Abstract
-
Background
Many studies show that organizational justice (OJ) is related to psychological determinants of employee health. To prevent health problems related to OJ in Korean workplaces and to accurately measure OJ, we developed the Korean version of the Organizational Justice Questionnaire (K-OJQ) and assessed its validity and reliability.
-
Methods
A questionnaire draft of the K-OJQ was developed using back-translation methods, which was preliminary tested by 32 employees in Korea. Feedback was received and the K-OJQ was finalized. This study used data from 303 workers (172 males, 131 females) in Korea using the K-OJQ, job stress, and lifestyle questionnaires.
-
Results
Cronbach’s α coefficients of the internal consistency reliability was 0.92 for procedural justice and 0.94 for interactional justice. Factor analyses using SPSS 24 and Amos 23 extracted two expected factors, named procedural justice (7 items; range, 1.0–5.0) and interactional justice (6 items; range, 1.0–5.0) and showed a reliable fit (χ2 = 182; p = .000; GFI = .912; AGFI = .877; CFI = .965; RMSEA = .077). Furthermore, higher procedural justice and interactional justice levels were correlated with lower job demand (− 0.33; − 0.36), insufficient job control (− 0.36; − 0.41), interpersonal conflict (− 0.45; − 0.51), job insecurity (− 0.33; − 0.34), organizational system (− 0.64; − 0.64), and lack of reward (− 0.55; − 0.63).
-
Conclusions
The K-OJQ was objectively validated through statistical methods.
-
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-018-0238-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
-
Keywords:
Keywords
Organizational justice; Reliability; Validity; Scale development
Background
The interaction between employees and supervisors at work is very important. Their relationship may be highly sensitive to resources/rewards and well-being. The workers’ belief that supervisors are considering their viewpoints, sharing information about decision-making, and treating them fairly and truthfully is a measure of justice in the workplace [
1]. Unfairness of the organization has been associated with job dissatisfaction, reprisal, and lower levels of commitment to work [
2] (O). Johnson, extending the job demand-control model, confirmed that low support from colleagues and supervisors was an adverse factor. According to this model, high demands, low job control, and low social support are assumed to be related to higher risk of illness. Additionally, when employees perceive higher organizational justice, they show greater motivation and cooperation, have better attitudes about work, and reduced psychological distress, sickness absence, and negative emotions [
3–
5]. Furthermore, studies in Europe and Japan have reported that organizational justice is closely related to physical and mental health problems [
6,
7].
Research on organizational fairness has steadily increased over the last 50 years. A study by John Stacey Adams that facilitated the use of “justice issues” for the investigation and understanding of organizational life was published in 1965. For more than 50 years, experts’ efforts have confirmed that justice plays an important role in the socio-technical context [
8]. Traditionally, organizational justice has been defined as the extent that the organizational environment is perceived as fair in accordance with established rules [
9]. To be specific, the concept of organizational justice is the perception that employees are being treated fairly in the workplace [
2], and can be further classified into procedural justice, interactional justice, and distributive justice [
10]. Procedural justice refers to whether the opinions of employees affected by the decision-making process are consistently applied, accurate, correctable, unbiased, and ethical. Interactional justice refers to supervisors and employees treating each other with respect and consideration and how well the rationale for decisions is explained when procedures are implemented. Distributive justice has been shown to be strengthened when outcomes are consistent with implicit norms for allocation, such as equity or equality [
10,
11]. These concepts of organizational justice may be confused with other psychosocial factors at work, because control over decision making (job control) is one of the components of procedural justice and supervisor support is closely related to interactional justice. However, organizational justice is different from other psychosocial factors because it is thought to explore the basic elements of the workplace social structure and resources that underlie supervisor support and job control [
12].
A recent meta-analytic study in the United States found relationships between organizational justice and cardiovascular health for 290 public workers. Specifically, the study examined the mediating role of perceived organizational support in relation to organizational justice, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure, and showed that higher levels of both procedural justice and perceived organizational support were needed for reduced heart rate and reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure [
13]. In Japan, a prospective cohort study with a one-year observation period of 1588 employees was conducted and examined the effects of organizational justice on insomnia. Interactional justice was an associated factor for the onset and persistence of insomnia [
14]. In addition, studies have demonstrated the relevance of health and fairness. Lack of procedural justice was associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders, self-rated health status, sickness absence, and psychological distress [
15–
17].
