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- Original Article Risk of sleep disturbance associated with work-related activities during free time in South Korea: a cross-sectional study with mediation analysis
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Ohwi Kwon1
, Hye-Eun Lee2,3, Mo-Yeol Kang1,* -
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2026.38.e11 [Accepted]
Published online: March 20, 2026
1Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
3Institute of Social Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
Received: 14 January 2026 • Revised: 11 March 2026 • Accepted: 12 March 2026
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Abstract
Background
This study aims to investigate the associations between work-related activities during free time, including frequency of working during free time and use of communication devices for work during free time, and sleep disturbance. It further explores the underlying mechanisms through mediation analysis.
Methods
Data were analyzed from 21,473 participants of the seventh Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2023). Multivariable logistic regression was employed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sleep disturbance. Three sequential models were constructed to evaluate the effects of weekly working hours and shift work on sleep disturbance risk. Mediation analysis was conducted to identify pathways linking work-related activities during free time and sleep disturbance.
Results
Those who worked during their free time daily showed significantly higher risk of sleep disturbance (OR: 4.17; 95% CI: 2.64–6.58). Similarly, daily use of communication devices for work during free time was associated with an increased risk (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.57–2.13). These associations remained robust even after adjusting for weekly working hours and shift work. Mediation analysis revealed that "worry about work while at home" was the primary mediator for device use (13.7%; 95% CI: 0.11–0.18), while "feeling too tired for housework after work" was the strongest mediator for working during free time (26.6%; 95% CI: 0.22–0.32).
Conclusions
The results indicate that engaging in work-related activities during free time elevates the risk of sleep disturbance, independent of long working hours or shift patterns. Mediation analysis revealed that the strongest effects were driven by the behavioral and psychological dimensions of work–family conflict. These findings suggest that sleep disturbance arises primarily from the erosion of work–life boundaries, fueled by persistent work-related rumination and the spillover of professional burdens into free time.
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