Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Population attributable fraction of indicators for musculoskeletal diseases: a cross-sectional study of fishers in Korea: Jaehoo Lee, Bohyun Sim, Bonggyun Ju, Chul Gab Lee, Ki-Soo Park, Mi-Ji Kim, Jeong Ho Kim, Kunhyung Kim, Hansoo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e23. Published online September 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e23

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
The musculoskeletal disease (MSD) burden is an important health problem among Korean fishers. We aimed to investigate the indicators of the prevalence of MSD and contributions of significant indicators to MSD in Korean fishers.
Methods
This cross-section study included 927 fishers (male, 371; female, 556) aged 40 to 79 years who were enrolled from 3 fishery safety and health centers. The outcome variable was one-year prevalence of MSD in 5 body parts (the neck, shoulder, hand, back, and knee). Independent variables were sex, age, educational attainment, household income, job classification, employment xlink:type, hazardous working environment (cold, heat, and noise), ergonomic risk by the 5 body parts, anxiety disorder, depression, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. The adjusted odds ratio of MSDs by the 5 body parts were calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis. We computed the population attributable fraction (PAF) for each indicators of MSDs using binary regression models.
Results
The one-year prevalence of MSD in the neck, shoulder, hand, back, and knee was 7.8%, 17.8%, 7.8%, 27.2%, and 16.2% in males vs. 16.4%, 28.1%, 23.0%, 38.7%, and 30.0% in females, respectively. The ergonomic risk PAF according to the body parts ranged from 22.8%–59.6% in males and 22.8%–50.3% in female. Mental diseases showed a significant PAF for all body parts only among female (PAF 9.1%–21.4%). Cold exposure showed a significant PAF for the neck, shoulder, and hand MSD only among female (25.6%–26.8%). Age was not a significant indicator except for the knee MSD among female.
Conclusions
Ergonomic risk contributed majorly as indicators of MSDs in both sexes of fishers. Mental disease and cold exposure were indicators of MSDs only among female fishers. This information may be important for determining priority risk groups for the prevention of work-related MSD among Korean fishers.; 어업인의 근골격계질환 관련인자의 인구집단 기여위험분율에 관한 단면연구
목적
한국 어업인들의 근골격계질환 유병률에 대한 관련인자의 인구집단 기여위험도를 조사하는 것이다.
방법
본 연구의 대상은 3개 어업안전보건센터에 소속된 40-79세 어업인 927명(남성 371명, 여성 556명)이다. 결과 변수는 구조화된 설문지에 따른 5개 신체 부위(목, 어깨, 손, 허리, 무릎)의 근골격계질환 1년 유병률이다. 독립변수는 성별, 연령, 최종학력, 가구소득, 고용형태, 세부업종, 유해 작업환경(추위, 더위, 소음), 신체부담작업수준, 불안장애, 우울증, 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증이다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여5개 신체부위별 근골격계질환의 오즈비를 산출하였다. 이를 이용하여 근골격계질환에 대한 각 변수별로 인구집단 기여위험분율(PAF)를 계산하였다.
결과
남성에서 근골격계질환 1년 유병률은 목7.8%, 어깨17.8%, 손7.8%, 허리27.2%, 무릎16.2% 이다. 여성의 1년 근골격계질환 1년유병률은 목 16.4%, 어깨 28.1%, 손 23.0%, 등 38.7%, 무릎 30.0% 이다. 신체 부위에 따른 신체부담작업의 기여위험분율은 남성 22.8-59.6%, 여성 22.8-50.3%이다. 정신질환은 여성에서만 모든 신체부위에서 유의한 기여위험분율을 보였다(9.1%-21.4%). 추위 노출은 여성에서만 목, 어깨, 손 근골격계질환에 대해 유의미한 기여위험분율을 보였다(25.6%-26.8%). 나이는 여성에서 무릎을 제외하고는 유의한 인자가 아니다.
결론
신체부담작업은 남성, 여성 모두에서 근골격계질환에 대한 주요 기여 변수이다. 정신 질환과 추위 노출은 여성 어업인에서만 근골격계질환에 기여를 한다. 본 연구는 어업인들의 업무관련성 근골격계질환 예방을 위한 우선순위 판단에 정보를 제공할 것이다.

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Original Article

The relationship between chronotypes and musculoskeletal problems in male automobile manufacturing workers: Suwhan Kim, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Dae-Young Lim, Yeongjae Yoo, Hyeonjun Kim, Wonyang Kang, Kyung Wook Kang, Jai-Dong Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e26. Published online August 13, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e26

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Previous studies have shown that morning types are less sensitive to pain. This study aimed to examine the relationship between chronotypes and musculoskeletal problems in workers with musculoskeletal burdens at work.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 119 male production workers from a large automobile manufacturing plant. All the participants worked 2 shifts and worked on the automobile assembly line. Data were obtained using structured questionnaires, including the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), and musculoskeletal symptom questionnaire. Participants with an rMEQ score of 18 points or more were defined as morning-type workers (MTWs). Participants whose scores were less than 18 points were defined as neither-type workers (NTWs).

