Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Articles

Effects of a supportive workplace environment on the success rate for smoking cessation camp: Woojin Kim, A Ram Kim, Minsu Ock, Young-Jee Jeon, Heun Lee, Daehwan Kim, Minjun Kim, Cheolin Yoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e48. Published online November 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e48

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
This study was conducted to identify the success rate for smoking cessation over time after participation in a therapeutic smoking cessation camp, and to identify how participant characteristics, including a supportive workplace environment for smoking cessation (SWESC), affect the success rate for smoking cessation.
Methods
In all, 296 participants at smoking cessation camps in Ulsan between 2015 and 2020 were investigated. The success rates of smoking cessation after weeks 4, 6, 12, and 24 at camp were investigated. The participants were grouped as workers with an SWESC, and workers without an SWESC, and variables (age, education, household income, marital status, drinking, exercise, body mass index, morbidity, job, number of counseling sessions, cigarettes smoked per day and smoking initiation age) were investigated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted at each time point. In addition, Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the variables affecting the success rate for smoking cessation over time.
Results
The smoking cessation success rate of workers with an SWESC at week 24 (90.7%) was higher than that for workers without an SWESC (60.5%). Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the relationship between each variable and the success rates for smoking cessation at week 6, 12, and 24. SWESC was confirmed as significant (p < 0.05) variables for increased success rate for smoking cessation at all 3 time points. After adjusting for all variables, the Cox proportional hazards survival analysis showed a hazard ratio of 6.17 for SWESC (p < 0.001,; 95% confidence interval: 3.08–12.38).
Conclusions
At a professional treatment smoking cessation camp, participants with an SWESC showed a significantly higher success rate for smoking cessation. Supportive workplace environment for workers’ health is expected to be an important factor for smoking cessation projects as well as other health promotion projects at workplace.; 직장의 금연에 대한 지지적 환경이 전문 치료형 금연 캠프의 금연성공률에 미치는 영향
목적
본 연구는 울산에서 진행된 전문 치료형 금연 캠프에 참가한 후 시간 경과에 따른 금연 성공률을 알아보고, 직장의 금연에 대한 지지적 환경 (SWESC: supportive workplace environment for smoking cessation)을 포함한 각 참가자의 특성이 금연 성공률에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 실시되었다.
방법
2015-2020년 울산 지역 금연 캠프 참가자 455명을 대상으로 자가 보고, 호기 일산화탄소, 소변 코티닌 수치를 이용하여 캠프 후 4주, 6주, 12주, 24주차 금연 성공률을 조사하였다. 캠프 참가자를 SWESC가 있는 근로자 및 SWESC가 없는 근로자로 분류하여 각 집단에서 변수 (연령, 교육 수준, 가계 소득, 배우자 유무, 음주, 운동, 체질량지수, 현병력, 직업, 상담 횟수, 하루 흡연량, 흡연 시작 연령)들의 비율을 알아보았고, 시점별 금연 성공률을 집계하였다. 변수와 금연 성공의 관계를 알아보기 위해 각 시점에서 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 시간 경과에 따른 금연 성공률에 영향을 미치는 변수를 평가하기 위해 Cox 생존 분석을 시행하였다.
결과
SWESC가 있는 근로자의 24주 금연 성공률 (90.7%)은 SWE가 없는 근로자 (60.5%)보다 높았다. 캠프 후 6주, 12주, 24주째 금연성공률과 변수에 대하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 실시한 결과, 세 시점에서 모두 금연에 유의한 (p < 0.05) 변수는 SWESC로 나타났다. 모든 변수를 조정하여 Cox 비례 위험 생존 분석을 실시한 결과 SWESC의 위험비는 6.17 ( 95% 신뢰구간: 3.08-12.38)였다.
결론
금연 캠프 참가자 중 SWESC가 있는 참가자는 금연 성공률이 유의하게 높았다. 근로자의 건강에 대한 지지적인 직장 환경은 금연 사업 등 보건 사업의 성공에 중요한 요인이 될 것으로 예상된다.

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Maternal working hours and smoking and drinking in adolescent children: based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI and VII: Tae-Hwi Park, Yong-Duk Ahn, Jeong-Bae Rhie; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e25. Published online August 12, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e25

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Adolescent smoking and drinking are influenced by parental supervision. This study aimed to investigate the gap in adolescent smoking and drinking experience rates and age at initiation according to maternal working hours.

Methods

Data from 1,580 adolescents aged 12–18 years and 1,172 working mothers of double-parent or single-mother households were selected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI & VII data. Figures on adolescents' smoking and drinking rates and their ages at imitation were used. Maternal working hours were divided into < 40 hours, 40–52 hours, and > 52 hours to analyze whether smoking and drinking experience rates and age at initiation differ according to maternal working hours and by the child's sex. Maternal age, education level, household income, occupation, shift work, current smoking status, monthly drinking frequency and child's obesity, stress recognition and depressive mood were adjusted for in the statistical analyses.

Results

The odds for adolescents' smoking behavior were significantly higher with increasing maternal working hours in boys but not in girls. The odds for adolescents' drinking behavior were not significantly higher in both boys and girls. Regardless of the child's sex, there were no significant differences in the age of smoking and drinking initiation according to maternal working hours.

Conclusions

Adolescents of mothers who work long hours are at a higher risk of being exposed to smoking. Thus, our society needs to share the burden of raising children, which is concentrated on women, and employers and governments should support policies that can help prevent long working hours.

