Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Research Article

Emotional labor and job types of male firefighters in Daegu Metropolitan City: Sung Kyu Park, Han Cheol Heo, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e25. Published online September 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e25

Background

Research on the emotional labor of firefighters is actively being carried out, but studies that analyze emotional labor separately by job types, working departments, and other conditions of firefighters are insufficient. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference in emotional labor level between departments and other conditions of firefighters.

Methods

A total of 287 Korean firefighters were included for analysis. The demands of emotional labor and emotional damage were measured using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale. To analyze the conditions and factors affecting the emotional labor level of the firefighters, logistic regression analysis was performed using the emotional labor high risk group as a dependent variable.

Results

The average score of overall emotional labor level of the firefighters was 47.2 ± 17.3, and the prevalence of high risk firefighters with emotional labor was 27.1%. It was found that the emergency medical service and administration departments showed a higher prevalence of high risk emotional labor firefighters than did other departments. The result of multiple logistic regression analysis for the high risk emotional labor firefighters showed that the adjusted odds ratio of emergency medical service department compared to the reference group (the rescue department) was 2.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–8.24).

Conclusions

Among the firefighters, the emergency medical service department is a high risk factor for emotional labor. Therefore, education and prevention training on emotional labor should be more thorough before work shifts.

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Global prevalence and associated factors of sleep disorders and poor sleep quality among firefighters: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh, Saleh Al Sulaie, Saeid Yazdanirad, Robin Marc Orr, Hossein Dehdarirad, Alireza Milajerdi
Heliyon.2023; 9(2): e13250. CrossRef
Microblog User Emotion Analysis Method Based on Improved Hierarchical Attention Mechanism and BiLSTM
Xiao Chen, Xiongliang Xiao, Arpit Bhardwaj
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef

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Research Article

Performance assessment on the Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test using a mobile device and a conventional computer: an experimental study: Young Seok Byun, Sung Kyu Park, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:55. Published online August 29, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0264-6

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Background

The Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test (KCNT) is a psychological assessment tool used as part of Workers’ Special Health Examinations in Korea. Due to the spread of mobile technology, this study aimed to compare results of the KCNT administered on a tablet PC versus a desktop computer, and, therefore, assess the clinical applicability of mobile devices.

Methods

A total of 72 participants enrolled in this study. Their age, sex, and years of formal education were collected during an interview, as well as their typing speed. The test battery comprised five subtests: Simple Reaction Time test, Choice Reaction Time test, Digit Addition test, Symbol-Digit Substitution test, and Finger Tapping Speed test. Participants repeated the KCNT test battery in a randomly assigned order using four different testing systems: a desktop computer equipped with a conventional 106-key keyboard (System 1), a desktop computer equipped with a simplified keyboard (System 2), a tablet PC with a simplified 17-key on-screen keyboard (System 3), and a tablet PC equipped with a simplified keyboard (System 4).

Results

Results of the Digit Addition test did not differ significantly for different testing systems. In contrast, results of the Simple Reaction Time test, Choice Reaction Time test, Symbol-Digit Substitution test, and Finger Tapping test were lower for the tablet PC (Systems 3 and 4) compared to the desktop computer (Systems 1 and 2). Systems 1 and 2 did not show significantly different results. Performance on System 3 was inferior to that on System 4, only for the Choice Reaction Time test and Finger Tapping Speed test. There were also significant differences in performance by computer familiarity when adjusted for age and education; however, the performance of each group on the test systems showed similar patterns.

Conclusions

It is not recommended to use a tablet PC to administer the KCNT to evaluate neurobehavioral performance for the Simple Reaction Time test and Choice Reaction Time test; however, tablet PCs with an on-screen keyboard may be used to perform the Digit Addition test, and the Symbol-Digit Substitution test and Finger Tapping Speed test to a limited degree.

Citations

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How Do ImPACT Quick Test Scores Compare with ImPACT Online Scores in Non-Concussed Adolescent Athletes?
R J Elbin, Nathan R D’Amico, Matthew McCarthy, Melissa N Womble, Sydne O’Connor, Philip Schatz
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology.2020; 35(3): 326. CrossRef

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Research Article

The associations between blood mercury levels and shark meat intake among workers in Gyeongsangbuk-do: Gun Il Park, Young Seok Byun, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:29. Published online June 27, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0185-9

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Background

Shark meat is used as sacrificial food in Gyeongsangbuk-do, and is a major source of dietary mercury. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of shark meat intake or the ritual of Jesa on blood mercury levels within workers living in Gyeongsangbuk-do.

Methods

This study was conducted from September 2016 to October 2016 in two cities of Gyeongsangbuk-do. To compare the differences between urban and rural areas, two workplaces each in Daegu as the urban area and Yeongcheon as the rural area were selected. General characteristics and characteristics related to shark meat consumption of the workers were acquired by personal interviews during their health examination. Blood mercury concentrations were analyzed by the gold amalgamation method using a direct mercury analyzer (DMA-80; Milestone Inc., Shelton, CT, USA).

Results

The shark consumption group had a higher blood mercury concentration than the non-consumption group. The levels of blood mercury increased with the frequency, annual intake, as well as most recent date of shark meat consumption. Moreover, the levels of mercury in blood increased according to the annual frequency of participation in Jesa (times per year) and the annual frequency of shark meat consumption during Jesa (times per year).

Conclusions

Shark meat intake and the ritual of Jesa contributed to an increase in the blood mercury levels of workers in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate dietary exposure, occupational as well as other factors that may influence blood mercury concentrations in workers during their health examination, particularly in regions with high mercury exposures.

