Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between multiple jobs and physical and psychological symptoms among the Korean working population: Seok-Yoon Son, Jin-Young Min, Seung-Woo Ryoo, Baek-Yong Choi, Kyoung-Bok Min; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e21. Published online August 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e21

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
The prevalence of multiple job-holding (MJH) is expected to show an upward trend among Korean workers, yet its potential impact on workers’ health remains poorly discussed. This study aimed to explore the association between MJH and experience of physical and psychological symptoms in various aspects among active Korean workers and to identify its differences depending on workers’ gender.
Methods
We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study among South Korean workers aged 15–59 using data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey. The final study sample comprised 34,175 participants. MJH status and symptoms, such as musculoskeletal pain, headache or eyestrain, fatigue, insomnia, and anxiety, were measured by self-reported data. Logistic regression analyses were performed on the total sample and gender-stratified groups, with adjustments for the sociodemographic and occupational characteristics of the participants.
Results
One hundred thirty-five men and 103 women were defined as multiple job-holders (MJHers) among the study sample. When adjusted for sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, MJHers suffered more events of headache or eyestrain (odds ratio [OR]: 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23–2.78) and anxiety (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.05–3.79). Gender-stratified analyses with adjustment showed that among women workers, MJH was associated with musculoskeletal pain (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.02–3.34), headache or eyestrain (OR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.37–4.67), fatigue (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.29–4.40), insomnia (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.04–3.57), and anxiety (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.11–7.20).
Conclusions
We found a significant association between MJH and various symptoms. Women MJHers were revealed to be a more vulnerable population than their men counterparts. Further research should account for the social context of MJH, and appropriate monitoring and intervention for maintaining the well-being of MJHers are needed.; 한국인 근로자 집단에서의 다중직업종사와 육체적, 정신적 증상 간 연관성
목적
한 근로자가 동시에 두 개 이상의 직업을 가지는 행위인 ‘다중직업종사’ 현상은 한국인 근로자들 간 그 비중이 점차 증가할 것으로 전망된다. 그러나, 다중직업종사가 근로자의 다양한 육체적, 정신적 증상에 미칠 수 있는 영향에 대한 논의는 부족한 실정이다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 한국인 근로자 집단을 대상으로 하여 다중직업종사와 근로자의 건강 간 연관성을 다양한 관점에서 탐구하였다. 나아가 이러한 연관성이 근로자의 성별에 따라 관찰되는 차이에 대하여 확인하였다.
방법
본 연구는 제6차 근로환경조사 자료를 활용한 단면 연구로, 만 15세 이상 59세 이하인 한국인 근로자 34,175명을 대상으로 수행되었다. 다중직업종사 상태 및 육체적, 정신적 증상으로서 근골격계 통증, 두통 및 눈의 피로, 전신피로, 불면 및 불안의 유무는 자가 보고된 자료로 확인하였다. 연구대상 집단 전체 및 각 성별 집단을 대상으로, 근로자들의 인구사회학적 특성 및 직업 특성을 보정한 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다.
결과
연구대상 집단 중 135명의 남성과 103명의 여성이 다중직업종사자로 정의되었다. 인구사회학적 특성 및 직업 특성을 보정한 분석 결과 다중직업종사자에서 두통 및 눈의 피로 (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.23-2.78)와 불안 (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.05-3.79)의 위험이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 성별을 통한 층화 후 분석 결과 여성 근로자 집단에서 다중직업종사는 근골격계 통증 (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.02-3.34), 두통 및 눈의 피로 (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.37-4.67), 전신피로 (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.29-4.40)와 불안 (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.11-7.20) 간 유의한 연관성을 보였다.
결론
본 연구에서 다중직업종사와 근로자의 다양한 증상 간 유의한 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다. 다중직업종사의 건강 영향은 여성 근로자 집단에서 보다 저명한 것으로 나타났다. 후속 연구는 다중직업종사 현상에 대한 사회적 맥락을 보다 고려해야 할 것이다. 또한 다중직업종사자들의 건강 유지를 위한 모니터링 및 중재가 적절히 수행되어야 함을 제안한다.

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Original Article

Association between lone work and self-rated health status: using the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Eunseun Han, Ui-Jin Kim, Yongho Lee, Sanghyuk Lee, Seunghon Ham, Wanhyung Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e29. Published online July 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e29

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Lone workers are generally defined as individuals who work alone without supervision, including self-employed people. While lone workers are considered a vulnerable group in some countries, there is a lack of research on their health status in domestic studies. Globally, the number of lone workers has been increasing, and this trend has been further accelerated since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with the rise of remote work.

