Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Relationship between organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and metabolic syndrome in Korean farmers: Sungbeom Kim, Sangchul Roh, Min-Gi Kim, Jeongbae Rhie, Jisue Yoon, Sun-In Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e23. Published online September 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e23

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
The global use of pesticides steadily increased until the early 2010s. Pesticides play a significant role in agriculture in Korea. Metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas. This study explored the potential association between organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide exposure and metabolic syndrome.
Methods
This study enrolled 1,317 individuals who participated in the Pesticide Exposure and Intoxication Study conducted by the Dankook University Hospital Center for Farmers’ Safety and Health from 2014 to 2019. Urinary levels of dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphat, diethylphosphate, and diethylthiophosphate were measured to assess organophosphate pesticide exposure and urinary levels cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid were measured to assess pyrethroid pesticide exposure.
Results
The odds ratio for the 4th quartile group of organophosphate metabolites concentration was 1.48 (95% confidence interval: 1.06–2.09) compared to the 1st quartile group after adjustment for general factors. In addition, a positive trend was observed across the quartile groups of organophosphate metabolites concentration. A positive trend was noted across the quartile groups of organophosphate metabolites in males, while no significant association was observed in females. Furthermore, no significant associations were observed between metabolic syndrome and pyrethroid metabolites concentration.
Conclusions
A positive correlation was observed between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the concentrations of urinary organophosphate metabolites, consistent with previous research finding. This association may be attributed to the action of organophosphates as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, stimulating beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. This can lead to alterations in lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, ultimately leading to metabolic syndrome development. Metabolic syndrome is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease; therefore, it is necessary to identify the risk factors unique to rural areas, such as pesticide exposure.; 한국 농업인의 유기인계 및 피레스로이드계 농약과 대사증후군 간의 관계
목적
농약 사용량은 2010년대 초까지 전세계적으로 꾸준히 증가하였으며, 농약은 한국 농업에서 중요한 부분을 차지하고 있다. 대사 증후군은 농촌 지역에서 도시 지역에 비하여 높은 유병률을 보인다. 유기염소계 농약과 대사 증후군 사이의 관련성은 일부 연구된 바 있으나, 다른 종류의 농약 노출과 대사 증후군 사이의 관련성에 대한 연구는 제한적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 유기인계 및 피레스로이드계 농약의 노출과 대사 증후군 사이의 관련성을 조사하고자 한다.
방법
2014년부터 2019년까지 단국대학교병원 농업안전보건센터에서 실시한 농약 노출 및 중독 연구에 참여한 1,317명을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 유기인계 농약 노출 평가를 위해 DMP, DMTP, DEP, DETP의 소변 농도를 측정하였고, 피레스로이드계 농약 노출 평가를 위해 cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, DBCA, 3-PBA의 소변 농도를 측정하였다. 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 농약 노출과 대사증후군 유병률 사이의 관계를 조사하였다.
결과
유기인계 대사체 농도에 따라 4분위 그룹으로 분류하였을 때, 4분위 그룹의 대사증후군 유병률이 오즈비 1.66(95% CI 1.22-2.28)으로 1분위 그룹에 비하여 높았다. 또한, 유기인계 대사체 농도와 대사증후군 유병률은 유의한 경향성을 보였다. 피레스로이드계 대사체 농도에 따라 4분위 그룹으로 분류하였을 때, 3분위 그룹의 대사증후군 유병률이 오즈비 1.51(95% CI 1.11-2.07)로 1분위 그룹에 비하여 높았다. 피레스로이드계 대사체 농도와 대사증후군 사이에 유의한 경향성은 나타나지 않았다.
결론
유기인계 농약 대사체 농도와 대사 증후군의 유병률 사이에 양의 상관 관계가 관찰되었으며, 이전 연구 결과를 보충하는 결과로 나타났다. 대사 증후군의 유병률이 증가하는 기전은 불분명하나, 유기인계 농약은 acetylcholinesterase inhibitor로 작용하므로 랑게르한스 섬의 베타 세포를 자극하고 이에 따른 지질 대사 및 인슐린 저항성의 변화로 인해 나타날 수 있을 것으로 추정된다. 대사 증후군은 심혈관 질환의 주요 원인 중 하나이며, 농촌 지역에서는 의료 접근이 비교적 취약하며 농약과 같은 특수한 위험 요인이 있기 때문에 이러한 위험 요인들을 식별하고 예방하여야 한다.