Citations

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Association between Blood Mercury and Seafood Consumption in Korean Adults: KoNEHS Cycle 4 (2018~2020)
Ji-Eun Oh, Tae-Hyeong Kim, Eun-Hee Lee
Biomedical Science Letters.2024; 30(1): 24. CrossRef
Association of Blood Mercury Level with Liver Enzymes in Korean Adults: An Analysis of 2015–2017 Korean National Environmental Health Survey
Jin-Wook Chung, Dilaram Acharya, Jitendra Kumar Singh, Joon Sakong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(4): 3290. CrossRef
Increase of blood mercury level with shark meat consumption: A repeated-measures study before and after Chuseok, Korean holiday
Kiook Baek, Chulyong Park, Joon Sakong
Chemosphere.2023; 344: 140317. CrossRef
Mercury concentration in shark meat from traditional markets of Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
Han Cheol Heo, Yeon Hee Lim, Young Seok Byun, Joon Sakong
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Mercury poisoning in a fisherman working on a pelagic fishing vessel due to excessive tuna consumption
Ji-Sung Ahn, Kyung Wook Kang, Won-Yang Kang, Hyeong-Min Lim, Seunghyeon Cho, Jai-Dong Moon, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Occupational Health.2018; 60(1): 89. CrossRef

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Research Article

Urinary arsenic species concentration in residents living near abandoned metal mines in South Korea: Jin-Yong Chung, Byoung-Gwon Kim, Byung-Kook Lee, Jai-Dong Moon, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon, Jung-Duck Park, Byung-Sun Choi, Nam-Soo Kim, Seung-Do Yu, Jung-Wook Seo, Byeong-Jin Ye, Hyoun-Ju Lim, Young-Seoub Hong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:67. Published online November 22, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0150-z

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Background

Arsenic is a carcinogenic heavy metal that has a species-dependent health effects and abandoned metal mines are a source of significant arsenic exposure. Therefore, the aims of this study were to analyze urinary arsenic species and their concentration in residents living near abandoned metal mines and to monitor the environmental health effects of abandoned metal mines in Korea.

Methods

This study was performed in 2014 to assess urinary arsenic excretion patterns of residents living near abandoned metal mines in South Korea. Demographic data such as gender, age, mine working history, period of residency, dietary patterns, smoking and alcohol use, and type of potable water consumed were obtaining using a questionnaire. Informed consent was also obtained from all study subjects (n = 119). Urinary arsenic species were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS).

Results

The geometric mean of urinary arsenic (sum of dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, As³⁺, and As⁵⁺) concentration was determined to be 131.98 μg/L (geometric mean; 95% CI, 116.72–149.23) while urinary inorganic arsenic (As³⁺ and As⁵⁺) concentration was 0.81 μg/L (95% CI, 0.53–1.23). 66.3% (n = 79) and 21.8% (n = 26) of these samples exceeded ATSDR reference values for urinary arsenic (>100 μg/L) and inorganic arsenic (>10 μg/L), respectively. Mean urinary arsenic concentrations (geometric mean, GM) were higher in women then in men, and increased with age. Of the five regions evaluated, while four regions had inorganic arsenic concentrations less than 0.40 μg/L, one region showed a significantly higher concentration (GM 15.48 μg/L; 95% CI, 7.51–31.91) which investigates further studies to identify etiological factors.

Conclusion

We propose that the observed elevation in urinary arsenic concentration in residents living near abandoned metal mines may be due to environmental contamination from the abandoned metal mine.

Trial registration

Not Applicable (We do not have health care intervention on human participants).

Citations

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Assessing Acute and Chronic Risks of Human Exposure to Arsenic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ethiopia Employing Body Biomarkers
Solomon Demissie, Seblework Mekonen, Tadesse Awoke, Bezatu Mengistie
Environmental Health Insights.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Changes in arsenic accumulation and metabolic capacity after environmental management measures in mining area
Chen Zhao, Meng Du, Jun Yang, Guanghui Guo, Lingqing Wang, Yunxian Yan, Xuewen Li, Mei Lei, Tongbin Chen
Science of The Total Environment.2023; 855: 158652. CrossRef
Concentrations of blood and urinary arsenic species and their characteristics in general Korean population
Jeong Weon Choi, Yoon Chae Song, Nam-Yong Cheong, Kiyoung Lee, Sunmi Kim, Kyoung-Mu Lee, Kyunghee Ji, Mi-Yeon Shin, Sungkyoon Kim
Environmental Research.2022; 214: 113846. CrossRef
MTHFR, As3MT and GSTO1 Polymorphisms Influencing Arsenic Metabolism in Residents Near Abandoned Metal Mines in South Korea
Ulziikhishig Surenbaatar, Byoung-Gwon Kim, Hyun-Jin Son, Seong-Sik Cho, Gwon-Min Kim, Hyoun-Ju Lim, Jung-Yeon Kwon, Ki-Hwan Kim, Young-Seoub Hong
Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2021; 47(6): 530. CrossRef

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Research Article

Effects of computer familiarity and computer type on the performance of Korean computerized neurobehavioral test: Nak Joon Baek, Gun Il Park, Young Seok Byun, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:44. Published online September 9, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0129-9

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Background

It is thought that computer familiarity has increased significantly since 2004 as well as the use of computers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of computer familiarity and types of keyboard and computer on the performance of the Korean computerized neurobehavioral test (KCNT), and to identify which parameters of KCNT were affected by aforementioned factors.

Methods

A total of 85 subjects were classified into three groups of computer familiarity by Korean typing speed. Their age, gender and the level of education were also collected. The parameters of KCNT included simple reaction time, choice reaction time, addition, symbol digit, and finger tapping speed. The test was conducted using three types of computers: a laptop computer, a laptop computer with a simplified keyboard, and a desktop computer with a simplified keyboard.

Results

Parameters including the simple reaction time, choice reaction time, addition, and symbol digit, and the finger tapping speed of non-dominant hand showed no significant differences in the results among the three groups by computer familiarity after age and educational years were controlled as covariates. The mean reaction time of the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time with a simplified keyboard was significantly shorter compared to that with a typical keyboard. With regard to type of computer, the mean reaction time of the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time was significantly reduced when performed with the desktop computer with a simplified keyboard.

Conclusions

Unlike previous study results, the choice reaction time, the addition, and the finger tapping speed of dominant hand were the only parameters affected by the computer familiarity. Both the type of keyboard and the type of computer significantly influenced the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time. Therefore, it is recommended to use a desktop computer with a simplified keyboard for such parameters.

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Participation and engagement in online cognitive testing
Daniel Radosław Sokołowski, Jasmine Pani, Tor Ivar Hansen, Asta Kristine Håberg
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Performance assessment on the Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test using a mobile device and a conventional computer: an experimental study
Young Seok Byun, Sung Kyu Park, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

The association between blood cadmium level, frequency and amount of gejang (marinated crab) intake: Chang Yul Choi, Gun Il Park, Young Seok Byun, Man Joong Jeon, Kwang Hae Choi, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:23. Published online May 14, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0109-0

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Background

Gejang (marinated crab) is a favorite traditional food and a main source of crab intake among Koreans. The present study aimed to identify the possibility of cadmium inflow to the body through gejang; accordingly, the relationship between gejang intake frequency and amount, and blood cadmium concentrations was investigated.

