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Original Article
Development of algorithm for work intensity evaluation using excess overwork index of construction workers with real-time heart rate measurement device
Jae-young Park, Jung Hwan Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang, Tae-Won Jang, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Se-Yeong Kim, Jongin Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e24.   Published online July 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e24
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background

The construction workers are vulnerable to fatigue due to high physical workload. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between overwork and heart rate in construction workers and propose a scheme to prevent overwork in advance.

Methods

We measured the heart rates of construction workers at a construction site of a residential and commercial complex in Seoul from August to October 2021 and develop an index that monitors overwork in real-time. A total of 66 Korean workers participated in the study, wearing real-time heart rate monitoring equipment. The relative heart rate (RHR) was calculated using the minimum and maximum heart rates, and the maximum acceptable working time (MAWT) was estimated using RHR to calculate the workload. The overwork index (OI) was defined as the cumulative workload evaluated with the MAWT. An appropriate scenario line (PSL) was set as an index that can be compared to the OI to evaluate the degree of overwork in real-time. The excess overwork index (EOI) was evaluated in real-time during work performance using the difference between the OI and the PSL. The EOI value was used to perform receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to find the optimal cut-off value for classification of overwork state.

Results

Of the 60 participants analyzed, 28 (46.7%) were classified as the overwork group based on their RHR. ROC curve analysis showed that the EOI was a good predictor of overwork, with an area under the curve of 0.824. The optimal cut-off values ranged from 21.8% to 24.0% depending on the method used to determine the cut-off point.

Conclusion

The EOI showed promising results as a predictive tool to assess overwork in real-time using heart rate monitoring and calculation through MAWT. Further research is needed to assess physical workload accurately and determine cut-off values across industries.

실시간 심박수 측정 장치를 이용한 건설업 근로자 과로 예측 알고리즘
목적
건설업 근로자는 육체적 업무강도가 높아 이에 따른 피로와 그에 따른 사고 및 건강 악영향 우려가 높다. 이 연구에서는 일개 사업장 건설업 근로자를 대상으로 과로와 심박수 사이의 관계를 탐색하고 실시간 심박수 모니터링을 이용하여 과로를 방지하는 방법을 제안하였다.
방법
서울의 일개 건설업 현장에서 근무하는 근로자를 대상으로 2021.08.-2021.10.까지 근무 중 심박수를 측정하였다. 총 66명의 한국인 근로자가 손목시계 형 장치를 이용하여 심박수 측정에 참여하였다. 안정시 심박수와 최대 심박수 추정치를 바탕으로 상대심박수(RHR)를 산출하였고, 이를 바탕으로 피로 없이 근무할 수 있는 최대시간(MAWT)를 계산하여 이를 바탕으로 업무 부담(workload)를 추정하였다. 이를 통해 산출한 누적 업무량으로 과로 지수(Overwork index)를 산출한 후 적정 업무 부담(PSL)과의 차이인 초과 과로 지수(Excess overwork index)를 정의하였다. EOI 값을 이용해 일평균 상대심박수 30%값을 기준으로 정의한 과로군-비과로군을 예측할 수 있는 최적 절단값을 ROC 분석을 통해 산출하였다.
결과
근로자 60명의 심박수 측정값을 분석한 결과 28(46.7%)가 일평균 상대심박수를 기준으로 과로군으로 분류되었다. ROC 분석 결과 EOI값이 과로를 예측하는데 유용함을 확인하였고 AUC값은 0.824였다. 최적 절단 값은 최적화 방법에 따라 21.8%에서 24.0%로 나타났다.
결론
실시간 심박수 모니터링과 MAWT를 이용해 산출한 EOI값은 과로를 예측하는데 유용한 지표임을 확인하였다. 단, 건설업을 비롯하여 다른 육체적 부담이 큰 업종에서 최적 절단값을 찾기 위해서는 추가 연구가 필요하다.

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  • Development of productivity model of continuous miner operators working in hazardous underground mine environmental conditions
    Siddhartha Roy, Devi Prasad Mishra, Hemant Agrawal, Ram Madhab Bhattacharjee
    Measurement.2025; 239: 115516.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Association between presenteeism and mental health among logistic center workers
Hyoungseob Yoo, Ji-hun Song, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e39.   Published online November 17, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e39
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background

Workers in logistics centers are always pressed for time to collect and pack products. They also participate in high-intensity manual labor in which various musculoskeletal hazards exist. In the case of logistic center labor, it is estimated that there is a high risk of presenteeism due to the above characteristics which can cause deterioration of workers’ mental health. However, there is insufficient research on this topic.

Methods

Workers in a logistic center were surveyed using an Internet questionnaire. The survey items included demographic characteristics, labor intensity and work-related factors, and mental health aspects such as depression and anxiety. The survey was conducted for about a month from July 26, 2021 and a total of 353 people were analyzed. Through the χ2 test and t-test, the characteristics of workers who experienced presenteeism were examined and the prevalence ratios (PRs) of depression and anxiety experiences were calculated by multivariable Poisson regression. Afterwards, stratification analysis considering gender, the type of contract, and labor intensity was implemented.