The organizational structure in many Asian countries is more vertical, collective, and hierarchy-oriented [
18], compared to the occupational structure in European countries [
19]. The role of cross-cultural differences in justice outcomes is an important area of organizational justice studies. Furthermore, cross-cultural perspectives on organizational justice are helpful in assessing the generalizability of organizational justice theories [
20]. A modified version of Moorman’s scale has been used in occupational health studies to assess organizational justice [
6,
10,
16,
17,
21,
22] (Additional file
1). However, this scale, which can assess organizational justice, has not been translated and developed for use with Korean workers, and its reliability and validity in this population has not been tested. When introducing and using instruments developed in foreign countries, it is necessary to conduct a conceptually and statistically rigorous verification procedure. It is very difficult to reproduce the structural characteristics of the original even if it is a well-translated instrument. Therefore, it is necessary to apply various procedures to verify that the translation is equivalent to the original [
23]. We developed the Korean Version of Organizational Justice Questionnaire (K-OJQ) based on the modified English and Japanese versions of the Organizational Justice Questionnaire (J-OJQ). The aim of this study was to assess the internal consistency reliability, factor-based validity, and construct validity of this developed scale.
Methods
Instrument
Korean version of the organizational justice questionnaire (K-OJQ)
In our study, we translated a modified version of Moorman’s Organizational Justice Questionnaire (OJQ) and the Japanese version of the OJQ into Korean and examined its reliability and validity (Additional file
2). The K-OJQ was based on modified English [
21] and Japanese versions of the OJQ [
10] and consisted of seven items for procedural justice (PJ) and six items for interactional justice (IJ). The responses to each item were recorded on a five-point Likert scale (range: 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). The K-OJQ, which was translated from a modified version of Moorman’s OJQ [
21] and the Japanese version of the OJQ [
10], was developed by conducting a preliminary survey and translation–back translation. The translation focused on conceptual and vocabulary consistency, and was conducted in consideration of the cultural characteristics of Korea. Version 1 of the K-OJQ was completed by comparing a questionnaire that translated the modified English of the OJQ [
21] into Korean and a questionnaire that translated the Japanese version of the OJQ [
10] into Korean. We conducted a preliminary survey and received feedback from 21 medical staff (health screening specialists, dental hygienists, healthcare managers, and nurses) and 11 manufacturing staff and revised the translation. Specifically, the Korean translation of “viewpoint” in interactional justice item 1 was modified to “thinking methods” because it can be limited to “opinion” in Korean. In order to assess content validity, a professional group consisting of three professors of occupational environmental medicine was selected. The K-OJQ was verified by the expert group and all CVI exceeded 0.7, with the exception of item 1 in interactional justice.
Short form of the Korean occupational stress scale (KOSS-SF)
The KOSS-SF shortens the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) [
24], which was based on the Job Content Questionnaire [
25], Effort-Reward Imbalance [
26], Occupational Stress Index [
27], and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health model [
28], and was developed in consideration of Korea-specific job stress factors. The KOSS-SF consists of seven subscales: job demand (4 items), insufficient job control (4 items), interpersonal conflict (3 items), job insecurity (2 items), organizational system (4 items), lack of reward (3 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Items were scored using four-point Likert scales (range: 1 = strongly disagree or strongly agree, 4 = strongly agree or strongly disagree). In the present study subjects, Cronbach’s α coefficients were 0.75, 0.7, 0.79, 0.62, 0.81, 0.84, and 0.78 for Job demand, Insufficient job control, Interpersonal conflict, Job insecurity, Organizational system, Lack of reward, and Occupational climate, respectively. Correlational analysis of the K-OJQ and KOSS-SF contributed to the criterion validity of the K-OJQ.
