Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

The acclimatization of Haenyeo to a cold environment and occupational characteristics evaluated by orexin and irisin levels: Inho Lee, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Jisuk Yun, Taehwan Park, Hye-Jin Lee, Eonah Choo, Jeong-Beom Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e28. Published online October 13, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e28

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Background

Haenyeo is a woman who has the job of collecting seafood in the Jeju Sea at an average temperature of 13°C–14°C. The purpose of this study was to examine the cold acclimatization and occupational characteristics of Haenyeo through biomarkers such as orexin and irisin related to heat generation in the body.

Methods

Twenty-one Haenyeo and 25 people with similar age, body type, and body mass index were selected as the control group (Control G). In the cold exposure experiment, a climate chamber was set to 5°C and both feet were immersed in a 15°C water tank for 30 minutes. Tympanic temperature (T_ty) and skin temperature (T_sk) were measured, and the mean body temperature (mT_b) was calculated. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the examination. Orexin and irisin levels were analyzed.

Results

Orexin levels were elevated after cold stimulation from 12.17 ± 4.44 to 12.95 ± 4.53 ng/mL (Haenyeo group [Haenyeo G], p < 0.01) and 10.37 ± 3.84 to 11.25 ± 4.02 ng/mL (Control G, p < 0.001). Irisin levels were elevated after cold stimulation from 4.83 ± 2.28 to 5.36 ± 2.23 ng/mL (Haenyeo G, p < 0.001) and 3.73 ± 1.59 to 4.18 ± 2.04 ng/mL (Control G, p < 0.001). The difference between Haenyeo G and Control G values in orexin and irisin appears not only in pre-exposure but also in post-exposure (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our experimental results suggest that Haenyeo G were relatively superior in cold tolerance to Control G under cold exposure conditions. Haenyeo’s cold acclimatization is due to the basic differences in pyrogens regarding body temperature control such as orexin and irisin. This means that Haenyeo are advantageous for cold survival.

해녀의 혈중 오렉신 및 이리신 수치를 통한 한랭환경 적응 및 직업적 특성에 관한 연구
목적
해녀는 산소공급장치 없이 바다에서 해산물을 채취하는 직업을 가진 여성으로 2016년 유네스코 인류무형문화유산에 '제주 해녀문화'로 등재됐다. 해녀 여성들은 제주 바다에서 평균 13~14°C의 온도에서 일하며 오랜 세월 동안 추운 환경 적응과 기후 적응의 환경 생리 반응을 발달시켰다. 본 연구의 목적은 체내 발열과 관련된 오렉신, 이리신 등의 생체지표를 통해 한랭적응시 체온유지에 사용되는 해녀의 한랭적응 및 직업적 특성을 조사하고자 하였다.
방법
해녀 21명 및 해녀와 유사한 연령과 체형, 체질량지수를 가진 25명을 선정하여 실험하였다. 한랭 부하 실험에서는 기후 챔버를 5°C로 설정하고 양발을 15°C의 물탱크에 30분간 담갔다. 고막 온도(Tty)와 피부 온도(Tsk)를 측정하고 평균 체온(mTb)을 계산하였다. 실험 전후로 혈액을 채취해 오렉신과 이리신 수치를 분석하였다.
결과
한랭 부하 실험 후 오렉신 수치는 해녀군은 12.17 ± 4.44 에서 12.95 ± 4.53 ng/mL (P < 0.01)으로, 대조군은 10.37 ± 3.84에서 11.25 ± 4.02 ng/mL(P < 0.001)으로 상승하였다. 이리신 수치도 해녀군은 4.83 ± 2.28에서 5.36 ± 2.23 ng/mL(P < 0.001)으로, 대조군은 3.73 ± 1.59에서 4.18 ± 2.04 ng/mL(P < 0.001)으로 상승하였다. 또한 실험 전 오렉신 및 이리신 수치가 대조군에 비해 해녀군에서 높았으며, 실험 후 대조군과 해녀군을 비교하였을 때에도 해녀군이 대조군에 비해 오렉신 및 이리신 수치가 유의미하게 높았음을 알 수 있다. (P < 0.05)
결론
저온 노출 조건에서 직업력 50년 이상인 해녀가 대조군에 비해 추위 내성이 높음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구에서 해녀의 한랭적응은 오렉신 및 이리신 등 발열에 관여하는 바이오마커의 기본적 차이가 존재하기 때문이라 설명된다. 따라서 해녀는 추위 생존에 있어 유리한 지위에 있다 할 것이다.

