Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Occupational factors affecting the decline in pulmonary function among male farmers using occupational pesticide in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea: Sooyeon Lee, Jiyoung Han, Seung Hee Woo, Soo-Jin Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e42. Published online December 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e42

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Occupational pesticide exposure is a potential risk for respiratory health effects. Most clinical studies on pesticide exposure were related to acute exposure, and only a few studies on chronic exposure have been conducted. This study investigated the chronic respiratory health status and the chronic effects of occupational pesticide exposures of farmers in Gyeonggi-do.

Methods

Surveys and pulmonary function tests were conducted on 1,697 farmers in 16 regions of Gyeonggi-do. The structured questionnaire included demographic characteristics, medical history, recent respiratory symptoms and diseases, and work-related conditions, and was conducted through one-on-one interviews. The prevalence of respiratory diseases was compared by the odds ratios (ORs) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by logistic regression analysis. Additional multivariate logistic regression analysis was also conducted.

Results

Pesticide work groups showed significant association with an obstructive pattern in the lung function test (unadjusted OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.17–5.52). Selected work-related variables of pesticide exposure were ‘start age,’ ‘cumulative duration,’ ‘mixing pesticides,’ and ‘protection(goggle).’ The obstructive pattern of lung function test showed significant associations with mixing pesticides (OR, 2.30; 95% CI,1.07–5.46), and protection (goggle) use (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.12–0.79).

Conclusions

Mixing two or more pesticides showed a significant association. Wearing goggles can be seen as an indicator of awareness of the protective equipment and proper wearing of protective equipment, and loss of pulmonary function can be prevented when appropriate protection is worn.

한국 경기도 지역의 남성 농업인 폐기능 감소에 영향을 주는 직업적요인들
목적
직업적 농약노출은 호흡기 건강영향에 대해 잠재적인 위험을 갖고 있다. 과거 농약노출에 대한 임상연구는 대부분 급성 농약노출에 대한 것이었다. 이번 연구에서는 농약의 직업적 노출에 대한 만성적 호흡기 건강영향을 조사하며, 농약사용에 있어서 어떤 작업변수가 실제 영향을 미치는지 조사한다.
방법
2013년부터 2015년까지 경기도 16개 지역에서 농작업을 하는 농업인 1697명을 대상으로, 농작업현황과 인구학적 정보를 포함한 구조화된 설문조사를 일대일 대면 인터뷰형태로 실시했으며, 동시에 폐기능검사를 실시하였다. 통계적분석방법은 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 95% 신뢰구간에 대하여 폐기능검사에서의 폐쇄성형태, 제한성형태와 최근 6개월의 호흡기증상의 유병률을 오즈비를 구하여 비교하였다. 농약작업과의 세부관계성을 밝히기 위하여 추가적인 다변량-로지스틱회귀분석을 수행하였다.
결과
농약 작업군에서 폐쇄성패턴과 유의한 연관성을 보였다(오즈비: 2.38, 1.17-5.52). 다변량-로지스틱회귀분석 결과, 농약 사용패턴 중 유의미한 변수는 '누적노출년도', '농약작업 시작나이', '농약 혼합', '보호구착용(고글)'로 나타났으며, 폐쇄성패턴과 농약혼합행태, 보호구착용이 유의한 연관성을 보여주었다.
결론
농약에 노출된 농업인은 폐기능감소에 있어 유의한 기능감소를 보여주었다. 농약관련 변수 중에는 양적인 변수들이 유의한 관련성이 있었으며, 고글착용은 적절한 보호구착용의 지표로 볼 수 있으며, 보호효과가 있었다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Occupational status and chronic respiratory diseases: a cross-sectional study based on the data of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study
Zahra Bagheri-Hosseinabadi, Ali Bahreyni, Hosein Basirat, Parvin Khalili, Alireza Vakilian, Fatemeh Amin
BMC Pulmonary Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Parkinson's disease in a worker exposed to insecticides at a greenhouse: Yangwoo Kim, Inah Kim, Jung-Min Sung, Jaechul Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e6. Published online February 5, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e6

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Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a rare, neurodegenerative disease with various occupational and environmental risk factors. Exposure to specific pesticides contributes significantly to the incidence of PD. However, it is difficult to measure the level of pesticide exposure in workers. This study presents the first case recognized the work-relatedness between PD and pesticide exposure.

