Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Relationship between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety, separating the types of perpetrators: a cross-sectional study using data from the fourth and fifth Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS): Na-Rae Lee, Sang-Woo Kim, Jae-Han Joo, Jae-Han Lee, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e13. Published online June 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e13

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Work is an inseparable element of a person’s life, and violence in the workplace has various effects on individual workers and companies. While most studies have focused on specific industries, very few studies have investigated the influence of workplace violence by co-workers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety in various occupations by differentiating the perpetrators of violence as co-workers and clients.

Methods

This study was conducted based on data from the 4th and 5th Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS). The experience of workplace violence was classified in terms of the perpetrator: workplace violence by co-workers and that by clients. Work-related depression and anxiety were assessed using questions about health problems related to depression and anxiety and whether the problems were related to work. Descriptive statistics, χ² tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using the SPSS 26.0.

Results

After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, income, subjective health status) and occupational characteristics (occupation, weekly working hours, type of employment, size of workplace, and shift work), male workers with experience of workplace violence by co-workers were found to be at a higher risk of work-related depression/anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 11.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.65–15.36). The same was confirmed for female workers (OR, 10.89; 95% CI, 7.90–15.02).

Conclusions

Employees who experienced workplace violence from co-workers were found to be more vulnerable to work-related depression/anxiety. Continuous contact between the victim and the perpetrator may occur, and the possibility of a secondary assault can frighten the victim. Appropriate prevention and intervention measures that focus on the perpetrators of violence are needed.

가해자 유형별 작업장 폭력과 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성
목적
작업장 폭력은 근로환경에서 타인에게 의도적으로 상해, 사망, 정신적 손상, 발달장애 또는 결핍을 일으키는 행위나 위협을 가하는 것으로, 근로자의 신체적·정신적 건강에 부정적 영향을 미치며 기업의 생산성을 저해한다. 작업장 폭력에 대한 대다수의 연구는 특정 직종에 초점을 맞추고 있어 직장 동료에 의해 내부에서 발생하는 작업장 폭력의 영향이 잘 반영되지 않을 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 가해자 유형별 업무 관련 우울/불안의 연관성을 비교‧확인하고자 한다.
방법
제 4차 및 제 5차 근로환경조사를 바탕으로, 만 18세 이상 피고용자 55,201 명에서 작업장 폭력에 대한 경험과 그 가해자 및 업무 관련 우울/불안 유무를 분석하였다. SPSS 26.0을 통해 기술통계, 카이제곱검정 및 다중로짓회귀분석을 시행했고, 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자에서 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안이 있을 위험에 대한 Odds ratio [OR]를 구하였다.
결과
성별을 막론하여 직장 동료 혹은 고객에 의해 작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자의 경우 작업장 폭력을 경험하지 않은 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 빈도가 유의하게 높았다. 작업장 폭력을 경험한 남성 근로자에서 업무 관련 우울/불안에 대한 OR은 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 11.52 (95% Confidence interval [CI] 8.65-15.36), 고객일 경우 5.06 (95% CI 3.73-6.88)으로 나타났으며, 여성 근로자의 경우에도 마찬가지로 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우 OR 10.89 (95% CI 7.90-15.02), 고객일 경우 OR 4.94 (95% CI 3.77-6.47)로 나타났다.
결론
작업장 폭력을 경험한 근로자는 작업장 폭력 경험이 없는 근로자에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자가 직장 동료일 경우, 피해자와 가해자가 동일 작업장 내에서 지속적으로 접촉하여 폭력에 대한 반복적인 회상 또는 2차 가해 등이 이루어지기 쉬운 환경이 조성되기 때문에 고객에 의한 작업장 폭력에 비해 업무 관련 우울/불안의 위험이 더 크게 나타날 수 있다. 작업장 폭력의 가해자를 고려한 적절한 예방 및 중재 조치가 필요하며, 해당 분야에 대해 후속 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

Citations

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Research Article

Violence at work: determinants & prevalence among health care workers, northwest Ethiopia: an institutional based cross sectional study: Dawit Getachew Yenealem, Manay Kifle Woldegebriel, Ararso Tafese Olana, Tesfaye Hambisa Mekonnen; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:8. Published online April 3, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0288-6

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Workplace violence is the intentional use of power, threatened or actual, against another person or against a group, in work-related circumstances, that either results in or has a high degree of likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development, or deprivation. The aim of this study is to assess magnitude and predictors of workplace violence among healthcare workers in health facilities of Gondar city.