This study used cross-sectional data obtained from 343 subjects (203 large, 140 medium or small sized enterprises workers) in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by subjects in April, 2017, and questionnaires were delivered to subjects directly or by mail. We excluded 40 subjects whose responses were missing in the questionnaire, and 303 subjects (172 males, 131 females) were analyzed. The purpose of this study was explained to all subjects, and written informed consent was obtained from participants. The design of this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at The Catholic University of Korea (IRB approval number: MC17QASI0009).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 23.0 software. The general characteristics of the subjects were measured using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Cronbach’s α was assessed to measure the internal consistency reliability. To assess structural validity, Bartlett’s test of sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) were performed on 303 subjects and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed for the 13 OJQ items with maximum likelihood with Promax rotation. In the EFA, we extracted factors with values of 1 or more. To assess model fit, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed with the following statistical estimates: Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). The acceptability of model fit was judged by the following criteria: GFI, AGFI, and CFI > 0.90 and RMSEA < 0.05 [
29]. The criterion validity was assessed by Pearson’s correlations analysis between the K-OJQ and KOSS-SF.
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics
The mean age of the subjects was 35.5 (SD = 7.73), and “More than 12 years” was the largest educational category with 258 (85.1%). The number of daytime workers (91.1%) was more than that of shift workers (8.9%), and 256 (84.5%) of the subjects were regular workers (Table
1).
Table 1Sociodemographic characteristics
|
Characteristics: |
N = 303 (%) |
|
Gender |
|
Men |
172 (57) |
|
Women |
131 (43) |
|
Age |
|
Years (mean ± SD) |
35.54 ± 7.73 |
|
Educational status |
|
12 years or less |
45 (14.9) |
|
More than 12 years |
258 (85.1) |
|
Type of work |
|
Daytime |
276 (91.1) |
|
Shift work |
27 (8.9) |
|
Type of employment |
|
Regular |
256 (84.5) |
|
Temporary |
47 (15.5) |
The mean value of PJ was 3.40, and IJ was 3.47. The internal consistency of Cronbach’s α showed a good internal consistency with 0.92 for PJ and 0.94 for IJ (Table
2).
Table 2Mean value, standard deviation (SD), internal consistency of the OJQ scales
|
N = 303 |
|
Scale (number of items) |
Mean ± SDa
|
Cronbach α |
|
The Korea version of the organizational justice questionnaire: |
|
Procedural justice (7) |
3.40 ± 0.87 |
0.92 |
|
Interactional justice (6) |
3.47 ± 0.89 |
0.94 |
|
Occupational stress scale for Korean Employees: |
|
Job demand (4) |
2.57 ± 0.53 |
0.75 |
|
Insufficient job control (4) |
2.39 ± 0.52 |
0.70 |
|
Interpersonal conflict (3) |
1.98 ± 0.54 |
0.79 |
|
Job insecurity (2) |
2.22 ± 0.61 |
0.62 |
|
Organizational system (4) |
2.24 ± 0.55 |
0.81 |
|
Lack of reward (3) |
2.29 ± 0.60 |
0.84 |
|
Occupational climate (4) |
2.21 ± 0.58 |
0.78 |
As a result of the EFA, 13 K-OJQ items were extracted into two factors, and these factors explained 68.84% of the total variance. The seven PJ items showed loading values of 0.64–0.88 on Factor 1 and the six IJ items showed loading values of 0.67–0.94 on Factor 2 (Table
3). In the CFA with two factors, the model fit showed good fit indices with GFI = 0.91, AGFI = 0.87, CFI = 0.96, and RMSEA = 0.07 (90% CI: 0.06–0.09) (Table
4).