Citations

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Differential mitochondrial adaptation and FNDC5 production in brown and white adipose tissue in response to cold and obesity
Gabriela Neira, Ana Wenting Hernández‐Pardos, Sara Becerril, Beatriz Ramírez, Víctor Valentí, Rafael Moncada, Victoria Catalán, Javier Gómez‐Ambrosi, María A. Burrell, Camilo Silva, Javier Escalada, Gema Frühbeck, Amaia Rodríguez
Obesity.2024; 32(11): 2120. CrossRef

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Original Article

Radiographic hand osteoarthritis in women farmers: characteristics and risk factors: Bohyun Sim, Jaehoo Lee, Chul Gab Lee, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e10. Published online May 16, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e10

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Repetitive hand use increases the risk of hand osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to investigate characteristics of and risk factors for hand OA in Korean women farmers.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included women farmers resident in Jeollanam-do, Korea. The participants were interviewed, and radiographs were taken of both hands. Radiological hand OA was defined based on the Osteoarthritis Research Society International imaging criteria of joint space narrowing or the presence of osteophytes. The participants were divided into age groups of < 60 and ≥ 60 years. Obesity was defined as body mass index of > 25 kg/m². Annual working time was divided into < 2,000, 2,000–2,999, and ≥ 3,000 hours. Agricultural working type was divided into rice farming and field farming. Robust Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with radiographic hand OA, with adjustment for age, obesity, annual working time, and agricultural classification.

Results

A total of 310 participants with a mean age of 58.1 ± 7.6 years, were enrolled. The prevalence of radiologically confirmed OA was 49.0%, with an OA prevalence of 39.4% the interphalangeal joint in the thumb (IP1). The prevalence of OA was higher in the distal interphalangeal joint than in the proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and carpometacarpal joints. The prevalence of OA varied by age, annual working time, and agriculture type.

Conclusions

Korean women farmers have a high prevalence of OA, particularly in the IP1 joints. OA is associated with age, working hours, and agriculture type.

여성농업인에서 영상학적 손관절염의 특징과 관련인자
목적
본 연구에서는 반복적인 손사용이 많아 손관절염 위험이 높은 여성농업인에서 손관절염의 특징과 위험인자에 대하여 알아보고자 한다.
방법
본 연구에서는 반복적인 손사용이 많아 손관절염 위험이 높은 여성농업인에서 손관절염의 특징과 위험인자에 대하여 알아보고자 한다.
결과
대상자의 평균연령은 58.1세, 표준편차 7.6세 였다. 방사선학적 손관절염의 유병률은 개인수준에서 49.0%였으며, 관절별로는 엄지손가락의 지절간관절이 39.4%로 가장 높은 유병률을 나타냈다. 본 연구에서 개인수준의 방사선학적 손관절염과 관련성을 보인 요인은 나이와 작업시간이었다. 특히 엄지손가락 지절간관절의 관절염은 나이와 연간작업시간이외에도 농작업종류와도 관련성을 보여, 밭작업에서 높은 오즈비를 보였다.
결론
엄지손가락의 지절간관절이 가장 높은 유병률을 보였고, 연령이외에도 연간농작업시간, 농작업 종류와 같은 직업적 요인과의 관련성이 확인되었다.

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Effects of regional variations and occupation on hand osteoarthritis: Insights from the research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study
Ichiko Kojima, Kosuke Uehara, Toshiko Iidaka, Rie Kodama, Shigeyuki Muraki, Hiroyuki Oka, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Toru Akune, Hiroshi Hashizume, Hiroshi Yamada, Munehito Yoshida, Yutaka Morizaki, Kozo Nakamura, Sakae Tanaka, Noriko Yoshimura
Modern Rheumatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
What is the most important mechanical factor involved in trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis development? A sensitivity analysis based on biomechanical modelling
Thomas Valerio, Jean-Louis Milan, Benjamin Goislard de Monsabert, Laurent Vigouroux
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering.2024; : 1. CrossRef
Hand Osteoarthritis in Elderly Women with Primary Knee Osteoarthritis: Prevalence and Pattern in the Indian Population
Pooja Dhaon, Astha Singh, Kushal Singh, Siddharth Tiwari, Haseeb Khan
Indian Journal of Rheumatology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of susceptibility modules and hub genes of osteoarthritis by WGCNA analysis
Yanchao Wang, Wenjun Zhou, Yan Chen, Dong He, Zhen Qin, Zhao Wang, Song Liu, Lei Zhou, Jianwen Su, Chi Zhang
Frontiers in Genetics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Effects of work-related factors on self-reported smoking among female workers in call centers: a cross-sectional study: Young Joon Yang, Young Hoon Moon, Sang Yoon Do, Chul Gab Lee, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:4. Published online February 12, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0286-8

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Objectives

This study conducted to investigate work-related factors in relation to smoking among women working in call centers in Gwangju, South Korea.