Methods

Using data from the first Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the sixth period in 2013, means and standard errors of blood cadmium concentrations in relation to gejang intake frequency and amount, as well as the monthly intake of gejang, were obtained from 1381 participants for whom data regarding blood cadmium concentration measurements was available.

Results

After adjustment for confounding factors, a gejang intake frequency of four or fewer times per week and a monthly intake of 200 cm³ or less had no significant effect on blood cadmium concentrations. However, participants with gejang intake of at least five times per week had a weighted mean cadmium concentration of 2.12 μg/L (p < 0.001), and participants who had a gejang monthly intake of more than 200 cm³ had a weighted mean cadmium concentration of 1.76 μg/L (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

These results suggest that to minimize the effect of gejang consumption on blood cadmium level, gejang intake should be limited to four or less times per week and 200 cm³ or less per month. Weekly intake of at least five times and monthly intake of more than 200 cm³ may increase blood cadmium levels.

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Relationship between crustacean consumption and serum perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4
Sung Woo Huh, Seong-yong Cho, Seongyong Yoon, Daehwan Kim, Hyun Woo Park, Jisoo Kang, Keon Woo Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A Systematic Review on Metal Dynamics and Marine Toxicity Risk Assessment Using Crustaceans as Bioindicators
Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues, Rafaela Gomes Ferrari, Lilian Seiko Kato, Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis, Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
Biological Trace Element Research.2022; 200(2): 881. CrossRef
Regular crabmeat consumers do not show increased urinary cadmium or beta-2-microglobulin levels compared to non-crabmeat consumers
Karlee N. Dyck, Shabina Bashir, Graham W. Horgan, Alan A. Sneddon
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology.2019; 52: 22. CrossRef

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Research Article

The association between long working hours and the metabolic syndrome: evidences from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2010 and 2012: Jae Uk Jeong, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:53. Published online December 21, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0053-9

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Objectives

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the association between the working hours of Korean employees and the metabolic syndrome and the effects of long working hours on metabolic syndrome based on the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012).

Methods

Based on the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012), 4,456 Korean employees without shift work, aged over 15, who work 30 hours or more per week were targeted in this study. The association between the general characteristics, including age, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, and the metabolic syndrome criteria defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and weekly working hours were analyzed. In addition, the association between weekly working hours and the metabolic syndrome of the subjects stratified by gender was analyzed through multiple logistic regression analyses and generalized linear mixed model after adjusting the general characteristics.

Results

In the results of stratified analysis by gender, in male subjects, in comparison with the 30-39 weekly working hours group, there were no significant adjusted odds ratios to the other working hours groups. In female subjects, in comparison with the 30-39 weekly working hours group, there were no significant adjusted odds ratios to the other working hours groups. In addition, no trend associations were observed among weekly working hour groups in both stratified genders.

Conclusion

No significant differences in prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the subjects stratified by gender were found according to weekly increasing working hours. However, due to some limitations of this study, further prospective studies may be necessary for verification.

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Impact of Reduced Working Hours and Night Work Hours on Metabolic Syndrome: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Hye-Eun Lee, Ichiro Kawachi
Safety and Health at Work.2023; 14(1): 59. CrossRef
Association between shift work or long working hours with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies
Yihui Wang, Li Yu, Yinyan Gao, Lili Jiang, Lin Yuan, Pengju Wang, Yanwen Cao, Xuping Song, Long Ge, Guowu Ding
Chronobiology International.2021; 38(3): 318. CrossRef
Mediation analysis of dietary habits, nutrient intakes, daily life in the relationship between working hours of Korean shift workers and metabolic syndrome : the sixth (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yoona Kim, Hyeon Hee Kim, Dong Hoon Lim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(6): 567. CrossRef
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Mohan Giri, Bibhuti Upreti, Rakshya Joshi, Jayanti Rai, Binit Vaidya
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Osamu Itani, Yoshitaka Kaneita, Mikiko Tokiya, Maki Jike, Atsushi Murata, Sachi Nakagome, Yuichiro Otsuka, Takashi Ohida
Sleep Medicine.2017; 39: 87. CrossRef
The association between long working hours and metabolic syndrome remains elusive
Adriano M. Pimenta, Miguel A. Martinez-Gonzalez
The European Journal of Public Health.2016; 26(3): 377. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Lead Poisoning due to a Mixture of Talisman Ash: Han Hui Ye, Jae Uk Jeong, Nak Joon Baek, Chang Yul Choi, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:37-37. Published online November 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-37

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Background

Lead is a metal that has no biological function useful for the human body. In Korea, non-occupational exposure to lead has mostly occurred through taking oriental medicine. However, in this paper we report a case of lead poisoning caused by ingesting talisman material.

Case presentation

A 16-year-old male patient complained of severe abdominal pain after taking cinnabar, a talisman material. He was diagnosed with lead poisoning accompanied by acute hepatitis. We confirmed that the cinnabar the patient took contained about 10% elemental lead. After symptom management, the patients’ symptoms, liver function test results, and blood lead concentration level improved.

Conclusion

Lead poisoning can be accompanied by hepatitis, although rarely. As we have confirmed that cinnabar as a talisman material is harmful to the human body, measures to prevent its misuse are needed.

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Saeed Samarghandian, Farshad M. Shirazi, Farhad Saeedi, Babak Roshanravan, Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Emad Yeganeh Khorasani, Tahereh Farkhondeh, Jan Olav Aaseth, Mohammad Abdollahi, Omid Mehrpour
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Collective exposure to lead from an approved natural product-derived drug in Korea
Dae-Young Lim, Won-Yang Kang, Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Suwhan Kim, Jai-Dong Moon, Byung-Chan Lee, Won-Ju Park
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Kyung Wook Kang, Won-Ju Park
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Ravibabu Kalahasthi, Tapu Barman
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Research Article

The Association between Shift Work and the Metabolic Syndrome in Female Workers: Han Hui Ye, Jae Uk Jeong, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:33-33. Published online November 1, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-33

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Objective

This study aimed to determine identify any association between shift work and the metabolic syndrome by comparing the prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome in shift work groups and daytime work groups for female workers.

