Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT: using the 5th and 6th Korean Working Condition Surveys: Tae-Yeon Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Byungyoon Yun, Domyung Paek, Kyung Ehi Zoh, Kanwoo Youn, Yun Keun Lee, Yangho Kim, Jungwon Kim, Eunsuk Choi, Mo-Yeol Kang, YoonHo Cho, Kyung-Eun Lee, Juho Sim, Juyeon Oh, Heejoo Park, Jian Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e19. Published online August 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e19

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Accurate occupation classification is essential in various fields, including policy development and epidemiological studies. This study aims to develop an occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT.
Methods
This study used data from the 5th and 6th Korean Working Conditions Surveys conducted in 2017 and 2020, respectively. A total of 99,665 survey participants, who were nationally representative of Korean workers, were included. We used natural language responses regarding their job responsibilities and occupational codes based on the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (7th version, 3-digit codes). The dataset was randomly split into training and test datasets in a ratio of 7:3. The occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT was fine-tuned using the training dataset, and the model was evaluated using the test dataset. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were calculated as evaluation metrics.
Results
The final model, which classified 28,996 survey participants in the test dataset into 142 occupational codes, exhibited an accuracy of 84.44%. For the evaluation metrics, the precision, recall, and F1 score of the model, calculated by weighting based on the sample size, were 0.83, 0.84, and 0.83, respectively. The model demonstrated high precision in the classification of service and sales workers yet exhibited low precision in the classification of managers. In addition, it displayed high precision in classifying occupations prominently represented in the training dataset.
Conclusions
This study developed an occupation classification system based on DistilKoBERT, which demonstrated reasonable performance. Despite further efforts to enhance the classification accuracy, this automated occupation classification model holds promise for advancing epidemiological studies in the fields of occupational safety and health.; DistilKOBERT를 기반으로 한 직업 분류 모델 개발: 제5차, 6차 한국근로실태조사를 이용하여
목적
정확한 직업분류는 정책 개발 및 역학 연구를 포함한 다양한 분야에서 중요하다. 본 연구는 자연어처리모델인 DistilKoBERT를 기반으로 한 직업 분류 모델을 개발하는 것을 목표로 한다.
방법
본 연구는 2017년과 2020년에 실시된 제5차와 제6차 근로환경조사 (KWCS)의 데이터를 활용하였다. 대한민국 근로자를 국가적으로 대표하는 총 99,665명의 참가자가 포함되었고, 직무 내용과 관련된 자연어 응답과 그에 맞는 대한민국 표준직업 분류코드(7차 개정, 3자리 코드)를 연구에 사용하였다. 데이터셋은 7:3의 비율로 훈련 및 테스트 데이터셋으로 무작위로 분할되었고, 사전 학습된 DistilKoBERT을 훈련 데이터셋을 통해 파인튜닝하여 모델을 학습시키고, 테스트 데이터셋을 사용하여 그 기능을 평가하였다. 정확도, 정밀도, 재현율 및 F1 점수가 평가 지표로 계산되었다.
결과
테스트 데이터셋의 28,996명의 참가자를 142개의 직업 코드로 분류한 최종 모델은 84.44%의 정확도를 보였다. 샘플 크기를 기준으로 가중치를 적용하여 계산한 모델의 정밀도, 재현율 및 F1 점수는 각각 0.83, 0.84 및 0.83 이었다. 최종 모델은 서비스, 판매 종사자 그룹에서 높은 정밀도를 보여주었지만 관리자 그룹에서는 낮은 정밀도를 보였다. 또한 훈련 데이터셋에서 표본의 수가 많았던 직업에서 대체로 높은 정밀도를 보였다.
결론
본 연구는 DistilKoBERT를 기반으로 합리적인 성능을 보이는 직업 분류 모델을 개발하였다. 분류의 정확성을 향상시키기 위한 추가적인 노력이 필요하지만, 자동화된 직업 분류 모델은 직업 안전 및 보건 분야의 유행병 연구를 발전시키는 데 기여할 것이라 기대된다.

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Special Issue

Special Series I: Working hours as a social determinant of workers’ health: Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Tae-Won Jang, Mo-Yeol Kang, Jungwon Kim, Eun-A Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e16. Published online July 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e16

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Changes in Korea’s working time policy: the need for research on flexible working hours considering socioeconomic inequality
Inah KIM
Industrial Health.2024; 62(2): 77. CrossRef

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Reviews

Technetium-99m hand perfusion scintigraphy (Raynaud’s scan) as a method of verification in hand arm vibration syndrome: a review: Taewoong Ha, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e26. Published online October 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e26

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

It is important to assess the blood flow of fingers in the verification of hand-arm vibration syndrome. In the Republic of Korea, most assessments of the blood flow in the fingers are performed using a cold provocation test with finger skin color change. However, this test is a non-objective method with a relatively low sensitivity, leading to possible social and legal problems. Thus, we reviewed the characteristics of several tests that assess the blood flow in the fingers. Among these tests, using the radioactive isotope method, Raynaud’s scan has a relatively higher sensitivity and specificity than other tests, provides objective results, and is approachable in many hospitals. So we suggest using Raynaud's scan as an alternative test when cold provocation test with finger skin color change is negative in vibration exposed worker.

