Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Research Articles

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory as related factor for post traumatic stress disorder symptoms according to job stress level in experienced firefighters: 5–year study: In-Sung Chung, Mi-Young Lee, Sung-Won Jung, Chang-Wook Nam; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:16. Published online June 5, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0067-y

Objectives

As first responders to an increasing number of natural and manmade disasters, active-duty firefighters are at increased risk for physical and psychiatric impairment as reflected by high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because little is known about related factor with PTSD according to job stress level among firefighters, we assessed utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) using 5-year medical surveillance.

Methods

Data were analyzed from 185 male firefighters without psychiatric disease history and who at assessments in 2006 and 2011 completed all questionnaires on personal behaviors (including exercise, drinking and smoking habits) and job history (including job duration and department). MMPI, Events Scale-Revised-Korean version (IES-R-K) and Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF) were used to screen for personality trait, PTSD symptom presence and job stress level, respectively. IES-R-K subgroups were compared using two-sample t- and χ2 tests, and factors influencing IES-R-K according to KOSS-SF were determined using uni- and multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Mean age and job duration were higher in PTSD-positive than negative groups. In multivariate analysis, increased PTSD risk was associated with: job duration (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.064, 95 % CI 1.012–1.118) for firefighters overall; masculinity-femininity (OR = 5.304, 95 % CI 1.191–23.624) and job duration (OR = 1.126, 95 % CI 1.003–1.265) for lower job stress level; and social introversion (OR = 3.727, 95 % CI 1.096–12.673) for higher job stress level.

Conclusions

MMPI relates with PTSD according to job stress level among experienced firefighters. Masculinity-femininity and social introversion were the strongest related factor for PTSD symptom development in low and high job stress levels, respectively.

Citations

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The interplay between acute post-traumatic stress, depressive and anxiety symptoms on healthcare workers functioning during the COVID-19 emergency: A multicenter study comparing regions with increasing pandemic incidence
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The mediating effect of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression on the relationship between personality traits and quality of life in emergency service workers
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Comprehensive Psychiatry.2022; 116: 152327. CrossRef
Exercise and Occupational Stress among Firefighters
Elpidoforos S. Soteriades, Paris Vogazianos, Federica Tozzi, Athos Antoniades, Eleftheria C. Economidou, Lilia Psalta, George Spanoudis
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(9): 4986. CrossRef
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The impact of the traditional male role norms on the posttraumatic stress disorder among Polish male firefighters
Tomasz Daniel Jakubowski, Magdalena Maja Sitko-Dominik, Stephan Doering
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Regional Gray Matter Volume Related to High Occupational Stress in Firefighters
Deokjong Lee, Woojin Kim, Jung Eun Lee, Junghan Lee, Seung-Koo Lee, Sei-Jin Chang, Da Yee Jeung, Dae-Sung Hyun, Hye-Yoon Ryu, Changsoo Kim, Young-Chul Jung
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD
Dorte M. Christiansen, Emma T. Berke
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Occupational post-traumatic stress disorder: an updated systematic review
Wanhyung Lee, Yi-Ryoung Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Hye-Ji Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
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Christos Theleritis, Constantin Psarros, Leonidas Mantonakis, Dimitris Roukas, Angeliki Papaioannou, Thomas Paparrigopoulos, Joanna Despoina Bergiannaki
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease.2020; 208(3): 252. CrossRef
Personality characteristics and individual factors associated with PTSD in firefighters one month after extended wildfires
Constantin Psarros, Christos Theleritis, Nikolaos Kokras, Dimitris Lyrakos, Angelos Koborozos, Olga Kakabakou, Georgios Tzanoulinos, Panagiota Katsiki, Joanna Despoina Bergiannaki
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Yoko Ota, Natalia Korshunova, Masashi Demura, Midori Katsuyama, Hironobu Katsuyama, Sri Ratna Rahayu, Kiyofumi Saijoh
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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The association between psychiatric disorders and work-related problems among subway drivers in Korea: Se-eun Kim, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jong-Ik Park, Hae Woo Lee, Jongin Lee, Junsu Byun, Hyeon Woo Yim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:39. Published online November 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0039-7

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to find the prevalence and occupational risk factors for major psychiatric disorders among subway drivers in South Korea.

Methods

Of all 998 current subway drivers, 995 participated in this study. The Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI 2.1) was administered by trained interviewers to diagnose psychiatric disorders in all participants. The questions on socio-demographic characteristics and working conditions included some questions related to a person under train (PUT) experience and work-related problems. One-year prevalence and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic disorder were diagnosed through the interview. The standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) of these three disorders were calculated in the sample of subway drivers using the 2011 Korean National Epidemiologic Survey data as a basis. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between work-related factors and the prevalence of the psychiatric disorders.