Methods

Based on data from health examinations carried out from April to December of 2012, we selected as our subjects 254 female workers from the Daegu area Dyeing Industrial Complex. We diagnosed the metabolic syndrome using the examination results, and information about age, whether or not they did shift work, job type, smoking habits, drinking habits, exercise habits, and past medical history was collected through self-administered questionnaire surveys and face-to-face interviews. The variables found in a univariate analysis to be significant in the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome - age, drinking habits, exercise habits, and shift work - were included in a logistic regression analysis of the risk of the metabolic syndrome for female workers.

Results

The prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome for the total group of study subjects was 11.8%, for daytime workers was 2.8%, and for shift workers was 15.3%. A logistic regression analysis of the odds of the metabolic syndrome for female workers was conducted that included factors associated with the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome: age, drinking habits, exercise habits, and shift work. The results revealed that the odds ratio of the metabolic syndrome in the shift work group, 6.30 (95% CI 1.24-32.15), was significantly higher when compared with the daytime work group.

Conclusion

Shift work appears to have an association with the metabolic syndrome in female workers. Accordingly, we believe that the attention of government agencies and business owners is needed together with the individual practice of health behaviors to manage the metabolic syndrome for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in female shift workers.

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Markus Strauss, Peter Foshag, Anna Brzek, Richard Vollenberg, Ulrich Jehn, Roman Leischik
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Original Article

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Factors in Male Firefighters in a Metropolitan City: Deuk Yong Shin, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):397-409. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.397

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted in order to evaluate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related factors in male firefighters in Daegu, Korea.
METHODS
A total of 1,261 firefighters from fire stations in Daegu were the subjects of this study. Each firefighter completed a questionnaire on general and occupational matters, experience of traumatic events, and impact of event scale (IES). The IES questionnaire was administered to subjects in order to determine the high risk group for PTSD. We calculated the IES score and determined that an individual was abnormal if the IES score was over 26.
RESULTS
The average IES score of the firefighters was 11.0+/-14.3, and the prevalence of high risk firefighters with PTSD was 15.1%. It was found that 40 years of age, fire sergeant, and emergency medical service personnel showed higher prevalence of PTSD than other groups. The most experienced event among traumatic events was 'witness death of victims or patients'. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis for the high risk PTSD group showed that fire sergeant (OR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.28~4.06), fire lieutenant (OR=2.47, 95% CI: 1.14~5.37), fire captain (OR=2.88, 95% CI: 1.11~7.45), firefighting department (OR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.00~4.17), emergency medical service personnel (OR=3.68, 95% CI: 1.47~9.23), total frequency of traumatic events experienced (OR=1.01, 95% CI: 1.00~1.02), and total type of traumatic event experienced (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.25~1.46) were significant variables with regards to the reference group (fire fighter and administration department).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that the prevalence of PTSD in firefighters is higher than that in the general population, and fire sergeant, fire lieutenant, fire captain, emergency medical service personnel, firefighting department, total frequency of traumatic events experienced, and total type of traumatic event experienced were significant variables for the PTSD high risk group.

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Non-cancer health risks in firefighters: a systematic review
Jeong Ah Kim, Soo Yeon Song, Wonjeong Jeong, Jae Kwan Jun
Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022109. CrossRef
Predictors of PTSD and CPTSD in UK firefighters
John Langtry, Marcin Owczarek, Donal McAteer, Laurence Taggart, Christina Gleeson, Catherine Walshe, Mark Shevlin
European Journal of Psychotraumatology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between burnout and PTSD symptoms in firefighters: the moderating effects of a sense of calling to firefighting
Insung Jo, Songhee Lee, Gyhye Sung, Minkyoung Kim, Sanghyuk Lee, Jooeon Park, Kangsoo Lee
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2018; 91(1): 117. CrossRef
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The Relationships among Experiences of Traumatic Events, Post-traumatic Stress and the Needs for Health Promotion Programs of 119 Paramedics
Mi Suk Kang, Young Im Kim, Hyo Geun Geun
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Post-traumatic stress disorder and occupational characteristics of police officers in Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional study
June-Hee Lee, Inah Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh
BMJ Open.2016; 6(3): e009937. CrossRef
Incident shock and Related Factors in Rescue Workers
Eui-Tae Yoo, Sung-Je Cho
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Original Article

Assessment of Acquired Color Vision Impairment in Inhalant Abusers: Myeong Hyo Kim, Yeon Cheol Kim, Kyu Hwa Lee, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(4):439-449. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.4.439

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of inhalants on color vision impairment.
METHODS
The inhalation group consisted of 81 neurotoxic chemical substance abusers at Bugok National Hospital and Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Ministry of Justice. The control group consisted of 41 employees of Bugok National Hospital. The Lanthony D-15 desaturated hue test was administered to both groups. For the qualitative analysis, we classified the results by the morphological characteristics of color vision impairment. For the quantitative analysis, we calculated the total color distance score (TCDS) and the color confusion index (CCI) and determined that the individual was abnormal if the TCDS was over 65.0 or the CCI was over 1.25.
RESULTS
The TCDS of the inhalation group was 75.58+/-21.07 and the CCI was 1.34+/-0.37 in the right eye, and 75.47+/-23.63 and 1.34+/-0.42, respectively in the left eye. These results are higher than those found for the control group. In regards to the TCDS, 50 (61.8%) of the abusers in the inhalation group had color vision impairment in the right eye and 48 (59.2%) had impairment in the left eye. 11 (26.8%) of the employees in the control group had color vision impairment in the right eye and 13 (31.7%) had impairment in the left eye. In regards to the CCI, 38 (46.9%) of the abusers in the inhalation group had color vision impairment in the right eye and 35 (43.2%) had impairment in the left eye. 4 (9.8%) of the employees in the control group had color vision impairment in the right eye and 7 (17.0%) had impairment in the left eye. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis for acquired color vision impairment showed that the inhalation period (OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.03~1.40) was the significant variable.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that the inhalation of neurotoxic substances may impair the color vision, and the period inhaled with neurotoxic substances is significant variable affecting on the acquired color vision impairment.