어머니의 근로시간에 따른 청소년 자녀의 음주 및 흡연 경험율과 시작 연령 차이 : 제 6, 7기(2013-2018) 국민건강영양조사(Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) 자료를 바탕으로
목적
청소년의 흡연이나 음주는 부모의 감독에 영향을 받는다고 알려져 있다. 이 연구는 어머니의 근로시간에 따라서 청소년의 흡연 및 음주 경험율과 시작 연령에 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위해 수행되었다.
방법
국민건강영양조사 제6, 7기(KNHANES VI & VII)의 자료에서 만 12-18세의 청소년이고, 어머니가 직업이 있으며, 가족 구성이 ‘부부의 자녀’ 혹은 ‘편모의 자녀’ 인 경우를 선별하여 총 1,580명의 자녀와 1,172명의 어머니를 대상자로 선정하였다. 설문 문항을 통해 청소년 자녀의 흡연, 음주 경험과 첫 시작 연령을 조사하였다. 어머니의 근로시간은 40시간 미만, 40-52시간, 52시간 초과로 구분하여 자녀의 성별에 따라 흡연 및 음주 경험율, 시작 연령에 차이가 있는지를 알아보았다. 통계분석시 어머니의 연령, 학력, 가구소득, 교대근무 여부, 현재 흡연 여부, 월간 음주율, 자녀의 비만, 우울감, 스트레스 여부를 보정하였다.
결과
어머니의 근로시간이 증가할수록 자녀가 흡연을 경험할 오즈비가 아들은 유의미하게 높았고, 딸은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 음주를 경험할 오즈비는 아들과 딸 모두에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 성별에 관계없이 어머니의 근로시간에 따른 자녀의 흡연, 음주 시작연령은 유의미한 차이가 없었다.
결론
장시간 근로를 하는 어머니를 둔 아들은 흡연을 경험할 위험성이 더 높다. 따라서 우리 사회는 여성에게 집중된 자녀 양육의 부담을 분담해야 하며, 고용주와 정부는 장시간 노동을 방지할 수 있는 정책을 지원해야 한다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Children’s health affected by parent’s behavioral characteristics: a review
Sung Eun Kim, Jongin Lee
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2024; 67(5): 232. CrossRef

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Research Articles

Association between nicotine dependency with occupational injury in Korean men: Sung Wook Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Ji Ho Kim, Min Sun Kim, Youna Won, Hyeonwoo Ju, Hyung Doo Kim, Go Choi, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e14. Published online May 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e14

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

The relationship between smoking status or second-hand smoking and occupational injuries has been the subject of considerable study, but few have studied the relationship between nicotine dependence and occupational injuries. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between nicotine dependence and occupational injury among employees at a range of Korean companies.

Methods

Initially, the personal and occupational characteristics and nicotine dependences of workers were measured, and 12 months later a survey was used to determine whether subjects had experienced any occupational injury. This study was conducted in several workplaces on 6,893 male workers in manufacturing and service industries that received health screening at Inha University Hospital in Incheon.

Results

The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of occupational injury in the low, moderate, and high nicotine dependence groups were 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.84), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.10–2.10), and 1.71 (95% CI: 0.92–3.19), respectively. For smokers only, adjusted ORs tended to increase linearly (p for trend < 0.05). When only smokers were included, analysis of continuous FTND (Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence) scores showed that adjusted OR increased by 1.10 (95% CI: 1.03–1.19) per FTND point. After stratifying the data by working type and working hours per week, the non-shift work group maintained this relationship (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04–1.24) and OR was higher in the group that works more than 60 hours per week with FTND score as a continuous variable (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.07–1.44).

Conclusions

The study shows nicotine dependency might affect occupational injury. From a short-term perspective, addressing worker's nicotine dependence by giving an adequate break time or smoking area might reduce work-related injuries.

Citations

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Changes in the Health Indicators of Hospital Medical Residents During the Four-Year Training Period in Korea
Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Impacts of presenteeism on work-related injury absence and disease absence
Youna Won, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jiho Kim, Minsun Kim, Seong-Cheol Yang, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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The relationship between working hours and the intention to quit smoking in male office workers: data from the 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2017): Eui Hyek Choi, Dae Hwan Kim, Ji Young Ryu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e13. Published online May 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e13

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Background

The intention to quit smoking is one of the most important factors in smoking cessation. Long working hours is also a constant issue, and many studies have shown an association between the working hours and diseases, including cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. This study evaluated the relationship between working hours and the intention to quit smoking among Korean male office workers, and blue collar workers for comparison.

Methods

This study was based on the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2017). A total of 1,389 male workers were smokers, and then office workers and blue collar workers were selected. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for the intention to quit smoking according to smoking-related characteristics and working hours after adjusting for age group, body mass index (kg/m²), marital status, household income (quartile), educational level, drinking, exercise, smoking-related characteristics (smoking initiation age, smoking amount, and attempt to quit smoking more than 1day in the past year) and working hours.

Results

The percentage of workers who had the intention to quit smoking in 6 months was higher in office workers (38.9% for office workers and 29.4% for blue collars, p = 0.017). Blue collar workers had higher percentages of workers who worked more than 52 hours per week (19.8% for office workers and 38.9% for blue collar workers, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that working > 52 hours per week was significantly associated with a lower intention to quit smoking within 6 months among male office workers (OR = 0.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.14–0.66).

Conclusions

Working more than 52 hours per week was positively related with a lower intention to quit smoking among currently smoking male office workers. Further studies are needed considering more work-related variables such as job stress and physical load.

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Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Psychiatry Research.2023; 326: 115325. CrossRef
Association between long working hours and cigarette smoking, leisure-time physical activity, and risky alcohol use: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2023; 175: 107691. CrossRef
Association between job satisfaction and current smoking and change in smoking behavior: a 16‐year longitudinal study in South Korea
Seong‐Uk Baek, Won‐Tae Lee, Min‐Seok Kim, Myeong‐Hun Lim, Jin‐Ha Yoon, Jong‐Uk Won
Addiction.2023; 118(11): 2118. CrossRef
Psychiatric symptoms and intentions to quit smoking: How regularity and volume of cigarette consumption moderate the relationship
Xiaochen Yang, Lanchao Zhang, Hao Lin, Haoxiang Lin, Wangnan Cao, Chun Chang
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2023; 21(June): 1. CrossRef
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Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Validity assessment of self-reported smoking status in firefighters using the urine cotinine test: Han Cheol Heo, Young Seok Byun, Soo Ho Sohn, Seong Min Jo, Sung Kyu Park, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e2. Published online January 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e2

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Background

In firefighters, smoking management is important because they are exposed to various harmful substances in their occupational environment. Accurate surveys of smoking status are essential to control tobacco use. The main disadvantage of self-report questionnaires, which are commonly used for investigating smoking status, is the possibility that the subjects' response are invalid. If the validity of firefighters' answers on smoking questionnaires is not adequate, different methods will be needed for investigating smoking status in firefighters.

