Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

The health effects of low blood lead level in oxidative stress as a marker, serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level, in male steelworkers: Su-Yeon Lee, Yong-Jin Lee, Young-Sun Min, Eun-Chul Jang, Soon-Chan Kwon, Inho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e34. Published online November 2, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e34

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

This study aimed to investigate the association between lead exposure and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) levels as an oxidative stress marker in male steelworkers.

Methods

Data were collected during the annual health examination of workers in 2020. A total of 1,654 steelworkers were selected, and the variables for adjustment included the workers’ general characteristics, lifestyle, and occupational characteristics. The association between the blood lead level (BLL) and serum γGT level was investigated by multiple linear and logistic regression analyses. The BLL and serum γGT values that were transformed into natural logarithms were used in multiple linear regression analysis, and the tertile of BLL was used in logistic regression analysis.

Results

The geometric mean of the participants’ BLLs and serum γGT level was 1.36 μg/dL and 27.72 IU/L, respectively. Their BLLs differed depending on age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking status, shift work, and working period, while their serum γGT levels differed depending on age, BMI, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, and working period. In multiple linear regression analysis, the difference in models 1, 2, and 3 was significant, obtaining 0.326, 0.176, and 0.172 (all: p < 0.001), respectively. In the multiple linear regression analysis stratified according to drinking status, BMI, and age, BLLs were positively associated with serum γGT levels. Regarding the logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of the third BLL tertile in models 1, 2, and 3 (for having an elevated serum γGT level within the first tertile reference) was 2.74, 1.83, and 1.81, respectively.

Conclusions

BLL was positively associated with serum γGT levels in male steelworkers even at low lead concentrations (< 5 μg/dL).

제철소 남성근로자들의 저농도 납노출이 산화스트레스 지표인 혈청 감마지티에 미치는 건강영향
목적
본 연구의 목적은 일개 제철소에 근무하는 남성 근로자들의 납 노출 수준과 산화스트레스 지표로서의 혈청 감마지티와의 연관성을 확인하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구는 2020년 시행된 근로자 건강검진 자료를 이용하였으며, 총 1,654명의 남성 근로자가 최종 연구대상으로 선정되었다. 일반적 특성, 생활양식 및 직업적 특성을 나타내는 변수를 설정하여 보정하였으며, 혈중납수준과 혈청 감마지티의 연관성을 알아보기 위해 다중선형회귀분석 및 로지스틱회귀분석을 실시하였다. 다중선형회귀분석에서는 자연로그로 변환된 혈중납 및 혈청 감마지티값을, 로지스틱회귀분석에서는 혈중납 3분위수를 이용하였다.
결과
연구대상자의 혈중납 및 혈청 감마지티의 기하평균은 각각 1.36 μg/dL, 27.72 IU/L 이었으며, 혈중납수준은 연령, 체질량지수, 흡연, 음주, 교대근무, 근무기간에 따라 차이가 있었고, 혈청 감마지티는 연령, 체질량지수, 흡연, 음주, 신체활동, 근무기간에 따라 차이를 보였다. 다중선형회귀분석에서는 모형 1,2,3 에서 혈중납수준과 혈청감마티지의 유의미한 연관성을 보여주었으며 (Model 1, β : 0.326, p < 0.001 ;Model 2, β: 0.176, p< 0.001;Model 3, β: 0.172 p< 0.001), 음주상태, 연령, 체질량지수, 음주 및 흡연 통합변수로 층화하여 분석하였을 때에도 혈중납수준과 혈청감마지티의 연관성은 유의하였다. 로지스틱회귀분석은 혈중납 3분위수와 혈청 감마지티 상승위험의 연관성을 보여주었다. (Model 1, OR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.764.28 ;Model 2, OR: 1.83, 95%CI:1.132.95 ; Model 3, OR 1.81, 95%CI:1.122.92)
결론
일개 제철소 남성근로자를 대상으로 실시된 본 연구는 혈중납 5μg/dL 이하의 저농도 노출수준에서도 혈중납 수준과 혈청 감마지티 수치가 연관성이 있음을 보여준다.

Citations

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The Association Between Blood Lead Levels and Coronary Artery Calcium Score Determined by Using Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
Eunyoung Park, Suwhan Kim, Seunghyeon Cho, Hyeonjun Kim, Inho Jung, Jai-Dong Moon, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Transnational ties with the home country matters: the moderation effect of the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-reported health among foreign workers in Korea: Yaena Song, Sou Hyun Jang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e18. Published online July 19, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e18

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Little attention has been paid to the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-rated health (SRH) among foreign workers in Korea. Transnational ties with the home country are known to be critical among immigrants, as they allow the maintenance of social networks and support. Nonetheless, as far as we know, no studies have examined the impact of transnational ties on SRH itself and the relationship between perceived discrimination and SRH, which the current study tries to examine.