Results

In the group that experienced presenteeism, the number of working days per week was higher and fixed-term workers, high labor intensity, and sleep deprivation were more common. In the multi-Poisson regression analysis conducted by adjusting the demographic characteristics, working hours, and work-related factors, the PRs of depression and anxiety were 1.98 (95% confidence interval: 1.24–3.18) and 1.81 (1.22–2.68), respectively. In particular, the p-value for interactions was significant when stratified with the type of contract.

Conclusions

As a result of the study, presenteeism and mental health were associated in logistic center workers. To prevent mental health issues of logistic center workers, management of presenteeism is necessary and a prospective study is needed.

일개 물류센터 노동자에서 프리젠티즘과 정신건강 사이의 상관성
목적
코로나19 이후 물류 산업 전반의 수요가 증가하기 시작하였다. 물류센터 노동은 상품을 입고하고 주문된 상품을 제한 시간 내에 집품, 포장해야하는 업무로 항상 시간에 쫓기며, 다양한 근골격계 유해인자들이 상존하는 고강도의 육체 노동이 특징적이다. 물류센터 노동의 경우 위와 같은 특징으로 프리젠티즘이 발생할 위험이 높을 것으로 추정되며, 이후 근로자의 정신건강의 악화를 가져올 것으로 추정이 되나, 이에 대한 연구는 드물다. 이에 물류산업 노동자에서의 프리젠티즘과 정신건강 사이의 상관성을 보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다.
방법
일개 물류센터 종사자들을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사 링크를 통해 2021.7.26-2021.8.27. 동안 설문조사를 실시하였다. 중복을 제외하여 총 353명의 물류센터 종사자들이 최종 연구대상자로 선정되었다. 인구학적 특징, 고용 형태 및 업무 내용, 노동 시간 및 강도, 교대 근무, 질병 경험, 수면장애, 우울 등 건강 실태 등에 대해 조사하였다. Chi-square test, T-test를 통해 프리젠티즘 여부에 따른 근로 관련 특징을 살펴보았고, multivariable Poisson regression을 통해 프리젠티즘 유무에 따른 우울, 불안의 Prevalence ratio(PR)을 산출하였고, 성별, 근무 시간, 노동 강도에 따른 층화 분석을 시행하였다. 통계 프로그램은 SAS 9.4(SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA)를 사용하였다.
결과
프리젠티즘이 확인되는 군에서 주당 근로일수가 길고, 계약직이 많으며, 노동 강도가 높고, 수면시간이 적은 것으로 확인된다. 나이, 성별, 계약조건, 주당 근로시간, 근무 형태, 노동 강도를 보정하여 multivariable Poission regression을 통해 분석한 결과 프리젠티즘이 있는 군에서 우울과 불안이 발생할 PR 값이 1.98(95%CI 1.24-3.18), 불안이 발생할 PR 값이 1.81(95%CI 1.22-2.68)로 나타났다. 층화 분석 시 고용 형태가 프리젠티즘과 우울과의 관계에서 유의한 상호작용이 확인되었다.
결론
본 연구 결과 물류센터 노동자에서 프리젠티즘과 정신건강 사이의 상관관계가 확인되었다. 물류센터 노동자의 정신건강을 예방하기 위해 프리젠티즘을 유발할 노동 강도 및 노동 환경을 개선해야하며, 아파도 일을 쉴 수 있도록 상병수당, 유급휴가 등의 정책 등이 마련되어야 할 것을 보여준다.

Citations

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  • FATORES ASSOCIADOS AO PRESENTEÍSMO EM TRABALHADORES NO TERRITÓRIO BRASILEIRO: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
    Lucas Barros de Araujo, Luiz Almeida da Silva, Alexandre de Assis Bueno, Mikael Henrique de Jesus Batista, Ludmila Grego Maia, Hudson de Oliveira Silva
    Revista Contemporânea.2024; 4(7): e4946.     CrossRef
  • Multidimensional typologies of precarious employment and their relationships with mental well-being in Korean wageworkers: A latent class analysis based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020–2021)
    Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Preventive Medicine.2023; 177: 107787.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Association between long working hours and liver enzymes: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2017
Ji-Hun Song, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Dong-Wook Lee, Jeehee Min, Yu Min Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e9.   Published online May 13, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e9
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background

Long working hours causes several health risks, but little is known about its effects on the liver. This study aimed to examine the correlation between working hours and abnormal liver enzyme levels.

Methods

We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV–VII. For the final 15,316 study participant, the information on working hours was obtained through questionnaires, and liver enzyme levels, consisting of serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), through blood tests. The relationship between weekly working hours and abnormal levels of liver enzymes was analyzed using multiple logistic regression, and a trend test was also conducted.

Results

In male, working ≥ 61 hours per week was significantly associated with elevated AST and ALT levels compared with working 35–52 hours per week. Even after adjusting for covariates, the odds ratios (ORs) of abnormal AST and ALT increased by 1.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.20–2.05) and 1.25 (1.03–1.52), respectively, and a dose-response relationship was observed. This association was more prominent among the high-risk group, such as those aged > 40 years, obese individuals, worker on non-standard work schedule, pink-collar workers, or temporary worker. No correlation was observed in female.

Conclusions

Long working hours are associated with abnormal liver function test results in male. Strict adherence to statutory working hours is necessary to protect workers’ liver health.

