Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Articles

Effect of job satisfaction on depression after adjusting for satisfaction with other life domains: SeongCheol Yang, Ji Hoon Kim, Minju Jung, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jong-Han Leem, Shin-Goo Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e8. Published online March 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e8

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Studies on the association between job satisfaction and depression have often been reported. However, no study has examined how job satisfaction impacts depression while considering satisfaction with other aspects of life. In this study, we evaluated the effect of job satisfaction on depression after adjusting for satisfaction with other domains of life.
Methods
We used data from the 16th wave of the Korean Welfare Panel Study. A total of 3568 current employees without depression who completed a survey were included. Depression was measured using the abbreviated version of the CES-D scale. Various types of satisfaction, including job satisfaction, were measured using single-item questions and a 5-point Likert scale. The association between job satisfaction and depression after considering satisfaction with other life domains was analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model.
Results
Crude models showed a significant association between job satisfaction and depression in males (odds ratio [OR]: 7.90; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.11–15.23) and females (OR: 7.12; 95% CI: 4.40–11.50). When adjusted for sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and work-related factors, the association remained significant in males (OR: 6.20; 95% CI: 3.10–12.41) and females (OR: 6.28; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.79–10.40). However, when satisfaction with other life domains was included, the association remained significant only in females (OR: 3.55; 95% CI: 1.93–6.50).
Conclusions
This study shows an association between job satisfaction and depression in Korean employees. However, when satisfaction with other life domains was considered, this association remained significant only in women. Regular screening of job satisfaction should be considered as a means of preventing and managing depression among female employees.; 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들을 보정한 후 일 만족도가 우울에 미치는 영향
목적
과거의 많은 연구들에서 일 만족도와 우울 사이에 연관성이 있음이 밝혀졌다. 그러나, 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들까지 고려하여 일 만족도가 우울에 미치는 영향을 조사한 연구는 현재까지 없었다. 이번 연구는 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들을 보정하여 일 만족도와 우울 사이의 연관성을 평가하였다.
방법
본 연구는 한국복지패널 (Korean Welfare Panel Study)의 16차 조사자료를 활용하였다. 우울증을 진단받은 적이 없고 설문을 완료한 총 3568명의 임금 근로자가 선정되었다. 우울은 축약형 CES-D를 이용하여 평가했으며, 직업 만족도를 포함한 여러 만족도들은 5점 리커트 척도로 구성된 단일 문항으로 평가했다. 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들에 대해 보정하여 직업 만족도와 우울간의 연관성을 분석하기 위해 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하였다.
결과
보정되지 않은 모형에서 우울에 대한 오즈비는 남성의 경우 일 만족 그룹에 비해 일 불만족 그룹에서 7.90 (95% CI: 4.11-15.23), 여성의 경우 7.12 (95% CI: 4.40-11.50)였다. 사회인구학적 요인, 건강 요인, 직업 관련 요인에 대해 보정했을 때도 남성에서 오즈비 6.20 (95% CI: 3.10-12.41), 여성에서 오즈비 6.28 (95% CI: 3.79-10.40)이었다. 그러나, 추가로 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들에 대해 보정하여 분석했을 때는, 여성에서만 일 만족도와 우울 간에 유의미한 연관성이 나타났다 (OR=3.55, 95% CI: 1.93-6.50).
결론
연구결과에 따르면, 삶의 다른 영역의 만족도들을 고려하여 분석했을 때 일 만족도와 우울 사이의 연관성은 여성에서만 유의미했다. 우울을 예방하기 위한 한 방법으로, 직장에서 여성 근로자들에 대해 정기적으로 직업 만족도를 확인하고 관리해야 할 것이다.

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The association of job training duration and risk of depression among wage workers: an analysis of the mediating factors: Dong Geon Kim, Dong Kyu Kim, Kiook Baek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e7. Published online March 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e7

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Research on job training and job satisfaction has been conducted from various perspectives. Job training is thought to be associated with job satisfaction, which is known as an important factor for depression among workers. We hypothesized that job training duration could influence depression through potential mediators (job satisfaction, motivation to work, and work engagement).
Methods
This study encompassed participants from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), conducted between 2020 and 2021. To show the relationships between demographic or occupational characteristics and risk of depression, a χ² test was conducted. The association between job training duration, potential mediators, and risk of depression was analyzed by constructing multiple logistic regression models. The mediating effects of potential mediators on job training duration and risk of depression was evaluated with flexible mediation analysis with weighting-based methods.
Results
The final study population consisted of 25,294 participants. Longer job training duration significantly decreased risk of depression after adjusting for confounders. In the group that received the longest job training duration (≥ 10 days), compared with the group without job training, the odds ratio (OR) for high risk of depression was 0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39–0.54). Each three potential mediators showed statistically significant indirect effects and direct effect. Although indirect effects were not strong compared to direct effect, motivation to work had the strongest mediating effect in this study, with an OR of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.92–0.95).
Conclusions
Job training duration was found to have a statistically significant negative association on the risk of depression, and three mediators partially mediating this effect. Although the mechanism was unknown, our findings suggest that job training has a positive influence on workers' mental health. Furthermore, by suggesting the possibility of other pathways existing between job training and depression, we provide directions for future research.; 임금근로자에서 직무교육과 우울증 사이의 연관성: 매개요인 분석
목적
직무교육과 직무만족도에 대한 연구는 다양한 관점에서 진행되었다. 직무교육은 직무만족도와 연관이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 근로자들에 있어 우울증의 중요한 요인 중 하나로 직무만족도가 지목되고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 직무교육기간이 잠재적인 매개요인들(직무만족도, 직무동기, 직무열의)를 통해 우울증에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 거라는 가설을 세웠다.
방법
이 연구는 2020년부터 2021년까지 시행한 제6차 근로환경조사에서 데이터를 얻었다. 우울증과 직업적, 인구적 특성의 관계를 분석하기 위해 카이 제곱 검정을 시행하였다. 직무교육 일수와 우울증 위험도의 관계를 확인하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였으며, 잠재적 매개요인들의 매개효과를 분석하기 위해 가중치를 부여하여, flexible mediation analysis를 시행하였다.
결과
최종적으로 연구에 참여한 참가자는 25,294명이었다. 긴 직무교육을 받은 그룹일수록 유의하게 우울증의 위험도가 감소하였다. 가장 긴 교육(10일 이상)을 받은 군은 교육을 받지 않은 군에 비해 우울증 위험도의 오즈비가 0.46 (95% 신뢰구간 0.39-0.54) 였다. 각각의 매개요인들에서 간접효과와 직접효과 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다. 간접효과는 직접효과에 비해 크지 않았고, 가장 강한 간접효과는 직무동기에서, 1-3일의 직무훈련을 받은 경우, 오즈비는 0.94 (95% 신뢰구간 0.92-0.95) 였다.
결론
이 연구를 통해 직무교육은 우울증 위험도에 유의한 영향을 끼치며, 그 과정에 직무만족도와 다른 요인들이 부분적인 매개효과를 가진다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그 기전을 알 수는 없었지만, 이번 연구를 통해 직무교육은 근로자의 정신건강에도 긍정적인 효과를 가진다는 것을 보일 수 있었다. 또한 직무교육과 우울증 사이의 다른 매개 경로가 있을 가능성을 제시함으로써, 추후 연구의 방향을 제시할 수 있었다.

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Occupational stress changes and new-onset depression among male Korean manufacturing workers: Jiho Kim, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Minsun Kim, Seong-Cheol Yang, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem, Dong-Wook Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e33. Published online August 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e33

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Studies on the association between occupational stress and depression have been frequently reported. However, the cross-sectional designs of studies limited insight into causal associations. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal association between occupational stress and new-onset depression among employees in a single manufacturing plant.
Methods
The annual health checkup data of employees at a manufacturing plant in Korea were collected. A total of 1,837 male employees without depression who completed a health checkup during two consecutive years were included. Occupational stress was measured using a short form of the Korea Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS-SF), and depression was assessed using a Patient Health Questionnaire-2. The association between occupational stress change over the two years and newly developed depression was investigated using two logistic regression models.
Results
Across all sub-factors of KOSS-SF, employees who reported increased occupational stress had a higher risk of new-onset depression. Newly developed depression was significantly associated with job demand (odds ratio [OR]: 4.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.37–7.96), job insecurity (OR: 3.21; 95% CI: 1.89–5.48), occupational climate (OR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.91–5.31), lack of reward (OR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.26–4.12), interpersonal conflict (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.18–3.86), insufficient job control (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.05–3.56), and the organizational system (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.01–3.36).
Conclusions
For every sub-factor of the KOSS-SF, occupational stress increase and persistent high stress were associated with the risk of developing new-onset depression. Among the seven sub-factors, job demand had the most significant effect. Our results show that occupational stress should be managed to promote employee mental healthcare.; 한국 남성 제조업 근로자의 직무 스트레스 변화와 우울증 발생의 관계
목적
직무 스트레스와 우울증의 연관성에 대한 연구는 지속적으로 보고되고 있다. 그러나 국내 연구는 부족한 실정이며 주로 단면적 분석 설계에 국한되고 있다. 이 연구에서 우리는 단일 제조업 공장의 근로자들에서 직무 스트레스와 새롭게 발병하는 우울증 사이의 종단적 연관성을 조사하였다.
방법
국내 한 제조업 공장 근로자들의 연간 건강검진 자료를 수집하였다. 2년 연속 건강검진을 완료한 이들 중 우울증이 없는 남성은 총 1837명이었다. 직무 스트레스는 Korea Occupational Stress Scale KOSS Short Form (KOSS-SF)으로 측정하였고, 우울증은 Patient Health Questionnaire-2(PHQ-2)로 평가하였다. 1년 간의 직무 스트레스 변화와 새로 발생한 우울증과의 연관성을 로지스틱 회귀 모델을 사용하여 분석했다.
결과
KOSS-SF의 모든 하위 영역에서 직무 스트레스가 증가했다고 보고한 근로자는 새로운 우울증 발병 위험이 더 높았다. 새로 발생한 우울증의 위험은 각각 직무 요구[교차비(OR)=4.34, 95% 신뢰 구간(CI)= 2.37–7.96], 직무 불안정(OR=3.21, 95%CI=1.89–5.48), 직장문화(OR=3.18, 95%CI=1.91–5.31), 보상 부적절(OR=2.28, 95%CI=1.26–4.12), 관계 갈등(OR=2.14, 95%CI=1.18–3.86), 직무 자율성 결여(OR=1.93, 95%CI=1.05–3.56) 및 조직체계(OR=1.84, 95%CI=1.01–3.36) 순이었다.
결론
KOSS-SF의 모든 하위 영역에서 직무 스트레스 증가와 높은 스트레스 상태의 지속은 새로운 우울증 발병 위험과 관련이 있었다. 7가지 하위 영역 중 직무 요구가 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 우리의 결과는 근로자 정신 건강을 증진하기 위해 직무 스트레스를 관리해야 함을 시사한다

