Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Research Article

Employment and occupation effects on late-life depressive symptoms among older Koreans: a cross-sectional population survey: Hyun Park, Young Hwangbo, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Wook Han; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:22. Published online May 14, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0107-2

Background

The present study investigated the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older Koreans and identified associations between depressive symptoms and occupational factors.

Methods

Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (2010–2012) were used to analyze 7320 participants aged 55 years or older. Complex sample logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting general characteristics to determine associations between depressive symptoms and occupational factors.

Results

Among older Korean men, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the employed and the non-employed groups were 9.9 % and 13.7 %, respectively. Employment status was significantly associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for general factors (OR: 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.49–0.97). Among older Korean women, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the employed and the non-employed groups were 17.4 % and 20.3 %, respectively, but employment status was not significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Second skill level occupational groups (clerks, plant and machine operators) in particular showed significantly lower prevalence of depressive symptoms than the non-employed group of men (9.3 % vs 13.7 %). By occupation type, the odds ratios were 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.10–0.97, clerks) and 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.23–0.86, plant and machine operators) adjusting for general factors.

Conclusions

The employed group showed lower late-life depressive symptom prevalence than the non-employed group among older Korean men. In addition some second skill level occupations (clerks, plant and machine operators) were significantly associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms after adjusting for general factors in older Korean men.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association of Geriatric Depressive Symptoms and Government-Initiated Senior Employment Program: A Population-Based Study
Soyeon Park, Yeojin Kim, Sunwoo Yoon, You Jin Nam, Sunhwa Hong, Yong Hyuk Cho, Sang Joon Son, Chang Hyung Hong, Jai Sung Noh, Hyun Woong Roh
Psychiatry Investigation.2024; 21(3): 284. CrossRef
Questionnaire-free machine-learning method to predict depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults
Sri Susanty, Herdiantri Sufriyana, Emily Chia-Yu Su, Yeu-Hui Chuang, Tarik A. Rashid
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(1): e0280330. CrossRef
Prevalence of depressive symptoms and its association with social support among older adults: The Brazilian National Health Survey
Tania Bof de Andrade, Fabiola Bof de Andrade, Maria Carmen Viana
Journal of Affective Disorders.2023; 333: 468. CrossRef
Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Hunan, China: a cross-sectional study
Lulu Lu, Hongxian Shen, Liwen Tan, Qiuping Huang, Qiongni Chen, Mining Liang, Li He, Yang Zhou
BMC Psychiatry.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Urinary Incontinence and Depressive Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Physical Activity and Social Engagement
Gum-Ryeong Park, Sujeong Park, Jinho Kim, Lynn M Martire
The Journals of Gerontology: Series B.2022; 77(7): 1250. CrossRef
Impact of Demographic and Hospital Environmental Variables on Postoperative PROMIS Depression Anxiety and Anger Short form in Patients Undergone Fracture Elective Surgery
Archana Raikwar, Manish Yadav, Ajai Singh, Shobhit Yadav
Journal of Bone and Joint Diseases.2021; 36(3): 57. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors of anxiety and depression among the community-dwelling elderly in Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar
Su Myat Cho, Yu Mon Saw, Thu Nandar Saw, Thet Mon Than, Moe Khaing, Aye Thazin Khine, Tetsuyoshi Kariya, Pa Pa Soe, San Oo, Nobuyuki Hamajima
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Cognitive efficiency in late midlife is linked to lifestyle characteristics and allostatic load
Justinas Narbutas, Maxime Van Egroo, Daphne Chylinski, Pamela Villar González, Claudia Garcia Jimenez, Gabriel Besson, Pouya Ghaemmaghami, Grégory Hammad, Vincenzo Muto, Christina Schmidt, André Luxen, Eric Salmon, Pierre Maquet, Christine Bastin, Gilles
Aging.2019; 11(17): 7169. CrossRef
Paid employment and common mental disorders in 50–64-year olds: analysis of three cross-sectional nationally representative survey samples in 1993, 2000 and 2007
G. Perera, G. Di Gessa, L. M. Corna, K. Glaser, R. Stewart
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences.2019; 28(1): 88. CrossRef
The Effect of Employment and Occupational Factors on Late-Life Depression in Korea
Hyun Park, Young Hwangbo, Younghyeon Nam
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2018; 60(9): e492. CrossRef
Demographics and Health Profiles of Depressive Symptoms in Korean Older Adults
Sung Suk Chung, Kyoung Hwa Joung
Archives of Psychiatric Nursing.2017; 31(2): 164. CrossRef

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Original Article

The Effect of ALAD and VDR Polymorphism on the Hematopoietic Biomarkers in Lead Exposed Workers: Sung Soo Lee, Nam Soo Kim, Jin Ho Kim, Yong Bae Kim, Young Hwangbo, Hwa Sung Kim, Kyu Dong Ahn, Byung Kook Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(4):343-351. Published online December 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.4.343