Results

The arithmetic mean age was 51.8 ± 5.3 years. MTWs and NTWs accounted for 35.3% and 64.7% of the total participants, respectively. Evening- and intermediate-type workers accounted form 6.7% and 58.0% of the participants, respectively. There was no significant difference in the health indicators when the MTW and NTW groups were compared. However, the musculoskeletal symptom questionnaire demonstrated a significant difference between the MTW and NTW groups. In the preceding year, the MTW group had significantly lower musculoskeletal pain and treatment ratios compared to the NTW group (35.7% vs. 62.3%, p = 0.005 and 14.3% vs. 32.5%, p = 0.031, respectively). After adjusting for variables, the odds ratio (OR) for musculoskeletal pain was significantly higher in the NTW group than in the MTW group (OR, 3.112; 95% confidence interval, 1.285–7.535; p = 0.012).

Conclusions

In this study, the musculoskeletal pain ratio was significantly lower for MTWs when compared to NTWs. Chronotypes could play an important role in work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Further, larger-scale, follow-up studies on chronotypes are required to assist in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in future.

자동차 생산 남성 근로자에서 일주기성과 근골격계 통증과의 관련성
목적
사람의 심리적, 신체적 상태는 하루 주기에 따라 변화하며 일주기성에 따라 각 개인이 선호하는 최적의 활동시간대에 차이가 있다. 기존 연구들은 이러한 개인의 일주기성에 따라 통증에 대한 민감도의 차이를 보인다는 결과를 제시하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 근골격계 부담작업을 수행하는 생산직 남성 근로자를 대상으로 개인의 일주기성을 파악하고 근골격계 통증과의 관련성을 살펴보고자 하였다.
방법
자동차 제조 공장에서 근무하는 남성 근로자 119명을 대상으로 단면 연구를 시행하였다. 모든 대상자는 2교대 형태로 조립공정에서 근무하였다. 단축형 아침형-저녁형 척도, 불면증 심각성 척도, 스트레스 척도 및 근골격계 증상 여부를 포함한 설문을 실시하였으며 혈액검사를 통해 건강지표를 확보하였다. 단축형 아침형-저녁형 척도가 18점 이상인 경우를 아침형 근로자로, 18점 미만인 경우를 비아침형 근로자로 정의하였다.
결과
아침형 근로자와 비아침형 근로자는 각각 전체 대상자의 35.3%와 64.7%를 차지했다. 아침형 근로자 군과 비아침형 근로자 군의 비교에서 체질량지수, 흡연, 음주, 운동, 고혈압, 당뇨병, 지질, 신장 기능, 코티솔, C 반응성 단백질, 평균 수면 시간, 수면 및 스트레스 점수에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 근골격계 증상 설문 중 최근 1년간 근골격계 통증 및 근골격계 치료 여부 비율에서 아침형 근로자 군과 비아침형 근로자 군 간의 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(각각 35.7%대 62.3 %, p = 0.005 및 14.3%대 32.5%, p = 0.031). 변수를 보정한 후 근골격계 통증 발생의 오즈비는 아침형 근로자 군보다 비아침형 근로자 군에서 유의하게 높았다(오즈비 3.112, 95% 신뢰구간 1.285–7.535, p = 0.012).
결론
근골격계 질환은 업무상질병의 큰 비중을 차지하고 있으며 이를 예방하기위해 그 위험 요인에 대한 다각적 접근이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 비아침형 근로자 군에서 상대적으로 높은 근골격계 통증 비율을 확인하였으며, 이는 일주기성이 업무 관련 근골격계 질환에서 의미 있는 인자일 가능성을 시사한다. 이를 토대로 근골격계 질환의 예방을 위해 개인의 일주기성에 대한 개입이나 일주기성에 맞춘 업무환경개선과 같은 새로운 접근 방법이 고려될 수 있다. 향후 근골격계 질환의 예방을 위해 근로자의 일주기성에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

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Research Article

Evaluation of the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms, presumptive diagnosis, medical care use, and sick leave among female school meal service workers: Young Hoon Moon, Young Joon Yang, Sang Yoon Do, Jae Yoon Kim, Chul Gab Lee, Hong Jae Chae, Soo Hyeon Kim, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:1. Published online January 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0281-0

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Background

Most of the school meal service workers in Korea are middle-aged individuals. They have high workload, which increases their incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of subjective musculoskeletal symptoms, presumptive diagnosis, medical care use, and sick leave among female school meal workers.

Methods

We analyzed the results of musculoskeletal disease screening of 1581 female school meal workers. The screening consisted of self-administered questionnaire, history taking by occupational physicians, and physical examination. The prevalence of subjective musculoskeletal symptoms, presumptive diagnosis after initial examination by occupational physicians, use of medical care for more than 7 days, and sick leave due to musculoskeletal diseases during the past year were evaluated in this study. The relative risk of four outcome indicators of musculoskeletal disorders was compared with respect to potential factors, such as age, subjective physical loading, present illness, injury experience, and type of school, using log-binomial regression.