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Original Article

Association between metabolic syndrome and shift work in chemical plant workers: Seong-Ryol Chai, Soon-Chan Kwon, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Su-yeon Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e31. Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e31

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The study aimed to determine the association between shift work and metabolic syndrome and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the shift and day work groups among workers working in chemical plants.

Methods

Based on medical examination data collected in February 2019, 3,794 workers working at a chemical plant in Korea were selected. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed by adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), drinking, exercise, smoking, employment period and organic compounds exposure.

Results

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the entire study group was 23.4%, and the prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome in shift worker; waist circumference were higher than those of day workers (84.77 ± 8.64 vs. 83.41 ± 9.42, p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (129.89 ± 9.47 vs. 127.57 ± 9.47, p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (81.22 ± 7.59 vs. 79.34 ± 7.46, p < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (99.27 ± 17.13 vs. 97.87 ± 13.07, p = 0.007), triglycerides (149.70 ± 101.15 vs. 133.55 ± 105.17, p < 0.001), and decreased high-density lipoprotein (53.18 ± 12.82 vs. 55.61 ± 14.17, p < 0.001). As a result of logistic regression analysis on the risk of metabolic syndrome, even after adjusting for age, sex BMI, drinking, smoking, exercise, employment period, organic compound exposure. the odds ratio (OR) for the shift group was 1.300 for daytime workers (Model 1, OR: 1.491; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.273–1.747; Model 2, OR: 1.260; 95% CI: 1.070–1.483; Model 3, OR: 1.309, 95% CI: 1.081–1.585; Model 4, OR: 1.300; 95% CI: 1.063–1.591).

Conclusions

Shift work in chemical plant workers increased the risk of metabolic syndrome, even after adjusting for general factors. To analyze the occupational cause and risk control, it is necessary to analyze the hazardous substances the workers were exposed to and their working environment. Additionally, a large-scale prospective analysis including general factors not analyzed in this study, such as eating habits, is required.

일개 화학공장 근로자에서의 교대근무와 대사증후군의 관계에 관한 연구
목적
이 연구는 화학공장에 근무하는 근로자를 대상으로 교대 근무 그룹과 주간 근무 그룹에서 대사 증후군의 유병율과 교대 근무와 대사 증후군 사이의 연관성을 확인하는 것을 목표로 했다.
방법
2019년 2월 실시한 건강검진 자료를 바탕으로 대한민국의 한 화학공장에 근무하는 근로자 3,794 명을 대상으로 선정하였다. 신장, 체중, 허리둘레, 혈압을 신체계측으로 측정하고 혈당, 콜레스테롤의 혈액학적 검사와 나이, 성별, 흡연, 음주, 운동, 근무기간, 유기화합물 노출 여부의 데이터를 수집하여 대사증후군을 진단하였다. 연구대상자의 일반적 특성, 건강 생활 행태 관련 특성에 따른 대사증후군 위험도를 검정하기 위해서 각각의 인자에 대해 단순 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 시행하였다. 이어서, 둘사이의 관계를 알기 위해 나이, 성별, BMI, 운동, 흡연, 음주, 유기화합물 노출여부, 근무기간을 조정하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 실시하였다.
결과
전체 연구 대상 그룹에서 대사증후군의 유병률은 23.4% 로 나타났으며, 교대근무자는 대사증후군 유병률과 구성요소 – 허리둘레 (84.77±8.64 vs 83.41±9.42, p<0.001), 수축기 혈압 (129.89±9.47 vs 127.57±9.47, p<0.001), 이완기 혈압 (81.22±7.59 vs 79.34±7.46, p<0.001), 공복혈당 (99.27±17.13 vs 97.87±13.07, p=0.007), 중성지방 (149.70±101.15 vs 133.55±105.17, p<0.001), 고밀도 지단백 저하 (53.18±12.82 vs 55.61±14.17, p<0.001) 가 주간근로자에 비해 높았다. 대사증후군 위험도에 대한 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 나이, 성별, BMI, 흡연, 운동, 음주, 근무기간, 유기화합물 노출이 보정된 후에도 교대근무군의 교차비는 주간근로자에 대하여 1.300 으로 나타났다. (Model 1, OR: 1.491, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.273-1.747; Model 2, OR : 1.260, 95% CI : 1.070-1.483 ; Model 3, OR: 1.309, 95% CI: 1.081-1.585 ; Model 4, OR : 1.300, 95% CI: 1.063-1.591).
결론
화학 공장 근로자에서 교대근무는 일반적요인을 보정한 후에도 대사증후군의 위험도를 증가시켰다. 이에 대한 직업적 원인분석과 위험통제를 위해 노출되는 유해물질과 작업환경에 대한 추가 분석이 필요하며, 식습관과 같은 이번연구에서 분석하지못한 일반적 원인을 포함한 대규모 전향적 추가 분석이 필요하다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association between Shift Work and Metabolic Syndrome: A 4-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Byeong-Jin Ye
Healthcare.2023; 11(6): 802. CrossRef