Methods

This study was conducted on 445 male firefighters from 9 fire stations in Daegu (the city in South Korea) who visited a medical institution for medical checkup in 2016. The urine cotinine test strip (DCT-102; CLIAwaived Inc., cut-off value = 200 ng/mL) was used to classify the actual smoking status and to assess the validity of self-reported smoking status on questionnaires. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the smoking questionnaires were analyzed. Subjects testing positive in the urine cotinine test (assumed the actual current smokers) were selected. The frequency at which actual current smokers were misclassified as current non-smokers by the questionnaire was calculated. Subjects' characteristics were analyzed for possible association with any discrepancy between self-reported smoking status and urine cotinine test results.

Results

The smoking rates among firefighters surveyed using the smoking questionnaire and the urine cotinine test were 22.47% and 51.24%, respectively. Of the all subjects, 29.66% (n = 132) were misclassified. The sensitivity of the smoking questionnaire was 42.98%, the specificity was 99.08%, the PPV was 98.00%, and the NPV was 62.32%. In the 228 subjects classified as current actual smokers by the urine cotinine test, 57.02% (n = 130) were misclassified on the questionnaire. The misclassification rate increased with age. The degree of misclassification also increased when subjects had a history of disease.

Conclusions

In present study, the validity of the smoking questionnaire for firefighters was not suitable for investigating smoking status due to low sensitivity. To increase the validity of smoking status monitoring in firefighters, consideration of the various factors like survey environment, subjects' characteristics, and occupational factors is needed.

Citations

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Se-Won Lee, Jun-Young Heu, Ju-Yeong Kim, Jinyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 679. CrossRef
Smoking Prevalence and Factors Associated with False Reporting in Korean Adolescents: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2020)
Seong Jun Park, Yoo Bin Seo, Jungun Lee, Seung Hee Kim, Chung Hwan Kim
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2022; 12(5): 375. CrossRef
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Biban Gill, Philip Britz-McKibbin
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Effects of work-related factors on self-reported smoking among female workers in call centers: a cross-sectional study: Young Joon Yang, Young Hoon Moon, Sang Yoon Do, Chul Gab Lee, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:4. Published online February 12, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0286-8

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Objectives

This study conducted to investigate work-related factors in relation to smoking among women working in call centers in Gwangju, South Korea.

Methods

From 56 call centers (7320 employees), we selected 10 and conducted a survey using a structured questionnaire by randomly selecting 10% of workers from each center. A total of 387 subjects participated in this survey We analyzed for 375 respondents, after excluding men and those with missing responses. We analyzed the relationships of work-related factors such as emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period with smoking, using multiple logistic regression analysis. Emotional labor and workplace violence were measured using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) and Korean Workplace Violence Scale (K-WVS).

Results

The prevalence of current smoking among call center female workers was 13.6%. Univariate analysis showed that “Emotional disharmony and hurt”, “Experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and co-workers” among items of K-ELS and K-WVS, working hours, annual salary correlated with smoking. After adjusting for emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period, and age, only working hours show a significant association with smoking. Women who worked 40–49 h had 3.50 times (95% CI = 1.04–11.80) and worked more than 50 h had 8.68 times (95% CI = 1.89–39.78) greater odds of smoking as compared with women who worked less than 40 h.

Conclusions

Smoking was associated with working hours among female workers in call center. However, emotional labor and workplace violence did not show significant relationships with smoking.

Citations

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Smoking in the workplace: A study of female call center employees in South Korea
Hyunjin Oh, Sunjoo Boo, Petri Böckerman
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(7): e0267685. CrossRef
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Yuan Yang, Yue Li, Ying An, Yan-Jie Zhao, Ling Zhang, Teris Cheung, Brian J. Hall, Gabor S. Ungvari, Feng-Rong An, Yu-Tao Xiang
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Second hand smoke exposure in workplace by job status and occupations: Hyunhee Park, Sung-il Cho, Changhun Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:3. Published online January 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0282-z

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Background

The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) during working hours by job status and occupation.

Methods

Using the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), 49,674 respondents who answered the question about SHS were studied. A chi-square test was carried out to determine whether there is a significant different in SHS exposure frequency by general and occupational characteristics and experience of discrimination at work and logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the risk level of SHS exposure by variables.

Results

In this study, we found that male workers in their 40s and 50s, workers employed in workplaces with fewer than 50 employees, daily workers, and people working outdoors had a higher rate of exposure to SHS than the others. The top five occupations with the highest SHS exposure were construction and mining-related occupations, metal core-makers-related trade occupations, wood and furniture, musical instrument, and signboard-related trade occupations, transport and machine-related trade occupations, transport and leisure services occupations. The least five exposed occupations were public and enterprise senior officers, legal and administrative professions, education professionals, and health, social welfare, and religion-related occupations.

Conclusion

Tobacco smoke is a significant occupational hazard. Smoking ban policy in the workplace can be a very effective way to reduce the SHS exposure rate in the workplace and can be more effective if specifically designed by the job status and various occupations.

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Nicotine and Tobacco Research.2024; 26(6): 669. CrossRef
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(17): 9284. CrossRef
Self-reported secondhand smoke exposure following the adoption of a national smoke-free policy in Poland: analysis of serial, cross-sectional, representative surveys, 2009–2019
Mateusz Jankowski, Vaughan Rees, Wojciech Stefan Zgliczyński, Dorota Kaleta, Mariusz Gujski, Jarosław Pinkas
BMJ Open.2020; 10(9): e039918. CrossRef

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Female non-smokers’ environmental tobacco smoking exposure by public transportation mode: Seyoung Kim, Jin-Soo Park, Minkyu Park, Yeji Kim, Sinye Lim, Hye-Eun Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:24. Published online April 19, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0239-7

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Background

This study aimed to analyze environmental tobacco smoking exposure in female nonsmokers by public transportation mode using representative data of Koreans.