Methods

Logistic regression analyses were conducted using the 2013 Survey on Living Conditions of Foreign Workers in Korea. Adult foreign workers from different Asian countries (n = 1,370) participated in this study. The dependent variable was good SRH and the independent variable was perceived discrimination. Transnational ties with the home country, as a moderating variable, was categorized into broad (i.e., contacting family members in the home country) vs. narrow types (i.e., visiting the home country).

Results

Foreign workers who perceived discrimination had a lower rate of good SRH than those who did not perceive discrimination. Broad social transnational ties moderated the relationship between perceived discrimination and SRH; narrow social transnational ties did not.

Conclusions

In line with previous studies, an association was found between perceived discrimination and SRH. Broad social transnational ties can be a good source of social support and buffer against the distress of perceived discrimination.

한국거주 외국인 노동자의 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 관계: 모국과의 초국가적 연계의 조절효과를 중심으로
목적
1990년대 이후 외국인노동자의 숫자는 한국 사회에서 점차 증가하고 있다. 여러 선행연구들에서 연구자들은 차별인식과 주관적 건강이 부(-)의 관계가 있음을 밝혔으나, 한국적 맥락에서 외국인 노동자들의 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계를 본 연구는 드물다. 최근 기술의 발전에 따라 이주민들의 모국과의 초국가적 연계(transnational ties with the home country)가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 초국가적 연계가 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계를 조절하는지에 대한 연구는 부재하여, 본 연구에서 고찰해 보고자 한다.
방법
본 연구는 2013년 체류외국인실태조사를 이용하여 1) 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계와 2) 모국과의 초국가적 연계의 조절 효과를 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 알아본다 (N=1,370). 종속변수는 양호한 주관적 건강(good self-rated health)이었으며, 독립변수는 한국에 거주하는 동안 인식한 차별(perceived discrimination) 여부이다. 조절변수로는 넓은 모국과의 초국가적 연계(모국에 있는 가족이나 친구와 연락하는 빈도)와 좁은 연계(모국 방문 빈도)로 측정되었다.
결과
한국 내에서의 차별인식과 주관적 건강은 부의 관계가 있었다. 모국에 있는 가족이나 친구와의 연락을 통한 넓은 의미의 초국가적 연계는 이 관계를 조절하였으나 모국을 방문하는 좁은 의미의 초국가적 연계는 조절 효과가 없었다.
결론
한국 내에 외국인 노동자에 대한 차별을 줄이는 노력과 더불어 외국인 노동자들이 모국에 있는 가족, 친구들과 초국가적으로 긴밀히 연결되어 이를 통해 사회적 지지를 받을 수 있도록 돕는 정책과 지원이 필요하다.

Citations

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Innocent Comrades or Blameworthy Foreigners: Transborder Ethnic Boundary Formation by South Korean Newspapers and Readers Amidst Anti‐Asian Racism in the US
Ji‐won Lee, Hyerim Jo
Sociological Inquiry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Ethnic discrimination, asking for fair treatment, and poor self-rated health: a gender stratified analysis of 13,443 Korean Chinese waged workers in South Korea
Hayoung Lee, Ji-Hwan Kim, Garin Lee, Hyelin Lee, Mita Huq, Delanjathan Devakumar, Seung-Sup Kim
International Journal for Equity in Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Association between urinary trans,trans-muconic acid and diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017): Eun Hye Yang, Do Jin Nam, Hyo Choon Lee, Soon Su Shin, Jae-Hong Ryoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e35. Published online December 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e35

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Benzene is a ubiquitous air pollutant that is well known to cause hematopoietic effects in humans including leukemia. Recently, several studies have discussed its non-carcinogenic effects such as diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the association between diabetes and urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), one of benzene metabolite, using adult data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017).

Methods

This study analyzed 3,777 adults (1,645 men and 2,132 women) from the KoNEHS cycle 3 (2015–2017). The distribution and fraction of each independent variable were presented separately according to the urinary benzene metabolite levels (t,t-MA quartiles) and diabetes to determine the general characteristics of the subjects. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression after stratification by gender and smoking status to identify the association between urinary t,t-MA and diabetes.

Results

Compared with the first quartile (reference), the risk of diabetes significantly increased above the 4th (1.834 [1.107–3.039]) quartile in men and above the 3rd (1.826 [1.095–3.044]) and 4th (2.243 [1.332–3.776]) quartiles in women after adjustment. Stratified analysis based on smoking revealed that the ORs for the 3rd (1.847 [1.146–2.976]) and 4th (1.862 [1.136–3.052]) quartiles in non-smokers and those for the 2nd (1.721 [1.046–2.832]), 3rd (1.797 [1.059–3.050]), and 4th (2.546 [1.509–4.293]) quartiles in smokers were significantly higher.