Results

The prevalence of subjective musculoskeletal symptom was 79.6%; presumptive diagnosis, 47.6%; hospital visits over 7 days, 36.4%; and sick leave, 7.3%. The relative risk of musculoskeletal symptoms by age (≥50 years vs < 50 years) was 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–1.09); presumptive diagnosis of musculoskeletal disease, 1.17 (95% CI: 1.06–1.30); hospital visits over 7 days, 1.26 (95% CI: 0.85–1.85); and sick leave, 1.17 (95% CI: 1.02–1.34). The relative risk of musculoskeletal symptoms due to subjective physical loading (very hard vs low) was 1.45 (95% CI: 1.33–1.58); presumptive diagnosis, 2.92 (95% CI: 2.25); hospital visits over 7 days, 1.91 (95% CI: 1.02–3.59); and sick leave, 2.11 (95% CI: 1.63–2.74).

Conclusions

Subjective physical loading was a more important factor in musculoskeletal disorders than the age of female school meal workers.

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Kenneth Bao Ren Leong, Qin Xiang Ng, Wee Hoe Gan, Wee Tong Ng, John Wah Lim
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Christopher J. Hodgetts, Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde, Amber Beynon, Bruce F. Walker
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Research Article

Improved cardiorespiratory fitness after occupational rehabilitation in merged diagnostic groups: Anne Lovise Nordstoga, Paul Jarle Mork, Marius Steiro Fimland; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:16. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0227-y

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Background

Various occupational inpatient rehabilitation programs are established in Norway. This study aimed to assess change in cardiorespiratory fitness, pain, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in persons on long-term sick leave due to musculoskeletal-, mental or unspecific disorders after participation in multicomponent inpatient occupational rehabilitation.

Methods

Twenty-five women and five men (mean age 45.2 years, SD 6.7, range 30–57) volunteered to participate in the study. The participants attended either 8 or 17 full days of occupational multicomponent rehabilitation including physical exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy in the form of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and development of a tailored plan for return to work. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Åstrand/Ryhming cycle test at the start and end of rehabilitation program, and at one-year follow-up. Changes in somatic and mental health were measured by questionnaires up to 4 months after start of the program.

Results

Linear mixed models showed that the maximal oxygen uptake increased by 1.1 mL°kg-1°min^− 1 during the rehabilitation program and by 3.7 mL°kg-1°min^− 1 at one-year follow-up. There were minor improvements in somatic and mental health, and quality of life.

Conclusions

This study indicates that occupational inpatient multicomponent rehabilitation including physical exercise and ACT may promote a long-term increase in physical exercise that is sufficient to induce a significant increase in cardiorespiratory fitness.

Trial registration

The current study is not registered, but is part of a larger trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov (No.: NCT01926574, registered 21. Aug 2013).

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Research Article

Workers’ experiences with compensated sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorder: a qualitative study: Min Choi, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jinwoo Lee, Hye-Eun Lee, Junsu Byun, Jong Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:33-33. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0033-0

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Objectives

The most common occupational disease that is compensated by Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) in Korea is musculoskeletal disease (MSD). Although complaints about the workers’ compensation system have been raised by injured workers with MSD, studies that examine workers’ experiences with the Korean system are rare. This paper is a qualitative study designed to examine injured workers’ experiences with the workers’ compensation system in Korea. The aim of this study is to explore the drawbacks of the workers’ compensation system and to suggest ways to improve this system.

Methods

All workers from an automobile parts factory in Anseong, GyeongGi province who were compensated for MSD by IACI from January 2003 to August 2013 were invited to participate. Among these 153 workers, 142 workers completed the study. Semi-structured open-ended interviews and questionnaires were administered by occupational physicians. The responses of 131 workers were analyzed after excluding 11 workers, 7 of whom provided incomplete answers and 4 of whom were compensated by accidental injury. Based on their age, disease, department of employment, and compensation time, 16 of these 131 workers were invited to participate in an individual in-depth interview. In-depth interviews were conducted by one of 3 occupational physicians until the interview contents were saturated.

Results

Injured workers with MSD reported that the workers’ compensation system was intimidating. These workers suffered more emotional distress than physical illness due to the workers’ compensation system. Injured workers reported that they were treated inadequately and remained isolated for most of the recuperation period. The compensation period was terminated without ample guidance or a plan for an appropriate rehabilitation process.

Conclusions

Interventions to alleviate the negative experiences of injured workers, including quality control of the medical care institutions and provisions for mental and psychological care for injured workers, are needed to help injured workers return to work earlier and more healthy.