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Correlation of commute time with the risk of subjective mental health problems: 6^th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS): Hyo Choon Lee, Eun Hye Yang, Soonsu Shin, Seoung Ho Moon, Nan Song, Jae-Hong Ryoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e9. Published online May 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e9

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Studies conducted so far on the link between commute time and mental health among Koreans remain insufficient. In this study, we attempted to identify the relationship between commute time and subjective mental health using the 6^th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS).
Methods
Self-reported commute time was divided into four groups: ≤ 30 (group 1), 30–60 (group 2), 60–120 (group 3), and > 120 minutes (group 4). Subjective depression was defined as a score of 50 points or less on the WHO-5 well-being index. Subjective anxiety and fatigue were defined as answering ‘yes’ to the questionnaire on whether they had experienced it over the past year. The analysis of variance, t-test, and χ² test was used to analyze the differences among the characteristics of the study participants according to commute time, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for depression, anxiety, and fatigue according to commute time were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age, monthly income, occupation, company size, weekly working hours, and shift work status.
Results
Long commute times showed increased ORs and graded increasing trends for depression, anxiety, and fatigue. The ORs for depression increased significantly in group 2 (1.06 [1.01–1.11]), group 3 (1.23 [1.13–1.33]), and group 4 (1.31 [1.09–1.57]) compared to group 1 (reference). The ORs for anxiety increased significantly in group 2 (1.17 [1.06–1.29]), group 3 (1.43 [1.23–1.65]) and group 4 (1.89 [1.42–2.53]). The ORs for fatigue increased significantly in group 2 (1.09 [1.04–1.15]), group 3 (1.32 [1.21–1.43]), and group 4 (1.51 [1.25–1.82]).
Conclusions
This study highlights that the risk of depression, anxiety, and fatigue increases with commute time.; 통근 시간과 주관적 정신건강문제 위험의 상관관계 : 제6차 한국근로환경조사
목적
한국인들의 통근 시간과 정신 건강의 관계에 대해 지금까지 수행된 연구는 매우 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 제6차 한국근로환경조사 자료를 이용하여 통근 시간과 주관적 정신건강의 관계를 규명하고자 하였다.
방법
자가 보고된 통근 시간은 30분 이하(1군), 30분-60분(2군), 60분-120분(3군), 120분 초과(4군)의 4개 그룹으로 분류하였다. 주관적 우울은 WHO-5 웰빙 지수 50점 이하인 경우로 정의하였다. 주관적 불안과 피로는 지난 1년간 이러한 증상을 경험한 적이 있는지에 대한 설문지에 '그렇다'고 대답한 경우로 정의하였다. 분산분석, T-검정 및 카이-제곱 검정을 사용하여 출퇴근 시간, 우울, 불안, 피로에 따른 연구 참여자들의 특성 차이를 분석하였다. 성별, 연령, 월 소득, 직업, 회사 규모, 주당 근로 시간, 교대근무 상태를 보정한 다변량 로지스틱 회귀모형을 이용하여, 통근 시간에 따른 우울, 불안, 피로에 대한 오즈비와 95% 신뢰구간을 산출하였다.
결과
긴 통근 시간은 우울, 불안, 피로에 대한 오즈비 증가 및 점진적인 상승 추세를 보여주었다. 우울에 대한 오즈비는 2군(1.06[1.01-1.11]), 3군(1.23[1.13-1.33])과 4군(1.31[1.09-1.57])에서 1군(참조군)에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다. 불안에 대한 오즈비는 2군(1.17[1.06-1.29]), 3군(1.43[1.23-1.65])과 4군(1.89[1.42-2.53])에서 유의하게 증가했다. 피로에 대한 오즈비는 2군(1.09[1.04-1.15]), 3군(1.32[1.21-1.43])과 4군(1.51[1.25-1.82])에서 유의하게 증가했다.
결론
본 연구는 출퇴근 시간이 증가함에 따라 우울증, 불안, 피로의 위험이 증가한다는 것을 강조한다.

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Association between presenteeism and mental health among logistic center workers: Hyoungseob Yoo, Ji-hun Song, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e39. Published online November 17, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e39

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Workers in logistics centers are always pressed for time to collect and pack products. They also participate in high-intensity manual labor in which various musculoskeletal hazards exist. In the case of logistic center labor, it is estimated that there is a high risk of presenteeism due to the above characteristics which can cause deterioration of workers’ mental health. However, there is insufficient research on this topic.

Methods

Workers in a logistic center were surveyed using an Internet questionnaire. The survey items included demographic characteristics, labor intensity and work-related factors, and mental health aspects such as depression and anxiety. The survey was conducted for about a month from July 26, 2021 and a total of 353 people were analyzed. Through the χ² test and t-test, the characteristics of workers who experienced presenteeism were examined and the prevalence ratios (PRs) of depression and anxiety experiences were calculated by multivariable Poisson regression. Afterwards, stratification analysis considering gender, the type of contract, and labor intensity was implemented.

Results

In the group that experienced presenteeism, the number of working days per week was higher and fixed-term workers, high labor intensity, and sleep deprivation were more common. In the multi-Poisson regression analysis conducted by adjusting the demographic characteristics, working hours, and work-related factors, the PRs of depression and anxiety were 1.98 (95% confidence interval: 1.24–3.18) and 1.81 (1.22–2.68), respectively. In particular, the p-value for interactions was significant when stratified with the type of contract.

Conclusions

As a result of the study, presenteeism and mental health were associated in logistic center workers. To prevent mental health issues of logistic center workers, management of presenteeism is necessary and a prospective study is needed.

일개 물류센터 노동자에서 프리젠티즘과 정신건강 사이의 상관성
목적
코로나19 이후 물류 산업 전반의 수요가 증가하기 시작하였다. 물류센터 노동은 상품을 입고하고 주문된 상품을 제한 시간 내에 집품, 포장해야하는 업무로 항상 시간에 쫓기며, 다양한 근골격계 유해인자들이 상존하는 고강도의 육체 노동이 특징적이다. 물류센터 노동의 경우 위와 같은 특징으로 프리젠티즘이 발생할 위험이 높을 것으로 추정되며, 이후 근로자의 정신건강의 악화를 가져올 것으로 추정이 되나, 이에 대한 연구는 드물다. 이에 물류산업 노동자에서의 프리젠티즘과 정신건강 사이의 상관성을 보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다.
방법
일개 물류센터 종사자들을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사 링크를 통해 2021.7.26-2021.8.27. 동안 설문조사를 실시하였다. 중복을 제외하여 총 353명의 물류센터 종사자들이 최종 연구대상자로 선정되었다. 인구학적 특징, 고용 형태 및 업무 내용, 노동 시간 및 강도, 교대 근무, 질병 경험, 수면장애, 우울 등 건강 실태 등에 대해 조사하였다. Chi-square test, T-test를 통해 프리젠티즘 여부에 따른 근로 관련 특징을 살펴보았고, multivariable Poisson regression을 통해 프리젠티즘 유무에 따른 우울, 불안의 Prevalence ratio(PR)을 산출하였고, 성별, 근무 시간, 노동 강도에 따른 층화 분석을 시행하였다. 통계 프로그램은 SAS 9.4(SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA)를 사용하였다.
결과
프리젠티즘이 확인되는 군에서 주당 근로일수가 길고, 계약직이 많으며, 노동 강도가 높고, 수면시간이 적은 것으로 확인된다. 나이, 성별, 계약조건, 주당 근로시간, 근무 형태, 노동 강도를 보정하여 multivariable Poission regression을 통해 분석한 결과 프리젠티즘이 있는 군에서 우울과 불안이 발생할 PR 값이 1.98(95%CI 1.24-3.18), 불안이 발생할 PR 값이 1.81(95%CI 1.22-2.68)로 나타났다. 층화 분석 시 고용 형태가 프리젠티즘과 우울과의 관계에서 유의한 상호작용이 확인되었다.
결론
본 연구 결과 물류센터 노동자에서 프리젠티즘과 정신건강 사이의 상관관계가 확인되었다. 물류센터 노동자의 정신건강을 예방하기 위해 프리젠티즘을 유발할 노동 강도 및 노동 환경을 개선해야하며, 아파도 일을 쉴 수 있도록 상병수당, 유급휴가 등의 정책 등이 마련되어야 할 것을 보여준다.

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FATORES ASSOCIADOS AO PRESENTEÍSMO EM TRABALHADORES NO TERRITÓRIO BRASILEIRO: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Lucas Barros de Araujo, Luiz Almeida da Silva, Alexandre de Assis Bueno, Mikael Henrique de Jesus Batista, Ludmila Grego Maia, Hudson de Oliveira Silva
Revista Contemporânea.2024; 4(7): e4946. CrossRef
Multidimensional typologies of precarious employment and their relationships with mental well-being in Korean wageworkers: A latent class analysis based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2023; 177: 107787. CrossRef

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Association between working evening shifts and mental health among Korean employees: data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Seongchan Heo, Yunrae Cho, Man-Joong Jeon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e36. Published online November 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e36

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Many studies have been conducted to investigate the harmful effect of shift work on physical and mental health. Although, by definition, “working evening shift” is included in the scope of shift work, most related studies conducted thus far have focused on working night shifts, overtime work, or different types of shift work, with little research effort dedicated to “working evening shifts.” Therefore, to fill this research gap, we investigated the effect of working evening shifts on workers’ mental health.

Methods

The participants of this study were 16,692 employees of the 50,205 that participated in the 5^th wave of the Korean Working Conditions Survey. We performed χ² test and logistic regression analysis to analyze the effects of independent variables on health problems and calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

In the logistic regression analysis adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health-related factors, and work-related characteristics, employees who worked evening shifts showed higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to those that did not. In particular, the adjusted odds ratios of the group working evening shifts between one and nine times a month were the highest with 2.723 (95% CI: 2.014–3.682) for depression, 3.294 (95% CI: 2.547–4.259) for anxiety.