장시간 노동과 간기능 이상의 상관성: 2007-2017 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여
목적
장시간 노동은 여러 가지 건강상의 위험을 초래하지만 간에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 아직까지 알려진 바가 거의 없다. 본 연구는 근로시간과 간기능 이상과의 상관관계를 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다.
방법
본 연구를 위해 4-7차 국민건강영양조사 자료를 사용하였다. 최종 연구참여자 15,316명을 대상으로 설문지를 통해 근무시간 정보를 얻었고 혈액검사를 통해 혈청 아스파르테이트아미노트랜스퍼라제(AST)와 알라닌아미노트랜스퍼라제(ALT)로 구성된 간효소치 정보를 얻었다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 통해 주당 근무 시간과 간효소 이상 수치와의 관계를 분석하고 추세 검정도 함께 진행하였다.
결과
남성의 경우 주당 35-52시간 일하는 것에 비해, 법정 최대 근로시간을 초과한 주당 53-60시간을 근무하여도 AST 및 ALT 수치의 유의한 상승이 관찰되진 않았으나, 주당 60시간을 초과하여 일하는 경우 유의하게 상승하였다. 공변량을 보정한 후에도 AST와 ALT이상수치의 교차비(ORs)가 각각 1.51 (95% 신뢰 구간: 1.20-2.05) 및 1.25 (1.03-1.52) 증가하여 용량-반응 관계가 관찰되었다. 이 연관성은 40세 이상, 비만인, 비정규시간 근로자, 핑크 칼라 노동자, 임시직 노동자와 같은 고위험군에서 더 두드러졌다. 여성에서는 상관관계가 관찰되지 않았다.
결론
남성의 경우 장시간 노동은 간기능 검사 결과 이상과 관련이 있다. 근로자의 간 건강을 보호하기 위해서는 법정 근로시간을 철저히 준수하는 것이 필요하다.

Citations

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  • Association between long working hours and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease: a nationwide population-based study in Korea
    S.-U. Baek, J.-U. Won, Y.-M. Lee, J.-H. Yoon
    Public Health.2024; 232: 188.     CrossRef
  • Long working hours and increased risks of lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean men and women
    Ga-Young Lim, Yoosoo Chang, Inah Kim, Seungho Ryu, Ria Kwon, Jaechul Song
    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The associations of health behaviors and working hours with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in Korean wage workers: a cross-sectional study
    Choong-Won Seo, Eun-A Park, Tae-Hyung Yoon
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2023; 14(5): 356.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Poor worker’s long working hours paradox: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2018
Min Young Park, Jaeyoung Park, Jun-Pyo Myong, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Dong-Wook Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e2.   Published online February 14, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e2
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFPubReaderePub
Background

Because income and working hours are closely related, the health impact of working hours can vary according to economic status. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between working hours and the risk of poor self-rated health according to household income level.

Methods

We used the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI and VII. The information on working hours and self-rated health was obtained from the questionnaire. After stratifying by household income level, the risk of poor self-rated health for long working hour group (≥ 52 hours a week), compared to the 35–51 working hour group as a reference, were calculated using multiple logistic regression.

Results

Long working hours increased the risk of poor self-rated health in the group with the highest income, but not in the group with the lowest income. On the other hand, the overall weighted prevalence of poor self-rated health was higher in the low-income group.

Conclusions

The relationship between long working hours and the risk of poor self-rated health varied by household income level. This phenomenon, in which the health effects of long working hours appear to diminish in low-income households can be referred to as the ‘poor worker’s long working hours paradox’. Our findings suggest that the recent working hour restriction policy implemented by the Korean government should be promoted, together with a basic wage preservation to improve workers’ general health and well-being.

저소득 근로자의 장시간근무 역설: 2013-2018 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여
목적
소득과 근로시간은 서로 밀접한 관계에 있으며, 이로 인해 근로시간이 건강 상태에 미치는 영향은 경제적 상황에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 본 연구는 가구소득수준에 따른 근로시간과 자가 건강 평가(self-rated health) 악화 위험의 연관성에 대하여 조사하였다.
방법
국민건강영양조사 제 6기 및 제 7기 자료를 이용하여 연구를 수행하였다. 근로시간 및 자가 건강 평가에 대한 정보는 설문조사를 통해 조사되었다. 주당 근로시간 35-51시간 군과 비교하여 주당 근로시간 52시간 이상인 장시간 근로 군의 자가 건강 평가 악화 위험을 가구 소득 수준으로 층화하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 계산하였다.
결과
소득이 가장 높은 군에서는 근로시간이 길수록 자가 건강 평가 악화의 위험이 증가했으나 소득이 낮은 군에서는 유의한 결과를 보이지 않았다. 반면에 소득이 낮은 군에서는 근로시간에 관계 없이 전체적인 자가 건강 평가 수준이 낮은 것으로 관찰되었다.
결론
장시간 근로와 자가 건강 평가 악화 위험 간의 연관성은 가구소득수준에 따라 다른 것으로 나타났다. 저소득층에서 장시간 근로의 건강 영향이 약화되어 나타나는 이러한 현상을 ‘저소득 근로자 장시간 근로의 역설’이라고 부를 수 있다. 본 연구 결과는 최근 한국 정부가 시행하고 있는 근로시간 제한 정책을 추진할 때 전체 근로자의 건강과 복지를 향상시키기 위해서는 기본 임금 보전이 함께 추진되어야 함을 시사한다.