Conclusions

We confirmed that urinary t,t-MA is significantly associated with diabetes regardless of gender and smoking status. And further studies are necessary to access the clinical impacts of this findings.

소변 내 뮤콘산 농도와 당뇨의 연관성 : 제 3기 국민환경보건기초조사(2015-2017)를 이용한 단면연구
목적
본 연구는 일반인구집단을 대상으로 환경적인 벤젠 노출과 당뇨와의 연관성을 알아보기 위해 제 3기 국민환경보건기초조사 성인 데이터를 이용하여 벤젠 대사물질 중 하나인 소변 내 뮤콘산의 농도와 당뇨와의 관계를 알아보았다.
방법
제 3기 국민환경보건기초조사 성인 3,777명(남성 1,645명, 여성 2,132명)을 분석하였다. 대상자의 일반적인 특성을 확인하기 위해 각 독립변수의 분포 및 분율을 소변 내 뮤콘산 농도(사분위수)와 당뇨유무에 따라 제시하였다. 소변 내 뮤콘산 농도와 당뇨와의 연관성을 알아보기 위해 성별과 흡연으로 각각 층화 후 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 오즈비를 구하였다.
결과
보정 후, 남성은 제 4사분위 구간 1.834(1.106-3.039), 여성은 제 3사분위 구간 1.825(1.095-3.044), 제 4사분위 구간 2.241(1.331-3.773)에서 오즈비가 유의하게 증가하였으며, 소변 내 뮤콘산 농도가 증가할수록 당뇨위험이 증가하는 경향성을 보였다. 흡연으로 층화 후 분석한 결과 비흡연자의 경우 제 3분위수 1.847(1.146-2.976), 제 4분위수 1.861(1.135-3.050), 흡연자의 경우 제 2분위수 1.721(1.046-2.832), 제 3분위수 1.796(1.058-3.048), 제 4분위수 2.544(1.509-4.291)가 보정 후 통계적으로 유의하였다.
결론
본 연구에서 벤젠 대사체인 소변 내 뮤콘산 농도가 성별과 흡연 상태에 관계없이 당뇨와 유의하게 관련이 있다는 것을 확인하였으며, 추후 환경적인 벤젠 노출에 대한 당뇨 연관성에 대하여 연구가 필요하다.

Citations

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Association Between Benzene and Other Volatile Organic Compounds Exposure and Diabetes Mellitus Among Korean Adults: Findings from the Nationwide Biomonitoring Data
Seong-Uk Baek, Minseo Choi, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Exposure and Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Distribution of volatile organic compounds by distance from industrial complexes and potential health impact on the residents
A Ram Kim, Jin-Hee Bang, Sunghee Lee, Chang Sun Sim, Yangho Kim, Jiho Lee
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2024; : 1. CrossRef
Association of Urinary Benzene Metabolite and the Ratio of Triglycerides to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2018–2020)
Seungju Baek, Eunjung Park, Eun Young Park
Toxics.2023; 11(12): 985. CrossRef
Exploration of an Area with High Concentrations of Particulate Matter and Biomonitoring Survey of Volatile Organic Compounds among the Residents
Hyunji Ju, Seungho Lee, Jae-Hee Min, Yong-Sik Hwang, Young-Seoub Hong
Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2023; 49(6): 344. CrossRef
Association of metabolites of benzene and toluene with lipid profiles in Korean adults: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2015–2017)
Soon Su Shin, Eun Hye Yang, Hyo Choon Lee, Seong Ho Moon, Jae-Hong Ryoo
BMC Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Review

A work-relatedness assessment in epidemiological case investigation of occupational cancers: II. Practice: an upper urinary tract cancer in a dyer: Kihun Kim, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e31. Published online September 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e31