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Research Article

The association between long working hours and the metabolic syndrome: evidences from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2010 and 2012: Jae Uk Jeong, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:53. Published online December 21, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0053-9

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the association between the working hours of Korean employees and the metabolic syndrome and the effects of long working hours on metabolic syndrome based on the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012).

Methods

Based on the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012), 4,456 Korean employees without shift work, aged over 15, who work 30 hours or more per week were targeted in this study. The association between the general characteristics, including age, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, and the metabolic syndrome criteria defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and weekly working hours were analyzed. In addition, the association between weekly working hours and the metabolic syndrome of the subjects stratified by gender was analyzed through multiple logistic regression analyses and generalized linear mixed model after adjusting the general characteristics.

Results

In the results of stratified analysis by gender, in male subjects, in comparison with the 30-39 weekly working hours group, there were no significant adjusted odds ratios to the other working hours groups. In female subjects, in comparison with the 30-39 weekly working hours group, there were no significant adjusted odds ratios to the other working hours groups. In addition, no trend associations were observed among weekly working hour groups in both stratified genders.

Conclusion

No significant differences in prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the subjects stratified by gender were found according to weekly increasing working hours. However, due to some limitations of this study, further prospective studies may be necessary for verification.

Citations

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Impact of Reduced Working Hours and Night Work Hours on Metabolic Syndrome: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Hye-Eun Lee, Ichiro Kawachi
Safety and Health at Work.2023; 14(1): 59. CrossRef
Association between shift work or long working hours with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies
Yihui Wang, Li Yu, Yinyan Gao, Lili Jiang, Lin Yuan, Pengju Wang, Yanwen Cao, Xuping Song, Long Ge, Guowu Ding
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Mediation analysis of dietary habits, nutrient intakes, daily life in the relationship between working hours of Korean shift workers and metabolic syndrome : the sixth (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Efficacy of high dose vitamin D supplementation in improving serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D among laboratory personnel working at the Nepal National Center for Rheumatic Diseases
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Short sleep duration, shift work, and actual days taken off work are predictive life-style risk factors for new-onset metabolic syndrome: a seven-year cohort study of 40,000 male workers
Osamu Itani, Yoshitaka Kaneita, Mikiko Tokiya, Maki Jike, Atsushi Murata, Sachi Nakagome, Yuichiro Otsuka, Takashi Ohida
Sleep Medicine.2017; 39: 87. CrossRef
The association between long working hours and metabolic syndrome remains elusive
Adriano M. Pimenta, Miguel A. Martinez-Gonzalez
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Research Article

The Association between Shift Work and the Metabolic Syndrome in Female Workers: Han Hui Ye, Jae Uk Jeong, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:33-33. Published online November 1, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-33

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objective

This study aimed to determine identify any association between shift work and the metabolic syndrome by comparing the prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome in shift work groups and daytime work groups for female workers.

