Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Research Article

The impact of body armor on physical performance of law enforcement personnel: a systematic review: Colin Tomes, Robin Marc Orr, Rodney Pope; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:14. Published online May 16, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0169-9

Background

The law enforcement officer profession requires performance of arduous occupational tasks while carrying an external load, consisting of, at minimum, a chest rig, a communication system, weaponry, handcuffs, personal protective equipment and a torch. The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to identify and critically appraise the methodological quality of published studies that have investigated the impacts of body armour on task performance and to synthesize and report key findings from these studies to inform law enforcement organizations.

Methods

Several literature databases (Medline, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBAS) were searched using key search words and terms to identify appropriate studies. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were critically evaluated using the Downs and Black protocol with inter-rater agreement determined by Cohen’s Kappa.

Results

Sixteen articles were retained for evaluation with a mean Downs and Black score of 73.2 ± 6.8% (k = 0.841). Based on the research quality and findings across the included studies, this review determined that while effects of body armour on marksmanship and physiological responses have not yet been adequately ascertained, body armour does have significant physical performance and biomechanical impacts on the wearer, including: a) increased ratings of perceived exertion and increased time to complete functional tasks, b) decreased work capability (indicated by deterioration in fitness test scores), c) decreased balance and stability, and d) increased ground reaction forces.

Conclusions

Given the physical performance and biomechanical impacts on the wearer, body armour should be carefully selected, with consideration of the physical fitness of the wearers and the degree to which the armour systems can be ergonomically optimized for the specific population in question.

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Review

The impact of fire suppression tasks on firefighter hydration: a critical review with consideration of the utility of reported hydration measures: Adam Walker, Rodney Pope, Robin Marc Orr; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:63. Published online November 15, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0152-x

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Firefighting is a highly stressful occupation with unique physical challenges, apparel and environments that increase the potential for dehydration. Dehydration leaves the firefighter at risk of harm to their health, safety and performance. The purpose of this review was to critically analyse the current literature investigating the impact of fighting ‘live’ fires on firefighter hydration.

Methods

A systematic search was performed of four electronic databases for relevant published studies investigating the impact of live fire suppression on firefighter hydration. Study eligibility was assessed using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The included studies were critically appraised using the Downs and Black protocol and graded according to the Kennelly grading system.

Results

Ten studies met the eligibility criteria for this review. The average score for methodological quality was 55 %, ranging from 50 % (‘fair’ quality) to 61 % (‘good’ quality) with a ‘substantial agreement’ between raters (k = .772). Wildfire suppression was considered in five studies and structural fire suppression in five studies. Results varied across the studies, reflecting variations in outcome measures, hydration protocols and interventions. Three studies reported significant indicators of dehydration resulting from structural fire suppression, while two studies found mixed results, with some measures indicating dehydration and other measures an unchanged hydration status. Three studies found non-significant changes in hydration resulting from wildfire firefighting and two studies found significant improvements in markers of hydration. Ad libitum fluid intake was a common factor across the studies finding no, or less severe, dehydration.

Conclusions

The evidence confirms that structural and wildfire firefighting can cause dehydration. Ad libitum drinking may be sufficient to maintain hydration in many wildfire environments but possibly not during intense, longer duration, hot structural fire operations. Future high quality research better quantifying the effects of these influences on the degree of dehydration is required to inform policies and procedures that ensure firefighter health and safety.

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Research Article

Associations between anthropometric characteristics and physical performance in male law enforcement officers: a retrospective cohort study: James Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Claire Louise Siekaniec, Andrea Annie Vanderwoude, Rodney Pope; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:26. Published online June 10, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0112-5

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Police officers are often required to undertake physically demanding tasks, like lifting, dragging and pursuing a suspect. Therefore, physical performance is a key requirement.

Methods

Retrospective data for 76 male police officers (mean age = 39.42 ± 8.41 years; mean weight = 84.21 ± 12.91 kg) was obtained. Data included anthropometric (skinfolds, estimated percentage body fat, lean body mass and fat mass) and physical performance (1 Repetition Maximum Bench Press, 1–min sit-ups, 1-min push-ups, vertical jump, 300 m run, 1.5 mile run) measures and correlations between anthropometric measurement and fitness score were obtained.

Results

Estimated percentage body fat was significantly (p ≤ .001) and negatively correlated with all performance measures, except sit-ups and 300 m and 1.5 mile run performance. Estimated lean body mass was significantly and positively (p ≤ .001) correlated with push-ups, bench press and vertical jump measures, while increasing estimated fat mass was significantly (p ≤ .001) associated with reduced performance on sit-up, vertical jump, 1.5 mile run and estimated maximal voluntary oxygen uptake.

Conclusions

A targeted approach, going beyond just decreasing percentage body fat to also selectively increasing lean mass, should be applied for optimal improvement in physical fitness performance.