Methods

The study analyzed data from 44,281 participants, excluding unpaid family workers, soldiers, and those with missing data. Lone workers were defined as individuals who reported having no colleagues with the same job at their current workplace. Self-rated health status was categorized as “good” or “poor.”

Results

This study found a statistically significant higher number of lone workers among women compare to men. The largest occupational category for lone workers was service and sales workers, followed by agriculture and fisheries workers. A majority of non-lone workers reported working 40 hours or less per week, while the majority of lone workers reported working 53 hours or more per week. In addition, lone workers had significantly poorer health status evaluations compared to non-lone workers (odds ratio: 1.297; 95% confidence interval: 1.165–1.444).

Conclusions

Further research is needed to investigate the causal relationship between lone work and health, using data collected after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Citations

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Association between single-person household wage workers in South Korea and insomnia symptoms: the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS)
Yoon Ho Lee, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Soon-Chan Kwon
Ann Occup Environ Med.2024; 36: e25. CrossRef

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Research Article

Difference in health status of Korean farmers according to gender: Ho Lee, Seong-yong Cho, Jin-seok Kim, Seong-yong Yoon, Bu-il Kim, Jong-min An, Ki-beom Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:7. Published online March 8, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0287-7

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The objective of this study was to compare differences in lifestyle diseases, musculoskeletal pain, psychosocial stress, and self-health awareness according to gender in Korean farmers.

Methods

The study population comprised 436 farmers residing in rural areas in Korea. A self-administered questionnaire was used to survey demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and musculoskeletal pain. The psychosocial well-being index short form (PWI-SF) was used to survey psychosocial stress, and the 12-item short form health survey (SF-12) was used to survey self-health awareness. In addition, a clinical examination was performed for each participant, and lifestyle diseases were identified through a health checkup.

Results

Among lifestyle diseases, females showed a significantly higher proportion than males for metabolic syndrome (OR: 4.57 [95% CI, 1.67–12.51]). For musculoskeletal pain, females again showed significantly higher proportion than males for hand pain (OR: 16.79 [95% CI, 3.09–91.30]), and pain in at least one body part (OR: 2.34 [95% CI, 1.16–4.70]). For psychosocial stress, females showed a significantly higher proportion than males for high-risk stress (OR: 3.10 [95% CI, 1.17–8.24]). Among the items in self-health awareness, females showed significantly higher proportion than males for mental component score (MCS) (OR: 3.10 [95% CI, 1.52–6.31]) and total score (OR: 2.34 [95% CI, 1.11–4.90]).

Conclusions

For all items that showed significant differences, females showed higher proportion than males, which indicates that female farmers tended to have poorer overall health than male farmers. Therefore, specialized programs will have to be developed to improve the health of female farmers.

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Research Article

Health status and related factors in farmers by SF-12: Kyungeun Park, Sooyong Roh, Jihoon Lee, Soon Chan Kwon, Mihye Jeong, Soo-jin Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:2. Published online January 24, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0046-8

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study was performed to understand farmers’ health status by general characteristic, and to find out the related factors.

Methods

All the 984 subjects were interviewed by means of a structured questionnaire and SF-12. Among them, only 812 were eligible for analysis. Statistical methods used included frequency, t-test, ANOVA, binary logistic regression with SPSS 19.0.

Results

In binary logistic regression, marital status, smoking, regular exercise and monthly day off were associated with physical component score. Marital status, smoking and score of pesticide protective device wearing were associated with mental component score.

Conclusions

This study suggests that effort to develop health promotion programs for workers of agricultural industry considering these results can improve their perceived health status.

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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Comparison of the Self-rated Health Status of Wage Workers in Korea according to Income Index by Gender: Dae Ho Kim, Dong Mug Kang, Jong Eun Kim, Young Ki Kim, Jin Kon Sul, Soon Choy; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(4):360-370. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.4.360

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study aims to find differences that reflect the magnitude of health disparities in wage workers in Korea according to income index(personal income, household income, equivalized income) by gender.
METHODS
Data was obtained from the 11th wave of Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey in 2008. This study analyzed 4,205 subjects(2,570 males and 1,635 females) aged 19-65 years. To compare the health effects of each income index by gender, unconditional multiple logistic regression, health-related behaviors, and working conditions were used. The unconditional multiple logistic regression was adjusted by socio-demographic characteristics. All statistics were estimated using SAS survey procedures.
RESULTS
According to unconditional multiple logistic regression, significant differences in ORs between men and women were observed in this study for those wage workers who self-rated their health status to be poor. This was consistent between each income index. Men had an OR of 1.76 (95% CI, 1.28~2.43) by personal income, 1.70 (95%CI, 1.25~2.32) by household income and 1.69 (95% CI, 1.23~2.31) by equivalized income. Women had an 2.09 (95% CI, 1.47~2.97) by household income and OR of 1.95 (95% CI, 1.36~2.79) by equivalized income, but personal income did not have a significant effect on OR for women.
CONCLUSIONS
The study of occupational and environmental medicine should consider that each income index has different effects on the self-rated health status according to gender. Household income index and equivalized income index would represent a health status for women.