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: An epidemiological case investigation of occupational cancer is conducted to determine the causation between the cancer and the worker's job. This review describes the overall process of work-relatedness assessment of the epidemiological case investigation through a case of upper urinary tract cancer (UUTC) in benzidine exposed worker in dyeing industry. Medical referrals, occupational history, material safety data sheet, and working environment monitoring submitted by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service were reviewed. We further investigated literatures about the cotton dyeing industry, the domestic law and working environment monitoring reports. Benzidine was listed as an International Agency for Research on Cancer risk factor only for bladder cancer among urinary tract cancers, requiring different logical grounds for establishing causation. A literature review was conducted on the metabolic pathways of benzidine to establish biological plausibility. In addition, several papers were investigated that UUTC and bladder cancer share risk factors to extrapolate the epidemiological studies of bladder cancer. Epidemiologic studies of benzidine and bladder cancer were investigated. The worker is a 71-year-old man and performed dyeing and transporting at several dyeing factories for 29 years. The worker was diagnosed with UUTC based on radiologic and histologic results. It was critical to consider that he worked as a dyer for 3 years. The cancer was diagnosed in 2018, with a latent period of approximately 35 years. The worker performed cotton dyeing, and benzidine-based dye was mainly used. The quantitative exposure level of benzidine was reported from non-detection to 397.4 µg/m³. In biological metabolisms, N-acetylhydroxylamine changes DNA structure of urothelium. As a result of reviewing 4 epidemiological studies, the standardized incidence ratio and standardized mortality ratio were significantly high with 3 years of exposure. Work-relatedness was finally assessed as probable based on biological mechanisms and epidemiological evidence. This review will help solutions for work-relatedness assessment processes.

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Research Article

Relationship between shift work and liver enzymes: a cross-sectional study based on the Korea National Health and Examination Survey (2007–2015): Hyeongyeong Choi, Hyun-Jeong Oh, Ji-Su Shin, MyeongSeob Lim, Sung-Kyung Kim, Hee-Tae Kang, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e15. Published online July 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e15

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Shift work has well-known adverse effects on health. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between shift work and hepatic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the association between shift work and abnormal level of liver enzymes.

Methods

The aggregated data from the 2007–2009, 2010–2012, and 2013–2015 cycles of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for this study. The χ² test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to assess relationship between shift work and abnormal level of liver enzymes stratified by gender.

Results

The odds ratio (OR) of abnormal serum level of alanine aminotransferase (abnormal ALT) in female shift workers was higher with 1.31 (95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.71) compared with day workers after adjusting for covariates. After dividing into subgroups of the shift work pattern, the ORs of abnormal liver enzymes for each pattern compared with day work were not significantly higher.

Conclusions

This study provides limited support for the hypothesis that shift work is related to liver enzyme abnormalities, but offers some evidence in favor of the idea that shift work affects female workers more than males on abnormal ALT. Further studies are needed to define the relationship between shift work and abnormal liver enzymes to be carried out as well as the gender difference in the association.

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Ahmad Soltanzadeh, Meysam Eyvazlou, Mostafa Mohammad-ghasemi, Mansoureh Sadeghi-Yarandi, Monireh Rahimkhani, Neda Ghasemi, Mojdeh Bonyadi, Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Isabel Silva, Daniela Costa
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Shift work and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease incidence among Chinese rail workers: a 4-year longitudinal cohort study
Jiahui Xu, Shu Ni, Yuming Wang, Mengfan Yan, Xueli Yang, Han Ge, Zizhuo Jia, Ze Yang, Anqi Shan, Huanyu Liu, Nai-jun Tang
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2023; 96(1): 179. CrossRef
Correlation between shift work and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among male workers in the steel manufacturing company of Korea: a cross-sectional study
Kiseok Kim, Yong-Jin Lee, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Hyun Kyo Lee, Gwangin Baek, Sang Hyeon Kim, Eun-Chul Jang
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between long working hours and liver enzymes: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2017
Ji-Hun Song, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Dong-Wook Lee, Jeehee Min, Yu Min Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase in employees of a German chemical company: results of a large cross-sectional study
Matthias Claus, Christoph Antoni, Bernd Hofmann
BMC Gastroenterology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between shift work and age-related macular degeneration: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012)
Kibeom Kim, Seongyong Yoon, Jinseok Kim, Kuck-Hyun Woo, Seong-yong Cho, Ha-ram Jo
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Female non-smokers’ environmental tobacco smoking exposure by public transportation mode: Seyoung Kim, Jin-Soo Park, Minkyu Park, Yeji Kim, Sinye Lim, Hye-Eun Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:24. Published online April 19, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0239-7

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

This study aimed to analyze environmental tobacco smoking exposure in female nonsmokers by public transportation mode using representative data of Koreans.

Methods

Data from the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014) were analyzed. Urine cotinine was analyzed by public transport behavior, secondhand smoke exposure, socioeconomic factors, and health-related factors. Participants were 1322 adult females; those with the top 75% urine cotinine concentrations were assigned to the high exposure group. A logistic regression analysis was performed considering appropriate weights and stratification according to the sample design of the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey.

Results

The geometric mean of urine cotinine concentrations differed according to public transportation modes: subway (1.66 μg/g creatinine) bus (1.77 μg/g creatinine), and taxi (1.94 μg/g creatinine). The odds ratio [OR] was calculated for the high exposure group. The OR of the taxi (2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–5.69) was statistically significantly higher than the subway value (reference), and marginally significant after adjusted with life style, sociodemographic factors and involuntary smoking frequency (2.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.97–6.04).