Table 3Exploratory factor analysis of 13 items of the Organizational Justice Questionnaire
|
|
N = 303 |
|
Items |
Factor 1 |
Factor 2 |
|
Procedural justice |
|
All sides affected by the decision are represented in decision making. (#3) |
0.88
|
−0.06 |
|
Feedback is collected regarding the decision and its implementation. (#6) |
0.75
|
0.06 |
|
People are provided opportunities to appeal or challenge decisions they find unsuccessful. (#2) |
0.75
|
0.09 |
|
The concerns of all those affected by the decision are heard before decision making. (#5) |
0.74
|
0.02 |
|
Decisions are made with consistency (the rules are the same for every employee). (#4) |
0.74
|
0.11 |
|
Decisions are made based on accurate information. (#1) |
0.65
|
0.13 |
|
It is possible to requests for clarification or additional information about the decision. (#7) |
0.64
|
0.18 |
|
Interactional justice |
|
Our supervisor treats us with kindness and consideration. (#4) |
−0.06 |
0.94
|
|
Our supervisor shows concern for our rights as an employee. (#5) |
−0.01 |
0.92
|
|
Our supervisor takes steps to deal with us in a truthful manner. (#6) |
0.12 |
0.77
|
|
Our supervisor considers our viewpoint. (#1) |
0.09 |
0.75
|
|
Our supervisor is able to suppress personal biases. (#2) |
0.12 |
0.71
|
|
Our supervisor provides us with timely feedback about the decisions and their implications. (#3) |
0.17 |
0.67
|
|
Variance explained (%) |
62.64% |
6.20% |
Table 4Confirmatory factor analysis of 13 items of the Organizational Justice Questionnaire
|
|
|
N = 303 |
|
Items |
Procedural justice |
Interactional justice |
P-value |
|
Procedural justice #1 |
0.78 |
|
< .001 |
|
Procedural justice #2 |
0.82 |
|
< .001 |
|
Procedural justice #3 |
0.81 |
|
< .001 |
|
Procedural justice #4 |
0.83 |
|
< .001 |
|
Procedural justice #5 |
0.75 |
|
< .001 |
|
Procedural justice #6 |
0.81 |
|
< .001 |
|
Procedural justice #7 |
0.80 |
|
< .001 |
|
Interactional justice #1 |
|
0.83 |
< .001 |
|
Interactional justice #2 |
|
0.81 |
< .001 |
|
Interactional justice #3 |
|
0.81 |
< .001 |
|
Interactional justice #4 |
|
0.88 |
< .001 |
|
Interactional justice #5 |
|
0.90 |
< .001 |
|
Interactional justice #6 |
|
0.88 |
< .001 |
|
Fit indices: |
|
|
Goodness of fit index (GFI) |
0.91 |
|
Adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) |
0.87 |
|
Comparative fit index (CFI) |
0.96 |
|
Root-mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) (90% CI) |
0.07 |
The higher the PJ and the IJ levels, the lower the job demand (− 0.33, − 0.36), insufficient job control (− 0.36, − 0.41), interpersonal conflict (− 0.45, − 0.51), job insecurity (− 0.33, − 0.34), organizational system (− 0.64, − 0.64), lack of reward (− 0.55, 0.63), and occupational climate (− 0.50, − 0.55) (Table
5).
Table 5Pearson’s correlation coefficients of Organizational Justice Questionnaire with Korean Occupational Stress Scale
|
|
|
N = 303 |
|
Procedural justice |
Interactional justice |
P-value |
|
Job demand |
−0.33 |
−0.36 |
< .001 |
|
Insufficient job control |
−0.36 |
−0.41 |
< .001 |
|
Interpersonal conflict |
−0.45 |
−0.51 |
< .001 |
|
Job insecurity |
−0.33 |
−0.34 |
< .001 |
|
Organizational system |
−0.64 |
−0.64 |
< .001 |
|
Lack of reward |
−0.55 |
−0.63 |
< .001 |
|
Occupational climate |
−0.50 |
−0.55 |
< .001 |
Discussion
We translated the modified version of the OJQ [
21] and Japanese version of the OJQ [
10] into Korean and conducted a preliminary survey. Reliability and validity of the developed Korean version of the OJQ were examined using samples of Korean workers. The 13 items were extracted as two factors, procedural justice and interactional justice, which comprised the hypothesized structure. Both factors showed good internal consistency and had a correlation with the Korean Occupational Stress Scale.
The modified version of the OJQ [
21] has been assessed for reliability and validity in several countries, and Cronbach’s α coefficients of the internal consistency reliability of the two factors in our study were 0.92 and 0.94, respectively. These values were higher than the Cronbach’s α coefficients of the G-OJQ [
30] that was developed to measure justice in the German study. In the Japanese study, Cronbach’s α coefficients of men were 0.86 and 0.94 and of women were 0.85 and 0.94, respectively [
10]. Procedural justice and interactional justice showed very high internal consistencies as in the studies in Japan and Germany.
The 13 K-OJQ items were extracted with 6 items of procedural justice and 7 items of interactional justice by exploratory factor analysis, and this structure was consistent with the structure of the modified version of the OJQ [
21] and G-OJQ [
30]. In the study in japan, the items showed the greatest factor loadings on two factors in men, and three factors in women, respectively [
10]. In our study, when men and women were separated, and exploratory factor analysis was conducted, one factor was extracted for women and was not suitable for the modified version of the OJQ model. Thus, we did not separate men and women.