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Original Article

The Differences the Relationship According to Body Part between Occupational Stress and Self-reported Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms as Seen in Surveys of Public Office Workers Using VDT: Han Soo Song, Chul Gab Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):20-32. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.20

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OBJECTIVES
The investigation of the degree of the relationship according to body part between occupational stress and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck, shoulder, elbow, and hands of workers performing computer tasks.
METHODS
In August and September 2009, we conducted a survey of 529 public office workers employed by the National Health Insurance Corporation using structured questionnaires in order to find demographic factors, work related factors, job stress, physical computer task load and musculoskeletal symptoms. Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, Quick DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score), and the Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire were all used to evaluate their musculoskeletal symptoms. The presence of symptoms segregated by body part determined the dependent variables. The degree of job stress and other confounder variables determined the independent variables. We calculated the odds ratio employing multiple logistic regressions.
RESULTS
A score of > or =5 in the VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) 10-point scale and the presence of symptoms lasting at least 1 week determined the musculoskeletal symptom group in regards to the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. The neck pain odds ratio was adjusted by sex, age, work hours, employment duration, physical computer task load and depression. It was determined to be 2.92 (95% CI 1.76~4.84) in the higher to lower occupational stress group. The shoulder pain odds ratio was 1.96 (95% CI 1.18~3.24), elbow pain 0.55 (95% CI 0.21~1.43), and hand pain 1.71 (95% CI 0.99~2.95). A score of > or =10 in the 100-unit scale determined the musculoskeletal symptom group in regards to the Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire and the Quick DASH. The neck symptom odds ratio was 2.73 (95% CI 1.66~4.49) and the upper extremity symptom figure was 2.18 (95% CI 1.29~3.68).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the relevance between neck and shoulder symptoms and occupational stress was obvious, however the relevance between elbow and hand pain and job stress was not as clear or ambiguous.

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Original Article

Relationship between Occupational Stress-Emotional Labor and Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Experience of Absence or Early Leave in Some Civil Affairs Officials: Sang Kon Yoo, Chang Ki Choi, Han Soo Song, Chul Gab Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(2):192-202. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.2.192

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OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are to identify the relationship between the Korean occupational stress scale (KOSS) and emotional labor, and to study the association between emotional labor and musculoskeletal symptoms, absence or early leave due to physical problems among civil affairs officials.
METHODS
391 public workers who provide social insurance service were analyzed. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographics, job stress, emotional labor, musculoskeletal symptoms and the experience of absence or early leave due to physical problems. For a comprehensive understanding of the relationship among these factors, multiple logistic regression analysis was used.
RESULTS
The Pearson coefficient was 0.409 between the job demand of KOSS and the emotional labor score. The odds ratio of musculoskeletal symptoms is 2.32(95% CI: 1.17~4.61), 2.48(95% CI: 1.15~5.33) in the groups of moderate and, high emotional labor score, respectively, compared to the low score group. On the other hand, the odds ratio of the experience of absence or early leave due to physical problems is 2.43(95% CI: 1.24~4.76) and, 3.08(95% CI: 1.44~6.57) in the same groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Emotional labor acts as a factor of job demand of KOSS, and has an effect on musculoskeletal symptoms and absence or early leave among civil affairs officials.

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Original Article

Association Between Job-Stress and VDT Work, and Musculoskeletal Symptoms of Neck and Shoulder Among White-Collar Workers: Eui Cheol Lee, Hawn Cheol Kim, Dal Young Jung, Dong Hyun Kim, Jong Han Leem, Shin Goo Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(3):187-195. Published online September 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.3.187

Abstract PDF

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the association of job stress and working with video display terminal (VDT) to musculoskeletal symptoms of the neck-shoulder which were most common in white-collar workers.
METHODS
From 122 workplaces, 1,790 white-collar workers with no trauma, and no history of musculoskeletal disease were selected for the study. The questionnaire survey included general characteristics, work related characteristics, Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and musculoskeletal symptoms. Multiple logistic regression, adjusted for age, smoking status, drinking habit, housekeeping, work time, job tenure, and work-load change, were used to evaluate the effects of job stress and VDT-work on the symptoms.
RESULTS
The prevalence of neck-shoulder symptoms was overall 24.3% overall. The prevalence odds ratio of job demand (high/low) to neck-shoulder symptoms, adjusted for general and work-related factors, was 1.56 (95% confidence interval 1.12~2.17), and that of job strain (high strain/low strain) was 1.72 (1.07~2.79). However, VDT-work was not associated with neck-shoulder symptoms in the multiple logistic regression model.
CONCLUSIONS
To prevent musculoskeletal disorders in white-collar workers, it is important to consider psychosocial factors such as job demand and job strain, as well as VDT-work.

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Dae-Sik Ko, Dong-Jin Lee, Tae-Sung Ko
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Original Article

Application of Participatory Action-Oriented Training (PAOT) to Small and Medium sized Enterprises for Prevention of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Seong Yong Yoon, Kuckhyeun Woo, Jinseok Kim, Jay Young Yu, Taesung Choi, Bong Goo Ha, Yongseok Jang, Seong Yong Jo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(3):249-258. Published online September 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.3.249