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted with new workers who entered lead industries from 1992 to 2001 to evaluate the genetic susceptibility of ALAD (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) and VDR (vitamin D receptor) gene on health effect of lead exposure.
METHODS
Among the subjects of the database of lead industries at the Soonchunhyang University Institute of Industrial Medicine, only new workers were selected for this study. The total of eligible workers for this category was 3,540 workers, including non lead exposed workers of same lead industries. From stored blood in specimen bank of Soonchunhyang University, genotype of ALAD and VDR were measured using PCR method. Variables for this study were blood lead as an index of lead exposure, ZPP (zinc protoporphyrin in blood), urine ALA (delta-aminolevulinic acid), and hemoglobin as an index of hematopoietic effect of lead. Information on sex, job duration, and weight were collected for personal information. The data were analyzed using SAS (version 8.2) with descriptive analysis of t-test and multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
Among 3,540 new employed study subjects during period of 1992-2001, 3,204 workers (90.5%) had ALAD genotype 1-1, while 336 workers (9.5%) had variant type of ALAD (1-2 or 2-2). For VDR genotype, 2,903 workers (89.7%) out of total tested 3,238 workers were belonged to type bb and 335 workers (10.5%) were type bB or BB. The distribution of genotype of ALAD and VDR were not different according to the job duration in male workers, but were different in female workers. The effect of ALAD and VDR genotype on blood lead were positively significant in the analysis of all cumulative data of new employed workers for 10 years. The effect of VDR genotype on blood lead were stronger than that of ALAD. While the variant ALAD gene made decrease of mean ZPP and ALA in urine after controlling for blood lead and other covariate, the variant VDR gene made increased the mean ZPP and ALA in urine in all cumulative data analysis and cross sectional analysis by job duration. For hemoglobin, ALAD and VDR genotype did not affect the mean value.
CONCLUSIONS
From the above our results, we found that ALAD and VDR genotype exerted significant effect in various way. We confirmed that the finding of a cross sectional study of protective effect of variant ALAD on the effect of blood lead on blood ZPP in our retrospective study design. It was found that VDR did not exert protective effect for lead exposure as the variant ALAD did.

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Original Article

A Study on Liver Function Indices in Male Lead Workers: Young Hwangbo, Yong Bae Kim, Gap Soo Lee, Sung Soo Lee, Kyu Dong Ahn, Byung Kook Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(3):270-279. Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.3.270

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effects of lead on the liver function indices in male lead workers.
METHODS
The study comprised of 274 lead workers and 113 non-lead workers who were confirmed not to have HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface Antigen). Blood lead (PbB), blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALAU) were selected as parameters for monitoring exposure to lead while aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GTP) were chosen as parameters for monitoring liver function. Demographic information, such as age, smoking and drinking histories were collected. The duration of work for the lead workers, and their BMI(body mass index), were also obtained.
RESULTS
After adjusting for possible confounders {age, BMI, work duration, smoking (pack-year) and drinking (bottles of Soju consumed per week)}, blood lead was observed to be a significant variable from the logistic regression analysis of the abnormalities of SGOT( >35 IU/L), with an odds ratio of 1.04 (95 % CI, 1.008-1.066). The amount of alcohol drunk (odds ratio 1.28: 95 % CI, 1.054-1.549) and BMI (odds ratio 1.24: 95 % CI, 1.075-1.421) were also significant variables. From the multiple linear regression analyses, blood lead was significantly, and positively, associated with SGOT (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that exposure to lead may have an effect on SGOT in male lead workers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of Pork Consumption on Renal and Hematochemical Indices in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Unclean Environments
Chan-Kyu Han, Jeong-Hae Rho, Bog-Hieu Lee
Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources.2008; 28(1): 91. CrossRef

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Original Article

Associations between Lead Exposure and Dose and Protein Kinase C Activation in Erythrocytes Among Lead Workers: Kyu Yoon Hwang, Young Hwangbo, Hyun Cheol Ahn, Yong Bae Kim, Gap Soo Lee, Sung Soo Lee, Kyu Dong Ahn, Byung Kook Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(4):369-375. Published online December 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.4.369