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Original Article

The Relation between Employees' Lifestyle and Their Health Status in an Electronics Research and Development Company: Jun Pyo Myong, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Won Seon Choi, Seong Eun Jo, Boram Lee, Jung Wan Koo, Kang Sook Lee, Chung Yill Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):1-9. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.1

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
An unhealthy lifestyle is the most important cause of lifestyle-induced illness (diabetes, hypertension, liver enzyme abnormality, dyslipidemia etc.). This study was carried out to evaluate that relation between employees' lifestyle and their health status in a Korean electronic research and development company.
METHODS
We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional survey. 3,041 consecutive workers in a Korean R&D company were enrolled in this study. A checkup list for the health examination (from the National Health Insurance Coperation), which contained the information on the lifestyle, and the results of the health examination, which contained information on the body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and liver function tests (LFT, AST, ALT, gamma-GTP) and cholesterol profiles (total cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL) were done for all the subjects. We evaluated the health profile as normal or abnormal. Statistical analysis of the health profiles and the lifestyle of the employees' was performing by using multiple logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
The prevalence of 'excessive alcohol drinking' was 52.9% (n=1,610), that for 'lack of exercise' was 86.2% (n=2,662), that for 'meat eating' 12.2% (n=370) and that for 'current smoker' was 31.3% (n=952). According to results of health examination, the prevalence of obesity was 27.1% (n=824), hypertension was 7.1% (n=215), diabetes was 1.0% (n=30), abnormal LFT was 15.4% (n=469) and dyslipidemia was 18.7% (n=569). On multiple logistic regression analysis of the health profile and lifestyle, 'meat eating' was related to obesity, hypertension, abnormal LFT (ALT, gamma-GTP), dyslipidemia (LDL). 'Excessive alcohol drinking' was related to obesity, hypertension, abnormal LFT (gamma-GTP). 'Lack of exercise' was related to dyslipidemia (HDL). 'Current smoker' was related to obesity, diabetes, abnormal LFT (ALT, gamma-GTP), and dyslipidemia (TG, HDL) with statistically significance.
CONCLUSIONS
For workers in the R&D company, an unhealthy lifestyle (such as diet, alcohol drinking, lack of exercise and smoking) were related to obesity, hypertension, diabetes, abnormal LFT and dyslipidemia. Therefore health promotion is necessary for the young employees of an Korean R&D company.

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Original Article

Medical Facilities Utilization According to Health Status Measured by SF-36 in Male Workers: Seong Ah Kim, Ki Soo Park, Mi Kyung Jang, Sin Kam; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(4):272-283. Published online December 31, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.4.272

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to examine the health status measured by SF-36 and medical facilities utilization according to the health status measured by SF-36 in male workers.
METHODS
A self-administered questionnaire survey was administered to 786 male workers.
RESULTS
In bivariate analysis, physical functioning score was significantly different among the workers according to age, educational level, economic level, and job type. The bodily pain score and general health score were significantly different according to the workers'economic level and job type. The vitality score was significantly different according to the workers'age, educational level, economic level, and job type. The social functioning score was significantly different according to the workers'age, marital status, economic level, and job type. The role limitation emotion score was significantly different according to the workers'age, marital status, and job type. The mental health score was significantly different according to the workers'marital status, economic level, and job type (p<0.05). The SF-36 scores increased with higher workers'self-rated health status (p<0.05). The self-rated current health status of the workers was good when their economic status was high, their previous year health status was good and their SF-36 score was high (p<0.05). The rates of morbidity incidence and medical facilities utilization for 1 year were lower when workers'SF-36 score was high (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
In consideration of the above findings, SF-36 is suitable to measure health status and predict the medical utilization.