Methods

From 56 call centers (7320 employees), we selected 10 and conducted a survey using a structured questionnaire by randomly selecting 10% of workers from each center. A total of 387 subjects participated in this survey We analyzed for 375 respondents, after excluding men and those with missing responses. We analyzed the relationships of work-related factors such as emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period with smoking, using multiple logistic regression analysis. Emotional labor and workplace violence were measured using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) and Korean Workplace Violence Scale (K-WVS).

Results

The prevalence of current smoking among call center female workers was 13.6%. Univariate analysis showed that “Emotional disharmony and hurt”, “Experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and co-workers” among items of K-ELS and K-WVS, working hours, annual salary correlated with smoking. After adjusting for emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period, and age, only working hours show a significant association with smoking. Women who worked 40–49 h had 3.50 times (95% CI = 1.04–11.80) and worked more than 50 h had 8.68 times (95% CI = 1.89–39.78) greater odds of smoking as compared with women who worked less than 40 h.

Conclusions

Smoking was associated with working hours among female workers in call center. However, emotional labor and workplace violence did not show significant relationships with smoking.

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Association of low employment quality with cigarette smoking, smoking initiation, and smoking cessation: A 16-year longitudinal study in South Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
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The association of emotional labor and workplace violence with health-related productivity loss
Heejoo Ko, Dohwan Kim, Seong-Sik Cho, Dong-Wook Lee, Jaesung Choi, Minseok Kim, Min Young Park, Mo-Yeol Kang
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Smoking in the workplace: A study of female call center employees in South Korea
Hyunjin Oh, Sunjoo Boo, Petri Böckerman
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Yuan Yang, Yue Li, Ying An, Yan-Jie Zhao, Ling Zhang, Teris Cheung, Brian J. Hall, Gabor S. Ungvari, Feng-Rong An, Yu-Tao Xiang
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Thyroid cancer among female workers in Korea, 2007–2015: Seonghoon Kang, Jinho Song, Taehwan Koh, One Park, Jong-Tae Park, Won-Jin Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:48. Published online July 16, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0259-3

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Background

Prevalence of thyroid cancer has been increasing rapidly worldwide, especially among women. There has been a debate as to whether such an increase represents consequences of over-diagnosis or a true increase. To find the occupational risk of Korean female workers in different industry sectors, we analyzed the data of Korean female workers.

Methods

National Female Worker Cohort data that contain information on total female workers were used for our analysis of prevalence of thyroid cancer (C73 according to KCD-5, 6 code) derived from National Health Insurance data. By combining industrial codes from National Health Insurance Service and those from Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service, the classification of industrial codes became to consist of the total of thirty three representing both non-office (NO) and office (O) categories. Both an internal comparison among female workers within the cohort and an external comparison to compare female workers with Korean general female population were carried out.

Results

Among 149,258 female workers, 2,641 cases of thyroid cancers were identified. Differences in prevalence of thyroid cancer between female workers (40.5%) and general Korean female population (32.6%) were observed; however, the differences in prevalence of thyroid cancer between NO workers and O workers were not apparent. An analysis involving workers in Financial and insurance activities sector revealed that, standardized prevalence rate (SPR) of both NO (2.96, 95% CI = 2.01–4.20) and O workers (3.68, 95% CI = 3.10–4.33) increased significantly and that an AOR (adjusted odds ratio) increased marginally (1.38, 95% CI = 0.97–1.96). Further, when stratified in respect to the duration of employment, an AOR of female workers having been employed for more than 8 years showed a significant increase (1.63, 95% CI = 1.07–2.49).

Conclusions

Female workers had a higher risk of thyroid cancer than general female population but the difference between NO workers and O workers was not found to be significant in most industrial sectors. Further studies using data with information regarding specific occupational exposures are needed.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-018-0259-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Thyroid Cancer Diagnostics Related to Occupational and Environmental Risk Factors: An Integrated Risk Assessment Approach
Gabriela Maria Berinde, Andreea Iulia Socaciu, Mihai Adrian Socaciu, Andreea Cozma, Armand Gabriel Rajnoveanu, Gabriel Emil Petre, Doina Piciu
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Won Jin Lee, Dale L. Preston, Eun Shil Cha, Seulki Ko, Hyeyeun Lim
Environmental Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between cadmium and anti-Mullerian hormone in premenopausal women at particular ages: Yu min Lee, Hye Won Chung, Kyungah Jeong, Yeon-Ah Sung, Hyejin Lee, Shinhee Ye, Eun-Hee Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:44. Published online July 9, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0255-7