Methods

Based on data from health examinations carried out from April to December of 2012, we selected as our subjects 254 female workers from the Daegu area Dyeing Industrial Complex. We diagnosed the metabolic syndrome using the examination results, and information about age, whether or not they did shift work, job type, smoking habits, drinking habits, exercise habits, and past medical history was collected through self-administered questionnaire surveys and face-to-face interviews. The variables found in a univariate analysis to be significant in the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome - age, drinking habits, exercise habits, and shift work - were included in a logistic regression analysis of the risk of the metabolic syndrome for female workers.

Results

The prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome for the total group of study subjects was 11.8%, for daytime workers was 2.8%, and for shift workers was 15.3%. A logistic regression analysis of the odds of the metabolic syndrome for female workers was conducted that included factors associated with the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome: age, drinking habits, exercise habits, and shift work. The results revealed that the odds ratio of the metabolic syndrome in the shift work group, 6.30 (95% CI 1.24-32.15), was significantly higher when compared with the daytime work group.

Conclusion

Shift work appears to have an association with the metabolic syndrome in female workers. Accordingly, we believe that the attention of government agencies and business owners is needed together with the individual practice of health behaviors to manage the metabolic syndrome for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in female shift workers.

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Nutrition Research Reviews.2015; 28(2): 143. CrossRef
Rodent models to study the metabolic effects of shiftwork in humans
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Association between night work and cardiovascular diseases: analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Shift Work and the Relationship with Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Aged Workers
Yanjun Guo, Yi Rong, Xiji Huang, Hanpeng Lai, Xin Luo, Zhihong Zhang, Yuewei Liu, Meian He, Tangchun Wu, Weihong Chen, Thomas Behrens
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(3): e0120632. CrossRef
Shift work and the risk of cardiovascular disease among workers in cocoa processing company, Tema
Henry Asare-Anane, Adams Abdul-Latif, Emmanuel Kwaku Ofori, Mubarak Abdul-Rahman, Seth D. Amanquah
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Protecting the Melatonin Rhythm through Circadian Healthy Light Exposure
Maria Bonmati-Carrion, Raquel Arguelles-Prieto, Maria Martinez-Madrid, Russel Reiter, Ruediger Hardeland, Maria Rol, Juan Madrid
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2014; 15(12): 23448. CrossRef
Metabolic disease and shift work: Is there an association? An analysis of NHANES data for 2007–2008: Table 1
Prasanna Santhanam, Henry K Driscoll, Todd W Gress, Rodhan Khthir
Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014; 71(9): 661.2. CrossRef

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Research Article

The Relevance of Hyperuricemia and Metabolic Syndrome and the Effect of Blood Lead Level on Uric Acid Concentration in Steelmaking Workers: Deul Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Jae-Seok Oh, Min-Kee Yi, Sung-Woo Han, Jong-Wan Yun, Sang-Hwan Han; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:27-27. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-27

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

Uric acid concentration is known to increase the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by affecting its components, resulting in increased risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, and long-term lead exposure is known to affect this serum uric acid level. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between the causes of hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome, and to determine whether an increased blood lead level affects hyperuricemia.

Method

Anthropometric measurements, surveys, and blood tests were conducted between May and June 2012 in 759 men working in the steelmaking process at a domestic steel company. Workers were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of hyperuricemia, and an analysis was performed to examine its association with metabolic syndrome. In addition, the workers were divided into 3 groups according to the blood lead level to analyze the association between blood lead and hyperuricemia.

Results

The geometric mean (standard deviation) of the blood lead levels in the hyperuricemia group was significantly higher than that of the healthy group (3.8 [1.8] vs. 3.3 [1.8] μg/dL). The adjusted odds ratio for metabolic syndrome of the hyperuricemia group increased significantly to 1.787 (1.125–2.839) compared with the healthy group. In addition, the adjusted odds ratios for the occurrence of hyperuricemia in the tertile 2 (2.61–4.50 μg/dL) and tertile 3 groups (>4.50 μg/dL) according to blood lead level significantly increased to 1.763 (1.116–2.784) and 1.982 (1.254–3.132), respectively, compared with the tertile 1 group (< 2.61 μg/dL).