Conclusions

The results of our study suggest that working evening shifts has a negative effect on employees’ mental health. This trend decreased with an increase in the monthly frequency of evening work.

한국 근로자의 저녁 근무와 정신건강과의 관련성: 제 5차 한국 근로환경조사를 이용하여
목적
교대근무가 신체 및 정신건강에 미치는 유해한 영향에 대해서는 많은 연구가 이루어져왔다. 하지만 정의 상 저녁근무 또한 교대근무에 포함됨에도 불구하고 기존의 연구는 주로 야간근무 및 장시간 근무 또는 교대근무의 형태에 대해서 다뤘을 뿐 저녁시간 근무에 대한 검토는 거의 없었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 저녁시간 근무가 근로자의 정신건강에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다.
방법
이 연구는 제 5차 한국 근로환경조사에 포함된 50,205명의 참가자 중 임금 근로자 16,692명을 대상으로 진행되었다. 카이제곱 검정을 사용하여 대상자들의 각 특성과 건강문제와의 관련성을 파악하고, 이러한 결과를 기반으로 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 건강문제에 대한 독립변인의 영향력을 파악하고 교차비 (OR)와 95% 신뢰 구간 (CI)을 산출하였다.
결과
사회인구학적 특성, 건강관련 요인, 직업별 특성에 따라 조정된 로지스틱 회귀 분석에서 저녁 근무를 수행하는 근로자는 그렇지 않은 근로자에 비해 높은 수준의 우울, 불안, 피로감을 보였다. 특히 저녁 근무를 한 달에 1회이상 9회 이하 수행하는 군의 조정된 교차비는 우울 2.723 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.014-3.682), 불안 3.294 (95% CI:2.547-4.259)으로 가장 높은 수치를 나타냈다.
결론
우리 연구의 결과는 저녁시간 근무가 근로자의 정신건강에 부정적 영향을 미침을 나타낸다. 이러한 경향은 한 달에 수행하는 저녁근무 횟수가 증가할수록 감소하는 결과를 보였다.

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Tackling Shift Work: Cardiovascular Health in the Auto Industry
Marius Gabriel Bunescu, Veronica Gheorman, Iulia Rahela Marcu, Cristian Virgil Lungulescu, Venera Cristina Dinescu
Healthcare.2024; 12(11): 1097. CrossRef

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Relationship between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety, separating the types of perpetrators: a cross-sectional study using data from the fourth and fifth Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS): Na-Rae Lee, Sang-Woo Kim, Jae-Han Joo, Jae-Han Lee, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e13. Published online June 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e13

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Work is an inseparable element of a person’s life, and violence in the workplace has various effects on individual workers and companies. While most studies have focused on specific industries, very few studies have investigated the influence of workplace violence by co-workers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety in various occupations by differentiating the perpetrators of violence as co-workers and clients.

Methods

This study was conducted based on data from the 4th and 5th Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS). The experience of workplace violence was classified in terms of the perpetrator: workplace violence by co-workers and that by clients. Work-related depression and anxiety were assessed using questions about health problems related to depression and anxiety and whether the problems were related to work. Descriptive statistics, χ² tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using the SPSS 26.0.

Results

After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, income, subjective health status) and occupational characteristics (occupation, weekly working hours, type of employment, size of workplace, and shift work), male workers with experience of workplace violence by co-workers were found to be at a higher risk of work-related depression/anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 11.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.65–15.36). The same was confirmed for female workers (OR, 10.89; 95% CI, 7.90–15.02).

Conclusions

Employees who experienced workplace violence from co-workers were found to be more vulnerable to work-related depression/anxiety. Continuous contact between the victim and the perpetrator may occur, and the possibility of a secondary assault can frighten the victim. Appropriate prevention and intervention measures that focus on the perpetrators of violence are needed.

가해자 유형별 작업장 폭력과 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성
목적
작업장 폭력은 근로환경에서 타인에게 의도적으로 상해, 사망, 정신적 손상, 발달장애 또는 결핍을 일으키는 행위나 위협을 가하는 것으로, 근로자의 신체적·정신적 건강에 부정적 영향을 미치며 기업의 생산성을 저해한다. 작업장 폭력에 대한 대다수의 연구는 특정 직종에 초점을 맞추고 있어 직장 동료에 의해 내부에서 발생하는 작업장 폭력의 영향이 잘 반영되지 않을 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 가해자 유형별 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성을 비교‧확인하고자 한다.
방법
제 4차 및 제 5차 근로환경조사를 바탕으로, 만 18세 이상 피고용자 55,201 명에서 작업장 폭력에 대한 경험과 그 가해자 및 업무 관련 우울/불안 유무를 분석하였다. SPSS 26.0을 통해 기술통계, 카이제곱검정 및 다중로짓회귀분석을 시행했고, 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자에서 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안이 있을 위험에 대한 Odds ratio [OR]를 구하였다.
결과
성별을 막론하여 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자의 경우 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 빈도가 유의하게 높았다. 작업장 폭력을 경험한 남성 근로자에서 업무 관련 우울/불안에 대한 OR은 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 11.52 (95% Confidence interval [CI] 8.65-15.36), 고객일 경우 5.06 (95% CI 3.73-6.88)으로 나타났으며, 여성 근로자의 경우에도 마찬가지로 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 OR 10.89 (95% CI 7.90-15.02), 고객일 경우 OR 4.94 (95% CI 3.77-6.47)로 나타났다.
결론
작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자는 작업장 폭력 경험이 없는 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우, 피해자와 가해자가 동일 작업장 내에서 지속적으로 접촉하여 폭력에 대한 반복적인 회상 또는 2차 가해 등이 이루어지기 쉬운 환경이 조성되기 때문에 고객에 의한 작업장 폭력에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크게 나타날 수 있다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자를 고려한 적절한 예방 및 중재 조치가 필요하며, 해당 분야에 대해 후속 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

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Comparison of the Association Between Presenteeism and Absenteeism among Replacement Workers and Paid Workers: Cross-sectional Studies and Machine Learning Techniques
Heejoo Park, Juho Sim, Juyeon Oh, Jongmin Lee, Chorom Lee, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-ha Yoon
Safety and Health at Work.2024; 15(2): 151. CrossRef
Effects of Workplace Violence on Emotional Distress
SoHyun Woo, Heeseung Choi, Soyoun Shin
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services.2024; 62(4): 24. CrossRef
Exploring the role of climate for conflict management and high involvement work practices as moderators in the workplace bullying and work-related depression link
Emre Burak Ekmekcioglu, Hamidah Nabawanuka, Yussif Mohammed Alhassan, John Yaw Akparep, Cansu Ergenç
International Journal of Conflict Management.2024; 35(4): 707. CrossRef
Reciprocal longitudinal associations of supportive workplace relationships with depressive symptoms and self-rated health: A study of Korean women
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Social Science & Medicine.2023; 333: 116176. CrossRef
Workplace violence and interpersonal deviance among Pakistani nurses: role of sense of coherence
Ali Waqas, Shahbaz Haider, Riaz Ahmed, Abida Abdul Khaliq, Kareem M. Selem
Current Psychology.2023; 42(4): 3411. CrossRef
Associations between work-related variables and workplace violence among Chinese medical staff: A comparison between physical and verbal violence
Long Sun, Wen Zhang, Aihua Cao
Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Association between coronavirus disease 2019-related workplace interventions and prevalence of depression and anxiety: Hyun Woo Park, Seung Hyun Park, Young Wook Kim, JunSeok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Chang Ho Chae, Eui Yup Chung, Hun Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e11. Published online June 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e11

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Although coronavirus disease 2019 is causing a variety of psychological problems for workers, there are few longitudinal studies on changes in workers’ mental health by workplace intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the change in the prevalence of depression and anxiety according to the active involvement of the workplace.

Methods

This study was conducted on 1,978 workers at a workplace who underwent a health screening from January 2019 to August 2020, and classified depression and anxiety disorders using a self-report questionnaire. After the first pandemic, the company stopped health screening, took paid leave and telecommuting, and conducted interventions such as operating its own screening clinic. To see if this workplace intervention affects workers’ mental health, we conducted generalized estimating equations to compare odds ratio (OR).

Results

In the pre-intervention group, 384 people (16.86%) had depression, and 507 people (22.26%) had anxiety disorder. Based on the OR before intervention, the OR of depression decreased to 0.76 (0.66–0.87) and the OR of anxiety disorder decreased to 0.73 (0.65–0.82).

Conclusions

As a result of this study, it was confirmed that workplace intervention was related to a decrease in depression and anxiety. This study provides basic data to improve workers’ mental health according to workplace intervention, and further research is needed according to workplace intervention in the future.

코로나바이러스감염증-19 관련 사업장 개입과 우울증 및 불안장애 유병률 간의 관련성
목적
COVID-19가 근로자에게 다양한 심리적 문제를 야기하고 있지만, 사업장 개입이 근로자의 정신 건강의 변화에 대한 종단적 연구는 거의 없다. 이 연구는 사업장의 적극적인 개입 여부에 따른 우울, 불안의 유병률 변화를 평가하는 것을 목표로 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2019년 1월부터 2020년 8월까지 건강검진을 받은 한 사업장의 근로자 1,978명을 대상으로 하였으며, 자기기입식 설문지를 이용하여 우울증, 불안장애를 분류하였다. 이 회사는 1차 대유행 이후 건강검진을 중단하고, 유급휴직 및 재택근무, 자체선별진료소 운영 등의 개입을 실시하였다. 이런 사업장 개입이 근로자의 정신건강에 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 Generalized estimating equation(GEE)을 시행하여 Odds ratio(OR)을 비교하였다.
결과
Pre-intervention group에서 우울증은 총 384명(16.86%)이었으며, 불안장애는 총 507명(22.26%)이었다. Pre-intervention group의 OR를 기준으로 하였을 때, post-intervention group의 우울증 OR는 0.76(0.66-0.87), 불안장애의 OR는 0.73(0.65-0.82)로 감소하였다.
결론
본 연구 결과, 사업장의 개입이 우울, 불안의 감소와 관련이 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 사업장 개입 여부에 따른 근로자 정신건강을 개선시키기 위한 기초자료를 제공하며, 향후 사업장 개입에 따른 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 본다.