Citations

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  • Effect of long working hours on psychological distress among young workers in different types of occupation
    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Preventive Medicine.2024; 179: 107829.     CrossRef
  • High levels of anxiety and depression in women farmers from Ecuador: A cross-section study in Coastal and Highlands regions
    Aline Siteneski, Viviana Septimia Gómez Mieles, Paola Andrea Romero Riaño, Karime Montes Escobar, German Josuet Lapo-Talledo, Andrea Valeria Dueñas-Rodriguez, María Antonieta Palma Cedeño, Yliana Consuelo Villacis Lascano, Lincon Oliver Echeverria Zurita
    International Journal of Social Psychiatry.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Chao Yu, Xinyi Zhang, Junbo Gao
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(17): 10625.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Comparison of work environment and occupational injury in direct and indirect employment in Korea and Europe
Joonho Ahn, Seong-Sik Cho, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jun-Pyo Myong, Mo-Yeol Kang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e24.   Published online September 25, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e24
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background

To investigate the risk of injury for indirect employment in Korea, we compared work environment, workplace exposure, and injury risk according to the type of employment contract between Korea and European Union (EU) countries.

Methods

We analyzed data of blue-collar workers from the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2014) and the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015) and compared workplace risk factors and preventive factors for occupational injuries. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between occupational injury and the type of employment contract after adjusting for age and sex.

Results

For descriptive characteristics, a relatively older age, lower income, lower proportion of full-time work, greater proportion in small-sized companies, and fewer unionizations were noted in indirect employment in Korea than in direct employment. Workplace exposure was significantly higher in indirect employment in both Korea and Europe. Among safety-related factors, indirect employment in both Korea and Europe lacked the support of company education, coworkers, and supervisors. Indirectly employed blue-collar workers had a significantly higher risk of occupational injury than those directly employed in Korea (odds ratio [OR]: 1.876), whereas there was no significant difference between directly and indirectly employed workers in EU countries (OR: 1.038).

Conclusions

Indirectly employed blue-collar workers have an increased risk of occupational injury in Korea.


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  • Estimated trends in hospitalizations due to occupational injuries in Korea based on the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey (2006-2019)
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    Epidemiology and Health.2023; : e2023042.     CrossRef
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  • Comparative analyses of occupational injuries among temporary agency worker and direct contract workers: Findings from the Korea Health Panel 2009–2018
    Joonho Ahn, Jongin Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Yu Min Lee, Tae-Won Jang, Dong-Wook Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
    Journal of Occupational Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Inequalities in External-Cause Mortality in 2018 across Industries in Republic of Korea
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  • Shift Work and Dry Eye Disease in the Korean Working Population: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
    Joonho Ahn, So-Jung Ryu, Jihun Song, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(10): 5492.     CrossRef
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    Joonho Ahn, Jongin Lee, Sang Ha Lee, Min Young Park, Wanhyung Lee
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Research Article
The association between shift work and chronic kidney disease in manual labor workers using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2011–2014)
Jun Young Uhm, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Gu Hyeok Kang, Young Gon Choi, Tae Hwi Park, Soo Young Kim, Seong Sil Chang, Won Oh Choo
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:69.   Published online December 14, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0279-z
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objective

Kidneys are organs having a biological clock, and it is well known that the disruption of the circadian rhythm increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), including the decline of renal and proteinuria. Because shift work causes circadian disruption, it can directly or indirectly affect the incidence of chronic kidney disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between shift work and chronic kidney disease using a Korean representative survey dataset.

Methods

This study was comprised of 3504 manual labor workers over 20 years of age from data from the fifth and sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2014). The work schedules were classified into two types: day work and shift work. The estimated glomerular filtration rate, which is the ideal marker of renal function, was estimated according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation, and chronic kidney disease was defined as urinary albumin to a creatinine ratio equal to or high than 30 mg/g and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The cross-tabulation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to confirm the association between shift work and chronic kidney disease stratified by gender.

Results

The risk of CKD showed a significant increase (odds ratio = 2.04, 95% confidence interval = 1.22, 3.41) in the female worker group. The same results were obtained after all confounding variables were adjusted (odds ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.35, 4.07). However, the results of the male worker group were not significant.

Conclusions

In this study using nationally representative surveys, we found that the risk of CKD was higher female workers and shift work. Future prospective cohort studies will be needed to clarify the causal relationship between shift work and CKD.


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    Hiroaki Motohashi, Yu Tahara, Daniel S. Whittaker, Huei-Bin Wang, Takahiro Yamaji, Hiromichi Wakui, Atsushi Haraguchi, Mayu Yamazaki, Hiroki Miyakawa, Koki Hama, Hiroyuki Sasaki, Tomoko Sakai, Rina Hirooka, Kengo Takahashi, Miku Takizawa, Saneyuki Makino,
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Research Article
Effect of teacher’s working conditions on voice disorder in Korea: a nationwide survey
Yi-Ryoung Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Seyoung Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:43.   Published online July 3, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0254-8
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background

Korean teacher’s working conditions are deteriorating. There is concern about the deterioration of teachers’ health and voice disorder is one of the most common problems. Teacher’s vocal health is important for them and their students. The aim of the present study was to investigate working conditions that may affect voice disorders.