테크네튬-99m 레이노 스캔을 이용한 수완진동 증후군 진단 리뷰
수완진동증후군의 검증에서는 손가락의 혈류를 평가하는 것이 중요하다. 대한민국에서는 레이노증후군의 업무관련성 평가 시 대부분 손가락의 혈류량 평가를 냉각부하 손가락 피부색 변화 검사만으로 시행하고 있다. 그러나 이 검사는 상대적으로 민감도가 낮은 주관적인 검사방법으로 사회적, 법적 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 우리는 손가락의 혈류를 평가할 수 있는 여러 검사의 특성을 검토하였다. 이 검사 방법들 중, 방사성 동위원소법을 이용한 레이노스캔은 객관적인 결과를 제공하며 다른 검사방법들에 비하여 상대적으로 민감도와 특이도가 높고 많은 병원에서 접근성이 좋다. 따라서 진동노출작업자에서 냉각부하 손가락 피부색 검사 결과가 음성인 경우 대안검사로서 레이노스캔을 사용할 것을 제안한다.

Citations

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Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Current Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment
Hirut Yadeta Ture, Nan Young Lee, Na Ri Kim, Eon Jeong Nam
Vascular Specialist International.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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A work-relatedness assessment in epidemiological case investigation of occupational cancers: II. Practice: an upper urinary tract cancer in a dyer: Kihun Kim, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e31. Published online September 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e31

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: An epidemiological case investigation of occupational cancer is conducted to determine the causation between the cancer and the worker's job. This review describes the overall process of work-relatedness assessment of the epidemiological case investigation through a case of upper urinary tract cancer (UUTC) in benzidine exposed worker in dyeing industry. Medical referrals, occupational history, material safety data sheet, and working environment monitoring submitted by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service were reviewed. We further investigated literatures about the cotton dyeing industry, the domestic law and working environment monitoring reports. Benzidine was listed as an International Agency for Research on Cancer risk factor only for bladder cancer among urinary tract cancers, requiring different logical grounds for establishing causation. A literature review was conducted on the metabolic pathways of benzidine to establish biological plausibility. In addition, several papers were investigated that UUTC and bladder cancer share risk factors to extrapolate the epidemiological studies of bladder cancer. Epidemiologic studies of benzidine and bladder cancer were investigated. The worker is a 71-year-old man and performed dyeing and transporting at several dyeing factories for 29 years. The worker was diagnosed with UUTC based on radiologic and histologic results. It was critical to consider that he worked as a dyer for 3 years. The cancer was diagnosed in 2018, with a latent period of approximately 35 years. The worker performed cotton dyeing, and benzidine-based dye was mainly used. The quantitative exposure level of benzidine was reported from non-detection to 397.4 µg/m³. In biological metabolisms, N-acetylhydroxylamine changes DNA structure of urothelium. As a result of reviewing 4 epidemiological studies, the standardized incidence ratio and standardized mortality ratio were significantly high with 3 years of exposure. Work-relatedness was finally assessed as probable based on biological mechanisms and epidemiological evidence. This review will help solutions for work-relatedness assessment processes.

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A work-relatedness assessment in epidemiological case investigation of occupational cancers: I. Principles: Kihun Kim, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e30. Published online September 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e30

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

It is important to identify the causal relationship between occupational exposure and the disease in the area of compensation because most cancers have long latent period. This review presents the principles that should be considered when evaluating the work-relatedness. We reviewed reports on occupational cancers published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, National Toxicology Program, Environmental Protection Agency, European Union, which are the world's most prestigious organizations. In addition, we reviewed relevant papers and books published in Korea. The process is conducted in the order of cancer diagnosis, exposure assessment for carcinogens, and work-relatedness assessment. The probability of causation is determined stochastically rather than deterministically. There is no absolute standard for accreditation criteria and results may vary according to expert opinions and in each country or organization. Revealing the causal relationship of occupational cancers is a difficult process owing to inconsistency in relevant epidemiological studies, lack of well-established biological mechanisms, loss of objective occupational historical data, and other complexity of individual cases. Causation is unclear in many cases. Nevertheless, the data should be reviewed in detail for each case suspected of work-related cancers, and an assessment should be made through valid and plausible logic and literature evidences.