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was firstly to introduce a Participatory Action-Oriented Training (PAOT) program for the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal diseases (WRMSDs) in Small and Medium sized Enterprises in the Gumi Industrial Zone, and secondly to assess its effect.
METHODS
Two PAOT workshops to prevent WRMSDs were conducted with 39 volunteer participants from 10 companies selected (on a first-come, first-served basis) among 200 small- or medium-sized enterprises in Gumi. These companies had been provided with mandatory occupational health management agency services for Small and Medium sized Enterprises by an occupational medicine clinic. Each workshop consisted of 6 technical sessions and one closing ceremony. At the 1st session, the principles of each action checklist item were explained and an on-site checklist exercise was carried out. The 2nd to 5th sessions presented good example pictures on 4 subjects: material storage and handling, working environment, work organization and work-related welfare. Group discussions were carried out by the participants. In the final 6th session on the implementation of improvement, each participant was asked to present 6 action plans, 3 short-term and 3 long-term, for their own workplace improvement.
RESULTS
Overall, the participants worked out 47 real action plans, 27 short-term and 20 long-term, for improvement of their own workplaces. Three to 6 months after the workshops, through in-person visits to each company, it was confirmed that more than half of these 47 plans had been completed; 25 plans (53.2%) had been completed as planned, 8 (17.0%) were in processing, and 14 (29.8%) had not yet been put into practice.
CONCLUSIONS
The study findings confirmed that the PAOT program holds strong potential as an intervention method to prevent WRMSDs in Small and Medium sized Enterprises, although the final results have not been fully assessed yet.

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INDUSTRIAL HEALTH.2017; 55(4): 391. CrossRef
Effectiveness of Participatory Action-Oriented Training (PAOT) Methods for the Management Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Manufacture Workers for Three-years
Jungsuk Lee, Sin Kam, Seongyong Yoon
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Agricultural Labor Environment and Work Safety
Kyung-Suk Lee, Insoo Kim, Min-Tae Seo, Myungsun Ko, Kyung-Su Kim, Hye-Seon Chae, Dong-Phil Choi
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The Effect of Metabolic syndrome Management Program Applying Participatory Action-Oriented Training Principle
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Journal of Occupational Health.2009; 51(4): 370. CrossRef

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Original Article

Analysis of the effect of job stress on occupational low back pain among shipyard workers using survival analysis: Dong Hee Koh, Hyung Ryoul Kim, Sei Jin Chang, Sang Baek Koh, Sung Kyu Kang, Jong Uk Won, Jae Hoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(2):95-103. Published online June 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.2.95

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Occupational low back pain is a major cause of morbidity and the increases of medical and industrial costs. Efforts to control occupational low back pain have been largely unsuccessful, and further understanding of the risks including the psychological factors is needed. This retrospective study was designed to identify the effect of job stress on occupational low back pain among shipyard workers.
METHODS
The study group consisted of 976 male workers who were working at a Korean shipyard. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to assess the participants' physical work factors, job stress and general characteristics. Job stress was measured using Karasek's JCQ(Job Content Questionnaire). Occupational low back pain was identified according to the NIOSH symptom survey criteria. Physical work factors were assessed using the Quick Exposure Check. Since the work duration can affect the relationship of physical work factors and job stress to occupational low back pain, we analyzed this association by dividing workers into two groups by work duration: 1) all workers, and 2) less than 5 years. Cox's proportional hazard model was used to elucidate the relationship of job stress with occupational low back pain in these two groups. Data were analysed with SAS 8.1.
RESULTS
In the all workers group, job demand, bending or twisting of the back, and carrying heavy materials were associated with an increased the risk of occupational low back pain. In the workers with less than 5 years work experience, people with high job demand were more likely to experience occupational low back pain than those with low job demand.
CONCLUSIONS
These RESULTS suggest that job stress as well as physical work factors can raise the risk of occupational low back pain. Especially, in the workers with less than 5 years work duration, job stress played a more crucial effect on the occurrence of occupational low back pain than physical work factors did.

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Which Personal and Organizational Factors Influence the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Shipyard Blue-Collar Workers?
Adela Reig-Botella, Miguel Clemente, Sarah Detaille, Annet H. de Lange, Jaime López-Golpe
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(8): 4849. CrossRef
Relationships among Nursing Activities, the Use of Body Mechanics, and Job Stress in Nurses with Low Back Pain
Keunja Jung, Soonrim Suh
Journal of muscle and joint health.2013; 20(2): 141. CrossRef

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Original Article

Symptom prevalence and Primary intervention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and their related factors among manufacturing workers: Hyunjoo Kim, Woo Cheol Jeong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(2):116-128. Published online June 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.2.116

