Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between delivery-food consumption frequency and urinary bisphenol concentrations among Korean adults: a nationally representative study (Korean National Environmental Health Survey cycle 5, 2021–2023): Gwisang Park, Hyeyun Lee, Inchul Jeong, Eunhee Ha, Kihun Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2026;38:e37. Published online July 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2026.38.e37

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Bisphenol exposure remains a public health concern, particularly as the use of bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS) has increased. In the post-pandemic period, delivery-food consumption has become routine in South Korea and may represent an important behavioral pathway for bisphenol exposure. This study examined whether delivery-food consumption in plastic containers is associated with urinary bisphenols among Korean adults.
Methods
This study used adult data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 5 (2021–2023). Delivery-food consumption frequency (nine categories) was modeled per 1-time-per-month increase. Outcomes were urinary bisphenol A (BPA), BPS, and bisphenol F (BPF). Creatinine-adjusted concentrations were analyzed on the natural log scale using multivariable regression models. Model 1 adjusted for sociodemographic factors, and model 2 additionally adjusted for plastic-related behavioral variables.
Results
Among 4,275 adults with complete bisphenol and urinary creatinine data, delivery-food consumption frequency was positively associated with creatinine-adjusted urinary BPS concentrations (1.49% increase per 1-time-per-month increase; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74–2.24; p < 0.001) after sociodemographic adjustment, whereas associations with BPA (0.32% increase; 95% CI, −0.45 to 1.09; p = 0.416) and BPF (−0.14% change; 95% CI: −1.18 to 0.90; p = 0.787) were not statistically significant. After additional adjustment for plastic-related behavioral variables in model 2, the association remained statistically significant for BPS (1.54%; 95% CI, 0.76–2.33; p < 0.001), whereas the associations with BPA and BPF remained non-significant.
Conclusions
More frequent consumption of delivery foods packaged in plastic containers was independently associated with higher creatinine-adjusted urinary BPS concentrations. Given that common delivery container polymers in Korea are generally bisphenol-free, this association suggests that delivery-related behavior serves as a behavioral surrogate for a bundled exposure scenario. The observed BPS signal may partly reflect cumulative exposure from ancillary materials, such as thermal receipts and labels. Future studies should identify specific delivery-associated sources and migration pathways of bisphenols.; 배달음식 섭취 빈도와 소변 비스페놀 농도의 관련성: 국민환경보건기초조사 제5기(2021–2023)를 이용한 전국 대표성 성인 연구
목적
비스페놀 노출은 여전히 중요한 공중보건 문제이며, 최근 비스페놀 S(BPS) 등 비스페놀 유사체의 사용이 증가하고 있다. 코로나19 이후 국내에서 배달음식 섭취가 일상화되면서, 이러한 섭취 행동은 비스페놀 노출의 중요한 행동학적 경로가 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 플라스틱 용기에 포장된 배달음식 섭취가 국내 성인의 소변 비스페놀과 관련되는지 평가하였다.
방법
본 연구는 국민환경보건기초조사 5기(2021–2023) 성인 자료를 이용하였다. 배달음식 섭취 빈도(9개 범주)는 월 1회 증가 단위로 모델링하였다. 결과변수는 소변 비스페놀 A(BPA), BPS, 비스페놀 F(BPF)였으며, 크레아티닌 보정 농도를 자연로그 변환하여 다변량 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 모델 1은 사회인구학적 요인을 보정하였고, 모델 2는 플라스틱 관련 행동 변수를 추가로 보정하였다.
결과
비스페놀 및 소변 크레아티닌 자료가 모두 있는 성인 4,275명을 분석하였다. 배달음식 섭취 빈도는 사회인구학적 요인 보정 후 크레아티닌 보정 소변 BPS 농도와 유의한 양의 관련성을 보였으며, 월 1회 증가당 1.49% 증가하였다(95% 신뢰구간, 0.74–2.24; p < 0.001). 반면 BPA(0.32%; 95% 신뢰구간, −0.45–1.09; p = 0.416)와 BPF(−0.14%; 95% 신뢰구간, −1.18–0.90; p = 0.787)는 유의한 관련성을 보이지 않았다. 모델 2에서 플라스틱 관련 행동 변수를 추가로 보정한 후에도 BPS와의 관련성은 통계적으로 유의하게 유지되었으며(1.54%; 95% 신뢰구간, 0.76–2.33; p < 0.001), BPA와 BPF는 여전히 유의하지 않았다.
결론
플라스틱 용기에 포장된 배달음식을 더 자주 섭취하는 행동은 크레아티닌 보정 소변 BPS 농도 증가와 독립적으로 관련되었다. 국내 주요 배달용기 재질이 일반적으로 비스페놀을 포함하지 않는다는 점을 고려할 때, 이러한 관련성은 배달 관련 행동이 복합 노출 시나리오의 행동학적 대리 지표로 작용할 수 있음을 시사한다. 관찰된 BPS 신호는 감열지 영수증이나 라벨과 같은 부속 재료로부터의 누적 노출을 일부 반영할 수 있다. 향후 연구에서는 배달 관련 비스페놀 노출원과 이행 경로를 구체적으로 규명할 필요가 있다.

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Research Article

Association between prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and infantile allergic diseases modified by maternal glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms: results from the MOCEH birth cohort: Tai Kyung Koh, Hyesook Park, Yun-Chul Hong, Mina Ha, Yangho Kim, Bo-Eun Lee, Surabhi Shah, Eunhee Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e12. Published online April 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e12

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background

Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been linked to allergic disease onset. Variations in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family can impact the progression of allergic diseases. We sought to examine the association between prenatal PAH exposure and infantile allergic diseases in 6-month-old infants, and how maternal glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) or T1 (GSTT1) polymorphism affects the association between prenatal PAH exposure and allergic diseases in the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study.

Methods

The study sample comprised 349 infants and their mothers from the MOCEH study, for whom 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-naphthol were measured in both the early period of pregnancy and late period of pregnancy. An infant was deemed to be affected by an allergic disease if diagnosed with or if developed at least one of the allergic diseases. A logistic regression analysis was performed to study the association between urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol levels during pregnancy and allergic diseases in 6-month-old infants. Furthermore, analyses stratified by maternal GSTM1 or GSTT1 present/null polymorphisms were performed.

Results

The risk of allergic diseases in 6-month-old infants was significantly increased in accordance with an increase in urinary 1-OHP during the early period of pregnancy (odds ratio [OR]: 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05, 3.23; by one log-transformed unit of 1-OHP μg/g creatinine). The increased risk of infantile allergic diseases associated with urinary 1-OHP during the early period of pregnancy was limited to the maternal GSTT1 null type (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.17, 6.21, by one log-transformed unit of 1-OHP μg/g creatinine); however, the Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The present study found that infantile allergic diseases could be affected by intrauterine PAH exposure, particularly in the early prenatal period and the risk was limited to the maternal GSTT1 null type.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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