Methods

In all, 79 primary and secondary schools were randomly selected for a nationwide school system survey (N = 3345). In 64 schools, 1617 (48.3%) teachers participated via a postal self-report questionnaire from June 2016 to August 2016. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, data from 1301 teachers’ were used for analysis. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between general, work-related factors, and frequent voice disorders (fVDs) to estimate the adjusted odds ratio(aOR).

Results

Teachers who reported voice symptoms more than once a week (fVD) made up 11.6%. In a multiple logistic regression, fVD was significantly associated with female, difficulty in applying for sick leave as needed, music teachers (primary school), and less than 6 h of sleep per day (primary school). The aOR for fVD was 2.72 (0.83–8.10) in the longest working hours group (> 52 h/wk) among the primary school teachers, and 1.90 (0.80–4.73) in the longest class hour group (≥ 20 h/wk), 1.52 (0.90–2.62) in homeroom teachers among the secondary school teachers, but not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Korean teachers’ working conditions are associated with fVDs. The school health system must take steps to prevent and treat voice disorders of teachers.


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Review
Overview of occupational cancer in painters in Korea
Jun-Pyo Myong, Younmo Cho, Min Choi, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:10.   Published online February 6, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0222-3
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Comprehensive consideration is necessary for setting guidelines to evaluate evidence of occupational cancer in painters due to work-related exposure to carcinogens in paint (a phenomenon termed herein as “work-relatedness”). The aim of the present research is to perform a comprehensive review and to suggest criteria for the provision of compensation for occupational neoplasm among painters in Korea. In order to perform a comprehensive review, this study assessed and evaluated scientific reports of carcinogenicities from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council (IIAC), as well as reviewed the existing literature about occupational exposure among painters in Korea and the epidemiologic investigations of claimed cases of cancer among painters in Korea. The IARC declares that occupational exposures in commercial painting are classified as Group 1 carcinogens for lung cancer and bladder cancer among painters. The epidemiologic studies show consistent causal relationships between occupational exposure in painters and cancers such as lung cancer [meta relative risk: 1.34 (95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.23-1.41)] and bladder cancer [meta relative risk: 1.24 (95% CIs: 1.16-1.33)]. In reviewing occupational cancer risks for commercial painters, the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council (IIAC) confirms occupational cancer risks for lung and bladder cancer among commercial painters. According to the IIAC, however, the elevated cancer risks reported in existing literature are not doubled in either lung or bladder cancer in commercial painters relative to the risks of these cancers in the general population. Based on our review of existing Korean articles on the topic, painters are exposed to potential carcinogens including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, hexavalent chrome, crystalized silica, asbestos, and other agents, and relative levels are estimated within commercial painting processes. However, the cancer risks of occupational exposure to Group 1 carcinogens for lung and bladder cancer in painters per se are not fully assessed in existing Korean articles. Total work duration, potential carcinogens in paint, mixed exposure to paints across various industries such as construction and shipbuilding, exposure periods, latent periods, and other factors should be considered on an individual basis in investigating the work-relatedness of certain types of cancer in commercial painters.


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Review
Silica exposure and work-relatedness evaluation for occupational cancer in Korea
Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Boowook Kim, Bum Seak Jo, Ji-Won Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:4.   Published online January 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0216-1
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Crystalline silica has been classified as a definite carcinogen (Group 1) causing lung cancer by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In Korea, crystalline silica has been the most common causal agent for workers to apply to the Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service (KWCWS). We used KWCWS data to evaluate workers’ crystalline silica exposure levels according to their occupations and industries, and reviewed research papers describing the dose-response relationship between cumulative exposure levels and lung cancer incidence. In addition, we reviewed lung cancer cases accepted by the KWCWS, and suggest new criteria for defining occupational cancer caused by crystalline silica in Korea. Rather than confining to miners, we propose recognizing occupational lung cancer whenever workers with pneumoconiosis develop lung cancer, regardless of their industry. Simultaneous exposure and lag time should also be considered in evaluations of work-relatedness.


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    Emile Tompa, Amirabbas Mofidi, Chaojie Song, Victoria Arrandale, Katherine J. Jardine, Hugh Davies, Thomas Tenkate, Paul A. Demers
    Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2021; 63(11): e792.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Sleepiness while driving and shiftwork patterns among Korean bus drivers
Seyoung Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Junsu Byun, Taewon Jang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:48.   Published online October 9, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0203-y
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background

Sleepiness while driving has been regarded as a major cause of death due to traffic accidents. We compared the degree of sleepiness across five different working time periods (first, morning, post-lunch, afternoon, and last) among Korean bus drivers with different shift types (Daily two shift/Alternating day shift).