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the symptom prevalence and the primary intervention of work-related musculoskeletal diseases(WMSDs) and their related factors among manufacturing workers.
METHOD
A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted on 2,457 workers, at 22 enterprises in Chungnam province, Korea, from September 1 to December 1, 2003. The contents of the questionnaire included general and work-related characteristics, musculoskeletal symptoms and workers' past one-year experience of primary interventions.
RESULTS
1. The overall symptom prevalence of the musculoskeletal diseases was 23.9%. The WMSD symptom prevalences at the neck/shoulder, arm/elbow, hand/wrist and back/leg were 14.8%. 2.7%. 7.3% and 12.0%, respectively. 2. In multivariate analysis, all WMSD symptom prevalences were high in the high workload, high force & high repetitiveness, and 'high job strain' groups. The WMSD symptom prevalence at neck/shoulder was also high in females and the group experiencing low social support from the supervisor. 3. The rates of the primary interventions were as follows : 13.7% for health education, 5.8% for health counselling, 18.8% for preventive exercise, 24.7% for ergonomic intervention, and 9.8% for administrative intervention. 4. In multivariate analysis, the size of the enterprises and the type of occupational health management system(OHMS) were significantly associated with all primary interventions except health counselling(p<0.05). The other individual-level predictive factors were as follows. Those for the health education were male and union presence. Those for the health counselling were older age(> or =40 years), irregular employment, and the active group of Karasek's job strain model. Those for the preventive exercise were male, older age, longer tenure and regular employment. Those for the ergonomic intervention were longer tenure, job of physical force and/or repetitiveness, high job stain and the group experiencing high social support from the supervisor. The predictive factor for the administrative intervention was male (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
To establish an effective strategy for the primary prevention of WMSDs, approaches are needed which consider the individual nature of small and medium sized enterprises. IAlso necessary is to promote the participation of labor and management because the activation of the primary intervention was associated with the type of OHMS and union presence. Moreover the reduction of workload and increased intervention into the high risk group could be effective in the prevention of WMSDs.

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Effect of Physical Therapy Based Tailored Exercise Program on Pain, Accident incidence Rates, and Lost Days of Work in Manufacturing Worker: Single Subject Design
Kwon-Woo Lee, Won-Ho Kim
Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2017; 12(2): 113. CrossRef
Musculoskeletal Workload Evaluation in Physical Therapist
Youn-Bum Sung, Hyung-Seok Seo, Jung-Ho Lee, Young-Han Park
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(9): 3999. CrossRef
Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Agricultural Workers
Soo-Jin Lee, Hwan-Jin Park
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2011; 30(4): 525. CrossRef

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Original Article

Sociopsychological factors associated with symptoms of work-related musculoskeletal disease: Chul Gab Lee, Jong Park, Jung Sik Park, Seok Joon Sohn; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(2):104-115. Published online June 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.2.104

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The sudden increase in work-related musculoskeletal disease is caused by sociopsychological factors and ergonomic risk factors of the work process. This study evaluates the relationship between the symptoms of musculoskeletal disease and the sociopsychological factors.
METHODS
A questionnaire survey and ergonomic evaluation were administered to workers of a shipyard company with a high incidence rate of musculoskeletal disease. To quantify the pain score associated with a diagnosis of musculoskeletal disease, the pain degree(1~5points), frequency (1~4 points) and duration (1~4 points) were multiplied to give a maximum score of 80. A score above 64 points on the pain score was defined as 'severe pain group'. This 'severe pain group' was chosen as the dependent variable and the sociopsychological factors were evaluated as independent variables with structural equation modeling based on a decision tree of exhaustive CHAID.
RESULTS
The standardized regression weights value with reference to the REBA score(0.54) had the largest value by the type of company, followed in order by joining and acting labor union(.313), job demand(.172), senior support(-.095), insufficient sleep (.092), and colleague support (.061).
CONCLUSION
The symptoms of musculoskeletal disease were greatly affected by sociopsychological factors such as whether joining and acting labor union, job demand, and senior or colleague support.

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Young Sun Kim, Kyung Yong Rhee, Min Jung Oh, Jungsun Park
Safety and Health at Work.2013; 4(2): 111. CrossRef
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Korean farmers
Chul Gab Lee
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2012; 55(11): 1054. CrossRef

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Original Article

Selection of a High Risk Group and the Effectiveness of an Exercise Program on Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: Bo Kyoung Kim, Chung Yill Park, Hyeon Woo Yim, Jung Wan Koo, Kang Sook Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):10-25. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.10

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to provide data for the establishment of a practical and the effective exercise program for managing the musculoskeletal symptoms of workers who are employed in small and medium sized enterprises.
METHODS
The risk factors related to musculoskeletal disease management were chosen according to the relevant literatures, and were based on advise from experts on the Delphi method. Questionnaires on selected risk factors (with a 5-point Likert scale) were given to 785 subjects who worked in small and medium sized enterprises. The subjects were then classified in the risk group when they had the symptoms and recorded at least 3 points. From those subjects in the risk group, those who had both work-related factors and general characteristics factors (with an average of at least 3 points) were further classified as the high risk group. We performed a 12-week musculoskeletal exercise program for the low and high risk groups to analyze their changes in symptoms and complaints in order to estimate the effectiveness of the exercise program.
RESULTS
Out of 785 subjects, 454(57.8%) were in the risk group of musculoskeletal diseases and 121(15.4%) were in the high risk group. According to multiple logistic regression analysis of the factors for the musculoskeletal symptoms in the low risk group, the significant risk factors were sex and personal disease related with musculoskeletal disease, while the risk factors in the high risk group were age, sex, and personal disease related with musculoskeletal disease. After the 12-week exercise program was performed by the low risk group, the number of musculoskeletal symptom complaints in the control group did not significantly changed, whereas for the intervention group, the number of musculoskeletal symptom complaints significantly declined for all parts of the body. After the 12-week exercise program performed by the high risk group, the number of musculoskeletal symptom complaints in the control group was significantly enhanced for the arm and elbow parts. In the intervention group, the complaint rate for musculoskeletal symptoms significantly declined only for the low back.
CONCLUSION
The musculoskeletal symptoms were significantly improved by the exercise program in the low risk group, but not in the high risk group. It is suggested that control measures on administrative and/or work related factors, in addition to the exercise program should be considered simultaneously for the control of musculoskeletal symptoms in groups at high risk of musculoskeletal disease.

