–1065. 10.3109/00016357.2014.949843. 25220523.ArticlePubMed
- 21. Macfarlane TV, Glenny AM, Worthington HV. Systematic review of population-based epidemiological studies of orofacial pain. J Dent 2001;29(7):451–467. 10.1016/S0300-5712(01)00041-0. 11809323.ArticlePubMed
- 22. Larson DB, Larson SS, Johnson BR. In: Wedding D, editor. Families, relationships, and health. Behavior and Medicine. 2001, 1. Seatlle: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers; 13–30.
- 23. Johansson A, Unell L, Carlsson GE, Söderfeldt B, Halling A. Risk factors associated with symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in a population of 50- and 60-year-old subjects. J Oral Rehabil 2006;33(7):473–481. 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2005.01574.x. 16774504.ArticlePubMed
- 24. Miettinen O, Anttonen V, Patinen P, Päkkilä J, Tjäderhane L, Sipilä K. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder symptoms and their association with alcohol and smoking habits. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2017;31(31):30–36. 10.11607/ofph.1595. 28118418.ArticlePubMed
- 25. Ferrier IN. In: Montgomery SA, Corn TH, editors. Disturbed hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulation in depression: causes and consequences. Psychopharmacology of depression. 1994, New York: Oxford University Press; 47–56.
- 26. Korszun A, Hinderstein B, Wong M. Comorbidity of depression with chronic facial pain and temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996;82(5):496–500. 10.1016/S1079-2104(96)80192-2. 8936511.ArticlePubMed
- 27. Gameiro GH, da Silva Andrade A, Nouer DF, Ferraz de Arruda Veiga MC. How may stressful experiences contribute to the development of temporomandibular disorders? Clin Oral Investig 2006;10(4):261–268. 10.1007/s00784-006-0064-1. 16924558.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 28. OECD. OECD Factbook 2015-16: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. OECD. 2016.
- 29. Bonde JP. Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med 2008;65(7):438–445. 10.1136/oem.2007.038430. 18417557.ArticlePubMed
- 30. Lourenço S, Carnide F, Benavides FG, Lucas R. Psychosocial work environment and musculoskeletal symptoms among 21-year-old workers: a population-based investigation (2011-2013). PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0130010. 10.1371/journal.pone.0130010. 26076365.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 31. Solberg WK. Epidemiology, incidence and prevalence of temporomandibular disorders: a review. The president’s conference on the examination, diagnosis and management of temporomandibular disorders. 1983, Chicago: American Dental Association; 30.
- 32. Chen Y, Guo YL, Yeh WY. A national survey of psychosocial job stressors and their implications for health among working people in Taiwan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001;74(7):495–504. 10.1007/s004200100254. 11697453.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 33. Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Singh-Manoux A, Shipley MJ, Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG, et al. Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med 2011;41(12):2485–2494. 10.1017/S0033291711000171. 21329557.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 34. Macfarlane TV, Kenealy P, Kingdon HA, Mohlin B, Pilley JR, Mwangi CW, et al. Orofacial pain in young adults and associated childhood and adulthood factors: results of the population study, Wales, United Kingdom. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009;37(5):438–450. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00482.x.Article
- 35. Slade GD, Diatchenko L, Bhalang K, Sigurdsson A, Fillingim RB, Belfer I, et al. Influence of psychological factors on risk of temporomandibular disorders. J Dent Res 2007;86(11):1120–1125. 10.1177/154405910708601119. 17959908.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 36. Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, Knott C, Diatchenko L, Dubner R, et al. Psychological factors associated with development of TMD: the OPPERA prospective cohort study. J Pain 2013;14(12 Suppl):T75–T90. 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.06.009. 24275225.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 37. Ahlberg J, Nikkilä H, Könönen M, Partinen M, Lindholm H, Sarna S, et al. Associations of perceived pain and painless TMD-related symptoms with alexithymia and depressive mood in media personnel with or without irregular shift work. Acta Odontol Scand 2004;62(3):119–123. 10.1080/00016350410006257. 15370628.ArticlePubMed
- 38. Kim YH, Kim YM, Kim SH, Chang KO, Koo MJ, Lee NY. Workers’ experiences in shift work. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2007;18(2):284–292.
- 39. Statistics Korea. Women’s lives through statistics in 2016. Statistics Korea. 2016.