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Original Article

The Health Status Assessment of Subcontracted Workers: Hong Ryul Choi, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Hyoung June Im, Sang Yun Lee, Jai Young Kim, Dong Mug Kang, Soo Hun Cho; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(1):18-30. Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.1.18

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The strategy for the labor flexibility through subcontracted labor have brought a negative effect on the lives of the workers, such as the increase of the unstable employment. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the employment of subcontracted firms and the health status of them, and to find out some problems which have been caused in the process of health evaluation and the characteristics of social exclusion.
METHODS
We reviewed the periodical health examination and preemployment health examination in order to compare health status of the subcontracted workers with those of the parent firm workers. The SF-36 questionnaire was administered to assess the self-perceived health status.
RESULTS
The result shows that compared to the working duration of the parent firm workers, those of the subcontracted workers were shorter, and the job transfer rate was higher. In the periodical health examination, the prevalence of occupational and general disease was higher in the parent firm(10%) than in the subcontracted firms(6%). Preemployment health examination plays an important role in worker's health management. Among 6,260 workers who received preemployment health examination, the prevalence of disease was 37.9%. Mean scores of health status measured by SF-36 were lower in the subcontracted firm than in the parent firm.
CONCLUSIONS
Due to social exclusion of the subcontracted workers from the periodical health examination, there is a possibility that the periodical health examination have the healthy worker effect. These results suggests that the preemployment health examination could be a more appropriate indicator which is able to assess the health status of the subcontracted workers than the periodical health examination.

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Original Article

Structural Modeling of Stress, Life Style and Health Status in Industrial Employees: Jang Kyun Oh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):26-40. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.26

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine stress affecting the life style(such as alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, sleep disturbance, obesity), and to determine the relationships among the stress, life style and health status of in industrial employees.
METHODS
This study utilized the data from health survey and laboratory test(such as liver enzymes and lipid profiles) in 463 Industrial Employees. Psychosocial wellbeing index was used in stress scales. The data were analyzed using SAS version 6. 11, LISREL version 8. 12i and PRELIS 2, 12i. The analytic methods for study were chi-square analysis, anova and covariance structural analysis.
RESULTS
There was no significant relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and stress. The older person, married, higher education level, higher economic status and researcher group included the good life style. The higher streas groups included the more alcohol consumption, more smoking, less exercise and more sleep disturbance. There was no significant relationship between stress and health status(liver enzymes and lipid profiles) Alcohol consumption, less exercise and obesity had a significant relationship with abnormal liver enzymes. Alcohol consumption, smoking, less exercise, sleep disturbance and obesity had a significant relationship with abnormal lipid profiles. Based on the findings, the structural model of stress, life style and health status was established and then consider to socio-demographic characteristics the covariance structural analysis was used. The higher stress scores included the bad life style. The bad life style included the lower health status. Regardless stress, obesity was significant relationship with health status.
CONCLUSIONS
Control of stress was initiative clues in health-promotive behaviors. Less alcohol consumption, no smoking, regular exercise, no sleep disturbance and not obese were health-promotive behaviors. Stress influenced the life style, and then life style influenced the health status.

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Original Article

The Relationship between Worker's Health Status and Work Ability Index in Small Scale Factories: Young Ha Lee, Sung Chul Hong, Jong Young Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(2):149-160. Published online May 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.2.149

Abstract PDF

This research was carried out to determine the relationship between worker's health status and work ability index in small scale factories. The data were gathered from 330 workers of Gumi industrial complex, from February to March, 1996. In this study, as questionnaire for the assessment of work ability, We used the work ability index which was developed by Institute of Occupational Health in Finland. The results of the study were summarized as follows; 1) Work ability index was poor in shift work group, more than 9 hours work group, irregular diet group, and stress sensitive group (p<0.01). There were no evident trends of work ability index in sex, marital status, educational level, obesity index, exercise, alcohol drinking and smoking. 2) As comparing work ability index with worker's health status, work ability index was poor in visual correction needed group, urine sugar positive group, and abnormal ALT & AST group (p<0.01) There were no evident trends of work ability index in hearing capacity, blood pressure, hematocrit and urine protein. 3) In the ANOVA was performed to examine the relationship between work ability index and significant factors above 1) and 2). shift work, work hours, diet, stress sensitive and health status were still statistically significant (p<0.05) on work ability index.

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Original Article

The Assessment of Worker's Health Status by SF-36: Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Jong Ku Park, Myung Guen Kang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(1):9-19. Published online February 28, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.1.9

Abstract PDF

This study was conducted to understand health status by general characteristic, and to find out relationship between social support and worker's health status. Health status was measured using SF-36(Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36), a 36 item self administered Instrument. The finding of this study were as follow; Mean scores of health status by sex were higher in male. The younger worker reported good health on physical functioning and role limitation-physical than did the older worker, but the older worker reported good health on social functioning and mental health. Mean scores of health status were higher in high income and white worker. When the relationship between social support and health status, social functioning, role limitation-emotion, mental health, vitality, general health were significantly related. Therefore we reviewed the evidence that socio-economic condition are associated with health status in this study, and that the strength of the social support was a important to maintain health.

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