Method

We interviewed 332 bus drivers with two shift types (Daily two shift, 128; Alternating day shift, 204). The questionnaire included demographic information (age, alcohol consumption and history of disease), a sleep disorder diagnosed by a doctor, job duration, the number of workdays in the past month, average working hours per workday and week, sleepiness while driving (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), and sleeping time for both workdays and off-days. We conducted log-binomial regression analyses and produced prevalence ratios (PRs) of severe sleepiness (KSS ≥ 7) while driving with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to identify the difference in sleepiness for five working times between both groups.

Results

For the first and morning periods, there were no statistically significant differences in the KSS scores between the two groups. However, from lunch to last driving, drivers with Alternating day shift had a much larger proportion of severe sleepiness than those on Daily two shift. Thirteen (10.2%), 2 (1.6%) and 7 (5.5%) Daily two shift workers reported severe sleepiness in the post-lunch, afternoon and last periods. In contrast, 81 (39.7%), 63 (30.9%) and 64 (31.4%) of Alternating day shift drivers experienced severe sleepiness during the post-lunch, afternoon and last driving periods (p < 0.0001). According to the log-binomial regression analyses, Alternating day shift was associated with severe sleepiness from lunch to last driving. After adjusting for job duration, alcohol consumption and sleeping time on workdays, the PRs were 3.97 (95% CI: 2.29–6.90) post-lunch, 18.26 (95% CI: 4.51–73.89) in the afternoon and 5.71 (95% CI: 2.51–12.99) for the last driving period.

Conclusion

We found that Alternating day shift bus drivers suffered from more sleepiness while driving from lunch to last driving than Daily two shift bus drivers. This difference may be because Alternating day shift drivers had more irregular work schedules and longer working hours per day and week.


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Research Article
Association between shift work and microalbuminuria: data from KNHANES(2012–2014)
Eun Kye Kang, Gu Hyeok Kang, Jun Young Uhm, Young Gon Choi, Soo Young Kim, Seong Sil Chang, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:37.   Published online August 21, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0194-8
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background

Shift work disturbs workers’ biological clocks and this condition can cause various health problems including cardiovascular disease. The elevated albuminuria level has been significantly associated with the risk of the cardiovascular disease even within a normal reference range. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between shift work and microalbuminuria.

Methods

Workers aged over 20 years from the fifth and sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES 2012–2014; n = 3000) were included in this analysis. The multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between shift work and microalbuminuria stratified by gender.

Results

The prevalence of microalbuminuria in male subjects was higher among day workers, but the difference was not significant. However, the prevalence of microalbuminuria among females was higher in shift workers with statistical significance. For female, the Odds ratio of microalbuminuria in shift workers was significantly higher with 1.86 (95% CI 1.02–3.39) compared with day workers. After dividing into 5 subgroups of the shift work pattern, the odds ratio of microalbuminuria for fixed night shift was significantly higher at 4.68 (95% CI 1.29–17.00) compared with day workers.

Conclusions

This study showed that shift work was associated with microalbuminuria in female workers. Especially we found out the association between fixed night shift and microalbuminuria in female workers.


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  • Effect of night shift work on the reduction of glomerular filtration rate using data from Korea Medical Institute (2016-2020)
    Beom Seok Ko, Sang Yop Shin, Ji Eun Hong, Sungbeom Kim, Jihhyeon Yi, Jeongbae Rhie
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cardiometabolic traits mediate the association of past shift work and chronic kidney disease: the Dongfeng–Tongji cohort study
    Xu Han, Fei Wang, Jing Wang, Meian He
    International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2022; 95(7): 1501.     CrossRef
  • Rotating Night Shift Work, Exposure to Light at Night, and Glomerular Filtration Rate: Baseline Results from a Chinese Occupational Cohort
    Shengkui Zhang, Yongbin Wang, Ying Zhu, Xiaoming Li, Yang Song, Juxiang Yuan
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(23): 9035.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Factors associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers in Korea
Junsu Byun, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Hye-Eun Lee, Se-Eun Kim, Jongin Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:31.   Published online August 2, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0120-5
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background

There were several suicide events of subway drivers in Korea. The aim of this study is to explore work-related factors associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers.

Methods

We analyzed data from 980 male subway drivers. A section of the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI 2.1) was administered by trained interviewers to judge whether a driver has suicide ideation and to diagnose psychiatric disorders. A questionnaire was also administered to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, work environments, occupational stress, person under train (PUT) experience, and work-related problems. Occupational stress was examined by using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS). Logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between work-related factors and suicide ideation among subway drivers.

Results

Regarding work-related problems, conflict with passengers and sudden stops due to the emergency bell were significantly associated with suicide ideation. MDD, PTSD, and panic disorder were strongly associated with suicide ideation. In the analysis of occupational stress, insufficient job control (OR 2.34) and lack of reward (OR 2.52) were associated with suicide ideation even after being adjusted for psychiatric disorders and other work-related factors.

Conclusions

Insufficient job control and lack of reward were associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers. Strategies for drivers to have autonomy while working and to achieve effort-reward balance should be implemented. Furthermore, drivers who have experienced negative work-related problems should be managed appropriately.