Methods

Data from the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014) were analyzed. Urine cotinine was analyzed by public transport behavior, secondhand smoke exposure, socioeconomic factors, and health-related factors. Participants were 1322 adult females; those with the top 75% urine cotinine concentrations were assigned to the high exposure group. A logistic regression analysis was performed considering appropriate weights and stratification according to the sample design of the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey.

Results

The geometric mean of urine cotinine concentrations differed according to public transportation modes: subway (1.66 μg/g creatinine) bus (1.77 μg/g creatinine), and taxi (1.94 μg/g creatinine). The odds ratio [OR] was calculated for the high exposure group. The OR of the taxi (2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–5.69) was statistically significantly higher than the subway value (reference), and marginally significant after adjusted with life style, sociodemographic factors and involuntary smoking frequency (2.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.97–6.04).

Conclusions

The odds ratio of passengers who mainly used taxis was marginally significantly higher than those of passengers who used subways and buses after adjusted with life style and sociodemographic factors. Implementation of supplementary measures and further studies on exposure to environmental tobacco smoking in taxis are warranted.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Changes in urinary cotinine concentrations in non-smoking adults from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) II (2012–2014) after implementation of partial smoke-free regulations
Jeonghoon Kim, Kiyoung Lee
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2020; 224: 113419. CrossRef

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A study on the relationship between job stress and nicotine dependence in Korean workers: Seung Rak Son, Byeong Moo Choe, Seong Hwan Kim, Young Seoub Hong, Byoung Gwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:27. Published online June 10, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0113-4

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Background

Nicotine dependence and its severity are often determined by individuals’ psychosocial factors.This study purposed to analyze how Korean workers’ job stress is related with their nicotine dependence according to demographic and occupational characteristics in order to reduce smoking related to job stress and to establish objective indicators to be used in developing adequate smoking cessation strategies.

Methods

The subjects of this study were 4,639 workers who replied to the questionnaire survey. In addition, 1,948 current smokers were separated from non-smokers and ex-smokers, and the relationship between job stress and nicotine dependence was analyzed with the current smoker group. Nicotine dependence was tested using Fagerström’s Test of Nicotine Dependence, and stress was measured using a questionnaire on subjective stress felt by workers in their daily life and the short form of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale.

Results

The smoking rate was 54.1 % among men and 2.5 % among women. Nicotine dependence was significantly different according to interpersonal conflict, organization system and lack of reward (p < 0.05). As multivariate logistic analysis, job control, occupational climate and total stress score were statistical significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Job stress was found to be related with smoking status and nicotine dependence. Based on this result, it is suggested to enhance workers’ welfare for health promotion in workplace by improving their working environment in order to reduce job stress and consequently to decrease the smoking rate.

Citations

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Review

Attributable risk of lung cancer deaths due to indoor radon exposure: Si-Heon Kim, Won Ju Hwang, Jeong-Sook Cho, Dae Ryong Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:8. Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0093-4

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Exposure to radon gas is the second most common cause of lung cancer after smoking. A large number of studies have reported that exposure to indoor radon, even at low concentrations, is associated with lung cancer in the general population. This paper reviewed studies from several countries to assess the attributable risk (AR) of lung cancer death due to indoor radon exposure and the effect of radon mitigation thereon. Worldwide, 3–20 % of all lung cancer deaths are likely caused by indoor radon exposure. These values tend to be higher in countries reporting high radon concentrations, which can depend on the estimation method. The estimated number of lung cancer deaths due to radon exposure in several countries varied from 150 to 40,477 annually. In general, the percent ARs were higher among never-smokers than among ever-smokers, whereas much more lung cancer deaths attributable to radon occurred among ever-smokers because of the higher rate of lung cancers among smokers. Regardless of smoking status, the proportion of lung cancer deaths induced by radon was slightly higher among females than males. However, after stratifying populations according to smoking status, the percent ARs were similar between genders. If all homes with radon above 100 Bq/m³ were effectively remediated, studies in Germany and Canada found that 302 and 1704 lung cancer deaths could be prevented each year, respectively. These estimates, however, are subject to varying degrees of uncertainty related to the weakness of the models used and a number of factors influencing indoor radon concentrations.

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Research Articles

Relationship between Work Hours and Smoking Behaviors in Korean Male Wage Workers: Sung-Mi Jang, Eun-hee Ha, Hyesook Park, Eunjeong Kim, Kyunghee Jung-Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:35-35. Published online November 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-35

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purposes of this study are 1) to measure the prevalence of smoking according to weekly work hours by using data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS), and 2) to explain the cause of high smoking prevalence among those with short or long work hours by relative explanatory fraction.

Methods

Data from a total of 2,044 male subjects who responded to the questionnaire in the 10th year (2007) and 11th year (2008) of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study were used for analysis. Current smoking, smoking cessation, continuous smoking, start of smoking, weekly work hours, occupational characteristics, sociodemographic and work-related factors, and health behavior-related variables were analyzed. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to study the relationship between weekly work hours and smoking behaviors in terms of the prevalence ratio.

Results

The 2008 age-adjusted smoking prevalence was 64.9% in the short work hours group, 54.7% in the reference work hours group, and 60.6% in the long work hours group. The smoking prevalence of the short work hours group was 1.39 times higher than that of the reference work hours group (95% confidence interval of 1.17-1.65), and this was explained by demographic variables and occupational characteristics. The smoking prevalence of the long work hours group was 1.11 times higher than that of the reference work hours group when the age was standardized (95% confidence interval of 1.03-1.19). This was explained by demographic variables. No independent effects of short or long work hours were found when the variables were adjusted.

Conclusion

Any intervention program to decrease the smoking prevalence in the short work hours group must take into account employment type, job satisfaction, and work-related factors.

Citations

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Relationship of cigarette smoking and hearing loss in workers exposed to occupational noise: Joo Hyun Sung, Chang Sun Sim, Choong-Ryeol Lee, Cheol-In Yoo, Hun Lee, Yangho Kim, Jiho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:8-8. Published online July 3, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-8

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

To investigate the effects of smoking on hearing loss among workers exposed to occupational noise.