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Background

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in women is secreted by granulosa cells of antral follicles. AMH appears to be a very stable marker for ovarian function. It may be used to diagnosis cases of premature ovarian failure, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and ovarian tumors. It has been suggested that cadmium exposure can reduce female fecundity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether environmental exposure to cadmium was associated with alterations in AMH with regards to age.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, the data of premenopausal women living in Seoul, ranging from 30 to 45 of age was collected. The study included a total of 283 women who completed serum AMH and whole blood cadmium assessments. Linear regression analyses were used in order to examine the association between cadmium and AMH. Given that age was the strongest confounder in both cadmium and AMH concentrations, we stratified subjects by 5 years old and analyzed their data.

Results

Geometric mean concentrations of blood cadmium and AMH were 0.97 μg/L and 3.02 ng/ml, respectively. Total association between cadmium and AMH was statistically significant (adjusted coefficient = − 0.34 (0.15), p = 0.02). After stratification, the only age group with a negative association between cadmium and AMH were the women raging between 30 and 35 years (adjusted coefficient = − 0.43 (0.18), p = 0.01).

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that environmental exposure to cadmium may alter the AMH level of premenopausal women, depending on their age group.

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Mandy S Hall, Nicole M Talge, Kristen Upson
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Research Article

The relationship between spontaneous abortion and female workers in the semiconductor industry: Heechan Kim, Ho-Jang Kwon, Jeongbae Rhie, Sinye Lim, Yun-Dan Kang, Sang-Yong Eom, Hyungryul Lim, Jun-Pyo Myong, Sangchul Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:49. Published online October 9, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0204-x

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Background

This study investigated the relationship between job type and the risk for spontaneous abortion to assess the reproductive toxicity of female workers in the semiconductor industry.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was administered to current female workers of two semiconductor manufacturing plants in Korea. We included female workers who became pregnant at least 6 months after the start of their employment with the company. The pregnancy outcomes of 2,242 female workers who experienced 4,037 pregnancies were investigated. Personnel records were used to assign the subjects to one of three groups: fabrication process workers, packaging process workers, and clerical workers. To adjust for within-person correlations between pregnancies, a generalized estimating equation was used. The logistic regression analysis was limited to the first pregnancy after joining the company to satisfy the assumption of independence among pregnancies. Moreover, we stratified the analysis by time period (pregnancy in the years prior to 2008 vs. after 2009) to reflect differences in occupational exposure based on semiconductor production periods.

Results

The risk for spontaneous abortion in female semiconductor workers was not significantly higher for fabrication and packaging process workers than for clerical workers. However, when we stratified by time period, the odds ratio for spontaneous abortion was significantly higher for packaging process workers who became pregnant prior to 2008 when compared with clerical workers (odds ratio: 2.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–4.81).

Conclusions

When examining the pregnancies of female semiconductor workers that occurred prior to 2008, packaging process workers showed a significantly higher risk for spontaneous abortions than did clerical workers. The two semiconductor production periods in our study (prior to 2008 vs. after 2009) had different automated processes, chemical exposure levels, and working environments. Thus, the conditions prior to 2008 may have increased the risk for spontaneous abortions in packaging process workers in the semiconductor industry.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-017-0204-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Research Article

Blood cadmium and volume of uterine fibroids in premenopausal women: Shinhee Ye, Hye Won Chung, Kyungah Jeong, Yeon-Ah Sung, Hyejin Lee, So Yun Park, Hyunjoo Kim, Eun-Hee Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:22. Published online June 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0178-8

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

A number of studies have found associations between heavy metals and uterine fibroids, but the results are inconsistent. Here, we conducted this research to demonstrate the relationships between blood heavy metal concentrations and uterine fibroid volume as well as the rate of uterine fibroid presence.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, we collected data from 308 premenopausal women aged 30–49 years in Seoul; uterine fibroids are ascertained by past history of myomectomy and pelvic ultrasonography. In the analytic phase, we first analyzed the presence of the fibroids and the concentrations of heavy metals via logistic regression. In subgroup analysis, we used simple and multiple linear regression analyses to examine the associations between heavy metals and uterine fibroid volume.