Conclusions

The odds ratio of passengers who mainly used taxis was marginally significantly higher than those of passengers who used subways and buses after adjusted with life style and sociodemographic factors. Implementation of supplementary measures and further studies on exposure to environmental tobacco smoking in taxis are warranted.

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Changes in urinary cotinine concentrations in non-smoking adults from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) II (2012–2014) after implementation of partial smoke-free regulations
Jeonghoon Kim, Kiyoung Lee
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2020; 224: 113419. CrossRef

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Research Article

Risks of borderline liver enzyme abnormalities to the incidence of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus: a 7 year follow up study of workers: Jin-Hyun Yu, Jin-Seok Kim, Mee-Ra Lee, Seong-Yong Yoon, Seong-Yong Cho, Seung-Hyun Yoo, Boo-Il Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:18. Published online April 7, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0105-4

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The aim of this study was to identify the relationships between borderline serum liver enzyme abnormalities and the incidence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes mellitus (DM) during a 7-year follow-up of workers, and to evaluate the quantitative level of risks.

Methods

A total of 749 workers in an electronics manufacturing company were divided into the normal fasting blood glucose (n = 633), IFG (n = 98), and DM (n = 18) groups, according to the results of their health checkup in 2006. Among 633 workers in the normal group, excluding 55 workers who were impossible to follow, incidence rate and relative risks of 578 workers to the IFG or DM in 2013 according to the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GTP) were investigated. The liver enzyme levels were categorized as A (normal), B (borderline elevation), and R (definite elevation) following the standard of the National Health Insurance Service of Korea.

Results

The incidence rate of IFG or DM based on ALT level was 9.7 % for the A, 30.0 % for B, and 15.4 % for R. According to γ-GTP, the incidence rate was 9.8 % for A, 34.5 % for B, and 25.0 % for R. The relative risk(RR) to the incidence of IFG or DM depending on the level of ALT were 3.09 in B and 1.59 in R compared to A. According to γ-GTP, RR was 3.52 in B and 2.55 in R compared to A. AST level was not related to the incidence of IFG or DM. A multiple logistic regression analysis with the incidence of IFG or DM as a dependent variable resulted in an odds ratio of 2.664(1.214–5.849) for B level ALT, 3.685(1.405–9.667) for B level of γ-GTP even after adjustment for other variables such as age, sex, body mass index, AUDIT score, systolic blood pressure, and triglyceride.

Conclusions

Even borderline elevations of ALT and γ-GTP, but not AST, increased the incidence and risk of IFG or DM after 7 years. Borderline elevation of ALT and γ-GTP was identified as an independent risk factor of IFG or DM.

Citations

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Considering serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels together strengthen the prediction of impaired fasting glucose risk: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study
Ji Hye Jeong, Susie Jung, Kyu-Nam Kim
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of liver enzymes levels with fasting plasma glucose levels in Southern China: a cross-sectional study
Ling-Ling Huang, Dong-Hui Guo, Hui-Yan Xu, Song-Tao Tang, Xiao Xiao Wang, Yong-Ping Jin, Peixi Wang
BMJ Open.2019; 9(10): e025524. CrossRef
Statin use and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients at high risk: A nationwide nested case-control study
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Research Article

Association between long working hours and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels in female workers: data from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2011): Seung-Gwon Park, Yong-Jin Lee, Jung-Oh Ham, Eun-Chul Jang, Seong-Woo Kim, Hyun Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:40. Published online December 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0040-1

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The present study investigated the association between long working hours and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels, a factor influencing the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Methods

Data from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2011) were used to analyze 1,809 women. Subjects were divided into three groups based on the number of weekly working hours: ≤29, 30–51, and ≥52 hours per week. Complex samples logistic regression was performed after adjusting for general and occupational factors to determine the association between long working hours and high serum GGT levels.

Results

The prevalence of high serum GGT levels in groups with ≤29, 30–51, and ≥52 working hours per week was 22.0%, 16.9%, and 26.6%, respectively. Even after adjusting for general and occupational factors, those working 30–51 hours per week had the lowest prevalence of high serum GGT levels. Compared to those working 30–51 hours per week, the odds ratios (OR) of having high serum GGT levels in the groups with ≥52 and ≤29 working hours per week were 1.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–2.23) and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.05–2.24), respectively.

Conclusions

Long working hours were significantly associated with high serum GGT levels in Korean women.