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Original Article

The Relationship Between Amalgam Tooth Fillings and Concentration of Blood Mercury in Elementary School Students in Korea: Kyu Hwa Lee, Man Joong Jeon, Yun Chul Hong, Jong Han Leem, Mi Na Ha, Ho Jang Kwon, Joon Sakong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(4):420-427. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.4.420

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The adverse health effects of mercury in dental amalgam have not yet been clarified. This study was conducted to examine the effects of dental amalgam on the concentration of blood mercury in Korean children.
METHODS
A total of 1,275 students were enrolled in the elementary school in Seoul, Incheon, and Daegu. The number and location of dental amalgam filling of teeth were ascertained by oral examination. Dietary habits-including frequency of seafood intake-and other demographic factors were obtained from the children's parents. The concentration of blood mercury was measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer to which a hydride generator was installed.
RESULTS
The geometric mean of blood mercury concentration was 1.91 microg/L. It was found that elementary school students in Seoul and the 4th grade elementary school students have the lowest concentration of blood mercury among the study groups. Both linear and secondary linear increase of the concentration of blood mercury, depending on the number of dental amalgam fillings, were statistically significant (p-trend < 0.01, p-quadratic < 0.01). As a result of multiple regression analysis on the blood mercury concentration of elementary school students, the regression coefficient (beta) of a dental amalgam filling was found to be 0.027 (standard error = 0.014, p = 0.048).
CONCLUSIONS
In children, the dental amalgam fillings were significantly contribute to the concentration of blood mercury. To accurately assess the effect of dental amalgam on the concentration of body mercury, further studies using the concentration of urine mercury are needed.

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Original Article

Association Between Blood Lead Concentration and Computerized Neurobehavioral Performance in Korean Elementary School Students: Yeon Cheol Kim, Man Joong Jeon, Yun Chul Hong, Chul Gab Lee, Mi Na Ha, Ho Jang Kwon, Joon Sakong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(2):183-191. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.2.183

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate association between computerized neurobehavioral performance and blood lead concentration in Korean elementary school students.
METHODS
The subjects were 1,077 elementary school students of Seoul, Busan, Daegu and Gwangju. Blood lead concentration was measured and computerized neurobehavioral performance tests were performed.
RESULTS
Blood lead concentration of the subjects was in the range of 0.20 and 7.39 microg/dl. The geometric mean of the subjects' blood lead concentration was 1.41 microg/dl. As blood lead concentration increased, reaction time to the symbol digit tended to increase significantly and linearly. As a result of LOWESS(locally weighted scatterplot smoothing), increasing reaction time to the symbol digit was observed.
CONCLUSIONS
As blood lead concentration under the CDC (center for disease control and prevention) reference value increased, reaction time to the symbol digit tended to increase. But, as the number of subjects over 3 microg/dl is small, it is difficult to make a definite conclusion. If confounding variables are controlled properly in a follow-up study, we can obtain a more definite conclusion.

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Association of heavy metal complex exposure and neurobehavioral function of children
Minkeun Kim, Chulyong Park, Joon Sakong, Shinhee Ye, So young Son, Kiook Baek
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Performance assessment on the Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test using a mobile device and a conventional computer: an experimental study
Young Seok Byun, Sung Kyu Park, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
The association between lead concentration in the blood and neurobehavioral performance of children
Dae-Seon Kim, Seungchul Ahn, Seungdo Yu, Eun-Hee Lee
Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences.2012; 4(2): 87. CrossRef
Evaluation of reliability of computerized neurobehavioral tests in Korean children
Kyeong-Soo Lee, Man-Joong Jeon, Tae-Yoon Hwang, Chang-Yoon Kim, Joon Sakong
NeuroToxicology.2012; 33(5): 1362. CrossRef

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Original Article

Association of Blood Mercury Level and Neurobehavioral Performance in Korean Elementary School Students: Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon, Sung Ho Yun, Yun Chul Hong, Chul Gab Lee, Young Ki Kim, Mina Ha, Ho Jang Kwon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(4):324-330. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.4.324

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine the effect of blood mercury on neurobehavioral performance in Korean elementary school students.
METHODS
We measured the blood mercury concentration in 1,077 elementary school students from Seoul, Busan, Daegu and Gwangju, then the students underwent computerized neurobehavioral test.
RESULTS
The mean concentration of blood mercury of study subjects was 2.10 microg/L. An increased blood mercury was associated with an increased reaction time in digit addition and symbol digit.
CONCLUSIONS
The blood mercury concentration of study subjects was very high compared to findings in a foreign country. We found several associations between blood mercury level and neurobehavioral performance.

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Performance assessment on the Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test using a mobile device and a conventional computer: an experimental study
Young Seok Byun, Sung Kyu Park, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of reliability of computerized neurobehavioral tests in Korean children
Kyeong-Soo Lee, Man-Joong Jeon, Tae-Yoon Hwang, Chang-Yoon Kim, Joon Sakong
NeuroToxicology.2012; 33(5): 1362. CrossRef

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Original Article

Assessment of Changes in Computerized Neurobehavioral Performance across Multiple Test Sessions: Sung Tae Chung, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(4):251-258. Published online December 31, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.4.251

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional study was performed to assess changes in computerized neurobehavioral performance across multiple test sessions for developing a valid performance level and reducing test time.
METHODS
The study was conducted on 118 male car painters exposed to low-dose, mixed organic solvents. The study controls were 113 unexposed reference workers matched for age and educational year from different sections of the same factory. Each worker completed a medical and occupational exam and questionnaire. Three tests of the Swedish Performance Evaluation System (5 minutes of Simple Reaction Time, 9 sessions of Symbol Digit, and 4 sessions of Finger Tapping Speed) were administered to each group.
RESULTS
The mean age, mean duration of employment, and mean years of education were 33 years, 6.7 years, and 12 years in both groups, respectively. The mean reaction times of the Simple Reaction Time increased with the lapse of time. The known group difference between the exposed and control groups was larger for the first minute than for the successive 3 minutes. Both groups showed improved performance across the first to the seventh sessions on Symbol Digit. Following the seventh session, the performance levels of Symbol Digit had worsened. The t statistic of the two groups was the largest when the two mean reaction times were calculated from the sessions of the fifth to the seventh. In the dominant and non-dominant hands, the number of taps increased and decreased, respectively, across the sessions on Finger Tapping Speed. The known group difference was the largest when comparing the performances from the first to the second sessions.
CONCLUSIONS
For valid interpretation and timesaving in computerized neurobehavioral tests, the following is recommended: one practice and one test session for Simple Reaction Time, four practice and three test sessions for Symbol Digit, and one practice and two test sessions for Finger Tapping Speed.