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The association between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of Korean wage workers: data from the fourth Korean working conditions survey (a cross-sectional study)
Jae-Gwang Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, Sang Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Hyeonkyeong Lee, JoEllen Wilbur, Duckhee Chae, Kyongeun Lee, Meenhye Lee
Public Health Nursing.2015; 32(2): 112. CrossRef
Analysis of the Factors Regarding Work-related Musculoskeletal Disease by Company Size
Sung Won Jung, Kyung Ha Kim, Min Hyun Suk, Rah Il Hwang
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2014; 28(3): 522. CrossRef
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Hyeonkyeong Lee, Duckhee Chae, JoEllen Wilbur, Arlene Miller, Kyongeun Lee, Hwaeun Jin
Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2014; 11(2): 121. CrossRef
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Original Article

Multilevel Analysis of Risk Factors Related to Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Caterers for Elementary School Lunch Services: Kyung Hee Jung-Choi, Sang Yun Lee, Myung Ki, Kee Hong Cho, Hee Tae Kang, Young Jun Kwon, Hyun Joo Kim, Myoung Hee Kim, Kyoung Bok Min, Hye Sook Park, Jeong Youn Kim, Eun Hee Ha, Do Myung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):436-449. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.436

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To examine the complaint proportion and characteristics of musculoskeletal symptoms and to find risk factors of musculoskeletal symptoms among caterers for school lunch services.
METHODS
The study subjects were 385 caterers who were working for school lunch services in 71 elementary schools and 114 housewives who had visited a hospital for routine health check-up. A self-recording questionnaire was used to investigate the general characteristics, labor conditions, job stress and nature of musculoskeletal symptom. Caterers were surveyed from September to October in 2003 and the housewives during September by post. The ergonomic risk factors were examined for the caterers of an elementary school in Kyonggi Province in November, 2003.
RESULTS
The complaint proportion of self-reported positive musculoskeletal symptoms was 52.0% and that of severe musculoskeletal symptoms was 24.9%. Ergonomic assessment revealed that washing the dishes, carrying the soup containers and cleaning the sewage drain were highly risky activities in terms of repetitive and heavy weight-bearing motions. As for personal factors, the caterers having severe musculoskeletal symptoms had high psychological job demand. As for the workplace factors, the proportion of schools having severe musculoskeletal symptoms was significant higher where each caterer prepared more than 150 lunches. Among schools without school lunchroom, more schools had caterers having severe musculoskeletal symptoms. Using multilevel analysis, we found that the number of lunches to be prepared per caterer was a significant risk factor of severe musculoskeletal symptoms (O.R. 4.67).
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that the number of lunches prepared per caterer has a significant influence on the development of musculoskeletal disorder and that caterers work in an ergonomically highly risky job environment. The study results suggest that the number of caterers be increased to decrease the number of lunches prepared per caterer and the ergonomic environment be improved.

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Young Hoon Moon, Young Joon Yang, Sang Yoon Do, Jae Yoon Kim, Chul Gab Lee, Hong Jae Chae, Soo Hyeon Kim, Han Soo Song
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Saerom Lee, KyooSang Kim, Eun-A Kim, Jihye Kim, Dohyung Kim
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2014; 23(4): 245. CrossRef
Safety Accidents and Physical Fatigue of School Foodservice Employees
Yeon-Jung Cho, Hyun-Ah Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2013; 42(9): 1482. CrossRef
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Original Article

Importance of job demands, career development, role pressure, and economic-issue-related job stress as risk factors for work related musculoskeletal disorders in electronics assembly line workers: Sang Hwan Han, Soo Hun Cho, Ji Young Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(3):269-280. Published online September 30, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.3.269

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the association of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders with job demand-control and effort-reward related job stress.
METHODS
Questionnaires concerning symptoms, psychosocial factors and work conditions were completed by 436 workers from a refrigerator assembly line, mobile phone assembly line, and an office, musculoskeletal conditions of the upper extremities were defined by the frequency, duration, and intensity of symptoms. A walk-through survey was performed to evaluate various physical work factors. Data were analyzed with the use of logistic regression.
RESULTS
A total of 382 workers completed the survey, for whom neck and shoulder symptoms were the most frequently reported, followed by finger and wrist, and then elbow symptoms. Both awkward working posture and forceful exertion were associated with an increase in shoulder/neck and finger/wrist symptoms. In addition, job stress factors such as monotony, low job clarity, low job control, low promotion prospect, economic issues, and retirement pressures were associated with increased neck/shoulder, elbow, and finger/wrist conditions. Women were more likely to report symptoms, and the association between musculoskeletal conditions and job stress factors was stronger in female assembly line workers and office workers than in male assembly line workers.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that musculoskeletal conditions of the upper extremities are associated with not only physical work factors but also job stress factors. In particular, economic issues and career development factors are important influences on workers in Korea.