Methods

From the results of a special workers health examination performed in 2011, we enrolled 8,543 subjects exposed to occupational noise and reviewed the findings. Using self-reported questionnaires and health examination results, we collected data on age, smoking status, disease status, height, weight, and biochemistry and pure tone audiometry findings. We divided the workers into 3 groups according to smoking status (non-smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker). Current smokers (n = 3,593) were divided into 4 groups according to smoking amount (0.05–9.9, 10–19.9, 20–29.9, ≥30 pack-years). We analyzed the data to compare hearing thresholds between smoking statuses using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling for confounder effects.

Results

According to ANCOVA, the hearing thresholds of current smokers at 2 k, 3 k, and 4 kHz were significantly higher than that of the other groups. Multiple logistic regression for smoking status (reference: non-smokers) showed that the adjusted odds ratios of current smokers were 1.291 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.055–1.580), 1.180 (95% CI: 1.007–1.383), 1.295 (95% CI: 1.125–1.491), and 1.321 (95% CI: 1.157–1.507) at 1 k, 2 k, 3 k, and 4 kHz, respectively. Based on smoking amount, the adjusted odds ratios were 1.562 (95% CI: 1.013–2.408) and 1.643 (95% CI: 1.023–2.640) for the 10–19.9 and ≥30 pack-years group, respectively, at 1 kHz (reference: 0.05–9.9 pack-years). At 2 kHz, the adjusted odds ratios were increased statistically significantly with smoking amount for all groups. At all frequencies tested, the hearing thresholds of noise-exposed workers were significantly influenced by current smoking, in particular, the increase of hearing loss at low frequencies according to smoking amount was more prevalent.

Conclusions

Current smoking significantly influenced hearing loss at all frequencies in workers exposed to occupational noise, and heavier smoking influenced low-frequency hearing loss more greatly. There was a dose–response relationship between smoking amount and low-frequency hearing thresholds; however, this was not observed for high-frequency hearing thresholds. Therefore, well-designed prospective studies are needed to clarify the effects of smoking on the degree of hearing loss.

Citations

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ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT.2024; : 49. CrossRef
Association of Smoke and Nicotine Product Consumption With Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Population-Level Analysis
Marwin Li, Natalie M. Perlov, Jena Patel, Dev Amin, Ayan Kumar, Zachary D. Urdang, Thomas O. Willcox, Rebecca C. Chiffer
Otology & Neurotology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Reza Shokoohi, Mohammad Khazaei, Manoochehr Karami, Abdolmotaleb Seidmohammadi, Nima Berijani, Hassan Khotanlou, Zahra Torkshavand
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2021; 211: 111939. CrossRef
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T I N Prihatini, N P Adi, S Wibowo
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Original Articles

The Relationship between Job Stress and the Will to Cease Tobacco Smoking for Small and Medium Scale Industry Male workers: Seung Jun Lee, Shin Goo Park, Hwan Cheol Kim, Dong Hoon Lee, Gi Woong Kim, Jong Han Leem, Seong Hwan Jeon, Yong Seok Heo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):33-39. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.33

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between job stress and the willingness of male workers in small and medium scale industry to cease smoking.
METHODS
A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to assess each respondent's socio-demographics, job stress, and the will to cease smoking. A KOSS (Korean Occupational Stress Scale)- based questionnaire survey was conducted which targeted 4,435 male workers at 69 small and medium scale industries. 2,840 men returned these questionnaires with 1,663 of them being smokers. We analyzed 1,345 of the smoker returns. We estimated the relationship between the will to cease smoking and the employee job stress factors using logistic regression analyses.
RESULTS
After adjusting for education, exercise, and tobacco use per day, the logistic regression analysis revealed a significantly positive association with the will to cease smoking and job stress. The odds ratios regarding insufficient job control were at 1.69 (95% CI, 1.26~2.27), organizational system at 1.37 (95% CI, 1.03~1.82), and lack of reward at 1.37 (95% CI, 1.03~1.82).
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicated that job stress may play a significant role in the will to cease smoking. Further preventive efforts and studies are needed in order to reduce job stress.

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Effects of a Worksite-Based Self-Management Program in Traditional Retail Market Workers: Longitudinal Associations with Metabolic Parameters
Yeon-Ha Kim, Seong-Yong Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(5): 2854. CrossRef
The Impact of Job Stress on Smoking and Cessation of Hospital Male Employee
JunHyung Lee, Eon Sook Lee, Dong Jun Kim, Seon Young Kweon
Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2016; 7(1): 19. CrossRef
Factors related to Suicide Ideation among Middle School Students
Hyun-Suk Yoon, Kwon-Suk Ahn, Young-Chae Cho
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(3): 2047. CrossRef
Relationship between Job Stress and Smoking Behaviors among Small Scale Manufacturing Male Workers
Eun-Sook Shin, Young-Chae Cho
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(12): 8509. CrossRef

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Lung Function in Workers at Small Foundries: Se Yeong Kim, Jung Il Kim, Ji Hyeon Jung, Suk Hwan Choi, Kap Yeol Jung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(3):317-323. Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.3.317

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated lung function in workers exposed to dusts, fumes and noxious gases at small foundries.
METHODS
Lung function was measured in 148 male workers from 12 small foundries and 202 unexposed male workers. Pulmonary function tests performed included: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), percent of FEV1/FVC (FEV1/FVC%), maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory flow at 25, 50, and 75% of expired FVC (FEF25, 50, 75).
RESULTS
Mean values of all ventilatory indices except FEF25 of foundry workers were significantly lower than those of controls. Specifically, following stratification by smoking habits, all ventilatory indices except FEF25 of foundry workers were significantly lower than those of controls who smoked; however, there were no significant differences observed in any ventilatory indices between nonsmoking exposed workers and controls. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated work duration as a significant predictor of a decrease in FVC%.
CONCLUSIONS
This research indicates that combined occupational exposure to dust, fumes, and gases in small foundries is associated with a reduction in lung function. Smoking may also contribute to respiratory abnormalities. These results suggested that foundry workers should be required to undergo periodic lung function tests and-in addition to not smoking, efficient use of personal protection equipment while at work is recommended.