Conclusion

Hyperuricemia is believed to function as an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome, while lead seems to increase the serum uric acid level even at a considerably low blood level. Therefore, attention should be given to patients with hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome who are prone to lead exposure, and a prospective study should be conducted to identify their causal relationship.

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Association of hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Dakar
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Associations between blood lead, cadmium, and mercury levels with hyperuricemia in the Korean general population: A retrospective analysis of population‐based nationally representative data
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Research Article

Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Related Medical Costs by the Scale of Enterprise in Korea: Hyung-Sik Kong, Kang-Sook Lee, Eun-shil Yim, Seon-Young Lee, Hyun-Young Cho, Bin Na Lee, Jee Young Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:23-23. Published online October 21, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-23

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Objectives

The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) and to analyze the relationship between the risk factors of MS and medical cost of major diseases related to MS in Korean workers, according to the scale of the enterprise.

Methods

Data was obtained from annual physical examinations, health insurance qualification and premiums, and health insurance benefits of 4,094,217 male and female workers who underwent medical examinations provided by the National Health Insurance Corporation in 2009. Logistic regression analyses were used to the identify risk factors of MS and multiple regression was used to find factors associated with medical expenditures due to major diseases related to MS.

Result

The study found that low-income workers were more likely to work in small-scale enterprises. The prevalence rate of MS in males and females, respectively, was 17.2% and 9.4% in small-scale enterprises, 15.9% and 8.9% in medium-scale enterprises, and 15.9% and 5.5% in large-scale enterprises. The risks of MS increased with age, lower income status, and smoking in small-scale enterprise workers. The medical costs increased in workers with old age and past smoking history. There was also a gender difference in the pattern of medical expenditures related to MS.

Conclusions

Health promotion programs to manage metabolic syndrome should be developed to focus on workers who smoke, drink, and do little exercise in small scale enterprises.

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Predictive costs in medical care for Koreans with metabolic syndrome from 2009 to 2013 based on the National Health Insurance claims dataset
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The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2020; 35(4): 936. CrossRef
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Research Article

Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Workers by Occupational Group: Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010: Ji Young Ryu, Sukwoo Hong, Chang-Hyo Kim, Sangyoon Lee, Jeong-Ho Kim, Jong-Tae Lee, Dae Hwan Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:13-13. Published online August 5, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-13

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Objectives

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has increased rapidly in South Korea over the past 10 years. However, the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in workers grouped according to the specific type of work is not well understood in Korea. In this study, we assessed the differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome by occupational group and evaluated the risk of the metabolic syndrome among occupational groups.

Methods

From the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010), 3,303 employed participants were included in this study. The unadjusted and age-adjusted prevalences of the metabolic syndrome were estimated and multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted using the presence of the metabolic syndrome as a dependent variable, and adjusting for age, education level, household income, drinking behavior, smoking status, physical activity, work hours, and work scheduling pattern.

Results

Among male workers, non-manual workers had the greatest age-adjusted prevalence (26.4%, 95% CI: 22.3-30.5%) among the occupational groups. In a logistic regression analysis, male manual workers had a significantly lower odds ratio for the metabolic syndrome relative to non-manual workers (0.59, 95% CI: 0.41-0.85).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome by occupational group and identified the greatest risk for the metabolic syndrome in male non-manual workers.