Case presentation

A 68-year-old male was diagnosed with PD after working with pesticides at a tomato greenhouse for 12 years and 5 months. From the results of a field study, it was reasonable to assume that the patient had been exposed to a significant level of various insecticides. In the present report, we described the first accepted case of work-relatedness between PD and exposure to pesticides. The evaluation was conducted using the following steps: we ruled out other possible risk factors including additional occupational history and personal risk factors, we assessed the work environment, surveyed possible exposures, found proper epidemiological evidence, and calculated the probability of causation. The work-relatedness was determined through the review of epidemiological evidence and estimation of exposure situation and level, and biological plausibility. We also decided work-relatedness based on the exposure of PD related pesticides with identified biologically plausible and the presumption that the exposure level would be high due to the working process.

Conclusions

In this case, the field study and epidemiological results supported the work-relatedness of PD and exposure to pesticides. Moreover, the results of previous studies have confirmed a causal relationship between exposure to pesticides and PD.

Citations

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Rotenone-Induced Model of Parkinson’s Disease: Beyond Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition
María Teresa Ibarra-Gutiérrez, Norma Serrano-García, Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
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Giulia Caioni, Annamaria Cimini, Elisabetta Benedetti
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Research Article

A study of risk factors for the possible cases of acute occupational pesticide poisoning of orchard farmers in some parts of south Chungcheong province: Jihyun Shin, Sangchul Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e35. Published online December 10, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e35

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Background

The objective of the present study is to identify differences in the prevalence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning across Korean orchard farmers' farming characteristics and the risk factors that have an effect on acute occupational pesticide poisoning.

Methods

For 3 years (2014, 2015, and 2017), a questionnaire survey was conducted on 394 orchard farmers in some parts of south Chungcheong Province in relation to pesticide poisoning. 323 orchard farmers who responded to acute occupational pesticide poisoning were included for final analysis. With acute occupational pesticide poisoning as the dependent variable, a χ² test and a multiple logistic regression analysis were conducted.

Results

The results of the prevalence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning across farming characteristics showed that the group wearing 4 or more pesticide personal protective equipment (PPE) had a lower prevalence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning than the group wearing 3 or less pesticide PPE (p < 0.05). Furthermore, an analysis by area of fruit farming revealed that the group with more than 12,000m² in the area of fruit farming had a higher prevalence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning (p < 0.05). Orchard farmers mainly use a speed sprayer to spray pesticides, and the speed sprayer can be categorized by presence of cabin. The analysis of the prevalence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning by speed sprayer's cabin existence found that existence of speed sprayer's cabin did not show a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning.

Conclusions

The present study analyzed the prevalence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning depending on the speed sprayer's cabin existence and found no significant difference. The fact that famers using the cabinless style speed sprayer shows a higher percentage in wearing PPE than those using the cabin style speed sprayer is suggested to elucidate the result. As the first study in Korea which examined the prevalence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning by speed sprayer's cabin existence, the present study proposes the expected effect that increase of wearing pesticide PPE along with employ of speed sprayer's cabin can reduce the prevalence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning among orchard farmers.

Citations

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Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment Factors and Odds Related to Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Meta-Analysis Report
Dorothy Nguyen, Candace S. J. Tsai
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(3): 257. CrossRef
The usage of insecticides and their health impacts on farmers and farmworkers: a scoping review
Nishikanta Kumar, Joanna Bohatko-Naismith, Kavitha Palaniappan, Valerie Nie
Journal of Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Occupational factors affecting the decline in pulmonary function among male farmers using occupational pesticide in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
Sooyeon Lee, Jiyoung Han, Seung Hee Woo, Soo-Jin Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Pesticide metabolite and oxidative stress in male farmers exposed to pesticide: Kang Myoung Lee, Sang-Yoo Park, Kyungsuk Lee, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang Baek Ko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:5. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0162-3

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Background

The objective of this study was to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) and isoprostane which has been used as an index of lipid injury, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which has been used as an index of DNA damage, and dialkyl-phosphate (DAP), which has been used to quantify pesticide exposure, and to investigate the relationship between pesticide exposure and oxidative stress.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 84 male farmers exposure to pesticide. In this study, 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA were measured as oxidative stress indices, and dialkyl-phosphate (dimethylphosphate(DMP), diethylphosphate(DEP), dimethylthiophosphate(DMTP), and diethylthiophosphate (DETP)) excreted in the urine was also measured to evaluate pesticide exposure. A linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between pesticide metabolites, and oxidative stress biomarkers.