- 40. Greene CS, Klasser GD, Epstein JB. Revision of the American Association of Dental Research’s science information statement about temporomandibular disorders. J Can Dent Assoc 2010;76:a115. 20943030.PubMed
- 41. Dworkin SF, LeResche L. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: review, criteria, examination and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord 1992;6(4):301–355. 1298767.PubMed
- 42. Sato F, Kino K, Sugisaki M, Haketa T, Amemori Y, Ishikawa T, et al. Teeth contacting habit as a contributing factor to chronic pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Med Dent Sci 2006;53(2):103–109. 16913571.PubMed
REFERENCES
Notes
Figure & Data
REFERENCES
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Occupations associated with treatment seeking and biopsychosocial functioning at a tertiary orofacial pain clinic
Linda Sangalli, Anna Alessandri-Bonetti, Flavia P. Kapos, Ian A. Boggero
The Journal of the American Dental Association.2024; 155(5): 430. CrossRef - Genetically predicted major depression causally increases the risk of temporomandibular joint disorders
Shiqian Wu, Zhuo Chen, Yawen Zhao, Qiang He, Zhongxiu Yin, Hailiang Yao, Huili Liu, Lihui Yan
Frontiers in Genetics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and their associated factors in Confucian heritage cultures: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Adrian Ujin Yap, Ye Choung Lai, Henry Chee Wai Ho
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation.2024; 51(10): 2169. CrossRef - Cross-sectional study of self-reported pain related to temporomandibular disorders and emotional state of medical school faculty and students: Post-COVID-19 pandemic
Alessandra Pucci Mantelli Galhardo, Pâmela Ramos Andrade, Luciana Paes de Andrade, Mariluce Anache Anbar Cury, Marcio Katsuyoshi Mukai, Edmund Chada Baracat, José Maria Soares Jr., James J. Cray Jr.
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(8): e0308988. CrossRef - Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on pain and oral health-related quality of life in women with temporomandibular disorder
Ana Karolina Reis MENDONÇA, Luana Pinheiro Guerra FONTOURA, Thaynara Domingos da ROCHA, Rocharles Cavalcante FONTENELE, Tereza Nicolle Burgos NUNES, Romulo Rocha REGIS, Lívia Maria Sales PINTO-FIAMENGUI
Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Evaluation of temporomandibular disorders among dental students of Saudi Arabia using Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD): a cross-sectional study
Kumar Chandan Srivastava, Deepti Shrivastava, Zafar Ali Khan, Anil Kumar Nagarajappa, Mohammed Assayed Mousa, May Othman Hamza, Khalid Al-Johani, Mohammad Khursheed Alam
BMC Oral Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Risk factor assessments of temporomandibular disorders via machine learning
Kwang-Sig Lee, Nayansi Jha, Yoon-Ji Kim
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between Stress at Work and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review
Ricardo Luiz de Barreto Aranha, Renata de Castro Martins, Diego Rodrigues de Aguilar, Johana Alejandra Moreno-Drada, Woosung Sohn, Carolina de Castro Martins, Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães de Abreu, Vincenzo Grassia
BioMed Research International.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Dose–Response Relationship between Environmental Exposure to Nickel and Pulmonary Function in the Korean General Population Aged 40 or Older
Joon-Sung Joh, Mo-Yeol Kang, Jun-Pyo Myong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(13): 7016. CrossRef - Relationship between anxiety, quality of life, and sociodemographic characteristics and temporomandibular disorder
Camila Maria Bastos Machado de Resende, Laura Géssica Dantas da Silva Rocha, Raissa Pinheiro de Paiva, Camila da Silva Cavalcanti, Erika Oliveira de Almeida, Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Gustavo Augusto Seabra Barbosa
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology.2020; 129(2): 125. CrossRef
Cite
XML Download- Related articles
-
- Relationship between long-term PM2.5 exposure and myopia prevalence in adults: analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey–Air Pollution Linked Data, 2020
- Exploring the impact of age and socioeconomic factors on health-related unemployment using propensity score matching: results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015–2017)