In the confirmatory factor analysis of all K-OJQ items, GFI, AGFI, CFI, and RMSEA indices reached the predetermined acceptable levels for the model. The indices of K-OJQ model fit were lower than those of the G-OJQ [
30] and higher than those of the J-OJQ [
10]. In content validity based on opinions of experts, item 1 of interactional justice was not high CVI, but criterion validity and construct validity were objectively validated.
The mean score of procedural justice in our study was higher than that in the Japanese [
6] and Finnish studies. Additionally, the Finnish study’s mean score [
16,
21,
22] was lower than that of the Japanese study. This result might be interpreted as being due to differences in the jobs of the surveyed subjects rather than as a difference in procedural justice between countries. The subjects of our research were white collar workers, whereas in the Japanese study, subjects were employees of a manufacturing factory [
10]. Moreover, the Finnish study mainly assessed organizational justice in hospital employees [
16,
17,
21,
22]. This finding might be interpreted to reflect a lack of decision making processes in workers at the hospital or the manufacturing factory than in office workers.
The mean score of interactional justice was higher in Korea than in Japan [
12], and that in Finland [
16,
17,
21,
22] was higher than in Korea and Japan. This finding was consistent with previous cross-cultural studies reporting that Korea, Japan, and China had substantially different attitudinal and behavioral patterns [
31–
33], because of East Asian characteristics of high collectivism and power distance [
34]. Furthermore, this finding was consistent with previous studies reporting that many Asian countries have distinct features of being more vertical, collective, and workplace structure and hierarchy-oriented [
18] than workplaces in European countries [
19].
We predicted organizational justice to be related to job stress factors. Correlations between KOSS-SF [
24] factors and K-OJQ factors provide support for the criterion validity of the K-OJQ. Higher procedural and interactional justice were correlated with lower levels of job demands, insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, organizational system, lack of reward, and occupational climate. The job demands item, which indicates the degree of burden on the job, was not correlated with organizational justice in men in Kivimäki’s study [
17] and Japanese studies [
10]. However, higher organizational justice was correlated with lower job demands in men and women in our study. The results of our study were consistent with previous findings that higher levels of procedural justice were correlated with higher job control [
10,
35]. In our study, insufficient job control was correlated with interactional justice rather than procedural justice. This result could be interpreted as reflecting the organizational culture of Koreans. The interpersonal conflict item measured the lack of support of supervisors and co-workers in the workplace. In the Japanese study, higher levels of coworker support and supervisor support items were correlated with higher procedural justice and interactional justice [
10]. This finding was consistent with the result that justice reacted sensitively to relationships with peers and supervisor [
26]. The job insecurity item in our study was similar to the job future ambiguity in the Japanese study. However, in the Japanese study, this item was not correlated with interactional justice. Organizational system items measure the overall characteristics of an organization, such as its operating systems, resources, conflicts, promotion, and rational communication. In our study, this item showed a greater correlation with organizational justice than other items, and this result may mean that organizational justice was more affected by the group than individuals. This finding was consistent with the study of Lind reporting that “most of the potential information about the fairness of any given authority or institution lies in collective, not personal, experience” [
36]. In the Japanese study, higher levels of procedural and interactional justice were correlated with lower effort-reward imbalance [
10]. In Moorman’s study [
1] higher levels of organizational justice were correlated with higher distribution justice this was consistent with our study’s finding and organizational justice and reward could be interpreted as a strong reaction to each other. The occupational climate item measures Korean collectivistic culture, irrational communication systems, informal work culture, and sexual discrimination.