Results

The standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) for a 1-year prevalence of MDD and PTSD among subway drivers were 1.1 (95% CI 0.7-1.7) and 5.6 (95% CI 3.1-8.8), respectively. Conflict with passengers was significantly associated with an increased risk for both MDD and PTSD in 1-year and in lifetime prevalence. Experiencing a sudden stop due to an emergency bell increased the risk of the lifetime prevalence of MDD (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.14-6.97) and PTSD (OR 7.53, 95% CI 1.77-32.02). The risk of PTSD significantly increased among drivers who once experienced a near accident in terms of both the 1-year prevalence (OR 8.81, 95% CI 1.96-39.3) and the lifetime prevalence (OR 6.36, 95% CI 2.40-16.90).

Conclusions

PTSD and panic disorder were more prevalent among subway drivers than in the general population. We found that having a conflict with passengers, a near accident, and a breakdown while driving can be risk factors for psychiatric disorders among subway drivers. Therefore, a prompt and sensitive approach should be introduced for these high risk groups within the subway company.

Citations

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Impact of Railway Critical Incidents on Train Drivers and Effectiveness of Critical Incident Management and Support Protocols
Cécile Bardon, Luc Dargis, Brian L. Mishara
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2022; 64(2): e70. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of a Cohort of Road Accident Victims in Benin: Results of a 12-Month Cross-Sectional Study
Donatien Daddah, Yolaine Glèlè Ahanhanzo, Alphonse Kpozehouen, Bella Hounkpe Dos Santos, Edgard-Marius Ouendo, Alain Levêque
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2022; Volume 15: 719. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Implementation of a Railway Critical Incident Management and Support Protocol to Help Train Drivers Cope With Accidents and Suicides
Cécile Bardon, Luc Dargis, Brian Mishara
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2021; 63(8): e495. CrossRef
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Original Articles

PTSD and Related Factors among Dispatched Firefighters to Rescue Sites after the Great Japanese Earthquake (Running head: Dispatched Firefighters' PTSD): Mihyun Yang, Eunil Lee, Jae Wook Choi, Hae Joon Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(2):167-179. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.2.167

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study aims to investigate the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its related factors among firefighters dispatched to the rescue sites after the Great Japanese Earthquake in 2011.
METHODS
Among 104 male firefighters dispatched to rescue sites after the Great Japanese Earthquake, 73 firefighters were assessed. The 73 firefighters completed questionnaires, which include general characteristics, an impact of event scale-revised Korean version (IES-R-K), a coping checklist, a scale of perceived social support, and a post-traumatic stress diagnostic scale (PDS). The data was analyzed to find factors related to PTSD risk.
RESULTS
The mean value of age and work tenure in this study were 38.6 years (SD=5.7) and 11.6 years (SD=6.0), respectively. The number and rate of the PTSD high-risk group in dispatched firefighters in this study was 7 cases and 9.6% using IES-R-K, with an over 25-point cutoff score. The mean rank of tenure, 53.5 in the PTSD high-risk group (n=7), was significantly higher than that of 32.2 in the PTSD low-risk group (n=66). The mean rank of assessable support, 20.2 in the PTSD high-risk group was significantly lower than that of 38.7 in the PTSD low-risk group. In logistic analysis of model 1 including PDS in independent variables, were associated with being a PTSD high-risk group as in the following: higher PDS score (OR 2.18, 95% CI: 1.07~4.46), longer tenure (OR 3.42, 95% CI: 1.01~11.89), more using coping method (OR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.00~1.81), and lower perceptions of social support (OR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72~0.97). In logistic analysis of model 2 without PDS in independent variables, more using coping method (OR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01~1.28) and lower perceptions of social support (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91~0.98) were associated with being a PTSD high-risk group.
CONCLUSION
The PTSD high-risk group in dispatched firefighters indicated that their odds ratios were increased when they used more coping methods under specific stress conditions and had lower perceptions of social support. Therefore, for those, who might be dispatched to overseas, the psychological support approach should be considered to produce effective coping methods against traumatic events and to be aware of abundant resources for social support regarding the problem.