Results

There was no connection between the heavy metal concentrations and the presence of uterine fibroids, but the odds of women having fibroids were higher with three particular metals. In subgroup analysis, the association between blood cadmium concentrations and uterine fibroid volume was statistically significant (adjusted beta coefficient = 2.22, 95% confidential interval: 0.06–4.37). In contrast, blood mercury and lead concentrations were not significantly associated with uterine fibroid volume.

Conclusions

Our findings are the first that we know to report the association of blood cadmium concentrations with the volume of uterine fibroids. We expect that our findings will be used as evidence for supporting policies to improve premenopausal Korean women’s health.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Yaqin Yang, Meijun Pan, Wenyuan Zhu, Xukai Luo, Xuefang Liang
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Jing Pan, Pengfei Liu, Xiao Yu, Zhongming Zhang, Jinxing Liu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between the concentrations of some toxic metals and the risk of uterine fibroids among Nigerian women
Fatimoh Bukola Kareem, Mathias Abiodun Emokpae
Environmental Disease.2022; 7(4): 96. CrossRef
Prolonged Cadmium Exposure Alters Migration Dynamics and Increases Heterogeneity of Human Uterine Fibroid Cells—Insights from Time Lapse Analysis
Yitang Yan, Min Shi, Rick Fannin, Linda Yu, Jingli Liu, Lysandra Castro, Darlene Dixon
Biomedicines.2022; 10(4): 917. CrossRef
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Jelonia T. Rumph, Victoria R. Stephens, Joanie L. Martin, LaKendria K. Brown, Portia L. Thomas, Ayorinde Cooley, Kevin G. Osteen, Kaylon L. Bruner-Tran
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(3): 1257. CrossRef
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Marzenna Nasiadek, Joanna Stragierowicz, Anna Kilanowicz
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Andrea Tinelli, Marina Vinciguerra, Antonio Malvasi, Mladen Andjić, Ivana Babović, Radmila Sparić
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(3): 1066. CrossRef
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Yuqing Zhang, Yingying Lu, Huiyuan Ma, Qing Xu, Xiaoli Wu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Prolonged cadmium exposure alters benign uterine fibroid cell behavior, extracellular matrix components, and TGFB signaling
Yitang Yan, Jingli Liu, Arianna Lawrence, Michael J. Dykstra, Rick Fannin, Kevin Gerrish, Charles J. Tucker, Erica Scappini, Darlene Dixon
The FASEB Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
“Metalloestrogenic” effects of cadmium downstream of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in human uterine fibroid cells
Linda Yu, Jingli Liu, Yitang Yan, Alanna Burwell, Lysandra Castro, Min Shi, Darlene Dixon
Archives of Toxicology.2021; 95(6): 1995. CrossRef
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Abee L. Boyles, Brandiese E. Beverly, Suzanne E. Fenton, Chandra L. Jackson, Anne Marie Z. Jukic, Vicki L. Sutherland, Donna D. Baird, Gwen W. Collman, Darlene Dixon, Kelly K. Ferguson, Janet E. Hall, Elizabeth M. Martin, Thaddeus T. Schug, Alexandra J. W
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A nongenomic mechanism for “metalloestrogenic” effects of cadmium in human uterine leiomyoma cells through G protein-coupled estrogen receptor
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Archives of Toxicology.2019; 93(10): 2773. CrossRef

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Research Article

Long working hours and overweight and obesity in working adults: Byung-Mi Kim, Bo-Eun Lee, Hye-Sook Park, Young-Ju Kim, Young-Ju Suh, Jeong-youn Kim, Ji-Young Shin, Eun-Hee Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:36. Published online August 22, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0110-7

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Previous studies have identified a link between gender and the various risk factors associated with obesity. We examined obesity risk factors in working adults to identify the effects of differences in body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (PBF) between women and men.

Methods

A total of 1,120 adults agreed to participate in the study. Data from 711 participants, including 411 women and 300 men, were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of risk factors on obesity and being overweight. In addition, the least-squares (LS) means of both BMI and PBF were estimated by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in a generalized linear model.

Results

Increases in BMI and PBF were significantly related to an age > 50 years and long working hours in women after compensating for confounding factors. Using the PBF criterion, the odds ratio (OR) of being overweight or obese in women > 50 years of age who worked for > 9 h a day was 3.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–11.00). For BMI, women who were > 50 years of age and worked for > 9 h a day were 3.82 times (95% CI, 1.31–11.14) more likely to be overweight or obese than those who were < 50 years of age and worked for < 9 h a day.

Conclusion

Obesity in working adults was associated with > 50 years of age and long working hours in women. Further studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this relationship and its potential implications for the prevention and management of excess weight and obesity.

Citations

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