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    Ahmed A. Arif, Oluwaseun Adeyemi, Sarah B. Laditka, James N. Laditka
    Archives of Suicide Research.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
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    Seung-hwan Ahn, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Seung-Hoon Ryu
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Allison Milner, Anthony D LaMontagne, Matthew J Spittal, Jane Pirkis, Dianne Currier
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    Allison Milner, Katrina Witt, Anthony D LaMontagne, Isabelle Niedhammer
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Research Article
The effects of individual, occupational, and supportive factors on successful return to work using a structural equation model
Jongin Lee, Min Choi, Sung Hye Park, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Hye-Eun Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:21.   Published online August 28, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0070-3
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

We aimed to ascertain the relationship between several factors and successful return to work using a structural equation model.

Methods

We used original data from the Panel Study of Worker’s Compensation Insurance, and defined four latent variables as occupational, individual, supportive, and successful return to work. Each latent variable was defined by its observed variables, including age, workplace size, and quality of the medical services. A theoretical model in which all latent variables had a relationship was suggested. After examining the model, we modified some pathways that were not significant or did not fit, and selected a final structural equation model that had the highest goodness of fit.

Results

All three latent variables (occupational, individual, and supportive) showed statistically significant relationships with successful return to work. The occupational and supportive factors had relationships with each other, but there was no relationship between individual and the other factors. Nearly all observed variables had significance with their latent variables. The correlation coefficients from the latent variables to successful return to work were statistically significant and the indices for goodness of fit were satisfactory. In particular, four observed variables—handicap level, duration of convalescence, working duration, and support from the company—showed construct validities with high correlation coefficients.

Conclusions

All factors that we examined are related to successful return to work. We should focus on the supportive factor the most because its variables are modifiable to promote a return to work by those injured in their workplace.


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    Hongdou Lei, Imran Khan, Shiping Li
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  • Sex Differences in Factors Associated with General Life Satisfaction among Occupationally Injured Workers in Korea: A Panel Analysis of the 2013–2017 Panel Study of Worker’s Compensation Insurance
    Jin-Won Noh, Kyoung-Beom Kim, Jooyoung Cheon, Yejin Lee, Young Dae Kwon
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(22): 4397.     CrossRef
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    Suk Won Bae, Sarah Soyeon Oh, Wha Me Park, Jaehoon Roh, Jong-Uk Won
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Case Report
Work-related COPD after years of occupational exposure
YounMo Cho, JongIn Lee, Min Choi, WonSeon Choi, Jun-Pyo Myong, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jung-Wan Koo
Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:6.   Published online February 19, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0056-1
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background

Cigarette smoking is known as the most important risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, occupational exposure to other substances can result in COPD.

Case report

A 76-year-old man with occupational exposures to mixtures of silica dust, gas, and fumes for 10 years and with a 25 pack-year smoking history was diagnosed with COPD. His computed tomogram scan revealed some hyperinflation with emphysematous change in both upper lobes. In the pulmonary function tests, his post-bronchodilator forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC% were 2.20 L (67% of the predicted value), 1.12 L (52% of the predicted value), and 51%, respectively, indicating moderate COPD. This case of COPD was confirmed as a work-related disease by the Occupational Lung Disease Research Institute in Korea Workers’ Compensation & Welfare Service.

Conclusion

Exposure to various substances such as silica dust, gas, and fumes from furnace and boiler installation was likely the cause of COPD in this patient. Thus, occupational exposure should be considered an important risk factor of COPD.


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    Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry.2024; 39(2): 241.     CrossRef
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    Prasert Kham-ai, Karen Heaton, Peng Li
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    Xiaomin Guo, Chaoming Wang, Tao Xu, Lu Yang, Chaohong Liu, Xiaopeng Qi
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    Kevin J. O’Sullivan, Valerie Power, Barry Linnane, Deirdre McGrath, Hilda Fogarty, Martina Ryan, Rebecca White, Conor Noonan, Eithne Mulloy, Leonard W. O’Sullivan, Colum P. Dunne
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    V. V. Ivchuk, T. Yu. Kopteva, T. A. Kovalchuk
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    Najla Al-ayyadhi, Saeed Akhtar
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    Kazuo Tsuchiya, Mikio Toyoshima, Yosuke Kamiya, Yutaro Nakamura, Satoshi Baba, Takafumi Suda
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Research Article
Workers’ experiences with compensated sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorder: a qualitative study
Min Choi, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jinwoo Lee, Hye-Eun Lee, Junsu Byun, Jong Uk Won
Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:33-33.   Published online November 4, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0033-0
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

The most common occupational disease that is compensated by Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) in Korea is musculoskeletal disease (MSD). Although complaints about the workers’ compensation system have been raised by injured workers with MSD, studies that examine workers’ experiences with the Korean system are rare. This paper is a qualitative study designed to examine injured workers’ experiences with the workers’ compensation system in Korea. The aim of this study is to explore the drawbacks of the workers’ compensation system and to suggest ways to improve this system.

Methods

All workers from an automobile parts factory in Anseong, GyeongGi province who were compensated for MSD by IACI from January 2003 to August 2013 were invited to participate. Among these 153 workers, 142 workers completed the study. Semi-structured open-ended interviews and questionnaires were administered by occupational physicians. The responses of 131 workers were analyzed after excluding 11 workers, 7 of whom provided incomplete answers and 4 of whom were compensated by accidental injury. Based on their age, disease, department of employment, and compensation time, 16 of these 131 workers were invited to participate in an individual in-depth interview. In-depth interviews were conducted by one of 3 occupational physicians until the interview contents were saturated.