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Original Article

Comparison of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment Tools by Using Coronary CT Angiography: Myeong Bo Kim, Won Ju Park, Keun Ho Jang, Dae Kwang Lee, Hong Jae Chae, Jai Dong Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(2):102-113. Published online June 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.2.102

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence and mortality rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have increased among Koreans over the past 20 years. To manage and control this disease, various CVD risk assessment tools such as KOSHA (Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agent) CVD risk assessment, the presence of metabolic syndrome and the Framingham risk score (FRS) have been developed and applied to employees at the workplace. This study was designed to compare the validity of the CVD risk assessment tools mentioned above with the findings of coronary CT angiography (CCTA).
METHODS
The subjects of this study who were 490 male-workers aged between 31 and 70, and these subjects were selected among those who had visited a University Hospital for a general health examination and who underwent CCTA from January 2007 to June 2009. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to compare and analyze the associations between the CVD risk assessment tools and the coronary artery changes such as calcification and stenosis.
RESULTS
Metabolic syndrome (OR=1.90, 95% CI 1.23-2.95) and the Framingham risk score (OR=2.71, 95% CI 1.83-4.01) were the significant and meaningful predictors of coronary artery calcification. On the analysis of the association with coronary artery stenosis, only the Framingham risk score (OR=2.21, 95% CI 1.46-3.36) turned out to be a significant and meaningful predictor.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that the Framingham risk score is a relatively valid CVD risk assessment tool. Henceforth, to effectively manage cardiovascular diseases in the workplace, advanced tools and indicators for management should be considered and provided based on meaningful study results.

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Original Article

The Impact of Weight Changes on Metabolic Syndrome over a Time period of 8 years in Korean Male Workers: Tae Heum Chung, Moon Chan Kim, Ji Ho Lee, Chung Hun Choi, Chang Sup Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(1):20-28. Published online March 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.1.20

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Cardiovascular diseases are common causes of diseases and death for workers. With the increasing prevalence of obesity, the social costs for obesity related diseases are a growing burden in Korea. We aimed to investigate the impact of weight change on metabolic syndrome and its components in Korean male workers.
METHODS
We analyzed the data from 2,785 male workers obtained during health checkups in 2000 and in 2008. The subjects were classified into 5 groups as Loss (< or = -3.0 kg), Stable (-2.9 to 2.9 kg), Mild gain (3.0 to 5.9 kg), Moderate gain (6.0 to 8.9 kg), and Severe gain (> or = 9.0 kg) group according to the amount of weight change between the 2 health checkups. The mean values of metabolic syndrome components were compared across the 5 weight change groups by ANCOVA. After classifying subjects into 2 groups according to the normality of their body weight at baseline, the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome and its components each weight-change group were computed by multiple logistic regression analyses, using the Stable group as the reference.
RESULTS
There was a strong linear relationship between weight gain and a worsening of the components of metabolic syndrome in 2008 (p<0.001). In normal body weight group, the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome significantly increased in the Mild, Moderate, and Severe gain groups (OR 1.83, 2.82, and 7.56, respectively), and increased with weight gain (p<0.001). In subjects who were obese, the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome significantly increased if their amount of weight gain placed them in the Mild or Moderate gain groups(OR 1.75 and 3.97), increased with the increase of weight gain (p<0.001), and decreased in the Loss group(OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.30 to 0.85).
CONCLUSIONS
Weight gain in male workers was positively associated with metabolic syndrome through worsening of metabolic syndrome components. On the other hand, weight loss in obese male workers had a protective effect against metabolic syndrome through the improvement of the components of metabolic syndrome.

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Associations between the Practice of Health Behaviors and Awareness of Metabolic Syndrome among Adults (19-64 years) in the Gwangju-Jeonnam Area: 2010 Community Health Survey
In Ae Chun, So Yeon Ryu, Hyeon Hui Park, Jong Park, Mi Ah Han, Seong Woo Choi
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Original Article

Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Shipyard Workers and its Prevalence: Yang Hyun Kim, Ryoung Jin Park, Won Ju Park, Myoung Bo Kim, Jai Dong Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(3):209-217. Published online September 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.3.209