Results

A Correlation analysis was performed for pesticide exposure month (PEI), cumulative exposure index (CEI), and DAP as well as the concentration of the oxidative stress biomarkers. The PEM significantly and positively correlated to the levels of 8-OHdG, isoprostane, CEI, and DMP. CEI showed a correlation to 8-OHdG and PEM. DMP, DEP, and DETP showed a positive correlation to 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA. A correlation analysis was adjusted some demographic characteristics, such as age, smoking, drinking, and exercise to determine the relationship between pesticide exposure and oxidative stress. The 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA levels were significantly related to the DMP (ß = 0.320), DEP (ß = 0.390), and DETP (ß = 0.082); DMP (ß = 0.396), DEP (ß = 0.508), and DETP (ß = 0.504); and DMP (ß = 0.432), DEP (ß = 0.508), and DETP (ß = 0.329) levels, respectively.

Conclusions

The concentration between oxidative stress biomarkers and the pesticide metabolite were a positive correlation. Indicators of oxidative stress was associated with a pesticide metabolite DMP, DEP, and DETP. Therefore, Pesticide exposure and oxidative stress were relevant.

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Case Report

A case of multiple myeloma in a poultry worker: Pil Kyun Jung, Inah Kim, Inhyo Park, Chinyon Kim, Eun-A Kim, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:35. Published online November 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Livestock breeders including poultry workers are exposed to various agricultural chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Multiple myeloma is a rare disease in Korea, and few reports have investigated the influence of occupational exposures on multiple myeloma occurrence.

Case presentation

A 61-year-old male poultry farm worker presented with bone pain and generalized weakness. A bone marrow biopsy was performed, and he was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The patient had worked in a poultry farm for 16 years and was exposed to various pesticides and organic solvents such as formaldehyde without any proper personal protective equipment. Results of the work reenactment revealed that the concentration of formaldehyde (17.53 ppm) greatly exceeded the time-weighted average (0.5 ppm) and short-term exposure limit (1.0 ppm) suggested in the Korean Industrial Safety and Health Act.

Conclusions

This case report suggests that poultry workers may be exposed to high levels of various hazardous chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Numerous previous studies have suggested an association between multiple myeloma and exposure to agricultural chemicals; thus, multiple myeloma in this patient might have resulted from the prolonged, high exposure to these chemicals.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Does formaldehyde have a causal association with nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia?
Soon-Chan Kwon, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Jungsun Park
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in a Worker Treating Pesticide Wastes: Soon Choy, Jung Won Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(4):480-487. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.4.480

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease involving the motor neuron of the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord. It has been suggested that various occupational or environmental agents could be a cause of ALS. We report upon a case of a person contracting ALS who experienced a long-time exposure to pesticides, implying that pesticides are probable causal agents of ALS.
CASE REPORTS
The patient has been experiencing shoulder pain and limitation of movement that started abruptly about three years ago. Over time, these symptoms have become aggravated despite ongoing therapies including medication. After two years, he was diagnosed with ALS through electromyography, nerve conduction velocity and many laboratory tests at a university hospital in Seoul. His social and medical history was non-specific. The patient had worked for about 15 years at a waste disposal site and mainly destroyed glass bottles containing pesticides. During this period, his respiratory tract and skin were exposed to various raw pesticides without appropriate personal protective equipment. He did this job one or two times a week and worked for two or more hours without a break. Through an investigation into the patient's working environment, significant levels of dichlorvos, one of the organophosphates, were detected.
CONCLUSIONS
The study results revealed that the patient was exposed to considerable doses of pesticides as opposed to men spraying pesticides. Although controversial, pesticide exposures have been associated with ALS. However, we suggest that in this case the possibility that these pesticide exposures acted as a causal agent for the diagnosed ALS based on plausible biological mechanisms and epidemiologic data.