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Cause-Specific Mortality Due to Malignant and Non-Malignant Disease in Korean Foundry Workers
Jin-Ha Yoon, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Suminori Akiba
PLoS ONE.2014; 9(2): e88264. CrossRef
Pulmonary function decline in firefighters and non-firefighters in South Korea
Ju-Hwan Choi, Jae-Hong Shin, Mi-Young Lee, In-Sung Chung
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014;[Epub] CrossRef

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The Effects of Smoking and Drinking on Blood Lead and Cadmium Levels: Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Boram Lee, Jaehyeok Ha; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):31-41. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.31

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of smoking and drinking on blood lead and cadmium levels based on a dose-response relationship in the general Korean adult population.
METHODS
The study population consisted of 1,901 Koreans, who took part in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in which blood lead and cadmium levels were measured. Geometric mean concentrations and their 95% confidence intervals of metals in blood were estimated by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors.
RESULTS
We observed a statistically significant dose-response relationship with daily smoking amount/alcohol intake and blood lead/cadmium levels. While daily smoking amount was more consistent with blood cadmium level (0.1-0.2 microg/L per 5 cigarettes), blood lead concentrations were higher as daily alcohol intake increased (0.1-0.2 microg/dL per 10 gram of alcohol).
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings clearly support a relationship between daily smoking amount/alcohol intake and blood lead/cadmium levels, suggesting an additional reason towards efforts to reduce smoking and drinking habits.

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A Study on the Association between Blood Lead Levels and Habitual Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Koreans with No Occupational Lead Exposure: Ji Ung Park, Se Won Oh, Seung Hyun Kim, Yang Hyun Kim, Ryoung Jin Park, Jai Dong Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(3):165-173. Published online September 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.3.165

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to estimate the normal blood lead (PbB) levels in a group of Korean subjects and to evaluate the association between PbB levels and habitual tobacco and alcohol use.
METHODS
We recruited 532 adults (320 males and 212 females) with no history of occupational exposure to lead, as study subjects.
RESULTS
PbB levels ranged between 0.43 microgram/dl and 9.45 microgram/dl. The adjusted geometric mean PbB in men was 3.19 microgram/dl, which was significantly higher than that seen in women: 2.66 microgram/dl (P=0.017). Geometric mean PbBs were not significantly different between urban and rural patients. The adjusted geometric mean PbB in smokers was 3.31 microgram/dl, which was significantly higher than that seen in nonsmokers: 2.64 microgram/dl (P=0.035). The adjusted geometric mean PbB in drinkers was 3.10 microgram/dl, which was significantly higher than that seen in non-drinkers: 2.75 microgram/dl (P=0.049).
CONCLUSIONS
The PbB levels of some Korean adults seem to be comparable to those seen in foreign countries. Our results suggest that tobacco and alcohol cessation will be helpful in decreasing the harmful effect of lead.

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The Change of Non-smoking Knowledge and Attitude of Intensive Course of Anti-smoking Leadership Training: Seon Young Lee, Kang Sook Lee, Hyun Woo Yim, Jeong Ho Chae, Dae Jin Kim, Jong Hoo Lee, Jae Hee Yu, Sook Kyoung Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(3):171-178. Published online September 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.3.171

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effectiveness of an anti-smoking readership training program on the knowledge, attitude and practice in health managers and supervisors in the workplace.
METHODS
We surveyed 482 health managers and supervisors in the workplace from April 2005 to September 2005. The questionnaire included whether or not a smoking cessation program was conducted in their workplace. We assessed before and after educations program about knowledge, attitude and practice for smoking cessation. The 10-hour education program included the benefit of quit smoking, the law for smoking restriction, cognitive therapy, stress management, nicotine addiction, replacement therapy, case study about workplace for anti-smoking policy and program.
RESULTS
For the change in the mean scores of all items in knowledge, attitude and practice were significantly increased after the intervention.
CONCLUSION
Even a short, 10-hour intervention course of anti-smoking leadership training program was effective for improving the knowledge, attitude, practice to quit smoking activity in workplace. Nevertheless, the program effectiveness would be increased by including a re-training course and website support.

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Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Symptoms of Municipal Fire Officers in Busan.: Sung Hoon Kim, Jung Won Kim, Jong Eun Kim, Byung Chul Son, Jeong Ho Kim, Chang Hee Lee, Sang Hwan Jang, Chae Kwan Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(2):103-111. Published online June 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.2.103

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between respiratory disorders and fire exposure by investigating and analyzing the lung function and respiratory symptoms of firefighters.
METHODS
The health effects of firefighting on respiratory function were investigated in 699 male fire officers in 4 fire departments in Busan by recording respiratory symptoms and measuring lung function. The data were analysed according to fire exposure and smoking habits.
RESULTS
Mean spirometric data showed significantly decreased levels in the fire-exposed group (FVC, -0.20 L; FVC%, -4.2%; FEV(1) -0.21 L; FEV(1)%, -5.1%; FEF25%, -0.13 L/SEE p<0.05). After stratification by smoking habits, FVC and FEV(1) showed a significant difference between groups. The prevalence of spirometric abnormality was greater for the fire-exposed group than for the non-exposed group. Significantly higher prevalences of nasal stiffness (16.7% vs. 10.9%), sore throat (17.7% vs.14.2%) and chest tightness (6.5% vs. 2.5%) were recorded in firefighters compared to controls (p<0.05). However, after stratification by smoking habits, the 3 symptoms were showed only marginal differences in the smoking group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated that fire-exposed firefighters generally suffer a decline of lung function and a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms. These results suggest that the exposure to routine firefighting activity is associated with adverse health effects to the respiratory system.