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Telecommuting-related health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea: a national population-based cross-sectional study
Seung-Woo Ryoo, Jin-Young Min, Dong-Wook Lee, Baek-Yong Choi, Juho Choi, Ho-Yeon Kim, Kyoung-Bok Min
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Multidimensional typologies of precarious employment and their relationships with mental well-being in Korean wageworkers: A latent class analysis based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2023; 177: 107787. CrossRef

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Mental health symptoms among dependent contractors in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey: Seong-Uk Baek, Sung-Shil Lim, Sehyun Yun, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e1. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e1

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Recently, there has been a call to improve the holistic welfare of dependent contractors (DCs). Thus, our study examined the relationship between DCs and mental health symptoms and how this relationship was modified by age, sex, and income status of workers.

Methods

A total of 27,980 workers from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey are included in our study. The participants who reported having depression or anxiety over the last 12 months are defined those who had mental health symptoms. We performed exact matching for age group and sex, followed by conditional logistic regression with survey weights. Finally, stratified analyses by age, sex and income level were conducted.

Results

DCs were found to be at increased risk of depression/anxiety compared to other workers. The odds ratio (OR) is 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–2.17). In the stratified analyses, vulnerable groups were middle-aged (OR [95% CI]: 1.68 [1.10–2.54]), female (OR [95% CI]: 1.85 [1.20–2.84]), and low-income (OR [95% CI]: 3.18 [1.77–5.73]) workers.

Conclusions

Our study's results reinforce those of other studies that show that DCs are at greater risk of experiencing mental health issues than other workers and that and this risk is greater for middle-aged, female, and low-income workers. These results suggest that appropriate policy efforts should be made to improve the psychological well-being of DCs.

한국의 특수형태근로종사자의 정신건강증상: 제5차 한국근로실태조사에 근거한 단면 연구
목적
최근 특수형태근로종사자의 법적 지위와 근로환경에 대한 사회적 관심이 증가하고 있다. 우리의 연구 목표는 특수형태근로종사자와 정신 건강 증상 사이의 관계를 조사하며,이 관계가 근로자의 연령, 성별 및 소득수준에 따라 구분된 층화 그룹에 따라 어떻게 변화되는지를 조사하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구에는 제5차 한국 근로 환경 조사의 총 27,980명의 임금근로자가 포함되었다. 정신건강증상을 가진 근로자는 지난 12개월 이내 우울증 혹은 불안감으로 인한 건강장애를 경험했다고 대답한 근로자로 정의되었다. 참여 근로자를 연령 그룹과 성별에 따라 매칭하였으며, 설문 조사 가중치를 사용한 조건부 로지스틱 회귀를 수행하여 분석하였다. 연령, 성별, 소득수준에 따라 그룹별로 층화분석이 추가적으로 진행되었다.
결과
특수형태근로종사자로서의 지위는 정신 건강 증상의 위험 증가와 관련이 있었다 (오즈비 1.52, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.06-2.17). 층화분석에서 취약 그룹은 40대와 50대의 중년 (오즈비 1.68, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.10-2.54), 여성 (오즈비 1.85, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.20-2.84) 및 저소득층 (오즈비 3.18, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.77-5.73)에 속하는 근로자로 분석되었다.
결론
우리의 연구는 특수형태근로자로서 일하는 것이 그 자체로 불안감이나 우울감과 관련이 있다는 이전 연구 결과를 재확인하였다. 또한 중장년층, 여성, 저소득층에서 그 영향이 더 크다는 사실도 처음으로 밝혀냈다. 본 연구는 특수형태근로종사자의 정신 건강을 보호하기 위한 적절한 정책적 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

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Association between precarious employment and the onset of depressive symptoms in men and women: a 13-year longitudinal analysis in Korea (2009–2022)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Temporary Employment Is Associated with Poor Dietary Quality in Middle-Aged Workers in Korea: A Nationwide Study Based on the Korean Healthy Eating Index, 2013–2021
Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1482. CrossRef
Association of precarious employment with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among female workers: Findings from a nationwide longitudinal study in Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 351: 931. CrossRef
Characteristics and Socio-Demographic Distribution of Precarious Employment Among Korean Wage Workers: A Proposition of Multidimensional Approach Using a Summative Score
Seong-Uk Baek, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Taeyeon Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
Safety and Health at Work.2023; 14(4): 476. CrossRef

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Association between physical hazardous agent exposure and mental health in the Korean working population: the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Daeil Kwon, Kyeongmin Kwak, Kiook Baek, Youngchan Chi, Sewhan Na, Jong-Tae Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e33. Published online November 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e33

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Mental health problems are emerging issues in occupational safety and health, whereas the findings on the relationship between physical hazards and mental health are not consistent. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between physical hazard exposure and mental health outcomes including depression and anxiety.

Methods

We included 48,476 participants from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) in this study. The χ² test and logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between physical hazard exposures and mental health. All statistical analyses were performed sex-specifically.

Results

In logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (ORs) of depression were significantly increased in male workers who were exposed to vibration (severe OR: 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–1.95) and noise (severe OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.49–2.48) whereas the ORs of depression were not significant in female workers from vibration (severe OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.50–1.38) or noise exposure (severe OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.84–2.17). The ORs of anxiety were significantly increased in male workers with vibration (severe OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.43–2.15) and noise exposure (severe OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.69–2.63) whereas the OR between vibration and anxiety (severe OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.91–2.21) was not significant in female workers. High or low temperature exposure had significant associations with depression and anxiety in both male and female subjects.

Conclusions

Results of our study suggest that physical hazard exposures may be associated with increased risk of mental health problems including depression and anxiety. These associations are more prominent in male workers in comparison with female workers.

한국 노동인구에서 물리적 위험요인 노출과 정신건강의 연관: 제5차 근로환경조사 자료
목적
산업보건에서 정신건강 문제가 새롭게 대두되고 있으나 물리적 위험요인과 정신건강의 관련성에 대한 일치된 결과는 없었다. 본 연구는 물리적 위험요인 노출과 우울 및 불안의 상관관계를 밝히는 데에 목적을 두고 있다.
방법
본 연구는 제5차 근로환경조사에서 추출한 48,476명을 대상으로 수행하였다. 카이제곱 검정과 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하여 물리적 유해인자 노출과 정신건강의 상관관계를 평가하였다. 모든 통계 분석은 성별에 따라 각각 이루어졌다.
결과
로지스틱 회귀분석에서 우울의 오즈비(odds ratio; OR)는 진동(심한 노출 OR: 1.54, 95% 신뢰구간 [confidence interval; CI]: 1.21, 1.95) 및 소음(심한 노출 OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.49, 2.48) 노출이 있는 남성 근로자에서 통계적으로 유의하게 증가한 반면 여성 근로자에서는 진동(심한 노출 OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.50, 1.38) 및 소음(심한 노출 OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.84, 2.17) 모두 통계적 유의성이 나타나지 않았다. 불안의 오즈비는 남성 근로자에서 진동(심한 노출 OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.43, 2.15) 및 소음(심한 노출 OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.69, 2.63)이 있는 경우 통계적으로 유의한 상승을 보였으나 여성 근로자에서 진동과 불안 간의 오즈비(심한 노출 OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.91, 2.21)는 유의하지 않았다. 고온 및 저온 노출의 경우 남녀 모두에서 우울, 불안과 유의한 상관관계가 확인되었다.
결론
본 연구의 결과는 물리적 유해인자 노출이 우울, 불안 등의 정신건강 문제 위험의 증가와 관련이 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 이러한 관계는 여성 근로자보다 남성 근로자에서 더 두드러지게 나타났다.

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Factors related to depressive symptoms in Korean self-employed workers: Hanjun Kim, Jungsun Park, A Ram Kim, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e20. Published online June 15, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e20

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

We examined factors related to depressive symptoms in Korean self-employed workers.

Methods

This secondary analysis examined data of 14,454 self-employed individuals from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2017). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of depressive symptoms with different variables.

Results

Self-employed workers who had a good work-life balance, a good subjective health, and worked 40 to 48 hours or 48 to 60 hours/week were less likely to report depressive symptoms (all p < 0.05). However, those who always interacted with angry clients, had severe exposure to ergonomic risk factors, and were exposed to moderate or severe abusive behaviors were more likely to report depressive symptoms (all p < 0.05). Age, gender, weekly work days, and working at very fast speed were unrelated to depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Several factors known to be related to depressive symptoms do not lead to depression in self-employed individuals. Different interventions may therefore be needed to prevent depression in self-employed workers.

한국의 자영업자에서의 우울증상과 관련된 요인
목적
한국 자영업자와 우울 증상과 관련된 요인들을 분석하였다.
방법
이 2차 분석은 5차 한국근로환경조사(2017)의 14,454명의 자영업자들의 데이터를 조사하였다. 우울 증상과 관련된 다양한 변수들에 대하여 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다.
결과
고졸 학력, 높은 월간 수입, 좋은 일과 삶의 균형, 주간 40시간에서 48시간 및 48시간에서 60시간 근무한 자영업자들은 우울증상을 보고를 하는 경향이 적었다 (모두 P < 0.05). 그러나 화난 고객과 대하는 경우, 근골격계 위험요소에 크게 노출되는 경우, 폭력적인 행위에 중간 혹은 심하게 노출되는 경우 우울증상을 더 많이 보고하였다 (P < 0.05). 나이, 성별, 직업군, 수입 변화, 주간 근무일수, 빠른 속도의 근무환경등은 우울 증상과 관련이 적었다.
결론
전 연구들과 비교하였을 때, 몇몇 같은 인구통계학적, 사회경제적, 심리사회적 요소들이 자영업자와 임금근로자에서 우울증상을 이끌어낸다. 그러나 몇몇 요소들은 임금근로자와 다르게 나타난다. 따라서 자영업자에서 우울증을 예방하기 위해 다른 간섭이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

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Association between physical risk factors and sleep disturbance among workers in Korea: The 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
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Changes in the Health Indicators of Hospital Medical Residents During the Four-Year Training Period in Korea
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Articles

Comparing risk of depression between day and night/shift workers using the PHQ-9: a study utilizing the 2014, 2016, and 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data: Jae-Han Lee, Sang-Woo Kim, Jae-Han Joo, Na-Rae Lee, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e18. Published online June 9, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e18

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

In today's work scenario, the number of shift workers, including those in night shifts, is increasing. Shift work can adversely affect workers' health in the long run, but studies on the relationship between shift work and depression have shown inconsistent results. This study aimed to determine whether the number of night/shift workers at risk of depression, as predicted by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), is higher than that of day workers.

Methods

This study was conducted based on data from the 6th and 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014, 2016, and 2018. Work schedules were classified into 2 types: day work and night/shift work. This study used the PHQ-9, a self-reported depression screening test, to identify workers at risk of depression. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, and descriptive statistics, χ² test, and logistic regression analysis were employed.