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictors of metabolic syndrome in shipyard workers in the Southwestern part of South Korea and determine its prevalence.
METHODS
The study subjects were composed of 1,198 medical check-up examinees, age 37 to 58 years who were examined in a general hospital from July, 2007 to August, 2008. Information about age, smoking, drinking and exercise was based on data from self-administered questionnaires. We collected job factors, education level and marital status from company personnel data and the indices of metabolic syndrome from the medical check-up.
RESULTS
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the 1,198 shipyard workers was 15.0%. The prevalence of the components of metabolic syndrome was as follows: 26.9% for central obesity, 31.7% for hypertension, 32.2% for hypertriglyceridemia, 19.2% for low HDL-cholesterolemia and 5.2% for hyperglycemia. Adjusted odds ratio for metabolic syndrome was significantly decreased in productive workers (OR: 0.500, 95% CI: 0.327-0.764). Furthermore, factors such as age, smoking, drinking, exercise, work duration and job type were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that even though shipyard workers work for the same employer, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies to job type, shift work and work duration. Therefore, general metabolic syndrome management programs for shipyard workers should be designed and tailor-made for specified job characteristics to prevent cardiovascular disease more effectively. Also, thorough control and management of the tailor made metabolic syndrome management programs is needed in the early stages of metabolic syndrome for good health outcomes.

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Original Article

The Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome and its Relation with gamma-GTP in Steel-mill Workers: Je Hyeok Mun, Sang Jun Lee, Jung Duck Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(1):17-25. Published online March 31, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.1.17

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to estimate the prevalence and possible risk factors of the metabolic syndrome in steel-mill workers, and to evaluate the relation between gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GTP) and the metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
The study subjects comprised 1,604 male steel-mill workers. The indices of metabolic syndrome, such as BMI, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and gamma-GTP were analyzed in each subject. We collected information about demographic characteristics, behavioral patterns, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and exercise, and family medical history through a self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done by using the chi-square test, Mantel-Haenszel trend test and logistic regression model.
RESULTS
The crude and age-adjusted prevalences of the metabolic syndrome were 21.3% and 15.5%, respectively, in the steel-mill workers. Age (OR: 1.063, 95% CI: 1.033-1.094), alcohol drinking (OR: 1.657, 95% CI: 1.175-2.337) and smoking (OR: 1.359, 95% CI: 1.017-1.816) were risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. Meanwhile, shift work showed a significant relation with hypertension (OR: 1.329, 95% CI: 1.038-1.700), but not with other metabolic syndrome components. However, tenure, exercise and family medical history were not significant factors for the metabolic syndrome in this study. The risk ratio of the metabolic syndrome (OR: 3.345, 95 % CI: 2.534-4.416) and its components, such as obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia, were higher in the high gamma-GTP group (> or =63 IU/ liter) than in the controls (<63 IU/liter).
CONCLUSIONS
These results confirm the need for health education to control the metabolic syndrome by improving behavioral patterns, such as alcohol drinking and smoking, in factory workers. In addition, it is suggested that gamma-GTP might be a useful candidate in screening for the metabolic syndrome.

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Original Article

Occupational Stress on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases and Metabolic Syndrome: Jung Jin Cho, Ji Yong Kim, Jung Soo Byun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(3):209-220. Published online September 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.3.209

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between occupational stress and cardiovascular risk factors including metabolic syndrome in a working population.
METHODS
A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted among Koreans working in several industries. They were questioned about: demographic factors, marital status, education, personal history, alcohol intake, smoking, and physical activity , while their occupational stress was assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS). The subjects were measured for height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDLcholesterol. Regression analyses to determine the relationships between occupational stressors using KOSS and cardiovascular risk factors were performed using multivariate models with adjustment for potential confounders.
RESULTS
A total of 2,097 workers (1,770 men and 327 women) were included. Multiple logistic regression analysis (socio-demographics and potential confounders) demonstrated a positive association between high interpersonal conflicts and hypertension, a negative association between high job insecurity and diabetes and no association between any KOSS subscale and metabolic syndrome and obesity. Multiple linear regression, adjusted for socio-demographics and potential confounders demonstrated a negative association between low HDL-cholesterol and poor physical environments, high job demand and poor job insecurity and no association between lipid profiles and other KOSS sub-scales.
CONCLUSIONS
A few KOSS sub-scales such as interpersonal conflicts showed a positive association with hypertension in Korean workers. Neverthelsss, some measures of occupational stress showed a negative association with diabetes and HDL-cholesterol in cross-sectional population-based survey. We therefore decided to conclude this association by longitudinal study.