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Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and the metabolites in Workers using Coal tar Paints: Eun A Kim, Jong Tae Lee, Eun Hye Kwon, Jong Seong Lee, Yong Hack Lee, Hyun Seok Kwag, Seong Bong Choi, Iu Jin Lee, Jae Hoon Shin, Kwang Jin Shim, Sang Hwa Urm, Sung Jun Kim, Hae Sook Shon, Jin Ho Chun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(3):161-172. Published online September 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.3.161

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the exposure levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP) were surveyed among the workers using coal tar paint.
METHOD
The study subjects for the exposed group were 107 male coal tar workers in 10 factories, and for the comparison group were 201 male clerk workers who had never been exposed to coal tar paint. Ambient PAHs, and pre-shift and end-shift urinary 1-OHP were sample and 16 PAHs were analysed. Smoking history was recorded during the survey day.
RESULTS
The geometric mean of ambient concentration of total PAHs was 120.17 microgram/m3. Naphthalene had the highest level among the 16 PAHs. The pre-shift 1-OHP in the exposed group (8.89 micro mol/mol creatinine) was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.29 micro mol/mol creatinine). The end-shift 1-OHP in the exposed group (19.02 micro mol/mol creatinine) was significantly higher than that in the pre-shift (8.89 micro mol/mol creatinine) (Ed- confirm). 1-OHP of smokers was significantly higher than that of non-smokers in both groups. The difference between pre-shift and end-shift 1-OHP in smokers (12.40 micro mol/mol creatinine) was twice as high as that in non-smokers (6.06 micro mol/mol creatinine). The difference of 1-OHP between smokers and nonsmokers was 7.59 micro mol/mol creatinine in pre-shift and 13.96 micro mol/mol creatinine in end-shift. Thus, the effect of smoking and exposure to PAHs on 1-OHP may not be additive. In regression analysis for 1-OHP, the significant independent variables were pre-shift 1-OHP and PAHs. The direction of these variables was positive. When the analysis was performed in workers exposed to higher PAHs, smoking was significant independent variable.
CONCLUSION
The above results suggest that not only ambient PAHs but also smoking, one of the most important non-occupational PAHs source, influenced the level of 1-OHP. Moreover, the effect of smoking to 1-OHP changed according to the exposure level of PAHs.

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Overview of occupational cancer in painters in Korea
Jun-Pyo Myong, Younmo Cho, Min Choi, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
A study of the status of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in relation to its metabolites among workers in a Korean chemical factory
Kwan Lee, Hyun-Sul Lim, Heon Kim
Ciência & Saúde Coletiva.2014; 19(12): 4809. CrossRef

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The effect of Smoking and Residential environment on Urinary 2-naphthol: Jee Na Lee, Jong Han Leem, Shin Goo Park, Joo Yeun Shin, Kwan Hee Lee, Yun Chul Hong, Hun Kim, Chul Ho Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(1):82-91. Published online March 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.1.82

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the association of urinary 2-naphthol level and air pollution caused by exposure to smoking, traffic and residential factors.
METHODS
The study subjects consisted of 300 university students in Incheon. The questionnaires concerning subject characteristics, smoking amount, traffic, distance between housing and main road, heating and cooking fuel including urinary cotinine levels were checked.
RESULTS
There was not any significant association between urinary 2-naphthol level and age, sex, body mass index, distance from mainroad, traffic, heating and cooking fuel. The urinary 2-naphthol level was higher in smokers or high urinary cotinine level group(p=0.0001)than in nonsmokers or low urinary cotinine group. After adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index in the basic model, the 2-naphthol level was also higher in the smokers or high urinary cotinine level group, too(p<0.0005). The model included both traffic and residential variables and it had a good fitness as compared to other models.
CONCLUSIONS
It has been known that as one of PAH metabolites, urinary 2-naphthol is a respiration-selective biological marker. We showed that tabacco smoking has a much stronger effects on urinary 2-naphthol levels than when subjects were exposed to air pollution, such as traffic, and other residential factors at the same time.

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Predictors of Quitting Smoking: Results of worksite smoking cessation campaign of a steel manufacturing industry: Myung Hwa Ha, Duk Hee Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):170-178. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.170

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
We evaluated demographic, socioeconomic, smoking-related, other health behavior, and disease factors associated with smoking cessation.
METHODS
This study included 5,493 male employees in a steel manufacturing industry, who smoked at health examination underwent in 1998. Quitters were defined as those who had stopped smoking at least one month prior to re-examination in 1999. The information on related factors was collected by self-administered questionnare.
RESULTS
At 12 months of follow-up, 1,955 patients (35.6 %) had quit smoking. The quit rate was higher in middle-aged, white collar, and high rank personnels. The quit rate increased with decreasing amount of cigarette, decreasing duration of smoking, and increasing age of starting smoking. There were higher quit rates among smokers who drank less or exercise. However, the existence of disease did not affect the quit rate.
CONCLUSION
This study showed that many demographic, socioeconomic, smoking-related and other health behaviors associated with smoking cessation. These results could be of use in the other worksite smoking cessation campaigns to enhance the quit rate.

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Effects of a supportive workplace environment on the success rate for smoking cessation camp
Woojin Kim, A Ram Kim, Minsu Ock, Young-Jee Jeon, Heun Lee, Daehwan Kim, Minjun Kim, Cheolin Yoo
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Affecting Smoking Cessation Success during 4-week Smoking Cessation Program for University Students
Sang Mee Koo, Jeong Hee Kang
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2017; 28(2): 165. CrossRef
Smoking Cessation Intervention Using Stepwise Exercise Incentives for Male Workers in the Workplace
Gyu-Seok Hwang, Hye-Sun Jung, Yunjeong Yi, Chungsik Yoon, Jae-Wook Choi
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2012; 24(1): 82. CrossRef
Influencing Factors on Smoking Cessation Motivation of Adult Males
Young Mi Yoon, Eun Kyung Yang, Sung Rae Shin
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2012; 24(5): 520. CrossRef
The Factors Implicated When an Individual Starts to Smoke Again After a 6 Month Cessation
Hyo-Kyung Son, Un-Young Jung, Ki-Soo Park, Sin Kam, Sun-Kyun Park, Won-Kee Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2009; 42(1): 42. CrossRef

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The effect of Residential Environments on the Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness: Sang Sup Kim, Hyung Joon Chun, Domyung Paek, Rokho Kim, Ho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):157-169. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.157

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The increased prevalence of asthma over the last 30 years has been reported from many different countries, including Korea. The increased prevalence may be due to increased exposure to indoor air pollutants.
METHODS
In this study, the relationship between residential environments and airway hyper-responsiveness has been examined among 280 family members. The bronchial hyper-responsiveness was expressed as the log-transformed slope of FEV decrease over the log-transformed dose of methacholine concentration(BRindex). Simple regression analysis was done for the effect of sex, age, atopic status, and residential environments including active and passive smoking exposures on airway responsiveness. Based on simple regression results, multiple rwegression analysis was performed for total group and also according to sex.
RESULTS
The mean of BRindex of residents living in gas boiler heating houses was higher than that of central heating system (p=0.014). Smoking status was a significant determinant of bronchial hyper-responsiveness in both genders; male(p=0.017), female (p%.022). In the male group the mean of BRindex of current smokers was significantly higher than those of ex-smokers and non-smokers, and the mean of BRindex of passive smokers was higher than that of non-smokers, but statistical significance was border-line(p=0.069). In female group, the mean of BRindex of kerosene stove users was higher than that of non-users(p=0.057).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that indoor air pollutants including type of heating, passive smoking and kerosene stove use can contribute to the increase in asthma prevalence in Korea.