Results

After adjusting for age, educational level, working hours per week, and income, men engaging in night/shift work were at a higher risk of depression (odds ratio [OR]: 1.407, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.937–2.113). The same was confirmed for women (OR: 1.564, 95% CI: 1.176–2.081).

Conclusions

Our results showed that the OR for those engaged in night/shift work with a PHQ-9 score of 10 or more increased. Considering the large volume of psychiatric history and symptoms in Korea, additional research is needed. Additionally, further discussion on ways to provide realistic help to night/shift workers is warranted.

교대근무 여부에 따른 PHQ-9을 이용한 근로자의 우울증 위험 비교: 2014, 2016 및 2018년 국민건강영양조사를 이용하여
목적
현대 사회에서는 야간 근무를 포함하여 다양한 업무를 수행하는 교대 근무자가 증가하고 있다. 교대 근무는 장기적으로 근로자의 건강에 악영향을 미칠 수 있지만 교대 근무와 우울증의 관계에 대한 연구 결과는 일관성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 PHQ-9로 예측한 우울증에 걸릴 위험이 높은 국내 야간 및 교대 근무 근로자 수가 주간 근로자보다 많은지 여부를 확인하고자 한다.
방법
본 연구는 제 6 차 및 제 7 차 국민 건강 영양 조사 자료 중 2014, 2016년 및 2018년의 자료를 바탕으로 진행되었다. 근무 일정은 주간 근무와 야간 및 교대근무로 구분 하였다. 이 연구는 우울증에 걸릴 위험이 있는 근로자를 결정하기 위해 자가 보고 우울증 선별 검사 인 PHQ-9를 사용하였다. SPSS 23.0을 이용하여 통계 분석을 수행하였고 통계적 방법으로는 기술 통계, 카이 제곱 분석, 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용 하였다.
결과
연령, 교육 수준, 주당 근무 시간 및 수입으로 보정 후 분석하였을 때, 야간 및 교대 근무 근로자에서 우울증 위험군에 해당하는 경우가 유의하게 더 높았으며(odds ratio [OR] = 1.407 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.937–2.113)), 이는 여성에서도 마찬가지로 나타났다(odds ratio [OR] = 1.564 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.176–2.081)).
결론
본 연구를 통해 야간 및 교대근무 근로자에서 PHQ-9 점수가 10점 이상인 우울증 위험군에 해당하는 경우가 유의하게 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 현재 한국의 정신 병력과 증상의 유병률을 고려할 때 야간 근로자에게 현실적인 도움을 제공 할 수 있는 방법에 대한 추가 논의와 함께 추가 연구가 필요하다.

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The association between effort-reward imbalance, work-life balance and depressive mood in Korean wage workers: The 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Hyun-mook Lim, Cham-jin Park, Ji-hoo Yook, Min-seok Kim, Ho-yeon Kim, Yun-Chul Hong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e2. Published online January 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e2

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

This study was conducted to determine the association between work-life (WL) balance, effort-reward (ER) imbalance, and depressive mood in Korean wage workers when 2 models were considered simultaneously.

Methods

We analyzed 26,014 Korean workers including 13,471 men and 12,543 women from the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey data. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between WL, ER status, and the depressive mood of Korean workers. We classified the subjects into a total of 4 groups as follows. Group 1: WL and ER status are both “balanced”, group 2: WL status is “imbalanced” and ER status is “balanced”, group 3: WL status is “balanced” and the ER status is “imbalanced”, group 4: WL and ER status are both “imbalanced.”

Results

We found significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for depressive mood in groups 2, 3, and 4 compared with group 1 after adjusting for the general and occupational characteristics of the subjects in both men and women. We also found that the trend of ORs increased gradually from groups 2 to 4 compared with group 1 in both men and women; group 2: OR: 1.23 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–1.35), group 3: OR: 1.40 (95% CI: 1.27–1.55), group 4: OR: 1.99 (95% CI: 1.74–2.28) compared with group 1 in men; group 2: OR: 1.28 (95% CI: 1.15–1.42), group 3: OR: 1.45 (95% CI: 1.31–1.59), group 4: OR: 2.04 (95% CI: 1.76–2.36) compared with group 1 in women.

Conclusions

As a result, we found the association between imbalanced WL, ER status, and depressive mood in Korean workers using 2 models simultaneously. It is important to provide a balanced WL and ER condition to improve the mental health of workers.

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The role of work–family conflict in the association between long working hours and workers’ sleep disturbance and burnout: results from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey
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The association between serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels and job-related stress among female nurses: Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park, Wonyang Kang, Hyeong-Min Lim, Ji-Sung Ahn, Dae-Young Lim, Jai-Dong Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e18. Published online August 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e18

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Background

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is an endogenous steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland. DHEAS has been suggested to play a protective role against psychosocial stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between job-related stress and blood concentrations of DHEAS according to occupational stress factors among female nurses.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 118 premenopausal nurses from 4 departments (operating room, emergency room [ER], intensive care unit, and ward) of a university hospital. Participants were all rotating night shift workers who have worked for over a year and mean age of 33.5 ± 4.8 years. Data from structured questionnaires including the Korean Occupational Stress Score, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used.

Results

In the high job-related stressor group, scores of BDI, BAI, and PSQI were significantly higher than low-stressor group. ER nurses had relatively more work-burden related stressors, but they had significantly lower levels of anxiety and depression than other groups. And, ER nurses showed higher levels of DHEAS than the other department nurses. The differences were significant (p = 0.003). Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference even after adjusting for factors that could affect level of DHEAS, such as age, body mass index, drinking, and physical activity (p = 0.039).

Conclusions

This result suggests the possibility that DHEAS may play a role as a marker of proper stress management. The capacity to secrete DHEAS is not simply due to workload or job stressor but could be determined depending on how individuals and groups deal with and resolve stress. Proper resolution of stress may affect positive hormone secretion.

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The association between quality of direct supervisor's behavior and depressive mood in Korean wage workers: the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Cham-Jin Park, Ji-Hoo Yook, Min-Seok Kim, Dongwook Lee, Hyun-Mook Lim, Yun-Chul Hong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e16. Published online August 7, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e16

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Background

Workers spend most of their social lives at work and have relationships of varying nature with people in the workplace. Direct supervisors, in particular, have a direct and lasting impact on workers, which may influence workers' mental health. Depression is very prevalent worldwide, and social concern about the disease is on the rise. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of direct supervisors' behavior on the depressive mood of Korean wage workers.

Methods

We used data from the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey held in 2014; 22,212 participants were included in the analysis. The quality of a direct supervisor's behavior was categorized from 0 (= lowest) to 5 (= highest) points. The degree of depressive mood was measured on a scale from “normal mood” to “likely depression” based on the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the quality of the direct supervisor's behavior and the depressive mood of wage workers.

Results

After multivariable adjustment, significantly increased odds ratio (OR) for likely depression was found in the 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0 points of the quality of the direct supervisor's behavior compared to 5 points. After stratification for the level of satisfaction with working conditions, the OR of the unsatisfied groups was higher than that of the satisfied groups.

Conclusions

Likely depression was found to be significantly associated with a low quality of direct supervisor's behavior. This association was stronger in workers who were not satisfied with their working conditions. This study suggests that proper management of the direct supervisor's behavior is needed to reduce the risk of depression among Korean wage workers.

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The association of job training duration and risk of depression among wage workers: an analysis of the mediating factors
Dong Geon Kim, Dong Kyu Kim, Kiook Baek
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations among leadership, resources, and nurses’ work engagement: findings from the fifth korean Working Conditions Survey
Eunkyung Kim, Ji Yea Lee, Seung Eun Lee
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Sustainable human resource management the mediating role between work engagement and teamwork performance
Virginia Navajas-Romero, Nuria Ceular-Villamandos, Manuel Adolfo Pérez-Priego, Lorena Caridad-López del Río, Jose M. Martínez-Paz
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(8): e0271134. CrossRef
The association between direct supervisor's behavior and employee presenteeism in Korean wage workers: findings from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey
Sung Hee Lee, Joo Hyun Sung, Dae Hwan Kim, Chang Sun Sim
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Association between Self-Perceived Social Support in the Workplace and the Presence of Depressive/Anxiety Symptoms
Juyeon Oh, Seunghyun Lee, Juho Sim, Seunghan Kim, Ara Cho, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(19): 10330. CrossRef

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Association between depression and cardiovascular disease risk in general population of Korea: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016: Jinho Song, Tae Hwan Koh, One Park, Daeil Kwon, Seonghoon Kang, Kyeongmin Kwak, Jong-Tae Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e10. Published online June 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e10

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Background

Depression is considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated with changes in individuals' health status that might influence CVD risk. However, most studies have scrutinized this relationship on a rather narrower and specific study population. By focusing on general population of Korea, we sought to inspect the association of depression with CVD risk and cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods

The data from the first year (2016) of the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. Participants were classified by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score as such: normal group (PHQ-9 score 0–4), mild depression (MD) group (PHQ-9 score 5–9) and moderate and severe depression (MSD) group (PHQ-9 score 10–27). General linear model was used to analyze differences and the trend of mean CVD risk according to depression level. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were calculated by logistic regression to identify the association between depression and cardiovascular risk factors after adjusting for age.

Results

Mean CVD risk of MSD group was higher than that of normal group (p < 0.05). There was a tendency of CVD risk to increase as depression worsened (p < 0.01). Among men, MSD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78–4.97), taking antihypertensive medications (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.26–4.66), increased fasting blood sugar (> 125 mg/dL; AOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.25–4.50) and taking diabetes medications (AOR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.65–5.72). MD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.18–2.17). Among women, MSD group was associated with high body mass index (≥ 25 kg/m²; AOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.11–2.32), large waist circumference (≥ 85 cm; AOR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.12–2.37), current smoking (AOR, 5.11; 95% CI, 3.07–8.52) and taking diabetes medications (AOR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.68–4.08). MD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.18–2.93).

Conclusions

We suggest that depression is associated with increased risk for CVD occurrence in general population of Korea.