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Effects of computer familiarity and computer type on the performance of Korean computerized neurobehavioral test
Nak Joon Baek, Gun Il Park, Young Seok Byun, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

The Effects of Indoor Air Quality on the Neurobehavioral Performance of Elementary School Children: Dae Seop Kim, Sun Ju Kim, Si Young Park, Man Joong Jeon, Gyu Tae Kim, Chang Yoon Kim, Jong Hak Chung, Sung Ok Baek, Joon Sakong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(1):65-72. Published online March 31, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.1.65

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Most studies on the indoor air quality of newly built schools have focused only on the number of schools exceeding a standard or on subjective symptoms, such as sneezing, irritated eyes and an irritated nose. However, there has been no report on how poor indoor air quality affects children's academic performance. This study evaluated the effects of indoor air quality on the neurobehavioral performance of elementary school children.
METHODS
This study measured the indoor air pollutants and compared children's performance, using a computerized neurobehavioral test, between a newly built and a 12-year-old school. In addition, a questionnaire was administered regarding the indoor air quality related symptoms of children in a newly built and a 12-year-old school.
RESULTS
In the newly built school, the formaldehyde levels in the 1st and 4th classes with an open window were 34.6 and 27.3 microgram/m3, respectively. The levels in the 1st and 4th classes with the window closed were 80.2 and 127.1 microgram/m3, respectively. In the 12-year-old school, the formaldehyde levels in 1st and 4th class with open and closed window were 12.6 and 7.5 microgram/m3, and 19.8 and 25.2 microgram/m3, respectively. With respect to total volatile organic compounds, the levels in the 1st and 4th classes with the window open in the newly built school were 87.2 and 428.2 microgram/m3, respectively. In the 1st and 4th classes with the window closed, the total volatile organic compounds were 1,283.5 and 1,715.4 microgram/m3, respectively. In the 12-year-old school, the total volatile organic compounds were 240.9 and 150.8 microgram/m3, and 371.9 and 448.0 microgram/m3 in the 1st and 4th classes, respectively. In the case of a newly built school, the performance of the students in the neurobehavioral test in the 4th class with the window closed was 8.3% lower than for those in the 1st class with the window closed, but was only 5.9% lower when the windows were open. There was a statistical significant difference in the total numbers of symptoms between the two schools.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest a proper evaluation of the indoor air quality within schools is required into both the level of contamination and the health effects of these contaminants toward children.

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Performance assessment on the Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test using a mobile device and a conventional computer: an experimental study
Young Seok Byun, Sung Kyu Park, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Occupational Neurologic Disorders in Korea
Yangho Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Yong-Hun Yun, Myoung-Soon Oh
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2010; 6(2): 64. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effects of Familiarity with Computer and Type of Keyboard on Computerized Neurobehavioral Performance Tests: Man Joong Jeon, Chang Yoon Kim, Jong Hak Chung, Woo Taek Lim, Joon Sakong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(2):178-190. Published online June 30, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.2.178

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
A stratified cross-over study was conducted to evaluate the effects of familiarity with computer on the performance of computerized neurobehavioral tests. Effects of keyboard type on the relationship between familiarity with computer and performance of computerized neurobehavioral tests were also examined.
METHODS
We tested 70 persons classified into three groups according to degree of familiarity with computer: Group 1 was people with no computer competency, Group 2 had slight working experience on the computer, and Group 3 were highly competent and efficient on the computer. For each group, we executed 4 tests of the Korean version of the Swedish Performance Evaluation System (Simple Reaction Time, Addition, Symbol Digit, and Finger Tapping Speed). Three types of keyboard were applied for all three groups. Type 1 keyboard was a conventional layout with 106 keys. We removed the unused keys except for the 17 which were used in the test and remodeled the normal keyboard into Type 2 keyboard with 17 keys (10 numeric keys, 4 arrow keys, space bar, and both Ctrl keys). Type 3 keyboard with 11 keys consisted of 10 numeric keys and the space bar was newly developed for the computerized neurobehavioral performance test.
RESULTS
It was found that Simple Reaction Time, Addition, and Finger Tapping Speed were not affected by familiarity with computer and type of keyboard. The mean reaction time of Symbol Digit adjusted by age and educational level with Type 1 keyboard was found to have significant difference among the three groups (F=3.347, p=0.041). The performance of Symbol Digit in Group 1 was found to be significantly lower than that in Group 2. The performances of Symbol Digit measured with Types 2 and 3 keyboards were not found to have significant differences among the three groups. In Groups 1 and 3, the performances of Symbol Digit measured with Type 1 keyboard were found to be significantly lower than those of other keyboards.
CONCLUSIONS
According to the above results, Simple Reaction Time, Addition, and Finger Tapping Speed have high priority over other neurobehavioral tests for the workers having varying degrees of computer familiarity. It is also suggested that familiarity with computer and keyboard type needs to be considered in interpretation of the performance of Symbol Digit. We recommended executing the computerized neurobehavioral test with keyboards 2 or 3 to reduce the effect of computer familiarity.

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Performance assessment on the Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test using a mobile device and a conventional computer: an experimental study
Young Seok Byun, Sung Kyu Park, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of computer familiarity and computer type on the performance of Korean computerized neurobehavioral test
Nak Joon Baek, Gun Il Park, Young Seok Byun, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of Availability of Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test in Patients with Brain Injury
Tae-Hoon Kim, Man-Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong
The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2013; 13(6): 339. CrossRef
Neurobehavioral Changes of Shipyard Painters Exposed to Mixed Organic Solvents
Choong Ryeol LEE, Kyoung Sook JEONG, Yangho KIM, Cheol In YOO, Ji Ho LEE, Young Hee CHOI
INDUSTRIAL HEALTH.2005; 43(2): 320. CrossRef

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Original Article

Five-year Industrial Accidents of Ship-building Workers at a Ship-Yard: Chang Yoon Kim, Man Joong Jeon, Dae Hee Byun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(4):436-445. Published online December 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.4.436