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Protein kinase C(PKC), a calcium and phospholipid dependent enzyme, is activated by lead in vitro at picomolar concentrations. However, the effect of lead on PKC has never been studied in a human population. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether lead exposure was associated with PKC mediated-phosphorylation in erythrocytes among lead workers.
METHODS
Two hundred and twelve lead workers were studied. To determine the levels of phosphorylation in vivo, an in vitro back phosphorylation technique was used by adding PKC and gamma-32P to preparations of erythrocyte membranes. We measured back phosphorylations of erythrocyte membrane proteins, spectrin, and 52 kDa and 48 kDa, as an indirect measure of PKC activation in vivo.
RESULTS
The mean(SD) age and exposure duration was 39.1(10.0) years and 8.1(6.5) years, respectively. Tibial lead ranged from 0.8 to 290.8 microgram Pb/g bone mineral with a mean(SD) of 34.4(35.2) microgram Pb/g bone mineral. The means(SD) of back phosphorylation levels of the three proteins were 540.7(304.1), 198.6(78.2), and 247.7(83.3) photostimulated luminescence units(PSL), respectively, by phosphoimager. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, tibial lead and exposure duration were significantly and inversely associated with back phosphorylation levels. One unit of increase in tibial lead(1 microgram Pb/g bone mineral) is associated with a decline in spectrin, band 4.9 52 kDa, and band 4.9 48 kDa back phosphorylation levels by 1.4(P<0.05), 0.34(P<0.05), and 0.47(P<0.01), respectively. However, there were no associations between the back phosphorylation levels and either blood lead or ZPP levels.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that the PKC activity in erythrocytes is increased by chronic lead exposure and that erythrocyte membrane protein phosphorylation may be a biomarker of lead exposure.

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Original Article

The Effect of ALAD Polymorphism on the Relationship of Blood and Bone Lead with Hematologic Biomarkers in Lead Exposed Workers: Hwa Sung Kim, Sung Soo Lee, Yong Bae Kim, Young Hwangbo, Gap Soo Lee, Kyu Dong Ahn, Bong Ki Jang, Byung Kook Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(1):75-86. Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.1.75

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effect of ALAD polymorphism on the relationship of blood and bone lead with hematologic biomarkers in lead exposed workers, 450 lead exposed workers and 85 non-lead exposed workers were selected.
METHODS
Blood lead and tibia bone lead were selected as parameters of lead exposure and blood ZPP, urinary ALA (ALAU), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) were chosen as parameters of hematologic effect of lead exposure. Genotype of each subject was assayed and expressed as ALAD1 and ALAD2. Demographic information such as sex, age and personal habit of smoking and drinking were collected. Job duration of lead exposed workers was also obtained.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of the variant allele, ALAD2 in lead exposed workers was 9.6 %(43 out of 450 lead workers) which was not differed from control workers (9.4 % : 8 out of 85). The means of tibial lead and blood ZPP in lead workers with ALAD2 were lower than those of lead workers with ALAD1, but the differences were not statistically significant. After adjusting for possible confounders (sex, job duration, BMI, drinking and smoking status) only blood lead and bone lead contributed negatively to the level of hemoglobin with statistical significance without any contribution of ALAD genotype. On the other hand, no significant effect of blood lead, bone lead and ALAD genotype were observed on the level of hematocrit after controlling possible confounder. ALAD genotype in the multiple regression analysis of blood lead and bone lead with log transformed urinary ALA (LogALAU) after adjusting for possible confounders showed significant main and interaction effect on LogALAU simultaneously, which resulted lower LogALAU in lead exposed workers of ALAD2 than ALAD1. It was also observed only main effect of ALAD gene type on blood ZPP after adjusting possible confounder resulting lower ZPP in lead workers of ALAD2 than ALAD1.
CONCLUSIONS
With above results, it was found that ALAD polymorphism did not affect on the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit, but ALAD polymorphism made significant effect on the association of blood and bone lead with urinary ALA and blood ZPP. The lower urinary ALA and blood ZPP in ALAD2 lead workers suggested that ALAD2 genotype may be supportive for the protective effect of lead.

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Original Article

The Relationship between Psychosocial Distress and Lead Exposure Indices in Lead Workers: Yong Bae Kim, Hyun Cheol Ahn, Young Hwangbo, Gap Soo Lee, Kyu Yoon Hwang, Sung Soo Lee, Kyu Dong Ahn, Byung Kook Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):128-138. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.128

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to assess psychosocial distress of lead workers and to examine the relationship between lead exposure indices and psychosocial distress.
METHODS
The study design was cross-sectional and research subjects were 234 lead workers in primary smelting industry. General characteristics, job characteristics and social support were obtained by self-administered questionnaire and history taking. Psychosocial distress was measured using PWI(Psychosocial Well-being Index), a 45-item self-administered instrument. Blood lead(PbB), zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP), -aminolevulinic acid in urine(ALAU) were selected as indicators of lead exposure.
RESULTS
There was significant difference in PWI according to lead exposure level and job characteristics. The results of correlation analysis showed that PWI was significantly correlated with PbB(r=0.203, P=0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results supported the association between lead exposure and psychosocial distress. The inclusion of psychosocial distress measurement as a special health examination for lead workers was highly recommended for the effective health management.

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