Results

Injured workers with MSD reported that the workers’ compensation system was intimidating. These workers suffered more emotional distress than physical illness due to the workers’ compensation system. Injured workers reported that they were treated inadequately and remained isolated for most of the recuperation period. The compensation period was terminated without ample guidance or a plan for an appropriate rehabilitation process.

Conclusions

Interventions to alleviate the negative experiences of injured workers, including quality control of the medical care institutions and provisions for mental and psychological care for injured workers, are needed to help injured workers return to work earlier and more healthy.


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  • Chairless Chairs for Orthopedic Surgery Purpose – A Literature Review
    Gatot Santoso, S. Sugiharto, Abdul Mughni, Muhammad Imam Ammarullah, Athanasius P. Bayuseno, J. Jamari
    Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences.2022; 10(F): 146.     CrossRef
  • Factors related to the physician and the employer influencing successful return to work in Korea: results from the first panel study of workers’ compensation insurance (PSWCI)
    Wanhyung Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jaehoon Roh, Yeong-Kwang Kim, Hongdeok Seok, June-Hee Lee, Jong-Uk Won
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The effects of individual, occupational, and supportive factors on successful return to work using a structural equation model
    Jongin Lee, Min Choi, Sung Hye Park, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Hye-Eun Lee
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Research Article
The association between psychiatric disorders and work-related problems among subway drivers in Korea
Se-eun Kim, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jong-Ik Park, Hae Woo Lee, Jongin Lee, Junsu Byun, Hyeon Woo Yim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:39.   Published online November 1, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0039-7
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

This study aimed to find the prevalence and occupational risk factors for major psychiatric disorders among subway drivers in South Korea.

Methods

Of all 998 current subway drivers, 995 participated in this study. The Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI 2.1) was administered by trained interviewers to diagnose psychiatric disorders in all participants. The questions on socio-demographic characteristics and working conditions included some questions related to a person under train (PUT) experience and work-related problems. One-year prevalence and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic disorder were diagnosed through the interview. The standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) of these three disorders were calculated in the sample of subway drivers using the 2011 Korean National Epidemiologic Survey data as a basis. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between work-related factors and the prevalence of the psychiatric disorders.

Results

The standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) for a 1-year prevalence of MDD and PTSD among subway drivers were 1.1 (95% CI 0.7-1.7) and 5.6 (95% CI 3.1-8.8), respectively. Conflict with passengers was significantly associated with an increased risk for both MDD and PTSD in 1-year and in lifetime prevalence. Experiencing a sudden stop due to an emergency bell increased the risk of the lifetime prevalence of MDD (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.14-6.97) and PTSD (OR 7.53, 95% CI 1.77-32.02). The risk of PTSD significantly increased among drivers who once experienced a near accident in terms of both the 1-year prevalence (OR 8.81, 95% CI 1.96-39.3) and the lifetime prevalence (OR 6.36, 95% CI 2.40-16.90).

Conclusions

PTSD and panic disorder were more prevalent among subway drivers than in the general population. We found that having a conflict with passengers, a near accident, and a breakdown while driving can be risk factors for psychiatric disorders among subway drivers. Therefore, a prompt and sensitive approach should be introduced for these high risk groups within the subway company.


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    Cécile Bardon, Luc Dargis, Brian L. Mishara
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    Donatien Daddah, Yolaine Glèlè Ahanhanzo, Alphonse Kpozehouen, Bella Hounkpe Dos Santos, Edgard-Marius Ouendo, Alain Levêque
    Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2022; Volume 15: 719.     CrossRef
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    Cécile Bardon, Luc Dargis, Brian Mishara
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    Pieter Coenen, Henk F van der Molen
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    Gabriela Petereit-Haack, Ulrich Bolm-Audorff, Karla Romero Starke, Andreas Seidler
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Editorial
Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Dongmug Kang, Young-Ki Kim, Eun-A Kim, Dae Hwan Kim, Inah Kim, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Kyoung-Bok Min, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:14-14.   Published online June 24, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-14
PDFPubReaderePub

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Research Article
Mothers’ Working Hours and Children’s Obesity: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2010
Goeun Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:28-28.   Published online October 25, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-28
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

The aim of this study is to find the association between mothers’ working hours and obesity of their children according to children’s age and gender.

Methods

This study used data from the second and third year of KNHANES IV and the first year in KNHANES V (2008–2010). We calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by using survey logistic regression to assess association of mother’s working hours with overweight or obesity of her children. The model was adjusted with household income, mothers’ education and obesity and mothers’ job characteristics.

Results

13–18 aged boys whose mothers worked under 40 hours per week were higher risk for obesity and overweight (including obesity) than 13–18 aged boys whose mothers worked 40–48 hours. 6–12 aged girls whose mothers worked 49–60 hours per week were more overweight (including obesity) than girls whose mothers worked 40–48 hours per week. 13–18 aged girls whose mothers worked over 60 hours were more overweight (including obesity) than the reference.

Conclusion

This study showed that girls’ obesity was associated with mothers’ long working hours. Long working hours can influence health of workers’ family.


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