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the status of industrial accidents at a ship-yard in Korea in order to provide the basic materials for preventing further industrial accidents.
METHODS
This study reviewed and analyzed the records of 252 industrial accidents that occurred in a ship-yard at Ulsan city from January 1 1997 until December 31st, 2001 according to age, the work career, the job department, the day of the week, the occurrence time, the part of body injured, and the accident type.
RESULTS
There were a total of 252 industrial accidents over the five years. The incidence of industrial accidents per year were 17.38, 26.99, 16.44, 11.35, 14.50 per 1,000 persons from 1997 to 2001, respectively. The frequency of industrial accidents per year were 11.56, 11.23, 6.27, 4.42, 5.79 per one million man hours from 1997 to 2001, respectively. The intensity of industrial accidents per year was 1.67, 0.18, 4.32 per 1,000 man hours from 1999 to 2001, respectively. The highest incidence occurred in the over 50 age group (33.87 per 1,000 persons). Regarding the incidence according to the work career, it was highest in those who had worked for less than 1 year (39.76 per 1,000 persons). The incidence in those working in high places and those using heavy materials were higher than the others. The most frequent day of the week was Monday (19.8%), which was followed by Friday (16.7%) and Saturday (15.9%). The most frequent time of an accident was 15:00-16:59(25.8%), which was followed by 08:00-09:59(24.2%), 10:00-11:59(20.2%). The most frequent part of the body injured was the low back (28.6%), which was followed by the lower extremities (24.2%), and the upper extremities (23.0%). The types of industrial accidents were stenosis (27.0%) to have been happened most and upset (19.8%), fall down (14.7%), hard movement (12.3%), and falling (9.1%).
CONCLUSIONS
The above results suggests that a more precise system of reporting industrial accidents will be needed in order to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the industrial accident statistics. In addition, the preventive activities for back injury, stenosis, and fall down are needed in order to prevent industrial accidents at ship-yards in Korea. Furthermore, the strengthening of a continuous health education program will be necessary for beginners, older workers, and those working in high places and using heavy materials.

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Eunsuk Choi, Gyeong-Suk Jeon, Won Kee Lee, Young Sun Kim
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Wook-Sung Kim, Young-Bok Cho, Seok-Jae Kim, Kyong-Jin Ryu, Yoo-Won Lee
Journal of the Korean society of Fisheries Technology.2014; 50(4): 614. CrossRef
Ergonomic Research Trends in the Shipbuilding Industry: Present and the Future
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Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2012; 31(1): 131. CrossRef
The Actual State of Industrial Accidents in Small-medium Manufacturing Industries
Seong-Ja Hong, Man-Joong Jeon, Chang-Yoon Kim
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(1): 93. CrossRef

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Original Article

Impact of Subject and Time Related Factors on Reliability of Neurobehavioral Tests: Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon, Nak Jung Sung, Gyu Tae Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(2):188-195. Published online June 30, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.2.188

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to select neurobehavioral tests that are more reliable and less affected by subjects characteristics and test conditions.
METHODS
Five computerized and five traditional neurobehavioral tests and retests were administered to 85 medical school students and 35 hospital workers. The computerized tests consisted of the Simple Reaction Time, Addition, Symbol Digit, Digit Span, and Finger Tapping Speed, while the traditional tests comprised the Benton Visual Retention test, Digit Symbol, Digit Span, Pursuit Aiming, and pegboard. In addition, the effects of various factors on the reliability of the neurobehavioral tests, including age, sex, educational level, computer familiarity, test intervals, and test time of day, were also evaluated.
RESULTS
Among the computerized neurobehavioral tests, the reliability of Addition, Symbol Digit, Digit Span, and Finger Tapping Speed were not affected significantly by age, sex, test interval, or computer familiarity. It was found that Finger Tapping Speed is not affected by educational level. When the time of retest was incongruous with the time of the first test, test-retest reliability was lower in most neurobehavioral tests except computerized Addition, Digit Span, and Finger Tapping Speed, and traditional Symbol Digit.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the computerized Addition, Symbol digit, Digit Span, and Finger Tapping Speed, and the traditional Digit Symbol are more satisfactory for our purposes. These results should facilitate selection of the most appropriate tests for periodical evaluation of the central nervous system of workers exposed to neurotoxic substances in Korea.

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Original Article

Assessment of Job Related Cumulative Trauma Disorders of Dentists in Daegu Metropolitan City: Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong, Joong Jung Lee, Hee Kyung Lee, Jong Hak Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(1):55-63. Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.1.55

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the symptom prevalence and aspects of symptoms for cumulative trauma disorders in dentists and elucidate their associated factors.
METHODS
A questionnaire-based investigation on demographic factors, work-related characteristics, psychosocial factors and symptoms of 512 dentists practicing in Daegu metropolitan city was conducted. Subsets of psychosocial characteristics, including job demand(5 items), psychosomatic strain(5 items), job insecurity, and type A behavior were also assessed. For the evaluation of symptoms early developed questionnaire by Song(1997)was used to investigate the parameters related to pains in the neck, shoulder, arm and elbow, wrist, finger, back or discomforts, such as pricking and numbing.
RESULTS
The symptom prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders, calculated based on NIOSH criteria, was high at 63.3 %; the most frequent site of complaint was the shoulder, followed by neck, back, hand and wrist, knee, foot and ankle. The most common approach position was direction of 9 to 10 o'clock. Most subjects had 5-10 years of work experience and those with such years of experience also complained most frequently of symptoms in the neck and shoulder areas. As to rate of symptom complaint according to the type of dental procedure, the highest rate was associated to periodontic treatment. According to age, those between the age of 30-40 had the highest symptom prevalence rate at 70 %. According to sex, women had the higher symptom prevalence rate. Unmarried subjects also had higher symptom prevalence rate. The results of logistic analysis showed that the higher the psychosomatic strain and job demand, the higher the symptom prevalence rate of cumulative trauma disorders. Moreover, the higher the score of type A behavior, the higher the symptom prevalence rate, and even those who changed the location of their practice for the last three months also showed high symptom prevalence rate.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of multiple logistic regression analysis, which incorporated demographic, work-related and psychosocial characteristics as independent variables, showed that women were at a higher risk than men in developing cumulative trauma disorders; and that the higher the psychosomatic strain and more frequent type A behavior, the higher the risk of developing cumulative trauma disorders. The above results seem to suggest that not only continual, repeated fine and skillful musculoskeletal movements and lengthy hours in an uncomfortable position but also the psychological stress related to patient satisfaction, can lead to cumulative trauma disorders.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Reliability of Traditional and Computerized Neurobehavioral Tests: Joon Sakong, Jong Hak Chung, Man Joong Jeon, Mal Suk Shin; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(4):494-500. Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.4.494