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Original Article

The Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Risk Factors Among Male Workers in an Electronics Manufacturing Company: Eun Sook Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(1):35-45. Published online March 31, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.1.35

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the determinants of the metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
Data were collected through structured questionnaire survey and health examination from 201 male workers aged 30~51 years in an electronics manufacturing company during September 2004. The metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity were assessed according to the NCEP-ATP III definition and the Asia-Pacific guidelines (waist circumference > 90 cm for men). Age adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the metabolic syndrome were computed using logistic regression.
RESULTS
The unadjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 10.5% in male workers. Seventy three workers(35.4%) had 2 or more metabolic risk factors. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome components was 48.3% for high triglyceride, 40.3% for abdominal obesity, 30.3% for high blood pressure, 8.0% for low HDL-cholesterol, and 2.5% for high blood sugar. The age adjusted odds ratio for the metabolic syndrome was significantly increased in the study population having physical inactivity (unit, 100 kcal/day; OR, 1.142; 95% CI, 1.014~1.286).
CONCLUSION
Weight reduction and physical exercise may decrease the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among male workers.

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Original Article

The Relationship between Heart Rate Variability and Metabolic Syndrome at a Rural Area: Kyoung Bok Min, Jin Young Min, Kyung Hee Jung-Choi, Hyung Joon Jhun, Sung Il Cho, Domyung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):459-466. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.459

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and to investigate the relation between metabolic syndrome and heart rate variability in a community population.
METHODS
The study design was cross-sectional, and 1028 subjects, aged 20~87 years, were recruited. Heart rate variability was measured in the sitting position for five minutes. The recorded data were assessed by time-domain (standard deviation of RR interval) and frequencydomain analysis. All subjects were examined for five components of metabolic syndrome.
RESULTS
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in male and female subjects was 25.9% and 27.7%, respectively. The mean value of heart rate variability of the subjects was significantly different between healthy subjects and those with metabolic syndrome. The regression model showed that metabolic syndrome was negatively correlated with heart rate variability.
CONCLUSIONS
The results demonstrate that metabolic syndrome has potentially negative effects on the cardiovascular system, and that these effects could be detected by heart rate variability. Follow-up studies able to control the cohort effect are necessary to evaluate the relation between metabolic syndrome and heart rate variability.

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Original Article

Job Stress, Heart Rate Variability and Metabolic Syndrome: Sei Jin Chang, Sang Baek Koh, Hong Ryul Choi, Jong Min Woo, Bong Suk Cha, Jong Ku Park, Yong Hee Chen, Ho Keun Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(1):70-81. Published online March 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.1.70

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of literature has documented that job stress is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological mechanism of this association remains unclear. Therefore, we tried to elucidate the relationship between job stress, heart rate variability and metabolic syndrome.
METHOD
The study design was cross-sectional, and 169 industrial workers were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics and job characteristics (work demand, decision latitude). Heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded using SA-2000 (medi-core). HRV was assessed by time-domain and by frequency-domain analyses. Time domain analysis was performed for SDNN (Standard Deviation of NN interval), and spectral analysis for low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF) and total frequency power. Metabolic syndrome was defined on the basis of clustering of risk factors, when three or more of the following cardiovascular risk factors were included in the fifth quintile: glucose, systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol (bottom quintile), triglyceride and waist-hip ratio.
RESULTS
The results showed that job characteristics were not associated with cardiovascular risk factors. The high strain group had a less favorable cardiovascular risk profile with higher levels of blood pressure, glucose, homocysteine, and clotting factor than the lower strain group (low strain+passive+active group), but the difference was not statistically significant. The SDNN of HRV was significantly lower in the high strain group than in the low strain group. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the low strain, passive, active and high strain groups was 9.7%, 13.9%, 14.9% and 23.8%, respectively. In the high strain group, the metabolic syndrome was significantly related to a decreased SDNN. However, we could not find a significant association in LF/HF ratio.
CONCLUSION
This result suggests that decreased HRV does not play a role in the development of disease; however, it can induce cardiovascular abnormalities or dysfunctions related to the onset of heart disease among high risk groups.

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