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Technetium-99m hand perfusion scintigraphy (Raynaud’s scan) as a method of verification in hand arm vibration syndrome: a review
Taewoong Ha, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jungwon Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Effects of job stress on symptoms of bipolar spectrum disorder in an electronic parts manufacturing company: Hyeonchoel Oh, Kihun Kim, Taewoong Ha, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e25. Published online July 13, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e25

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Background

Mental illness is known to be caused by genetic, biological, and environmental risk factors. Although previous studies have established the link between mental illness and job stress, most of them are limited to major depression disorder. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between job stress and bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD).

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study based on a survey conducted in April 2017 at an electronic parts manufacturing company in Busan. In a total of 441 workers, the degree of BSD was identified using the Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, and the degree of job stress was identified using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale Short Form. This study also identified general characteristics of workers and job-related factors. The χ² test and Fisher's exact test was conducted to determine the differences among the variables, based on BSD. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the influence of independent variables on BSD.

Results

Cross-analysis showed significant differences between the BSD high-risk and low-risk groups regarding age, sex, occupation, smoking, problem drinking, job stress total score, occupational climate, and major depression disorder symptom. In addition, the significant differences between the BSD high-risk and low-risk groups about job stress were observed in terms of job demand, job insecurity, and occupational climate. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the high-risk group in the job stress group had a higher effect on BSD than the low-risk group (odds ratio [OR]: 2.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–4.88). Among the categories of job stress, high-risk groups in 3 areas—job demand (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.27–5.17), job insecurity (OR: 4.42, 95% CI: 1.19–16.42), and occupational climate (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.29–5.05)—were more likely to have an impact on BSD than the low-risk groups.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that the high-risk groups of job stress total score, job demand, job insecurity, and occupational climate had a more significant effect on BSD than the low-risk groups. As workers with BSD may have difficulties in their work and personal lives, there is a need to manage job stress to prevention of BSD.

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Job retention for people with bipolar disorder: A qualitative analysis
Elise Marion‐Paris, Emma Beetlestone, Raphaël Paris, Mouloud Bouhadfane, Antoine Villa, Marie‐Pascale Lehucher‐Michel
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.2023; 64(2): 171. CrossRef
The clinical characterization of the adult patient with bipolar disorder aimed at personalization of management
Roger S. McIntyre, Martin Alda, Ross J. Baldessarini, Michael Bauer, Michael Berk, Christoph U. Correll, Andrea Fagiolini, Kostas Fountoulakis, Mark A. Frye, Heinz Grunze, Lars V. Kessing, David J. Miklowitz, Gordon Parker, Robert M. Post, Alan C. Swann,
World Psychiatry.2022; 21(3): 364. CrossRef

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Case Reports

A case of extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon rupture in an automotive assembly line worker: an ergonomic evaluation through job strain index (JSI) and musculoskeletal risk factor survey: Sunwook Park, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e2. Published online May 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e2

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Background

We report a case of extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon rupture caused by repetitive motions and awkward posture on hand and wrist joints.

Case presentation

A 47-year-old right-handed man who worked for 15 years in an assembly line at an automotive manufacturing company has been diagnosed with a complete tear of right EPL tendon. We investigated the patient's occupational history in detail and evaluated the tasks ergonomically through musculoskeletal risk factors survey and job strain index (JSI) using the 22 task-related videos recorded by the patient. Three out of the 12 tasks (25%) were identified as high-risk work on the hand and wrist in the musculoskeletal risk factors survey in 2016. Among the 22 tasks analyzed by JSI, 11 tasks (50%) were evaluated as probably hazardous. In addition, he used localized vibration tools in 19 (86.4%) out of 22 tasks.

Conclusion

We concluded the patient's disease was probably caused by repetitive motion and improper posture of the hand and wrist, and the hand-arm vibration is a possible cause as well.