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The Influence of Smoking, Alcohol Ingestion, and Physical Activity on Copper, Zinc and Ceruloplasmin in Blood of Male Adults: Jin Wan Park, Eun Yong Kang, In Cheol Shin, Byung Sun Choi, Jung Duck Park, Im Won Chang, Yeon Pyo Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(4):569-578. Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.4.569

Abstract PDF

Objective : To investigate the influence of smoking, alcohol ingestion, and physical activity on copper and zinc in RBC and serum and serum ceruloplasmin, this study was performed in a cross-sectional study in 113 healthy men aged 20 to 40 years who had no symptomatic liver, heart, gastrointestinal, and other chronic diseases.
METHODS
At the men's entry into the study, blood samples were drawn from each subject and immediately centrifuged for analysis of copper, zinc, iron, ceruloplasmin, total cholesterol, and hematocrit. Each man completed a questionnaire that provided information on smoking, amount of alcohol intake, and physical activity. Partial regres sion analysis was performed on confounding variables such as age, body mass index, hematocrit, serum cholesterol, and serum iron.
RESULTS
In general linear models, adjustment for confounding variables did not show statistical differences, and there was only an increasing tendency in serum copper in heavy smoker (P=0.0678). There was no difference between high physical activity with mild smokers and lower physical activfty with, heavy smokers.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that copper, zinc and eeruloplasmin were not good biomarker for early effect by smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity in young adult. However, selection bias should be considered in evaluation of this result, and a large prospective study will be needed in advance on usefulness of copper, zinc and ceruloplasmin as a marker for risk factors and early change of atherosclerosis.

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Assessment of reference ranges for blood Cu, Mn, Se and Zn in a selected Italian population
Beatrice Bocca, Roberto Madeddu, Yolande Asara, Paola Tolu, Juan A. Marchal, Giovanni Forte
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology.2011; 25(1): 19. CrossRef

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The Effect of Smoking on the Serum Lipid Levels of Male White Collar Workers: Jung Ho Kim, Chung Yill Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1994;6(2):242-251. Published online September 30, 1994; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1994.6.2.242

Abstract PDF

This study was carried out to evaluate the relations between smoking and serum lipid levels in a group of 1,138 male white collar workers, ages 20 to 69 years. Smoking history on daily smoking amount, duration of smoking and duration of smoking cessation was obtained by questionnaire and was pack year. The levels of seurm lipid such as total cholesterol(TC), high density lipoprotein cholestoerol(HDL), triglyceride(TG), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL) were measured by enzyme method. We also observed the effects of various variables such as age, education, income, exercise, fasting blood suger, body mass index and alcohol. The correlation, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were performed using SAS pakege programme. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Age was positively related to TC, TG and LDL; income was positively related to TC and LDL; exercise was positively related to HDL; body mass index was positively related to HC, TG and LDL and was inversely related to HDL; alcohol intake was positively related to HDL and TG. 2. TC, TG and LDL increased and HDL decreased significantly with increasing daily smoking amount, duration of smoking or pack year. 3. The differences found among the various groups by duration of smoking cessation were not significant for the adjust means of TC, HDL, TG and LDL. 4. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that smoking contributed independently to all serum lipid levels of other variables such as age, education, income, exercise, body mass index, alcohol and fasting blood sugar. However, the contribution rate of smoking to the serum lipid levels was only 1-2%.

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Effect of Pork Consumption on Renal and Hematochemical Indices in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Unclean Environments
Chan-Kyu Han, Jeong-Hae Rho, Bog-Hieu Lee
Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources.2008; 28(1): 91. CrossRef

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The Serum Alpha-antitrypsin Concentration of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis Patients: Bong Suk Cha, Ho Keun Chung, Jeong Pyo Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1990;2(1):34-43. Published online February 28, 1990; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1990.2.1.34

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to investigate associations between serum alpha(1)-antitrypsin(AAT) concentration and radiological categories of coal workers' pneumoconlosis(CWP), between AAT concentration and pulmonary complications such as tuberculosis and emphysema, and to study associations between AAT concentration and FEV(1.0)% in CWP patients, We classified 254 CWP patients in D Hospital into categories of small opacity profusion. And we selected 86 subjects by with or without emphysematous finding in each categories by proportional stratified sampling method. Semm AAT concentrations were quantkated by single radial immunodiffusion method, and the findings of chest radiographs were evaluated by radilogist. The results were as follows: 1. Serum AAT concentrations were not significantly different among groups of radiological categories of small opacities. 2. Complication of emphysema was associated with smoking habits sigmficantlyl(chi square=12.16, p<0,01). And AAT concentraLion was higher in smokers and ex-smokers than in non-smokers. Serum AAT concentration was significantly higher in the cases with emphysema than in the cdses without emphybema{p<0.01). 3. Serum AAT concentration of the group with active pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly higher than with inactive or without: pulmonary tuberculosis group(p<0.1). 4. Serum AAT concentration of the group with low FEV(1.0)% was significantly higher than with high or normal group(p<0.05).

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Smoking Habit of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis Patients: Their Relationship to the Findings of Chest Radiographs: Jeong Pyo Hong, Ho Keun Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1990;2(1):23-33. Published online February 28, 1990; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1990.2.1.23

Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

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