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Agricultural Environments: A Systematic Review
Hyun Kang, Eun Shil Cha, Geun Joo Choi, Won Jin Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2014; 29(12): 1610. CrossRef
Pesticides and human chronic diseases: Evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives
Sara Mostafalou, Mohammad Abdollahi
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.2013; 268(2): 157. CrossRef

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Original Article

Sex hormones among Workers Exposed to Pesticides: Wonjin Lee, Cheong Sik Kim, Hyeong Su Kim, Chang Hoon Lee, Jin Seok Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):179-186. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.179

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to determine the effects of occupational pesticides exposure on the level of serum Luteinizing Hormone(LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH), testosterone in male workers.
METHODS
Twenty-two male workers exposed to pesticides were compared with twenty-eight male workers at same factory who were not exposed to pesticides. The selected variables for studying reproductive hormones were LH, FSH and testosterone. As part of the baseline health status, subjects were asked medical history.
RESULTS
There were no statistically significant differences on the level of LH, FSH, testosterone between the exposed and non-exposed group. Also the level of sex hormones were not significant difference with each department in exposed group. And the level of LH, FSH positively correlated with age.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that there are no alterations in LH, FSH, testosterone at workers exposed to pesticides. But our findings are highly preliminary because of a small sample size. Thus it calls for furthur investigation of the hormonal effects at workers exposed to pesticides.

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Original Article

A Study on the Factors affecting Pesticide Poisoning of a Rural Population: Sung Kyun Park, Sang Min Nam, Gyu Seok Hwang, Hyunme Park, Soo Eun Chung, Eun Ju Kim, Hee Sun Kim, Byung Kwan Sun, Yun Jung Yang, Eun Hee Lee, Hyung Doo Cho; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(2):196-205. Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.2.196

Abstract PDF

The purpose of this study is to examine the pesticide use and the relationship between keeping the safety rules or use of protective equipments, and poisoning experience. For Puksan province, Choonchun county, we obtained questionnaire data concerning pesticide poisoning and relating factors from 143 people who have farmed and have sprayed pesticides. Important results are follows: 1. The rate of experiences of pesticide poisoning was 33%, and the major symptoms were dizziness(39. 13%), vomiting(20.87%), and visual opacity(11.30%). The most frequent use of pesticide was paraquat(23. 76%), and the next was organophosphates(18.35%). 2. Logistic regression and chi-square analyses showed that duration of spraying per day, following dose limits, and spraying back against wind are significantly associated with poisoning experiences(x2=5.620, p0.018, OR=0.326, CJ=0.109-0.968, OR=0.302, OR=0.097-0.939 respectively). But no associations between poisoning experiences and age, sex, use of protective equipments, and attendance of safety education. Based on these data, despite limitations in exposure assessment and recall biases, it may be necessary to devise a counterplan for development of effective safety education that prevents pesticide poisoning such as popular education in CATA pesticide project, as well as prohibition of use of hazardous pesticides that proved to be fatal.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Occupational Diseases of Agricultural Workers
Soo-Jin Lee
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(4): 305. CrossRef
Overview of Pesticide Poisoning in South Korea
Won Jin Lee, Eun Shil Cha
Journal of Rural Medicine.2009; 4(2): 53. CrossRef
Work-related Injuries and Diseases of Farmers in Korea
Kwan LEE, Hyun-Sul LIM
INDUSTRIAL HEALTH.2008; 46(5): 424. CrossRef

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Original Article

Cholinesterase activity and Pestieide Compounds in Blood of Pestieide Sprayers: Dong Chun Shin, Soon Young Lee, Sang Hyuk Chung, Jong Uk Won, Jong Sei Park, Song Ja Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1994;6(2):402-410. Published online September 30, 1994; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1994.6.2.402

Abstract PDF

In order to ascertain the status of health damage among Korean farmers who spray pesticides regularly in summer, blood and urine samples were collected for 88 volunteers during July to Septembei in 1990. Serum cholinesterase activity, parent compounds of pesticides in blood and urine, SGOT, SGPT, blood pressure, pulse rate were measured. The results were as follows ; 1. Mean cholinesterase activity after spraying pesticides was significantly lower than that before splaying. While proportion of abnormal cholinesterase activity (<1900U/L) group was 2.3% before spraying pesticides, tHe proportion of the group after spraying was 22.8% 2. Cholinesterase activity were decreased over 50% in 14.7% of the suhjects who can be classified into poisoning group 3. While pulse rate and blood pressure were slightly increased in poisoning group, those were significantly decreased in non-poisoning group. 4. Consecutive splaying of pesticide caused further reduction of cholinesterase activity, 5. Five parent compounds of pesticides frequently used during summer farming were analyzed using 106 blood samples. IBP in one sample and Isoprothiolane in four samples were detected. No parent compounds were detected in urine samples.

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Citations to this article as recorded by

Overview of Pesticide Poisoning in South Korea
Won Jin Lee, Eun Shil Cha
Journal of Rural Medicine.2009; 4(2): 53. CrossRef

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