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Review

Manganese Neurotoxicity: a Focus on Glutamate Transporters: Pratap Karki, Eunsook Lee, Michael Aschner; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:4-4. Published online May 21, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-4

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that is required in trace amount for normal growth, development as well maintenance of proper function and regulation of numerous cellular and biochemical reactions. Yet, excessive Mn brain accumulation upon chronic exposure to occupational or environmental sources of this metal may lead to a neurodegenerative disorder known as manganism, which shares similar symptoms with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). In recent years, Mn exposure has gained public health interest for two primary reasons: continuous increased usage of Mn in various industries, and experimental findings on its toxicity, linking it to a number of neurological disorders. Since the first report on manganism nearly two centuries ago, there have been substantial advances in the understanding of mechanisms associated with Mn-induced neurotoxicity. This review will briefly highlight various aspects of Mn neurotoxicity with a focus on the role of astrocytic glutamate transporters in triggering its pathophysiology.

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Original Article

Urinary Hippuric Acid and trans,trans-Muconic Acid Levels According to Commuting Mode and Duration, Residential Environment, and Intake of Preservative-Added Foods and Beverages in University Students: Kyoung Mee Kim, Sang Yong Eom, Dong Hyuk Yim, Sun In Moon, Yong Dae Kim, Heon Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):61-71. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.61

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Automobile exhaust gases contain benzene and toluene, which are excreted in human urine as trans,trans-muconic acid and hippuric acid, respectively. Sorbic acid and benzoic acid, used as food preservatives, are also metabolized into trans,trans-muconic acid and hippuric acid in the human body. The purpose of this study is to estimate the level of benzene and toluene exposure according to the commuting mode and duration, residential environment, and preservative-added foods intake in university students who are not occupationally exposed to benzene or toluene.
METHODS
Spot urine samples were collected from 211 university students who had no occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds. Information about their smoking history, residence type, traffic environments, commuting mode and duration, and their intake of bottled or canned food or beverages was gathered through a self-administered questionnaire. Urinary concentrations of trans,trans-muconic acid and hippuric acid were measured and statistically correlated to the individual's life style factors.
RESULTS
There was no significant difference in the urinary concentrations of trans,trans-muconic acid or hippuric acid according to the smoking history. Mean urinary concentration of hippuric acid in females was higher than that found in males. Subjects living in districts with a population density of 1,000~4,999 people/km2 showed the highest urinary hippuric acid level; individuals living in cities of 5,000~9,999 people/km2 population density were next. The mean urinary trans,trans-muconic acid concentration was higher in students who were living where traffic jams are common compared to those who did not, and in subjects whose residence were within 149 m from a 4-lane road compared to those whose residence was not. However, neither mode nor duration of the commute showed any effect on the urinary trans,trans-muconic acid or hippuric acid concentrations of the students. Urinary hippuric acid levels increased when consuming canned fruit or canned coffee, and urinary trans,trans-muconic acid levels increased when consuming fruit juices or pickled radishes.
CONCLUSIONS
The inhalation of vehicle exhaust and the ingestion of canned or pickled food may increase urinary hippuric acid and trans,trans-muconic acid levels in individuals who are not occupationally exposed to benzene or toluene.

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Comparative Analysis of Heavy Metal Exposure Concentrations and Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites among Residents in the Affected Area According to Residential Distance from a Coal-fired Power Plant
Jee Hyun Rho, Byoung-Gwon Kim, Jung-Yeon Kwon, Hyunji Ju, Na-Young Kim, Hyoun Ju Lim, Seungho Lee, Byeng-Chul Yu, Suejin Kim, Young-Seoub Hong
Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2024; 50(1): 25. CrossRef
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Seungju Baek, Eunjung Park, Eun Young Park
Toxics.2023; 11(12): 985. CrossRef
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Kyungsook Woo, Heejin Park, Tackshin Kang, Geunbae Kim, Junmin Jeon, Bongki Jang, Jongwha Lee, Busoon Son
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(1): 104. CrossRef

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Original Article

Relationship Between Urinary t, t-muconic Acid and Insulin Resistance in the Elderly: Hyun Seung Park, Jeong Cheol Seo, Jin Hee Kim, Sang Hyuk Bae, Youn Hee Lim, Soo Hun Cho, Yun Chul Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(4):387-396. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.4.387

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To examine the associations between the urinary t, t-muconic acid (t, t-MA) concentration and three indices of insulin resistance; namely, the homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, blood insulin level and fasting glucose level.
METHODS
A panel study was performed on the elderly at a public health care center population in the northern area of Seoul between 2008 and 2010. The participants were 560 elderly, over 60 years of age whose urinary t, t-MA and insulin resistance indices had been measured; questionnaires were completed by these participants. A generalized linear mixed (GLM) analysis was adjusted for age, sex, drinking, urinary cotinine, exercise, vitamin intake and body mass index, at a significance level of p<0.05.
RESULTS
A total of 411 participants were finally analyzed after excluding those with diabetes and only one visit to the public health care center. Higher urinary t, t-MA concentrations were linearly associated with the HOMA-IR index, blood insulin level and fasting glucose level in the simple and fully adjusted GLM models. Although there were few limitations, a portion of insulin resistance was proven to be explained by exposure to benzene using r-squared. A significant relationship was also observed between urinary t, t-MA and malondialdehyde (MDA) using the same GLM models.
CONCLUSIONS
Urinary t, t-MA is related to the development of insulin resistance which is a key factor for development of diabetes and its complications induced by oxidative stress.