Citations

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Changes in the Levels of Stress Perception, Experiencing Depressive Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life of Residents after the 2016 Gyeongju Earthquake
Young Ran Han, Yeo Won Jeong, Sang Kyu Kim, Han Seok Jeong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(2): 540. CrossRef
Medical litigation experience of the victim of medical accident: a qualitative case study
Jeehee Pyo, Minsu Ock, Young-Joo Han
International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Psychological Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Workers After Toxic Chemical Spill in Gumi, South Korea
Ji Young Song, Kyoung-Sook Jeong, Kyeong-sook Choi, Min-gi Kim, Yeon-Soon Ahn
Workplace Health & Safety.2018; 66(8): 393. CrossRef
Stressors of Korean Disaster Relief Team Members during the Nepal Earthquake Dispatch: a Consensual Qualitative Research Analysis
Kangeui Lee, So Hee Lee, Taejin Park, Ji-yeon Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2017; 32(3): 507. CrossRef
Duty-related incidental stress and the coping method in new firefighters
Mi-Lye Baek
The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services.2014; 18(3): 53. CrossRef

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The Effectiveness of an Intervention Program for Subway Operators for Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder After the Persons Had Fallen Under a Train: Suk Kyong Choi, Kang Sook Lee, Seon Young Lee, Jae Hee Yu, A Rum Hong, Jeong Ho Chae, Sei Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(1):29-36. Published online March 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.1.29

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the level of job stress in subway workers and to determine the main factors that aggravated their PTSD(Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) symptom, which were due to having fallen under a train, and to verify the effectiveness of the intervention program.
METHODS
The questionnaires utilized in the survey were composed of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (the short form, 24 items), the depression scale, the coping scale II, the PTSD scale and the life style, health status and occupational properties. The intervention program for PTSD symptoms was executed for 18 subway operators who had experienced deadly accidents in their service from June 2004 to May 2006. The intervention programs included exercise, meditation and deep breathing for 8 weeks and a written message was sent twice per week.
RESULTS
Compared with pre-intervention, the post-intervention group showed significantly lower scores for the KOSS, depressive symptom and the PTSD.
CONCLUSION
This study showed the intervention program was effective to lower the job stress, the PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms, and to improve the coping skills. It was suggested that the mental health promotion program should be implemented for subway workers to prevent occupational mental diseases.

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A Systematic Review of Workplace Interventions for the Mental Health of Workers
Young Joo Lee, Eun Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2020; 29(2): 155. CrossRef
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Yun-Sik CHO, Jae-Bum PARK, Soojeong KIM, Kyungjong LEE
Industrial Health.2019; 57(6): 721. CrossRef
Psychological Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Workers After Toxic Chemical Spill in Gumi, South Korea
Ji Young Song, Kyoung-Sook Jeong, Kyeong-sook Choi, Min-gi Kim, Yeon-Soon Ahn
Workplace Health & Safety.2018; 66(8): 393. CrossRef
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Vera I. Potievskaya, F. M. Shvetskiy
Annals of Critical Care.2017; (4): 42. CrossRef
A Phenomenological Study on the Lived Experience of Train Operators Exposed to Person under Train (PUT)
Youngjoo Kim, Heeseung Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2017; 28(1): 98. CrossRef
Effects of a Stress Management Program Providing Cognitive Behavior Therapy on Problem-focused Coping, Job Stress, and Depression in Firefighters
Chun Youn Nam, Hee Sook Kim, So Hee Kwon
Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2013; 22(1): 12. CrossRef

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The PTSD Symptom and Related Factors among the Residents after Samsung-Hebei Spirits Oil Spill: Seongsik Cho, Tae Kyung Lee, Jeong Min Kim, Ye Won Bang, Narae Hong, Hyoung June Im, Young Jun Kwon, Yong Cho, Jae Yong Moon, Young Su Ju; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(3):235-245. Published online September 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.3.235

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The purpose of the study was to estimate the mental health problems and other related factors in residents that experienced the Samsung-Hebei spirits oil spill by surveying PTSD symptoms.
METHOD
Trained interviewers performed direct interviews of the residents approximately 70 days after the oil spill. We investigated PTSD symptoms through PTSD Symptom Scale Interview Version (PSS-I). To determine those factors related to PTSD symptoms, the following factors were determined as part of the survey: gender, age, occupation, duration of cleanup activity, monthly income and amount of debt. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze all factors.
RESULTS
Of the 318 residents investigated, 56.6% of the subjects had PTSD symptoms related to the spirits oil spill (about 70 days post spill). With regard to occupation, those subjects answering fishery (POR:3.05) and commerce (POR:4.24) as their occupations experienced higher PTSD symptoms than residents answering farming as their occupation. Residents who answered that they had debt over 10 million KRW (POR:2.61) were more vulnerable to PTSD symptoms compared to residents without debt; residents with acute physical symptoms were vulnerable (POR:5.11) to PTSD symptom compared to residents without acute physical symptoms. The results of multiple logistic analysis, including the cleanup activity, age, gender, occupation, acute physical symptoms and amount of debt in the model suggest that only cleanup activity increased PTSD symptoms. The subjects who had engaged in cleanup activities for longer periods of time had more PTSD symptoms and an additional dose-response relationship.
CONCLUSION
Many residents in Samsung-Hebei spirits oil spill area had PTSD symptoms. This suggests that there were serious mental health problems among the residents, who might require specific social supports and psychiatric interventions as a result of the oil spill.