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Erhebung der arbeitsplatzbezogenen subjektiven Belastungs- und Beanspruchungssituation von Akkord- und Fließbandarbeitern im Versandhandel
Julia Rother, Sabine Darius, Irina Böckelmann
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Parkinson's disease in a worker exposed to insecticides at a greenhouse
Yangwoo Kim, Inah Kim, Jung-Min Sung, Jaechul Song
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of Newly Developed Easy-Open Assistive Devices for Pneumatic Tube System Carriers for the Reduction of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Tzu-I Chien, Huey-Wen Liang, Ya-Fen Lee, Fei-Yun Liu, Chi-Kwang Hsu, Shao-Tseng Liu, Mo Siu-Mei Lee, Pin-Fei Wei, Silvia Todros
BioMed Research International.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef

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Ovarian cancer in a former asbestos textile factory worker: a case report: Sunwook Park, Jaechan Park, Eunsoo Lee, Huisu Eom, Mu Young Shin, Jungwon Kim, Dongmug Kang, Sanggil Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:65. Published online November 16, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0277-1

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Background

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) defined that asbestos is a group 1 substance that causes lung cancer, mesothelioma (pleura and peritoneum), laryngeal cancer, and ovarian cancer in humans. Many studies on lung cancer, and mesothelioma caused by asbestos exposure have been conducted, but there was no case report of ovarian cancer due to asbestos exposure in Korea. We describe a case of ovarian cancer caused by asbestos exposure in a worker who worked at an asbestos textile factory for 3 years and 7 months in the late 1970s.

Case presentation

A 57-year-old woman visited the hospital because she had difficulty urinating. Ovarian cancer was suspected in radiologic examination, and exploratory laparotomy was performed. She was diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer. The patient did not undergo postoperative chemotherapy and recovered. She joined the asbestos factory in March 1976 and engaged in asbestos textile twisting and spinning for 1 year, 2 years and 7 months respectively. In addition, she lived near the asbestos factory for more than 20 years. There was no other specificity or family history.

Conclusion

Considering the patient’s occupational and environmental history, it is estimated that she had been exposed to asbestos significantly, so we determined that ovarian cancer in the patient is highly correlated with the occupational exposure of asbestos and environmental exposure is a possible cause as well. Social devices are needed to prevent further exposure to asbestos. It is also necessary to recognize that ovarian cancer can occur in workers who have previously been exposed to asbestos, and the education and social compensation for those workers are needed.

Citations

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Asbestos-Related Diseases and Its Impact on Health: An Updated Review Article
Wasey Ali Yadullahi Mir, Ayusha Poudel, Anurag Adhikari, Dhan Bahadur Shrestha, Yubraj Sedhai, Peter LaCamera, Andrew Moraco
Current Pulmonology Reports.2023; 12(4): 244. CrossRef
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Luigi Vimercati, Domenica Cavone, Maria Celeste Delfino, Biagio Bruni, Luigi De Maria, Antonio Caputi, Stefania Sponselli, Roberta Rossi, Leonardo Resta, Francesco Fortarezza, Federica Pezzuto, Gabriella Serio
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Parkinson's disease in a worker exposed to insecticides at a greenhouse
Yangwoo Kim, Inah Kim, Jung-Min Sung, Jaechul Song
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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An aggravated return-to-work case of organic solvent induced chronic toxic encephalopathy: Sangyun Seo, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:27. Published online April 27, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0232-1

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Background

Organic solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE) is known as a non-progressive disorder that does not progress after diagnosis. The authors present a case those symptoms worsened after continued exposure to organic solvent after returning to work. Because such a case has not been reported in South Korea to the best of our knowledge, we intend to report this case along with literature review.

Case presentation

A 59-year-old man, who performed painting job at a large shipyard for 20 years, was receiving hospital treatment mainly for depression. During the inpatient treatment, severe cognitive impairment was identified, and he visited the occupational and environmental medicine outpatient clinic for assessing work relatedness. In 1984, at the age of 27, he began performing touch-up and spray painting as a shipyard painter. Before that he had not been exposure to any neurotoxic substances. In 2001, at the age of 44, after 15 years of exposure to mixed solvents including toluene, xylene and others, he was diagnosed with CTE International Solvent Workshop (ISW) type 2A. After 7 years of sick leave, he returned to work in 2006. And he repeated return-to-work and sick leave in the same job due to worsening of depressive symptoms. He had worked four times (2006–2010, 2011–2011, 2011–2011, 2016–2017) for a total of 5 years as a shipyard painter after first compensation. During the return-to-work period, the mean values of the mixed solvent index ranged from 0.57 to 2.15, and except for a one semiannual period, all mean values were above the standard value of 1. We excluded other diseases that can cause cognitive impairment like central nervous system diseases, brain injury, psychological diseases and metabolic diseases with physical examinations, laboratory tests, and brain image analysis. And finally, throughout neuropsychological tests, an overall deterioration in cognitive function was identified compared to 2002, and the deterioration types was similar to that often shown in the case of CTE; thus a diagnosis of CTE (ISW) type 3 was made.

Conclusion

This case is showing that CTE can go on with continued exposure to mixed solvents. Appropriate “fitness to work” should be taken to prevent disease deterioration especially for the sick leave workers.