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Relationship Between the 20-m Multistage Fitness Test and 2.4-km Run in Law Enforcement Recruits
Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Matthew R. Moreno, Karly A. Cesario, Katherine Balfany, Michael Stierli, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2021; 35(10): 2756. CrossRef
Effects of Sex and Age on Physical Testing Performance for Law Enforcement Agency Candidates: Implications for Academy Training
Ashley M. Bloodgood, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr, Michael Stierli, Karly A. Cesario, Matthew R. Moreno, Joseph M. Dulla, Robert G. Lockie
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2021; 35(9): 2629. CrossRef
Impact of a 12-Week Postgraduate Training Course on the Body Composition and Physical Abilities of Police Trainees
Aleksandar Čvorović, Filip Kukić, Robin M. Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Velimir Jeknić, Miloš Stojković
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2021; 35(3): 826. CrossRef
A Preliminary Investigation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Occupational Specific Training Program to Improve Lower Body Strength and Speed for Law Enforcement Officers
Ian Bonder, Andrew Shim, Robert G. Lockie, Tara Ruppert
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(14): 7685. CrossRef
Importance of Ability-Based Training for Law Enforcement Recruits
Robert Lockie, Joseph Dulla, Robin Orr, Jay Dawes
Strength & Conditioning Journal.2021; 43(3): 80. CrossRef
Profiling the New Zealand police physical appraisal test
Robin Marc Orr, Elisa Canetti, Jason Movshovich, Robert Lockie, Jay Dawes, Ben Schram
International Journal of Emergency Services.2021; 10(2): 266. CrossRef
Physical fitness: Differences between initial hiring to academy in law enforcement recruits who graduate or separate from academy
Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr, Joseph M. Dulla
Work.2021; 68(4): 1081. CrossRef
Skeletal Muscle Mass and Fat Mass Relationships With Physical Fitness Test Performance in Law Enforcement Recruits Before Academy
Robert G. Lockie, Blake N. Carlock, Tomas J. Ruvalcaba, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Megan B. McGuire
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2021; 35(5): 1287. CrossRef
Impact of a Season of Bike Patrol on Police Officers’ Level of Fitness: A Pilot Study
Frédérique Lehouillier, Marc-Olivier Dugas, Martin Lavallière
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(12): 6214. CrossRef
Strength and Conditioning Program Design Considerations for Law Enforcement Officers
Jay Dawes, Tim Lentine, Quincy Johnson, Robert Lockie, Rob Orr
Strength & Conditioning Journal.2021; 43(6): 110. CrossRef
Waist Circumference and Waist-to-Hip Ratio in Law Enforcement Agency Recruits: Relationship to Performance in Physical Fitness Tests
Robert G. Lockie, Tomas R. Ruvalcaba, Michael Stierli, Joseph M. Dulla, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2020; 34(6): 1666. CrossRef
Perceived and Measured Physical Fitness of Police Students
Filip Kukić, Robert G. Lockie, Ana Vesković, Nikola Petrović, Dane Subošić, Danijela Spasić, Darko Paspalj, Lazar Vulin, Nenad Koropanovski
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(20): 7628. CrossRef
Law enforcement personnel are willing to change, but report influencing beliefs and barriers to optimised dietary intake
Kristen MacKenzie-Shalders, Charlene Matthews, Joe Dulla, Robin Orr
BMC Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Differences in Body Composition across Police Occupations and Moderation Effects of Leisure Time Physical Activity
Filip Kukić, Katie M. Heinrich, Nenad Koropanovski, Walker S. C. Poston, Aleksandar Čvorović, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Orr, Milivoj Dopsaj
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(18): 6825. CrossRef
Association between Body Fat Percentage and Physical Performance in Male Korean Police Officers
Jooyoung Kim, Wi-Young So, Sangwoon Kim
Sustainability.2020; 12(9): 3868. CrossRef
Special Weapons and Tactics Occupational-Specific Physical Assessments and Fitness Measures
Jessica Strader, Ben Schram, Shane Irving, Jeremy Robinson, Robin Orr
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(21): 8070. CrossRef
Recruit Fitness Standards From a Large Law Enforcement Agency: Between-Class Comparisons, Percentile Rankings, and Implications for Physical Training
Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr, Joseph M. Dulla
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2020; 34(4): 934. CrossRef
Relationship of Anthropometric Measures on Female Trainees’ and Active Duty Soldiers’ Performance of Common Soldiering Tasks
Jan E Redmond, Bruce S Cohen, Caitlin C Haven, Joseph R Pierce, Stephen A Foulis, Peter N Frykman, Maria C Canino, Marilyn A Sharp
Military Medicine.2020; 185(Supplement): 376. CrossRef
Relations Between Frequency and Volume of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Body Composition in Police Officers
Marko Vuković, Filip Kukić, Aleksandar Čvorović, Dunja Janković, Iva Prćić, Milivoj Dopsaj
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.2020; 91(1): 47. CrossRef
Physical Fitness, Sex Considerations, and Academy Graduation for Law Enforcement Recruits
Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr, Erika Hernandez
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2020; 34(12): 3356. CrossRef
Accuracy of body mass index based on self-report data among law enforcement cadets