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Awareness and related factors of depressive symptoms in breastfeeding people in South Korea: a survey-based cross-sectional study
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Depression and cardiovascular risk in primary care patients
Stephanie A. Hooker, Patrick J. O'Connor, JoAnn M. Sperl-Hillen, A. Lauren Crain, Kris Ohnsorg, Sheryl Kane, Rebecca Rossom
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The relationship between lifestyle risk factors and depression in Korean older adults: a moderating effect of gender
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Self-Esteem as a Mediator between Life Satisfaction and Depression among Cardiovascular Disease Patients
Zeying Qin, Songli Mei, Tingting Gao, Leilei Liang, Chuanen Li, Yueyang Hu, Xinmeng Guo, Cuicui Meng, Jianping Lv, Tongshuang Yuan, Junsong Fei, Qian Tong, Yang Yang
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Changes of depression and job stress in workers after merger without downsizing: Jun Ick Jung, Jun Seok Son, Young Ouk Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Jea Chul Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:54. Published online August 29, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0266-4

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Background

Since the 1980s, restructuring, which includes downsizing, closures, mergers, and privatization, has expanded worldwide, and various studies have investigated its effect on health. However, previous studies have mainly focused on restructuring accompanied by massive lay-offs, and the effect of a merger on workers’ health is still controversial. This study aims to investigate changes in worker depression and job stress after a merger without downsizing, which is unusual in Korea.

Methods

Repeated surveys were done in April 2014, April 2015, and April 2016 involving the participation of 209 subjects. Participants were divided into two groups, which were comprised of blue-collar workers (104) and white-collar workers (105). Sociodemographic characteristics, including age, education level, job tenure, gender, marital status, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, were measured via a survey. To determine the level of depression, the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was employed, and to investigate job stress, the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF) was used. For statistical analyses, Pearson’s chi-square test, the Student’s t-test, and repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed.

Results

The results showed that depression (CES-D, F[2, 400] = 0.466, p = 0.628) was changed but without significance and job stress (KOSS-SF, F[1.899, 379.831] = 3.192, p = 0.045) were significantly different. The between-group difference in the CES-D score between the blue- and white-collar workers by survey administration time was not statistically significant (F = 0.316, p = 0.574). The interaction between the survey time and occupational group was also not statistically significant (F = 0.967, p = 0.381). The between-group difference in the KOSS-SF total score was not statistically significant (F = 1.132, p = 0.289), and the interaction between the survey administration time and occupational group was also not significant (F = 0.817, p = 0.437). In the job stress subgroup analyses Job insecurity and Lack of reward showed a significant difference by survey administration time.

Conclusion

This study showed that a merger without massive downsizing can cause negative health effects such as an changes in depression and increase in job stress. To improve the health of workers, both the immediate negative effects on health, and the long-term effects or their resolution over time should be considered prior to the merger.

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A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
Bruno Špiljak, Maja Vilibić, Ana Glavina, Marija Crnković, Ana Šešerko, Liborija Lugović-Mihić
Behavioral Sciences.2022; 12(10): 400. CrossRef

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Effects of changes in occupational stress on the depressive symptoms of Korean workers in a large company: a longitudinal survey: Jaehyuk Jung, Inchul Jeong, Kyung-Jong Lee, Guyeon Won, Jae Bum Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:39. Published online June 8, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0249-5

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Prospective studies on occupational stress and depression among Korean workers are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between changes in occupational stress and the presence of depression.

Methods

This study analyzed data from a survey conducted with workers in a large Korean company (2015–2016). Occupational stress was measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale, and depression was screened using the WHO-5 Well-being Index. The levels of occupational stress were grouped in quartiles based on subjects’ occupational stress scores in 2015, and changes in occupational stress were measured using the score changes between the 2015 and 2016 surveys. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of depression in 2015 and 2016: a non-depressed group whose mental health did not change, a non-depressed group whose mental health deteriorated, a depressed group that continued to be depressed, and a depressed group whose symptoms of depression were alleviated. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of the subjects’ deterioration in mood or alleviation of depression by occupational stress levels and changes.

Results

The OR for developing depressive symptoms was 2.51 (95% CI 1.46–4.33) and 2.73 (95% CI 1.39–5.36) in the third and the fourth quartiles of occupational stress, respectively, compared to the first quartile. When the occupational stress score increased by 1 point, the OR for increasing depressive symptoms was 1.07 (95% CI 1.04–1.10). There was no significant difference in the alleviation of depressive symptoms between the groups by level of occupational stress. However, when the occupational stress score decreased by 1 point, the OR for alleviating depressive symptoms was 1.08 (95% CI 1.05–1.11).

Conclusion

The results showed that increased occupational stress increased the presence of depressive symptoms, and that reduced occupational stress suppressed the development of depressive symptoms. More attention should be paid to stress management among workers.

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Arbeitszufriedenheit unter österreichischen Pädiaterinnen und Pädiatern
Daniela S. Kohlfürst, Thomas Zöggeler, Daniela Karall, Reinhold Kerbl
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The association of job training duration and risk of depression among wage workers: an analysis of the mediating factors
Dong Geon Kim, Dong Kyu Kim, Kiook Baek
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ChangJiang Deng
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Depression with obstructive sleep apnea lead to high cardiovascular disease morbidity/all‐cause mortality: Findings from the SHHS cohort
Hui Liu, Wanda Peng, Lin Zhou, Yi Shen, Bin Xu, Jun Xie, Tingting Cai, Jun Zhou, Chong Li
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Deepak Sharma, Pravin Kumar, Rajesh Kumar Singh
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Synergistic interaction between long shifts and short rest periods on depression in shift workers: A cross‐sectional study from Korea
Sungjin Park, Jongin Lee, June‐Hee Lee
American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2023; 66(11): 977. CrossRef
The Relationship Between Occupational Stress and Turnover Intention Among Emergency Physicians: A Mediation Analysis
Nan Jiang, Hongling Zhang, Zhen Tan, Yanhong Gong, Mengge Tian, Yafei Wu, Jiali Zhang, Jing Wang, Zhenyuan Chen, Jianxiong Wu, Chuanzhu Lv, Xuan Zhou, Fengjie Yang, Xiaoxv Yin
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Daniela S. Kohlfürst, Thomas Zöggeler, Daniela Karall, Reinhold Kerbl
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Sandrine Bertrais, Nora HÉRault, Jean-FranÇOis Chastang, Isabelle Niedhammer
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Esmail Abdali, Behnam Talebi, Asadollah Khadivi
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Boram Lee
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Emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms in female Bank employees: a questionnaire survey using the K-ELS and K-WVS: Guang Hwi Kim, Hee Sung Lee, Sung Won Jung, Jae Gwang Lee, June Hee Lee, Kyung Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:17. Published online March 12, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0229-9

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

In modern society, the scale of the service industry is continuously expanding, and the number of service workers is increasing. Correspondingly, physical and mental problems related to emotional labor are becoming a major social problem. In this study, we investigated the relationship between emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms in female bank employees, which is a typical service industry.

Methods

In this study, the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) and Korean Workplace Violence Scale (K-WVS) were distributed to 381 female workers in their 20s at a bank in Seoul, Korea. Data were obtained from 289 subjects (75.9%) and analyzed for 278 respondents, after excluding those with missing responses. We examined the relationship between emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms, using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among 278 subjects, 27 workers (9.7%) had depressive symptoms. “Emotional disharmony and hurt” (OR 2.93, 95% CI = 1.17–7.36) and “Organizational surveillance and monitoring” (OR 3.18, 95% CI = 1.29–7.86) showed a significant association with depressive symptoms. For workplace violence, the “Experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and coworkers” (OR 4.07, 95% CI = 1.58–10.50) showed a significant association. When the number of high-risk emotional labor-related factors was 1 or more, 13.1% showed depressive symptoms. When the number of high-risk workplace violence-related factors was 1 or more, 14.4% had statistically significant depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

A significant result was found for depressive symptoms related to Emotional disharmony, which is a sub-topic of emotional labor, and those at high risk for “Organizational surveillance and monitoring.” For workplace violence, depressive symptoms were high for the group at high risk for the “experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and coworkers.” In this way, management of emotional disharmony, a sub-factor of emotional labor, is necessary, and improvements to traditional corporate culture that monitors emotional labor is necessary. Violence from colleagues and supervisors in the workplace must also be reduced.

IRB Approval No. SCHUH 2017–01-029. Registered 26 January 2017. Retrospectively registered.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-018-0229-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Huseyin Cakal, Saeed Keshavarzi, Ali Ruhani, Golnoosh Dakhil‐Abbasi
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What Are the Experiences of Emotional Labor and Workplace Violence that Are More Harmful to Health in Korean Workforce?
Won Ju Hwang, Hye Kyung Yang, Ji Hye Kim
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Does Emotional Labor Increase the Risk of Suicidal Ideation among Firefighters?
Dae-Sung Hyun, Da-Yee Jeung, Changsoo Kim, Hye-Yoon Ryu, Sei-Jin Chang
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Jae-Hon Lee
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Emotional labor and job types of male firefighters in Daegu Metropolitan City
Sung Kyu Park, Han Cheol Heo, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon
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Nan Tang, Louise E. Thomson
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Relationship of activities outside work to sleep and depression/anxiety disorders in Korean workers: the 4th Korean working condition survey: Sung Won Jung, Kyung-Jae Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Jae Gwang Lee, June-Hee Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:51. Published online October 11, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0206-8

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Background

Sleep disorders and depression/anxiety disorders are long-standing and significant problem for mental health. Also there are already known so many negative health effect of these disorders. But there were few studies to examine the association between activities outside work and forementioned disorders. So this study aimed the association of those things by using the Republic of Korean data.

Methods

Data from 32,232 wage workers were used in the 4th Korean Working Condition Survey. General and occupational characteristics, sleep disorders, depression/anxiety disorders and activities outside work are included in questionnaire. To find the relationship between activities outside work and sleep, depression/anxiety disorders, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used after adjusting for general and occupational characteristics.

Results

We observed that volunteer activities increased the odds ratio of both sleep disorders and depression/anxiety disorders(Odds ratio[OR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval[CI]: 1.03–1.78 and OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.29–1.84, respectively). And self-development activities increase the odds ratio of sleep disorders(OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.17–1.57). Gardening activities lowered the odds ratio of depression/anxiety disorders(OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.59–0.94).

Conclusion

Some of activities outside work were related to sleep disorders and depression/anxiety disorders among Korean wage workers. Our results showed negative health effect of some kinds of activities outside work such as volunteering and self-devlopment compared to other studies that emphasized positive effect of those activities for health.