The associations between work-related factors and temporomandibular disorders among female full-time employees: findings from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007–2009)
The associations between work-related factors and temporomandibular disorders among female full-time employees: findings from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007–2009)
| Prevalence of TMD | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| No N (%) | Yes N(%) | P valuea | |
| Total | 1,405(87.2) | 207(12.8) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 20–39 | 647(81.6) | 144(18.4) | < 0.001 |
| 40–54 | 579(92.7) | 47(7.3) | |
| 55–64 | 179(94.1) | 16(5.9) | |
| Household income | |||
| 1Q(High) | 485(85.4) | 79(14.6) | 0.526 |
| 2Q | 426(88.0) | 58(12.0) | |
| 3Q | 360(88.4) | 46(11.6) | |
| 4Q(Low) | 134(85.1) | 24(14.9) | |
| Educational status | |||
| ≤ Primary school | 219(92.9) | 20(7.1) | < 0.001 |
| Middle school | 161(92.8) | 12(7.2) | |
| High school | 506(87.9) | 70(12.1) | |
| ≥ College | 519(82.6) | 105(17.4) | |
| Marital status | |||
| No | 303(78.9) | 83(21.1) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 1,102(90.4) | 124(9.6) | |
| Problem drinking | |||
| No | 1,329(87.8) | 183(12.2) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 76(74.9) | 24(25.1) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Non-smoking | 1,260(87.8) | 172(12.2) | 0.057 |
| Ex-smoker | 53(79.6) | 15(20.4) | |
| Current smoking | 92(82.2) | 20(17.8) | |
| Exercise | |||
| No | 1,219(87.7) | 166(12.3) | 0.036 |
| Yes | 186(81.7) | 41(18.3) | |
| Sleep duration | |||
| ≤ 6 h | 565(85.3) | 92(14.7) | 0.159 |
| > 6 h | 840(88.1) | 115(11.9) | |
| Obesity | |||
| Under weight | 80(81.0) | 21(19.0) | 0.172 |
| Normal | 1,009(87.0) | 143(13.0) | |
| Over weight | 316(88.5) | 43(11.5) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | |||
| No | 1,391(86.9) | 206(13.1) | 0.715 |
| Yes | 14(90.7) | 1(9.3) | |
| Osteoarthritis | |||
| No | 1,296(86.9) | 191(13.1) | 1.000 |
| Yes | 109(86.9) | 16(13.1) | |
| Stress | |||
| Low | 941(90.1) | 108(9.9) | < 0.001 |
| High | 464(81.1) | 99(18.9) | |
| Self-rated health | |||
| Excellent/good | 639(87.6) | 94(12.4) | 0.520 |
| Fair/bad | 766(86.4) | 113(13.6) | |
| Depressive symptoms | |||
| No | 1,193(87.2) | 172(12.8) | 0.389 |
| Yes | 212(85.0) | 35(15.0) | |
| Prevalence of TMD | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| No N(%) | Yes N(%) | P valuea | |
| Total | 1,405 | 207 | |
| Occupation | |||
| Manual | 445(93.6) | 32(6.4) | < 0.001 |
| Non-manual | 960(84.4) | 175(15.6) | |
| Working schedule | |||
| Daytime | 1,208(86.7) | 180(13.3) | 0.600 |
| Shift work | 197(88.2) | 27(11.9) | |
| Employment status | |||
| Regular | 1,009(86.2) | 155(13.8) | 0.198 |
| Temporary | 396(88.8) | 52(11.2) | |
| Working hours (hrs/wk) | |||
| < 40 | 244(92.0) | 25(8.0) | 0.011 |
| 40–48 | 752(87.4) | 107(12.6) | |
| 49–60 | 283(84.8) | 48(15.2) | |
| > 60 | 126(80.2) | 27(19.8) | |
| Unadjusted | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Manual | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Non-manual | 1.69 | 0.99–2.88 | 1.72 | 1.01–2.91 | ||
| Working schedule | ||||||
| Daytime | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Shift work | 0.85 | 0.51–1.40 | 0.84 | 0.51–1.39 | ||
| Employment status | ||||||
| Regular | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Temporary | 1.05 | 0.70–1.57 | 1.14 | 0.75–1.72 | ||
| Working hours (hrs/wk) | ||||||
| < 40 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 40–48 | 1.65 | 1.02–2.67 | 1.16 | 0.69–1.93 | 1.16 | 0.69–1.94 |
| 49–60 | 2.05 | 1.17–3.60 | 1.39 | 0.78–2.46 | 1.41 | 0.79–2.54 |
| > 60 | 2.82 | 1.49–5.35 | 2.41 | 1.28–4.53 | 2.43 | 1.29–4.59 |
Table 1 The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) according to general characteristics of study population
aχ2 test
Table 2 The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) according to work-related factors
aχ2 test
Table 3 The risk of TMD according to work-related factors
aadjusted for general characteristics (i.e., age, educational status, marital status, problem drinking, exercise, and stress)
badjusted for general characteristics (i.e., age, educational status, marital status, problem drinking, exercise, and stress) and other work-related factors