Methods

Institutional based cross sectional study design was employed to conduct this study. The study conducted in Gondar town from February 21 to march 21, 2016. Five hundred fifty three health care workers selected from health facilities of Gondar City administration. A stratified sampling technique was used for selecting the study subjects through simple random sampling. Data was collected by structured self administered questionnaire which is adapted from ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI after it is pretested & prepared in Amharic. The data was coded and entered in to EPI info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 software for analysis. The degree of association for variables was assessed using odds ratios with 95% confidence interval and p-value ≤0.05.

Results

The prevalence of workplace violence was found to be 58.2% with [95% confidence interval (CI): (53.7, 62.3)] in which verbal abuse 282(53.1%) followed by physical attack 117(22.0%) and 38(7.2%) sexual harassment. Working at emergency departments [AOR = 3.99,95% CI:(1.49,10.73)], working at shifts [AOR = 1.98,95%, CI: (1.28,3.03)],short experiences [AOR = 3.09,95% CI: (1.20,7.98)], being nurse or midwife [AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: (1.20,13.74)] were positively associated with workplace violence. The main sources of violence are visitors/patient relatives followed by colleagues and patients.

Conclusion

workplace violence is major public health problem across health facilities and the Ministry of Health should incorporate interventions in its different health sector development & management safety initiative.

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Research Article

Effects of work-related factors on self-reported smoking among female workers in call centers: a cross-sectional study: Young Joon Yang, Young Hoon Moon, Sang Yoon Do, Chul Gab Lee, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:4. Published online February 12, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0286-8

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study conducted to investigate work-related factors in relation to smoking among women working in call centers in Gwangju, South Korea.

Methods

From 56 call centers (7320 employees), we selected 10 and conducted a survey using a structured questionnaire by randomly selecting 10% of workers from each center. A total of 387 subjects participated in this survey We analyzed for 375 respondents, after excluding men and those with missing responses. We analyzed the relationships of work-related factors such as emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period with smoking, using multiple logistic regression analysis. Emotional labor and workplace violence were measured using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) and Korean Workplace Violence Scale (K-WVS).

Results

The prevalence of current smoking among call center female workers was 13.6%. Univariate analysis showed that “Emotional disharmony and hurt”, “Experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and co-workers” among items of K-ELS and K-WVS, working hours, annual salary correlated with smoking. After adjusting for emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period, and age, only working hours show a significant association with smoking. Women who worked 40–49 h had 3.50 times (95% CI = 1.04–11.80) and worked more than 50 h had 8.68 times (95% CI = 1.89–39.78) greater odds of smoking as compared with women who worked less than 40 h.

Conclusions

Smoking was associated with working hours among female workers in call center. However, emotional labor and workplace violence did not show significant relationships with smoking.

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Research Article

Emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms in female Bank employees: a questionnaire survey using the K-ELS and K-WVS: Guang Hwi Kim, Hee Sung Lee, Sung Won Jung, Jae Gwang Lee, June Hee Lee, Kyung Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:17. Published online March 12, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0229-9

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Background

In modern society, the scale of the service industry is continuously expanding, and the number of service workers is increasing. Correspondingly, physical and mental problems related to emotional labor are becoming a major social problem. In this study, we investigated the relationship between emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms in female bank employees, which is a typical service industry.

Methods

In this study, the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) and Korean Workplace Violence Scale (K-WVS) were distributed to 381 female workers in their 20s at a bank in Seoul, Korea. Data were obtained from 289 subjects (75.9%) and analyzed for 278 respondents, after excluding those with missing responses. We examined the relationship between emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms, using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among 278 subjects, 27 workers (9.7%) had depressive symptoms. “Emotional disharmony and hurt” (OR 2.93, 95% CI = 1.17–7.36) and “Organizational surveillance and monitoring” (OR 3.18, 95% CI = 1.29–7.86) showed a significant association with depressive symptoms. For workplace violence, the “Experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and coworkers” (OR 4.07, 95% CI = 1.58–10.50) showed a significant association. When the number of high-risk emotional labor-related factors was 1 or more, 13.1% showed depressive symptoms. When the number of high-risk workplace violence-related factors was 1 or more, 14.4% had statistically significant depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

A significant result was found for depressive symptoms related to Emotional disharmony, which is a sub-topic of emotional labor, and those at high risk for “Organizational surveillance and monitoring.” For workplace violence, depressive symptoms were high for the group at high risk for the “experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and coworkers.” In this way, management of emotional disharmony, a sub-factor of emotional labor, is necessary, and improvements to traditional corporate culture that monitors emotional labor is necessary. Violence from colleagues and supervisors in the workplace must also be reduced.