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Association Between Occupational Physicochemical Exposures and Headache/Eyestrain Symptoms Among Korean Indoor/Outdoor Construction Workers
Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
Safety and Health at Work.2019; 10(4): 437. CrossRef
The association between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of Korean wage workers: data from the fourth Korean working conditions survey (a cross-sectional study)
Jae-Gwang Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, Sang Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Comparison of anxiety and depression status between office and manufacturing job employees in a large manufacturing company: a cross sectional study: WonYang Kang, Won-Ju Park, Keun-Ho Jang, Hyeong-Min Lim, Ji-Sung Ann, Seung-hyeon Cho, Jai-Dong Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:47. Published online September 15, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0134-z

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Background

The aim of this study was to investigate whether type of work is associated with anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Additionally, we investigated the impact of number of working hours on anxiety and depression.

Methods

A total of 1774 workers participated and completed the HADS to determine their levels of anxiety and depression. All subjects were employed at one of two manufacturing plants for the same company. Of all participants, 222 were employed in office jobs and 1552 in manufacturing jobs.

Results

Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis including age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, factory region, and working hours, indicated that employment in an office job was associated with a 2.17-fold increase in the odds of anxiety compared to a manufacturing job (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.24–3.80). Office jobs were also associated with a 1.94-fold increase in the odds of depression (OR = 1.94; 95 % CI, 1.34–2.82). In addition, number of hours worked was significantly associated with depression, and working hours significantly modified the effect of office job employment on the risk of depression.

Conclusions

Office job workers had higher levels of anxiety and depression than those working in manufacturing jobs. Our findings suggest that occupational physicians should consider the organizational risks faced by office job employees, and consider the differences in psychological health between office and manufacturing job workers when implementing interventions.

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Association between dietary diversity, sedentary time outside of work and depressive symptoms among knowledge workers: a multi-center cross-sectional study
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Zeinab Alizadeh, Hamidreza Roohafza, Awat Feizi, Nizal Sarrafzadegan
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Batholomew Chireh, Samuel Kwaku Essien, Nuelle Novik, Marvin Ankrah
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Sohrab Amiri
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Rajeswari Sambasivam, Anitha Jeyagurunathan, Edimansyah Abdin, Saleha Shafie, Sherilyn Chang, Janhavi Ajit Vaingankar, Siow Ann Chong, Mythily Subramaniam
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Sohrab Amiri, Seyed Morteza Hosseini
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Ochirbat Batbold, Christy Pu
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Translation and preliminary validation of a Korean version of the parental reflective functioning questionnaire
Yujin Lee, Elizabeth Meins, Fionnuala Larkin
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Sohrab Amiri
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Sohrab Amiri
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Anxiety and depression symptoms among gas and oil industry workers
S Pavičić Žeželj, O Cvijanović Peloza, F Mika, S Stamenković, S Mahmutović Vranić, S Šabanagić Hajrić
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Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2017; 56(4): 175. CrossRef

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The association between perceived discrimination and depression/anxiety disorders among Korean workers: analysis of the third Korean Working Conditions Survey: Sang Hyun Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:32. Published online August 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0121-4

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Background

Discrimination is a long-standing social problem, and interest in the health effects of discrimination has been increasing. Unfortunately, Korean workers experience various types and combinations of discrimination. This study aimed to examine the association between perceived discrimination and depression/anxiety disorders among Korean workers.

Methods

Data from 33,530 paid workers were extracted from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey. The data included general characteristics, occupational characteristics, perceived discrimination, and depression/anxiety disorders. To examine the relationship between perceived discrimination and depression/anxiety disorders, multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate depression/anxiety disorders as the dependent variable and perceived discrimination as the independent variable, after adjusting for relevant general and occupational characteristics.

Results

After adjusting for the relevant general and occupational characteristics, we observed that male and female workers who had experienced perceived discrimination exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of having depression/anxiety disorders. The odds ratios among male and female workers were 3.25 (95 % confidence interval: 2.45–4.32) and 4.56 (95 % confidence interval: 3.45–6.03), respectively.

Conclusions

Perceived discrimination was significantly related to depression or anxiety disorders among Korean workers. The risk of depression or anxiety was higher among female workers, compared to male workers.

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Intersectional Discrimination in the Transition to Vocational Education and Training
Julia Hufnagl
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The impact of perceived discrimination, positive aspects of caregiving on depression among caregivers: mediating effect of job satisfaction
Maitixirepu Jilili, Linping Liu, Anuo Yang
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Performance-Based Pay System and Job Stress Related to Depression/Anxiety in Korea: Analysis of Korea Working Condition Survey
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(5): 4065. CrossRef
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Ahram Han, Taejong Kim, Gi Khan Ten, Shun Wang
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The Association between Perceived Discrimination and Mental Health of Wage Workers with Disabilities: Findings from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled 2016–2018
Hyeon Ji Lee, Wonjeong Jeong, Doukyoung Chon, Jae-Hyun Kim, Jong Youn Moon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(14): 8541. CrossRef
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Li He, Kun Wang, Zixian Zhang, Jiangyin Wang, Tianyang Li, Yuting Wang, Lixingzi Yang, Yuanyang Wu, Shuo Zhang, Siqing Zhang, Hualei Yang
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Ting Lu, Zihan Guo, Hao Li, Xinyu Zhang, Zhihong Ren, Weiping Yang, Liuqing Wei, Ling Huang
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Alvaro Monterrosa-Castro, Velia Redondo-Mendoza, María Mercado-Lara
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Association between workplace discrimination and depressive symptoms among firefighters in South Korea
Nagyeong Lee, Ji‐Hwan Kim, Ja Young Kim, Seung‐Sup Kim
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The association between perceived discriminations and well-being in Korean employed workers: the 4th Korean working conditions survey
Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship of activities outside work to sleep and depression/anxiety disorders in Korean workers: the 4th Korean working condition survey
Sung Won Jung, Kyung-Jae Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Jae Gwang Lee, Joo Ja Kim, June-Hee Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Employment and occupation effects on late-life depressive symptoms among older Koreans: a cross-sectional population survey: Hyun Park, Young Hwangbo, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Wook Han; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:22. Published online May 14, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0107-2

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Background

The present study investigated the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older Koreans and identified associations between depressive symptoms and occupational factors.

Methods

Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (2010–2012) were used to analyze 7320 participants aged 55 years or older. Complex sample logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting general characteristics to determine associations between depressive symptoms and occupational factors.

Results

Among older Korean men, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the employed and the non-employed groups were 9.9 % and 13.7 %, respectively. Employment status was significantly associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for general factors (OR: 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.49–0.97). Among older Korean women, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the employed and the non-employed groups were 17.4 % and 20.3 %, respectively, but employment status was not significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Second skill level occupational groups (clerks, plant and machine operators) in particular showed significantly lower prevalence of depressive symptoms than the non-employed group of men (9.3 % vs 13.7 %). By occupation type, the odds ratios were 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.10–0.97, clerks) and 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.23–0.86, plant and machine operators) adjusting for general factors.

Conclusions

The employed group showed lower late-life depressive symptom prevalence than the non-employed group among older Korean men. In addition some second skill level occupations (clerks, plant and machine operators) were significantly associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms after adjusting for general factors in older Korean men.

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Sri Susanty, Herdiantri Sufriyana, Emily Chia-Yu Su, Yeu-Hui Chuang, Tarik A. Rashid
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Tania Bof de Andrade, Fabiola Bof de Andrade, Maria Carmen Viana
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Gum-Ryeong Park, Sujeong Park, Jinho Kim, Lynn M Martire
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Hyun Park, Young Hwangbo, Younghyeon Nam
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The association between shift work and depression in hotel workers: Hyun Jey Moon, Sang Hyun Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:29. Published online December 12, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0081-0

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Shift work is vital in hotel businesses as these businesses run 24 h daily regardless of holidays to accommodate customers. The number of shift workers in hotel businesses is expected to increase consistently and it is crucial to study the impact of shift work on hotel workers’ mental health. This study, therefore, aims to examine the association between depression and shift work in hotel workers. It especially focuses on investigating whether there is a difference in how closely these two are related depending on shift types.

Methods

A survey was conducted with 768 hotel workers who worked at two first-class hotels in Seoul. Out of 659 respondents total (response rate of 85.8 %), 506 respondents were selected as the final research subjects, excluding 153 respondents whose responses were incomplete. The survey was composed of questionnaires related to general characteristics, work-related characteristics, shift work, shift type, and depression level. The Korean Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was used to evaluate the subjects’ depression level. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted with depression as a dependent variable and shift type as an independent variable after relevant general and work-related characteristics were adjusted to examine the relationship between shift type and depression.

Results

After adjustment for relevant general and work-related characteristics, hotel workers had a significantly higher likelihood of belonging to the depression group than those with a fixed day shift, across all three shift types: rotating day shift (OR = 2.22, 95 % CI = 1.05–4.61), rotating night shift (OR = 2.63, 95 % CI = 1.11–6.24), and fixed night shift (OR = 3.46, 95 % CI = 1.02–11.74).

Conclusions

The results showed that shift work was significantly related to depression in hotel workers and the risk of depression clearly differed among shift types. In particular, fixed night shift workers were most vulnerable to depression. Rotating day shift workers without night work could also have a higher risk of depression.

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The effect of organisational system on self-rated depression in a panel of male municipal firefighters: Se-Jin An, Yun Kyung Chung, Bong Hyun Kim, Kyeong Min Kwak, Jun-Seok Son, Jung-wan Koo, Young-Su Ju, Young-Jun Kwon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:1. Published online January 14, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0044-x

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The present study evaluated the effects of job stress, including organisational system to self-rated depression through a panel study of male municipal firefighters in the Republic of Korea.

Methods

A panel of 186 municipal firefighters reported self-rated depressive symptoms according to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The effects of job stress were evaluated using the Korea Occupational Stress Scale, taken one year earlier and classified by the median value. Panel members were classified into Depression or Control groups according to BDI scores, with a cut-off level of ‘over mild depression’ in a follow-up survey.

Results

The Depression group included 17 (9.1%) workers. Firefighters who scored high on occupational system had an 8.3 times greater risk of being assigned to the Depression group than those who had not (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 8.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [1.73–37.22]). In contrast, job stress from a ‘difficult physical environment’ revealed negative risks related to being classified in the Depression group (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI = [0.04–0.92]).

Conclusions

Although the healthy worker effect may be involved, job stress based on perceptions of organisational system was a strong risk factor for depression. A comprehensive approach should be considered that encompasses social issues when assessing or mental health in high-risk groups, as well as the practical issue of physiochemical hazards.