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Human health and ecological assessment programs for Hebei Spirit oil spill accident of 2007: Status, lessons, and future challenges
Dawoon Jung, Jung-Ah Kim, Myung-Sook Park, Un Hyuk Yim, Kyungho Choi
Chemosphere.2017; 173: 180. CrossRef

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Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Related Factors in Firefighters of a Firestation: Soon Chan Kwon, Jaechul Song, Soo Jin Lee, Inah Kim, Jaewoo Koh, Hyunchul Ryou, Seok Hyun Kim, Daeho Kim, Seung Ah Jung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(3):193-204. Published online September 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.3.193

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the factors related with posttraumatic symptoms and to estimate the prevalence of posttraumatic disorder of urban male firefighters.
METHODS
From a study sample comprising 260 male firefighters from one fire station, the responses from 146 who had experienced one or more traumatic events, responded to the 'Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version' (IES-R-K) and didn't show any evidence of depression were analyzed. We surveyed the firefighters using a self-administered questionnaire including general characteristics, job-related characteristics, IES-R-K, and a 'Firefighters and paramedics' incident stressor'.
RESULTS
The mean value of IES-R-K in this study was 11.3 and it was higher in the married firefighters than in the unmarried firefighters (p=0.005) and in the 24-hr shift workers than in the ordinary day shift workers (p=0.032). The frequency of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of the firefighters in this study using IES-R-K was 13.7%, with a cutoff point of 24/25. The overall number of experiences of 25 traumatic events was larger in emergency medical personnel and rescue workers than in other work functions (p=0.000).
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of PTSD symptoms in firefighters was estimated to 13.7% using IES-RK and was higher than the prevalence of PTSD in the general population. A program to manage the mental health and provide early detection for mental illness for firefighters is needed.

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Ji Young Song, Kyoung-Sook Jeong, Kyeong-sook Choi, Min-gi Kim, Yeon-Soon Ahn
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Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory as related factor for post traumatic stress disorder symptoms according to job stress level in experienced firefighters: 5–year study
In-Sung Chung, Mi-Young Lee, Sung-Won Jung, Chang-Wook Nam
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
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The Relationship of Post-traumatic Stress, Job Stress and Turnover Intention in Emergency Department Nurses
Jeong Won Han, Byoungsook Lee
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The Impact of Emotional Exhaustion and Physical Symptoms in about Rescue Workers Incident Shock
Eui-Tae Yoo, Sung-Je Cho
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Effects of a Stress Management Program Providing Cognitive Behavior Therapy on Problem-focused Coping, Job Stress, and Depression in Firefighters
Chun Youn Nam, Hee Sook Kim, So Hee Kwon
Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2013; 22(1): 12. CrossRef
The Influence of Field-Shock Experience and Post Traumatic Stress Perceived by Fire Officials upon Somatic Symptoms and Coping Methods
Tae-Young Moon
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Yoonjung Kim, Jeongyee Bae
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Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(4): 296. CrossRef
Occupational Health and Fitness for Work of Firefighters
Inah Kim, Jaechul Sung
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2008; 51(12): 1078. CrossRef

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Increasing Risk of Mental Health Problems Among Subway Drivers Experiencing Accidents on the Track: Jong Min Woo, Tae Young Kang, Jeong Eun Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):36-43. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.36

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the prevalence of Post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) and the comorbidity with panic disorder in subway drivers who experienced accidents on the track. In addition, this study examined the differences in panic disorder, stress levels, work-related problems, and sleep disturbances between drivers with and without an accident-experience.
METHODS
628 Seoul metropolitan subway drivers were participated in this study. We assessed mental health status of the subjects using the Clinician-administered PTSD scale (CAPS), panic disorder scale based on the DSM-IV criteria, Worker's Stress Response Inventory, and Sleep Questionnaire.
RESULTS
The prevalence of PTSD and comorbid panic disorder was significantly higher among those drivers who had experienced accidents than in those who had not. Drivers with an accident experience showed significantly higher somatic, depressive, anger symptoms in the stress measures, and more sleep problems than those drivers without an accident experience.
CONCLUSIONS
The experience of an accident on the track threatens both the work efficiency and the mental health of drivers. In order to reduce the negative effect of an extremely stressful event related to accidents, intervention programs for PTSD and panic disorder need to be developed and utilized.

Citations

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A Phenomenological Study on the Lived Experience of Train Operators Exposed to Person under Train (PUT)
Youngjoo Kim, Heeseung Choi
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Junsu Byun, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Hye-Eun Lee, Se-Eun Kim, Jongin Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
The association between psychiatric disorders and work-related problems among subway drivers in Korea
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Taesoo Park, Jinsun Lee, Hongki Kim
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