Our study and the modified OJQ have several limitations. First, the modified OJQ does not distinguish between interactional justice and informational justice that is an aspect of interactional elements that assesses the level of explanation from the decision maker, and lacks a subscale to measure distributive justice [
37]. Second, the OJQ might not measure all aspects of organizational justice in the Korean workplace. For instance, Koreans were more likely to compromise with their supervisors to solve an interpersonal conflict than Chinese and Japanese [
38]. The Korean workplace culture has characteristics that distinguish it from that of other countries, and these aspects may not be included in the current concept of organizational justice. Third, scholars have elevated justice study from the individual level to the unit level [
39]. Procedural justice may well explain organizational structure or resources, but interactional justice may not distinguish a resource from supervisor support given to an individual worker. Thus, there was a limitation to understanding organizational structure and task level work characteristics. Finally, our study sample was extracted from one particular company in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, and the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the K-OJQ were not examined. Generalization of the findings should be done with caution.
Conclusion
This study was meaningful in that we developed an instrument to measure organizational justice in the workplace considering the characteristics of work culture and the organization of Korea and tested the reliability and validity of the instrument. Our instrument may be used in future occupational health studies. Future studies are needed to test the reproducibility and applicability of our instrument in other working populations and settings.
Additional files
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due [REASON WHY DATA ARE NOT PUBLIC] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
NOTES
-
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-018-0238-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Abbreviations
Adjusted goodness-of-fit index
Confirmatory factor analysis
Exploratory factor analysis
The Japanese versions of the Organizational Justice Questionnaire
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy
The Korean version of the Organizational Justice Questionnaire
Short Form of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale
The modified version of Moorman’s Organizational Justice Questionnaire
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation;
References
- 1. Moorman RH. Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: do fairness perception influence employee citizenship? J Appl Psychol. 1991;76(6):845–855. 10.1037/0021-9010.76.6.845.
- 2. Elovainio M, Kivimäki M, Puttonen S, et al. Organizational injustice and impaired cardiovascular regulation among female employees. Occup Environ Med 2006;63:141–144. 10.1136/oem.2005.019737. 16421394.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 3. Cohen-Charash Y, Spector PE. The role of justice in organizations: a meta-analysis. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 2001;86(2):278–321. 10.1006/obhd.2001.2958.Article
- 4. Fassina NE, Jones DA, Uggerslev KL. Meta-analytic tests of relationships between organizational justice and citizenship behavior: testing agent-system and shared-variance models. J Organ Behav 2008;29:805–828. 10.1002/job.494.Article
- 5. Shaw JC, Wild E, Colquitt JA. To justify or excuse? A meta-analytic review of the effects of explanation. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(3):444–458. 10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.444. 12814294.PubMed
- 6. Fujishiro K, Heaney CA. Justice at work, job stress, and employee health. Health Educ Behav 2007;36(3):478–504.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 7. Ndjaboue R, Brisson C, Vezina M. Organisational justice and mental health: a systematic review of prospective studies. Occup Environ Med 2012;69(10):694–700. 10.1136/oemed-2011-100595. 22693265.ArticlePubMed
- 8.
- 9. Cropanzano R, Byrne ZS, Bobocel DR, et al. Moral virtues, fairness heuristics, social entities, and other denizens of organizational justice. J Vocat Behav 2001;58(2):164–209. 10.1006/jvbe.2001.1791.Article
- 10. Inoue A, Kawakami N, Tsutsumi A, et al. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the organizational justice questionnaire. J Occup Health 2009;51(1):74–83. 10.1539/joh.L8042. 19096197.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 11. Elovainio M, van den Bos K, Linna A, et al. Combined effects of uncertainty and organizational justice on employee health: testing the uncertainty management model of fairness judgments among Finnish public sector employees. Soc Sci Med 2005;61:2501–2512. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.046. 15990210.ArticlePubMed
- 12.
- 13. Rineer JR, Truxillo DM, Bodner TE, et al. The moderating effect of perceived organizational support on the relationships between organizational justice and objective measures of cardiovascular health. Eur J Work Organ Psy 2017;26(3):339–410.Article
- 14. Hayashi T, Odagiri Y, Takamiya T, et al. Organizational justice and insomnia: a prospective cohort study examining insomnia onset and persistence. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017;90(1):133–140. 10.1007/s00420-016-1183-x. 27812753.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 15. Ferrie JE, Head J, Shipley MJ, et al. Injustice at work and incidence of psychiatric morbidity: the Whitehall II study. OccupEnviron Med 2006;63:443–450.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 16. Kivimäki M, Elovainio M, Vahtera J, et al. Association between organizational inequity and incidence of psychiatric disorders infemale employees. Psychol Med 2003;33:319–326. 10.1017/S0033291702006591. 12622310.ArticlePubMed
- 17. Ylipaavalniemi J, Kivimäki M, Elovainio M, et al. Psychosocial work characteristics and income of newly diagnosed depression: a prospective cohort study of three different models. Soc Sci Med 2005;61:111–122. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.038. 15847966.PubMed
- 18. Nakane C. Japanese Society. 1970, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- 19. Hofstede G. Cultures and Organizations. 1991, New York: McGraw-Hill; 139–158.