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Original Articles

An Association between Working Schedules and Depression in Public Sector Employees: Hyeon Taek Heo, Dong Won Kim, Jong Seok Lee, Hyeon A Jo, Seong Sil Jang, Soo Young Kim, In Ah Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):347-355. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.347

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study determined the work schedules of public project workers who work an irregular shift and assessed the effect of these schedules on depression.
METHODS
Study subjects were 2934 laborers who are members of seven labor unions. Each was given a questionnaire requesting basic personal information, habits, socioeconomic status, and work schedules. Information gathered on work schedules included daytime, nighttime, and weekend work hours. Depression was evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), with Laborers who checked "not depressed" and "slightly depressive" categorized to a low-risk group, whereas laborers who checked "depressed" and "severely depressed" were categorized to a high-risk group. We used the Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression to examine associations between work schedules and depression.
RESULTS
Laborers on an irregular work schedule averaged 47.8 hours/week and laborers who working over 48 hours/week comprised over half (54.5%) of the total population. Laborers performing night work, Sunday work, and Saturday work more than once in a month made up 25.7%, 30.8% and 33.5% of the examined population, respectively. A high-risk for depression was identified in 10.4% of laborers. Using logistic regression, depression was statistically associated with working : over 10 hours a day (OR=1.63, 95% CI 1.10~2.43), night work (OR=2.20, 95% CI 1.46~3.32), Sunday work (OR=1.81, 95% CI 1.15~2.85) and Saturday work (OR=1.82 95% CI 1.18~2.82).
CONCLUSION
A significant number of laborers with irregular working shifts work long hours and on weekends. Depression was significantly associated with this type of work schedule.

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Working hours and depressive symptoms over 7 years: evidence from a Korean panel study
Seoyeon Ahn
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2018; 91(3): 273. CrossRef
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Study on Health Consciousness and Eating Habits of Workers at Deluxe Hotels in Seoul and Gyonggi-do regions
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Hyunkyung Lee, Minsung Sohn, Mankyu Choi
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2013; 30(5): 125. CrossRef

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The Effects of Aircraft Noise Exposure upon Hearing Loss, Anxiety, and Depression on Subjects Residing Adjacent to a Military Airbase: Yu Rim Jeong, Jae Beom Park, Kyoung Bok Min, Chan Lee, Hyun Gwon Kil, Won Wook Lee, Kyung Jong Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):40-51. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.40

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To determine the level of aircraft noise exposure and how it relates to hearing loss, and to investigate the association between noise exposure and anxiety and depression in subjects residing adjacent to a military airbase.
METHODS
The study was conducted upon 898 inhabitants between the ages of 30-79, living near the military airbase in Jeonra-do. The subjects were divided into three noise-exposure groups: high-exposure, low-exposure, and a control group. The cut-values were 80 and 60 on the Weighted Equivalent Continuous Perceived Noise Level scale. A self-administered questionnaire including the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were completed. Pure tone audiometry tests were performed.
RESULTS
Hearing loss prevalence was defined by a >40 dB loss in bilateral ears or in one ear; the difference of <15 dB compared to the better side was 30.8%. The mean BAI/BDI score was 18.9+/-14.3/18.7+/-11.6, the number of abnormal subjects with BAIs > or =22 was 317 (35.3%), with BDIs > or =21 was 347 (38.6%). The pure tone average, BAI, and BDI scores were higher in the noise-exposure groups compared to the control. The BAI/BDI abnormal subjects showed a higher hearing threshold shift level compared to the normal scored subjects. The odd ratios for anxiety was significantly high in both noise exposure groups and the hearing loss, for depression was significantly high in high-exposure group and hearing loss.
CONCLUSIONS
Anxiety and depression were higher when exposure to high-level noise and further complicated by hearing loss. Further investigation is needed to determine the cause-effect relationship.

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Correlation between Traffic Noise and Mental Health Indices in Cities: An Ecological Study
Sukyung Noh, Sang-Yong Eom
Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2023; 49(6): 353. CrossRef
Multiple Noise Analysis and Derivation of Noise Prediction Equations for Shelter System
Jae-sang Cho, Sock-kyu Lee, In-gi Baek, Sang-hyun Kim, Jeung Lee, Ji-ho Choi
Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering.2016; 26(5): 616. CrossRef
Anxiety symptoms and occupational stress among young Korean female manufacturing workers
Kang Ho Lee, Chang Ho Chae, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Ja-Hyun Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Saeng Jung
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Association between Emotional Labor and Symptoms of Depression among Bankers: Sanghyo Chu, Hyunchul Ryou, Kyujeong Bae, Jaechul Song, Soojin Lee, Inah Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(4):316-323. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.4.316

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
We focused on the relationship between symptoms of depression and emotional labor to investigate the mental health status of workers.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, a total of 2,346 workers among bankers were our study subjects. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the socio-demographics, job characteristics, emotional labor and, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). We used multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate the relationship between emotional labor and the symptoms of depression.
RESULTS
The prevalence of symptoms of depression among the survey subjects was 20.6%. After adjusting for confounding factors, emotional effort (OR: 1.7, 95% CI=1.28~2.31) and, emotional disharmony (OR: 4.5, 95% CI=3.13~6.44) in men and emotional effort (OR: 1.9, 95% CI=1.33~2.75), emotional disharmony (OR: 6.1, 95% CI=4.12~9.09) in women showed a statistically significant association with symptoms of depression.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that emotional disharmony and emotional effort are related to symptoms of depression. Managing emotional disharmony is important in managing symptoms of depression.

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Emotional Labor and Mental Health
Jae-Hon Lee
Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2020; 59(2): 98. CrossRef
Emotional labor and job types of male firefighters in Daegu Metropolitan City
Sung Kyu Park, Han Cheol Heo, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between concealment of emotions at work and musculoskeletal symptoms: results from the third Korean working conditions survey
Kyungyong JUNG, Dae Hwan KIM, Ji Young RYU
Industrial Health.2018; 56(5): 367. CrossRef
Emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms in female Bank employees: a questionnaire survey using the K-ELS and K-WVS
Guang Hwi Kim, Hee Sung Lee, Sung Won Jung, Jae Gwang Lee, June Hee Lee, Kyung Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Emotional Labor Factors Affecting Depressive Mood in Occupational Therapists
Seo-Yeon Oh, Jung-Wan Koo
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational Therapy.2018; 26(4): 1. CrossRef
The relationship between emotional labor status and workplace violence among toll collectors
Yosub Joo, Jeongbae Rhie
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Association of Emotional Labor and Occupational Stressors with Depressive Symptoms among Women Sales Workers at a Clothing Shopping Mall in the Republic of Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
Yuh-Jin Chung, Woo-Chul Jung, Hyunjoo Kim, Seong-Sik Cho
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2017; 14(12): 1440. CrossRef
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Jin Hee Noh, Yeon Kyung Na
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Hyun Jey Moon, Sang Hyun Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
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Bokim Lee
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Hee Sook Cho, Lily Kang
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Hyun-Hee Park, So-Yeon Ryu, Bo-Eun Kim, In-Ae Chun, Myung-Guon Kim
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Effects of Aircraft Noise on Children's Mental Health: Data from the Health Survey of Inhabitants in the Vicinity of Gunsan Airport: Kyeong Yeol Yu, Jae Beom Park, Kyoung Bok Min, Chan Lee, Hyun Gwon Kil, Yu Rim Jung, Kyung Jong Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(4):298-306. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.4.298

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of aircraft noise exposure on children's mental health problems such as depression and personality.
METHODS
We obtained data from the health examinations of school children in the vicinity of Gunsan airport. This survey was conducted in the rural area, Gunsan during 2009. The study population included 195 children attending 4th to 6th grade from 6 elementary schools near the airport. Based on 60 Weighted Equivalent Continuous Perceived Noise Level (WECPNL) measures of aircraft noise, participants were divided into 2 groups; the exposure group consisted of 106 children from 4 schools, and the reference group included 89 children from the 2 schools in Gunsan. All children completed questions on general characteristics, the Korean Children's Depression Inventory (KCDI) for depression, and the Korea Human Nature Inspection (KHNI) for personality.
RESULTS
Children in the exposure group were at higher risk of depression (5.62, 95% CI 1.12~28.25), and personality changes (2.08, 95% CI 1.07~4.05) than those of the reference group. In particular, children's diligence, cooperation, and concentration, subgroups of personality measure, were affected significantly and negatively, by aircraft noise level.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that exposure to aircraft noise at school is associated with mental health problems in children. Requirements should be implemented to manage aircraft noise of its affect on children's health.

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Influence of noise exposure on cardiocerebrovascular disease in Korea
Myoungjin Oh, Kwangsoo Shin, Kyungah Kim, Jungwoo Shin
Science of The Total Environment.2019; 651: 1867. CrossRef
Effects of APU Noise on Employees on the Ramp
Sung-Jae Park
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(7): 720. CrossRef

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Depressive Symptoms of Workplace Violence Exposed Subjects in Korea: Chang Bum Byun, Kan woo Youn, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Yunho Cho, Domyung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):314-323. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.314

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate the association between workplace violence and depression METHODS: In total, 2236 employees who were providing services at hotels, casinos and amusement halls were used in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to assess exposures to violence, which was classified into physical violence, verbal violence, sexual harassment and bullying together with jobs and sociodemographic factors. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). Those with total BDI-II score over 22 points were defined as people with depression.
RESULTS
Prevalence of depression among subjects exposed to any violence was higher than those who were not exposed to violence. After adjusting covariates, the odds ratio of depression was 2.47 (95% CI;1.13~5.39) for sexually harassed male subjects (n=72, 4.90%), 3.22 (95% CI; 1.51~6.87) for bullied male subjects (n=570, 38.83%), and 2.57 (95% CI; 1.52~4.32) for bullied female subjects (n=447, 58.20%).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that depression can be an important psychological issue to those exposed to workplace violence in Korea. First of all, acknowledgement of the problem should be made in the workplace. Exalting public awareness and transforming work ethics and culture is cardinal to making this a social rather than an individual problem.

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International Journal of Social Psychiatry.2016; 62(3): 227. CrossRef
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Taejun Yoo, Byeongjin Ye, Jung-Il Kim, Siwoo Park
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Seong-Jin Kim, Dirga Kumar Lamichhane, Shin-Goo Park, Bum-Joon Lee, So-Hyun Moon, Sung-Min Park, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim
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Eun Kyung Lee
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2015; 30(12): 1748. CrossRef
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