Quincy Johnson, Jillian Joyce, Filip Kukić, Robert Lockie, Charles Kornhauser, Robin Orr, Dawes Jay
Nauka bezbednost policija.2020; 25(2): 1. CrossRef
POLİS ALIMLARINDA FİZİKSEL UYGUNLUK TESTLERİ: AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ VE TÜRKİYE UYGULAMALARI
Mustafa KARATAŞ
Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi.2020; 9(2): 343. CrossRef
We Need You: Influence of Hiring Demand and Modified Applicant Testing on the Physical Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits
Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Matthew R. Moreno, Megan B. McGuire, Tomas J. Ruvalcaba, Ashley M. Bloodgood, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(20): 7512. CrossRef
Cross-Sectional and Retrospective Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Age on Flexibility, Strength Endurance, Lower-Body Power, and Aerobic Fitness in Law Enforcement Officers
Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Charles L. Kornhauser, Ryan J. Holmes
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2019; 33(2): 451. CrossRef
The effects of aerobic fitness on day one physical training session completion in law enforcement recruits
Robert G. Lockie, Matthew R. Moreno, Karly A. Cesario, Megan B. McGuire, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr, Joseph M. Dulla.
Journal of Trainology.2019; 8(1): 1. CrossRef
The Influence of Physical Fitness on Reasons for Academy Separation in Law Enforcement Recruits
Robert G. Lockie, Katherine Balfany, Ashley M. Bloodgood, Matthew R. Moreno, Karly A. Cesario, Joseph M. Dulla, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(3): 372. CrossRef
Time Spent Working in Custody Influences Work Sample Test Battery Performance of Deputy Sheriffs Compared to Recruits
Robert G. Lockie, Robin M. Orr, Matthew R. Moreno, J. Jay Dawes, Joseph M. Dulla
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(7): 1108. CrossRef
Characterization of the Physical Fitness of Police Officers: A Systematic Review
Eduardo F. Marins, Gabriela B. David, Fabrício B. Del Vecchio
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2019; 33(10): 2860. CrossRef
Comparing levels of fitness of police Officers between two United States law enforcement agencies
Cory J. Myers, Robin M. Orr, Kiyoshi S. Goad, Benjamin L. Schram, Robert Lockie, Charlie Kornhauser, Ryan Holmes, J. Jay Dawes, Gemma S. Milligan, Sam D. Blacker, Pieter E.H. Brown, Andrew G. Siddall
Work.2019; 63(4): 615. CrossRef
Recruit fitness and police academy performance: a prospective validation study
M Korre, K Loh, E J Eshleman, F S Lessa, L G Porto, C A Christophi, S N Kales
Occupational Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Physical Characteristics by Sex and Age for Custody Assistants From a Law Enforcement Agency
Robert G. Lockie, Robin M. Orr, Michael Stierli, Karly A. Cesario, Matthew R. Moreno, Ashley M. Bloodgood, Joseph M. Dulla, J. Jay Dawes
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2019; 33(8): 2223. CrossRef
VO2max levels as a pointer of physiological training status among soccer players
Zerf Mohammed, Boras Fatima Zohar, Benali Gourar, Bengoua Ali, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss
Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae.2018; 58(2): 112. CrossRef
Levels of aerobic fitness as an unfair parameter in Algerian football training programs
Mohammed ZERF, Ali BENGOUA, Mokkedes MOULAY IDRİSS
Turkish Journal of Kinesiology.2018; 4(4): 113. CrossRef
Assessing Differences in Anthropometric and Fitness Characteristics Between Police Academy Cadets and Incumbent Officers
Robin M. Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Rodney Pope, Joseph Terry
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2018; 32(9): 2632. CrossRef
Analysis of the Effects of Sex and Age on Upper- and Lower-Body Power for Law Enforcement Agency Recruits Before Academy Training
Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr, Michael Stierli, Joseph M. Dulla, Ashley J. Orjalo
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2018; 32(7): 1968. CrossRef
Physical Fitness Characteristics That Relate to Work Sample Test Battery Performance in Law Enforcement Recruits
Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Katherine Balfany, Ciara E. Gonzales, Maria M. Beitzel, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(11): 2477. CrossRef
A brief review of body composition in police workforce
Filip Kukic, Milivoj Dopsaj, Aleksandar Cvorovic, Milos Stojkovic, Velimir Jeknic
International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports.2018; 7(2): 10. CrossRef
Are there similarities in physical fitness characteristics of successful candidates attending law enforcement training regardless of training cohort?
Robert G. Lockie, Michael Stierli, Jay Dawes J., Karly A. Cesario, Matthew R. Moreno, Ashley M. Bloodgood, Robin M. Orr, Joseph M. Dulla
Journal of Trainology.2018; 7(1): 5. CrossRef
Physical Fitness Characteristics of High vs. Low Performers on an Occupationally Specific Physical Agility Test for Patrol Officers
J. Jay Dawes, Keston Lindsay, Jennifer Bero, Craig Elder, Charlie Kornhauser, Ryan Holmes
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2017; 31(10): 2808. CrossRef
A physical fitness profile of state highway patrol officers by gender and age
J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr, Richard R. Flores, Robert G. Lockie, Charlie Kornhauser, Ryan Holmes
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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