IRB Approval No. SCHUH 2017–01-029. Registered 26 January 2017. Retrospectively registered.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-018-0229-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Relationship between workplace violence and work-related depression/anxiety, separating the types of perpetrators: a cross-sectional study using data from the fourth and fifth Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS)
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Nan Tang, Louise E. Thomson
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Research Article

The relationship between emotional labor status and workplace violence among toll collectors: Yosub Joo, Jeongbae Rhie; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:34. Published online August 10, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0193-9

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

This study aimed to identify the emotional labor and workplace violence status among toll collectors by assessing and comparing the same with that in workers in other service occupation. It also aimed to analyze the relationship between emotional labor and workplace violence.

Methods

This study examined emotional labor and workplace violence status in 264 female toll collectors from August 20 to September 4, 2015. The emotional labor was assessed using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS), and a questionnaire was used to examine the presence or absence, and type and frequency of workplace violence experienced by the subjects. A linear regression analysis was also performed to analyze the relationship between workplace violence and emotional labor.

Results

The scores on “emotional demanding and regulation (p < 0.001),” “overload and conflict in customer service (p = 0.005),” “emotional disharmony and hurt (p < 0.001),” and “organizational surveillance and monitoring (p < 0.001)” among the sub-categories of emotional labor were significantly high and indicated “at-risk” levels of emotional labor in those who experienced workplace violence, whereas they were “normal” of emotional labor in those who did not. Even after being adjusted in the linear regression analysis, the emotional labor scores for the above 4 sub-categories were still significantly high in those who experienced workplace violence. On comparing the present scores with 13 other service occupations, it was found that toll collectors had the highest level in “emotional disharmony and hurt,” “organizational surveillance and monitoring,” and “organizational supportive and protective system”.

Conclusions

This study found that the toll collectors engaged in a high level of emotional labor. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between emotional labor and the experience of workplace violence among the toll collectors.

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Norah Aung, Promise Tewogbola
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Research Article

Relationship of workplace violence and perpetrators on sleep disturbance-data from the 4th Korean working conditions survey: Taejun Yoo, Byeongjin Ye, Jung-Il Kim, Siwoo Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:59. Published online October 19, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0142-z

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objective

The present study analyzed relationship of workplace violence and perpetrators of violence on sleep disturbance among wage workers in Korea.

Methods

The present study used data from the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) of 2014 in selecting a total of 25,138wage workers as the study population, which excluded those who failed or refused to respond to questions required for the present study. The workplace violence experience group included people who satisfied at least one of six relevant criteria (verbal abuse, unwanted sexual attention, threatening or humiliating behavior, physical violence, bullying/harassment, and sexual harassment) and the group was divided according to whether the perpetrator of violence was a client or colleague. Presence of sleep disturbance was determined based on subjective symptoms felt within the past 12 months by each individual. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the effects on sleep distance according to general, occupational, and psychosocial characteristics, as well as the types of workplace violence and perpetrators of violence.

Results

Workplace violence was found as a factor affecting sleep disturbance (OR = 3.773, 95 % CI = 3.058–4.655), and with respect to perpetrators of violence, complaint of sleep disturbance symptoms was higher when the perpetrator was a colleague or boss (OR = 5.688, 95 % CI 4.189–7.723) than a client (OR = 2.992, 95 % CI 2.301–3.890).

Conclusion

Workplace violence had an effect on occurrence of sleep disturbance and when the perpetrators of violence was a boss or colleague at work, the risk for symptoms such as sleep disturbance increased, which indicated the need for appropriate intervention from a workplace healthcare perspective, including preventive education of workplace violence among employees.

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Nicola Magnavita, Enrico Di Stasio, Ilaria Capitanelli, Erika Alessandra Lops, Francesco Chirico, Sergio Garbarino
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Original Article

Depressive Symptoms of Workplace Violence Exposed Subjects in Korea: Chang Bum Byun, Kan woo Youn, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Yunho Cho, Domyung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):314-323. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.314

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate the association between workplace violence and depression METHODS: In total, 2236 employees who were providing services at hotels, casinos and amusement halls were used in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to assess exposures to violence, which was classified into physical violence, verbal violence, sexual harassment and bullying together with jobs and sociodemographic factors. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). Those with total BDI-II score over 22 points were defined as people with depression.
RESULTS
Prevalence of depression among subjects exposed to any violence was higher than those who were not exposed to violence. After adjusting covariates, the odds ratio of depression was 2.47 (95% CI;1.13~5.39) for sexually harassed male subjects (n=72, 4.90%), 3.22 (95% CI; 1.51~6.87) for bullied male subjects (n=570, 38.83%), and 2.57 (95% CI; 1.52~4.32) for bullied female subjects (n=447, 58.20%).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that depression can be an important psychological issue to those exposed to workplace violence in Korea. First of all, acknowledgement of the problem should be made in the workplace. Exalting public awareness and transforming work ethics and culture is cardinal to making this a social rather than an individual problem.

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