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Thls study was conducted to select more reliable neurobehavioral tests that are compatible with the characteristlcs of Korean workers and their health management system.
METHODS
To compare the reliability of neurobehavioral tests, test and retest of five computerized and five traditional neurobehavioral tests administered to 85 medical school students and 35 hospital workers. The computerized tests include Simple reaction time, Addition, Symbol digit, Digit span, and Finger tapping speed, while the traditional tests include the trenton visual retention test, Digit symbol, Digit span, Pursuit aiming, and Pegboard.
RESULTS
Computerized Addition was found to have the highest test-retest reliability (0.90) of and followed by Finger tapping speed (nondominant hand, 0.89, dominant hand, 0.85), Symbol digit(0.82), and Digit span(0.74). Only two traditional tests, Digit symbol(0.86), and Pursuit aiming(0.72), showed test-retest reliability coefficient greater than 0.70.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the computerized Additions, Symbol digit, Fingel tapping speed, and traditional Digit symbol are more satisfactory for our purposes. These results may allow a reasonable selection of the most appropriate tests for periodical evaluation of central nervous system of workers exposed to neurotoxic substances in Korea.

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Young Seok Byun, Sung Kyu Park, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon
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NeuroToxicology.2003; 24(4-5): 533. CrossRef

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Original Article

Concentration of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Scalp Hair, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Heart, Kidney, Liver, Lung and Spleen from Autopsy Subjects : Relationship between Scalp Hair and Internal Organs: Jong Hak Chung, Chang Yoon Kim, Joon Sakong, Joong Jung Lee, Man Joong Jeon, Seong Kuk Lee, Jeung Sik Kwak, Sung Hwa Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(4):571-586. Published online December 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.4.571

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This study was conducted to measure the lead, cadmium and mercury levels in the scalp hair, cerebellum, cerebrum, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen of the 60 Korean autopsy subjects and assess the relationship among those samples. The mean lead level in the scalp hair was 12.29+/-12.51 microgram/g and no significant difference was detected in lead concentrations between the two sexes. Among the internal organ tissues the cerebrum contained the highest level of lead. This is followed by the cerebellum, spleen and liver respectively. After which the kidney and lung showed a close similarity at relatively low concentrations and the heart contained the lowest concentration. There was also no significant variation found between sexes in a comparison of lead in the internal organ tissues. The concentrations of cadmium in kidney were 127.33+/-89.36 microgram/g and considerably higher than those in the other internal organs. The liver contained the next highest level of cadmium. In both sexes, the consistent difference was noted in the cadmium concentrations of the kidney, heart and spleen. Yet female cadmium level was higher than the male's. The concentrations of mercury in the kidney and liver were 1.26+/-2.89 microgram/g, 0.59+/-0.54 microgram/g and considerably higher than those in the other internal organs. The mean mercury level in the scalp hair was 1.29+/-0.64 microgram/g and no marked difference was noted in both sexes. The lead concentration in the spleen increased with advancing age, though not statistically significance, and most of the internal organ tissues that were examined showed no evidence of increased lead concentration with age. The kidney, cerebrum, spleen and cerebellum showed increased cadmium concentrations with age. Also as well as the internal organ tissues that were examined showed no evidence of increased mercury concentration with age. The lead concentrations in the liver and lung were higher in the urban area than in the rural area, but the lead concentration in the kidney was higher in the rural area. No difference was noted in tissue cadmium and mercury concentrations as to the area of residence either. The physical workers had greater concentrations of lead in cerebellum than did housewives or the unemployed. Yet no difference was noted in the other tissues between the two groups. In the cerebellum, cerebrum, heart, and spleen, the physical workers had greater concentrations of cadmium than students or mental workers. Also physical workers had greater concentrations of cadmium in lung than housewives or the unemployed. In contrast to lead and cadmium, both the housewives and the unemployed had higher concentrations of mercury in cerebellum and cerebrum than physical workers, but there was no difference was noted in the other tissues between the two groups. In the lead concentration, there was no statistically significant correlation between the scalp hair and examined internal organ tissues. There was a close relationship between lead levels in cerebellum and cerebrum (r=0.465, p<0.01), as well as a relationship between the cerebellum and the kidney(r=0.300, p<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the cadmium levels in the scalp hair and in the examined internal organ tissues. Positive correlations were found between the cadmium concentrations in the cerebellum and the cerebrum(r=0.5543, p<0.01), heart(r=0.480, p<0.01), kidney(r=0.376, p<0.01) and spleen(r=0.408, p<0.01). Also positive correlation was found between in the cerebrum and the heart(r=0.377, p<0.01), kidney(r=0.484, p<0.01), liver(r=0.265, p<0.05), lung(r=0.458, p<0.01) and spleen (r=0.483, p<0.01). There was also no statistically significant correlation between the mercury levels in the scalp hair and in the examined internal organ tissues. Positive correlation was found between the mercury concentrations in the cerebellum and cerebrum(r=0.760, p<0.01), heart(r=0.270, p<0.05), liver(r=0.425, p<0.01), lung (r=0.488, p<0.01) and spleen (r=0.534, p<0.01), and also positive correlation was found between in the cerebrum and heart(r=0.376, p<0.01), liver(r=0.350, p<0.01), lung(r=0.554, p<0.01) and spleen (r=0.489, p<0.01). Various epidemiological studies reported usefulness and reliability of using scalp hair as a monitor of a environmental pollutants. In this study, there was statistically significant correlation of lead, cadmium and mercury levels in most of the tissues that were examined, but there was no statistically significant correlation between the lead, cadmium and mercury levels in the scalp hair and most of examined internal organ tissues. The findings of this study would suggest that it is still uncertain to using scalp hair as a biological monitoring.

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Human Exposure to Metals: Levels in Autopsy Tissues of Individuals Living Near a Hazardous Waste Incinerator
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