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Original Article

Analysis of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disease by Approved Korea Labor Welfare Corporation in 1999: Yeon Soon Ahn, Yong Hyu Choi, Seong Kyu Kang, Ho Keun Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(2):154-168. Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.2.154

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of workrelated musculoskeletal diseases, as listed by the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation (KLWC).
METHODS
Using the database of the KLWC, we collected information from 410 approved occupational musculoskeletal disease cases, which occurred between 1 January and 31 December 1999 and were approved by 30 June in 2000. We investigated the characteristics of the disease using a mail survey and telephone interviews. The characteristics we investigated included : sex, age, disease-related working duration, process of disease occurrence, type of enterprises, etc.
RESULTS
Men accounted for 75.6 % (310 workers) of the approved cases. The most common age group was 30-39 years (n=143, 34.9 %). The mean disease-related working duration was 5.7 years, and the most commonly had a work-duration of 1-5 years (n=108, 36.0 %). The major industrial types of enterprise were manufacturing (235 workers, 57.3 %), transportation (46 workers, 11.2 %), and construction (25 workers, 6.1 %). Within the manufacturing industry, the most common was motor vehicles and trailers manufacturing. Within the group, the most common jobs were plant or machine operators and assemblers (129 workers, 36.5 %), elementary occupations (90 workers, 25.5 %), and craft and related trades workers (63 workers, 17.8 %). The majority of the diseases involved lumbar problems (232 cases, 54.7 %), neck and upper extremity diseases (183 cases, 43.2 %) and lower extremity diseases (9 cases, 2.1 %). In the cases of lumbar disease, the mean age and working duration was 36.5 years and 4.7 years, respectively. Fifty-four cases of lumbar diseases were due to repetitive work and 89 due to non-repetitive work. Bad posture at work was the most common cause for those doing repetitive work(23 cases), and lifting the most common cause of problems in the non-repetitive work cases (27).
CONCLUSIONS
We were able to elucidate the characteristics of workers with approved occupational musculoskeletal disease through this study. Many approved cases occurred in women, and workers performing repetitive work, of these herniated nucleus pulposus occurred in many workers performing simple repetitive works without serious external forces. This suggests that a prevention policy for occupational musculoskeletal disease must be established, to focusing on the above-mentioned high-risk groups.

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Original Article

Musculoskeletal Diseases of Upper Extremities Among the Electronic Assembly Workers and Telecommunication Workers: Jae Wook Choi, Yorig Tae Yum, Dong Bin Spng, Jong Tae Park, Soung Hoon Chang, Jung Ae Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(2):301-319. Published online September 30, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.2.301

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of and to collect the basic informations of musculoskeletal diseases of upper extremities in manufacturing and telecommunication companies. The subjects were 213 workers, consisted Of 98 manufacturing workers and 115 telephoBfi operators. The musculoskeletal ,symptom survey, Job safety analysis (JSA), and medical examinations including neurologic, and'nerve.cqnduction velocity (NCV) test were conducted.: All workers were women in company A, while the other composed of 68(69.4%) men and 30(30.6%) women. The results were as follows: 1. The rates of self-reporting symptoms in each company were 85.2% at the neck, 81.1% at the shoulder joint, 73.0% at the wrist joint and 34.8% at the elbow joint in company A, while 56.1% at the shoulder joint, 51.2% at the neck and 23.5% at the elbow joint in company B in order. 2. No relationship was observed between the work duration and symptom rate in company A, but the highest symptom rate was observed at the neck in 10-19 year work duration group, at the shoulder, elbow and wrist joint in 5-9 year work duration group in company B. 3. Over the 22.8% of total workers in this study having symptoms got medical treatment at the medical clinics or drug stores, but there was no statistical difference between both companies. 4. In company A, 16(13.9%) workers were classified as D category, 12(10.4%) workers as C category and 2(1.7%) workers as R category among 115 workers. And D category was 10(10.2%), C category 31(31.6%) and R category 4(4.0%) among 98 workers in company B. D category means disease category needed futher treatment, C category means disease category needed no treatment and R category means recheck category, needed futher evaluation. 5. The types of musculoskeletal disorders including D, C, and R category were 46 cases(D 13, C 30, R 3) of tension neck .syndrome (TNS), 16 cases (D 3, C 8, R 5) of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 5 cases of De Quervain's disease, 3 cases of lateral epicondylitis, 3 cases of bicipital tendinitis, 3 cases of rotator cuff tendinitis, 2 cases of medical epicondylitis, and 5 cases of cervical disc syndrome. 6. In company A, the total cases of 11 TNS, 8 CTS, 3 De Quervain's disease, 3 lateral epicondylitis, 3 rotator cuff tendinitis and 1 cervical disc syndrome were diagnosed and so were total cases of 35 TNS, 8 CTS and 4 cervical disc syndrome in company B. 7. By stepwise multiple regression analysis with dichotomization of musculoskeletal disease, the following odds ratios were significantly high (p<0.05)-sex (2.707) and age(l.926).

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