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Exploration of an Area with High Concentrations of Particulate Matter and Biomonitoring Survey of Volatile Organic Compounds among the Residents
Hyunji Ju, Seungho Lee, Jae-Hee Min, Yong-Sik Hwang, Young-Seoub Hong
Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2023; 49(6): 344. CrossRef
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Eun Hye Yang, Do Jin Nam, Hyo Choon Lee, Soon Su Shin, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

The Clinical Importance of an Increase in Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase Concentration: Joo Youn Shin, Yong Kyu Kim, Shin Goo Park, Jee Na Lee, Hwan Chul Kim, Jong Han Leem, Yun Chul Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):1-9. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.1

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Incresed gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration has mainly been used as a biologic marker of alcohol drinking and liver diseases. However, some recent reports have suggested that serum GGT concentration may be an early biomarker of oxidative stress and associated with chronic diseases like hypertension, DM, hyperlipidemia, CHD, stroke etc. In this study, we analysed the factors associated with increased serum GGT level and evaluated the clinical application of serum GGT in predicting the risk of chronic diseases.
METHODS
The data were collected from 15,546 periodic health examinations, 9,660 males and 5,886 females, done at one university hospital from 2001 to 2003. We analysed self-questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory data. Statistical analyses(t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis) were done by SPSS for windows 10.0.
RESULTS
Mean serum GGT levels were quite different according to age, sex, BMI, smoking and alcohol drinking (all P-value < 0.001), but were not different by regular vitamin intake or not (P-value=0.117). There was significant correlation between serum GGT level and the variables (of age, BMI, blood pressure, Hb, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, AST and ALT) (all P-value < 0.001). In sex-specific multiple regression analysis, increased serum GGT level was significantly associated with age, alcohol drinking, smoking, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and ALT in males (all P-value < 0.001), and with age, alcohol drinking, smoking, Hb, blood pressure, total cholesterol and ALT in females (all P-value < 0.05). In sex-specific logistic regression analysis, increased serum GGT level was significantly associated with risk of 'clinical abnormalities'. This risk increased about 13-fold in males and 4.6-fold in females for serum GGT level over the third quatile, compared with under the first quartile.
CONCLUSIONS
Serum GGT level is increased not only by alcohol drinking or liver diseases, but also by many other factors associated with chronic diseases and behavioral factors. Thus many factors should be considered in evaluating an increase in GGT level, even when within the upper normal range. Serum GGT level may be a predictor for the early development of chronic diseases.

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The Association of Central Obesity with Type 2 Diabetes among Koreans according to the Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Level: Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Ji-Yeon Shin, Jun-Hyun Hwang, Jin-Young Jeong, Sung-Hi Kim, Jai-Dong Moon, Sang-Chul Roh, Young-Wook Kim, Yangho Kim, Jong-Han Leem, Young-Su Ju, Young-Seoub Hong, Eun-Hee Ha, Yong-Hwan Lee, Duk-Hee Lee, Dong-Hyun Kim
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2009; 42(6): 386. CrossRef

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Original Article

Identification of Plasma Coagulation Factor XIII, Transglutaminase 3 and N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine cross-Link in the Silicotic Nodule by Immunohistochemistry: You Mie Kim, Young Jin Kim, Soo Young Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(2):173-180. Published online June 30, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.2.173

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to examine the immunohistochemical distribution of TGase 1, 2, 3, coagulation factor XIII and N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine cross-link in the silicotic nodules formed after an intratracheal instillation of the silica.
METHODS
The immunohistochemical examinations used antibodies against TGase 1, 2, 3, coagulation factor XIII and N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine isopeptide in the silicotic nodules induced after an intratracheal instillation of 50 mg of size fractionated, crystalline silica.
RESULTS
A high level of TGase 3 was related to the severity of fibrosis in silicotic nodules and extracellular coagulation factor XIII was detected around the nodules. Expressions of both membrane-bound TGase 1 and TGase 2 were barely detected in the nodules although high expressions were detected in the intact lung. Formation of N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine cross-links was increased in severe fibrotic nodules.
CONCLUSIONS
TGase 3 might contribute to the eventual stone-like fibrosis via formation of N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine cross-links. Futhermore, coagulation factor XIII plays a role in the formation of a provisional matrix which results in fibrogenesis during silicotic nodule formation.