- 20. Skarlicki DP. Cross-cultural perspectives of organizational justice. Int J Confl Manag 2001;12(4):292–294. 10.1108/eb022859.Article
- 21. Elovainio M, Kivimäki M, Vahtera J. Organizational justice: evidence of a new psychosocial predictor of health. Am J Public Health 2002;92(1):105–108. 10.2105/AJPH.92.1.105. 11772771.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 22. Kivimäki M, Elovainio M, Vahtera J, et al. Organizational justice and health of employees: prospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2003;60:27–34. 10.1136/oem.60.1.27. 12499453.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 23. Banville D. Translating Questionnaires and Inventories using a cross-cultural translation technique. J Hum Kinet 2000;19(3):374–387.Article
- 24. Chang SJ, Koh SB, Kang DM, et al. Developing an occupational stress scale for Korean employees. Kor J Occup Environ Med 2005;17(4):297–317.
- 25. Karasek R. Job content questionnaire and user’s guide. 1985, Lowell: University of Massachusetts at Lowell.
- 26. Siegrist J, Starke D, Chandola T, et al. The measurement of effort-reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Soc Sci Med 2004;58:1483–1499. 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00351-4. 14759692.ArticlePubMed
- 27. Belkic K, Savic C. The occupational stress index-an approach derived from cognitive ergonomics applicable to clinical practice. Scand J Work Environ Health 2008;6:169–176.
- 28. Hurrell JJ, McLaney MA. Exposure to job stress—a new psychometric instrument. Scand J Work Environ Health 1988;14(1):27–28. 10.5271/sjweh.1954. 3393871.
- 29. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structural analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model 1999;6(1):1–55. 10.1080/10705519909540118.
- 30. Herr RM, Li J, Bosch JA, et al. Psychometric properties of a German organizational justice questionnaire (G-OJQ) and its association with self-rated health: findings from the Mannheim industrial cohort studies (MICS). Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014;87:85–93. 10.1007/s00420-012-0839-4. 23266905.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 31. Abramson PR, Inglehart R. Value change in global perspective. 1995, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- 32. Alston JP. Wa, Guanxi, and Inwha: managerial principles in Japan, China, and Korea. Bus Horiz 1989;32(2):26–30. 10.1016/S0007-6813(89)80007-2.
- 33. Paik Y, Tung RL. Negotiating with East Asia: how to attain “win-win” outcomes. MIR 1999;39(2):103–122.
- 34. Hofstede GH. Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values. 1980, Beverly Hills: Sage.
- 35. Elovainio M, Kivimäki M, Helkama K. Organizational justice evaluations, job control and occupational strain. J Appl Psychol 2001;86(3):418–424. 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.418. 11419802.ArticlePubMed
- 36. Lind EA, Kray L, Thompson L. The social construction of injustice: fairness judgments in response to own and Others' unfair treatment by authorities. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 1998;75(1):1–22. 10.1006/obhd.1998.2785. 9719655.ArticlePubMed
- 37. Colquitt JA. On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. J Appl Psychol 2001;86(3):386–400. 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.386. 11419799.ArticlePubMed
- 38. Kim TY, Leung K. Forming and Reacting to overall fairness: a cross-cultural comparison. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 2007;104(1):83–95. 10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.01.004.Article
- 39. Whitman DS, Caleo S, Carpenter NC, et al. Fairness at the collective level: a meta-analytic examination of the consequences and boundary conditions of organizational justice climate. J Appl Psychol 2012;97(4):776–791. 10.1037/a0028021. 22486364.ArticlePubMed
Notes
Notes
KSOEM
, Yong-Jun Park1,2, Dong-Joon Lee2, Hyun-Kyung Lee2 
PubReader
ePub Link
Cite
XML Download