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Original Article

Effect of Commuting Time on Male Worker's Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase Level: Sang hoon Kim, Jee Na Lee, Yun Chul Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(4):418-425. Published online December 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.4.418

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Alcohol drinking, obesity, and reduced physical activity are commonly related to oxidative stress, which induces plasma membrane-bound protein damage in hepatic cells and elevates serum gamma-GTP. We have a hypothesis that a long commuting time may induce oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between commuting time and serum gamma-GTP level.
METHODS
Questionnaires were administered to 717 male workers who had worked at Kimpo airport until the year 2000,and had then moved to Incheon airport and were working there in 2002. The questionnaire included items concerning commuting time, sleeping time and alcohol consumption. Physical examination and laboratory data were also collected.
RESULTS
Serum gamma-GTP level was significantly and positively correlated with commuting time, body mass index, systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, glucose, total cholesterol, AST, ALT and alcohol consumption. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that serum gamma-GTP level is significantly associated with commuting time, after considering the other covariates.
CONCLUSIONS
Commuting time is one of the factors that affects serum gamma-GTP level in male workers.

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Original Article

Autoproliferation of Fibroblast by Exposure to Crystalline Silica - Evaluation by H2O2 and PDGF-AA and TGF beta: Byoung Young Ahn, Kyoung Ah Kim, Je Hyeok Mun, Jin Sook Jeong, Eun Kyung Kim, Young Lim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):209-217. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.209

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to find out the activity of autoproliferation of ratfibroblast exposed to crystalline silica and the role of mediators secreted from rat fibroblast.
METHODS
The effect of alpha-quartz on production of growth factor (platelet-derived growth factor-AA and transforming growth factor beta)from rat fibroblasts were evaluated by ELISA and immunocytochemical analysis. Gene expression of these growth factors in rat fibrobast exposed to crystalline silica was evaluated by RT-PCR. Furthermore, fibroblast proliferation by culture supernatant of rat fibroblast was assayed by the neutral red test.
RESULTS
The amounts of H2O2 and growth factors synthesized in rat fibroblasts were significantly increased by the stimulation of crystalline silica(alpha-quartz), which showed the dose-dependent manner to the concentration of alpha-quartz with the maximum response at the dosage of 100 microgram/cm2. The result of RT-PCR demonstrated that alpha-quartz induced gene expression of PDGF-AA and TGFbeta in rat fibroblast. We also found that supernatant of alpha-quartz-cocultured rat fibroblast induced a significant proliferation of fibroblast.
CONCLUSION
Crystalline silica directly induce functional change in fibroblast such as increased release of reactive oxygen species and growth factors. The products of these functional change promote fibroblast proliferation via autocrine loop.

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Original Article

Reactive Oxygen Species Generation of Refractory Ceramic Fiber and Rock Wool-Induced Alveolar Macrophage and Associated Signal Transduction Pathway: Eun Kyung Kim, Kyoung Ah Kim, Young Lim, Kyung Sook Yang, Hyun Sook Oh, Kweon Haeng Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(4):527-533. Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.4.527

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
It is known that the high fibrogenecity of particles is connected with their cytotoxicity for macrophages. Although the molecular mechanism leading to fiber-induced fiber-induced cytotoxicity is still not clear, several mechanism have been suggested. The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from activated alveolar macrophages (AM) by dust have been suggested as a possible mechanism of particle-induced cell damage. But the mechanism which man-made vitreous fiber (MMVF) induces the production of ROS in AM is still not clear. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between ROS production and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from alveolar treated with refractory ceramic fiber (RF2) or rock wool (RW1) and signal transduction path-way of ROS production in RF2 or RW1 exposed AM.
METHODS
We investigated LDH release from MMVF-stimulated AM for index of cytotoxicity. To determine what kind of signal transduction pathways are involved in MMVF-stimulated ROS generation, we used some drugs which have an effect on the signal transduction pathway.
RESULTS
RF2 and RW1 induced increase of LDH release with dose-dependent manner with RF2 having greater effect than RW1. There was a dose-dependent increase in the production of ROS by RF2 or RW1. At all level of concentration,. RF2 induced more ROS production than RW1. Inhibitors of PKC (bisindolylmaleimide), PLC (U73122 and neomycine) and PTK (genistein and erbstatin) suppressed RF2 or RW1-induced ROS production.
CONCLUSION
There was significant correlation between LDH release and ROS production from AM treated with RF2 or RW1. RF2 and RW1 induced ROS generation through protein kinase C (PKC), phospholipase C (PLC) and protein tyrosin kinase (PTK) pathways.

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