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Application and optimization of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of new skin-lightening cosmetic materials from Ixora javanica flower
Nina Dewi Oktaviyanti, Kartini, Abdul Mun'im
Heliyon.2019; 5(11): e02950. CrossRef

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Research Articles

Review of carcinogenicity of hexavalent chrome and proposal of revising approval standards for an occupational cancers in Korea: Jungwon Kim, Sangyun Seo, Yangho Kim, Dae Hwan Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:7. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0215-2

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Background

The objective of this study is to suggest revised recognition standards for occupational disease due to chromium (VI) by reflecting recent domestic and international research works and considering domestic exposure status with respect to target organs, exposure period, and cumulative exposure dose in relation to the chromium (VI)-induced occupational disease compensation.

Methods

In this study, the reports published by major international institutions such as World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2012), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2006), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2013), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (2004), National Toxicology Program (NTP) (2014), and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR) (2012) were reviewed and the recent research works searched by PubMed were summarized.

Results

Considering the recent research works and the domestic situation, only lung cancer is conserved in the legislative bill in relation to chromium (VI), and the exposure period is not included in the bill. Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer was excluded from the list of cancers that are compensated as the chromium (VI)- induced occupational disease, while lung cancer remains in the list. In the view of legislative unity, considering the fact that only the cancers having sufficient evidence are included in the conventional list of cancers compensated as occupational disease, nasal and paranasal sinus cancer having limited evidence were excluded from the list.

The exposure period was also removed from the legislative bill due to the insufficient evidence. Recent advices in connection with cumulative exposure dose were proposed, and other considerable points were provided with respect to individual occupational relevance.

Conclusions

It is suggested that the current recognition standard which is “Lung cancer or nasal and paranasal sinus cancer caused by exposure to chromium (VI) or compounds thereof (exposure for two years or longer), or nickel compounds” should be changed to “Lung cancer caused by exposure to chromium (VI) or compounds thereof, and lung cancer or nasal and paranasal sinus cancer caused by exposure to nickel compounds”.

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Residency programs and the outlook for occupational and environmental medicine in Korea: Youngil Lee, Jungwon Kim, Yoomi Chae; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:23. Published online September 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0072-1

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This study investigated the implementation of training courses and the overall outlook for occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) in Korea. We described the problems facing OEM residency programs in Korea, and reviewed studies dealing with the specialty of occupational health in developed countries in order to suggest directions of improvement for the OEM training courses.
Methods
We surveyed 125 OEM residents using a questionnaire in August 2012. A total of 23 questions about the training environment, residency programs, preferred institutions for post-licensure employment, and the outlook for OEM specialists were included in the questionnaire and analyzed according to the type of training institution and residency year. Responses from 88 residents (70.4 %) were analyzed.
Results
The major responsibilities of OEM residents were found to vary depending on whether they were trained in research institutes or in hospitals. OEM residents had a lower level of satisfaction with the following training programs: toxicology practice (measurements of biological markers, metabolites, and working environments), and OEM practice (environmental diseases and clinical training involving surgery). When asked about their eventual place of employment, OEM residents preferred institutions providing special health examinations or health management services. OEM residents reported a positive outlook for OEM over the next 5 years, but a negative outlook for the next 10 years.
Conclusions
Although a standardized training curriculum for OEM residents exists, this study found differences in the actual training courses depending on the training institution. We plan to standardize OEM training by holding a regional conference and introducing open training methods, such as an open hospital system. Use of Korean-language OEM textbook may also reduce differences in the educational programs of each training institution. Toxicology practice, environmental diseases, and clinical training in surgery are areas that particularly need improvement in OEM residency training programs.

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Risk factors of musculoskeletal symptoms in university hospital nurses: Eunkwang Ryu, Byeongjin Ye, Youngil Yi, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:47. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0047-7

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate musculoskeletal symptom prevalence in university hospital nurses and explore the relation between musculoskeletal symptom prevalence and work related factors.

Methods

A structured questionnaire was conducted with 620 nurses in a university hospital to look into the characters of responsibility and musculoskeletal symptom prevalence. The questionnaire respondents numbered 534, so the response rate was 86.1%. Among the respondents, three who gave insincere answers were excluded. The final study population was 531 respondents. ANSI Z-365 checklist was applied to look into ergonomic characteristics, and Korean Occupational Stress Scale Short Form was employed to measure job stress.

Results

In the case of the whole body, symptom prevalence amounted to 70.8%. Regarding each body region, shoulder symptom prevalence accounted for the highest, or 44.8%, waist 40.7%, and neck 33.3% in order. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, in the case of the whole body, the group with a high ANSI checklist grade had odds ratio of 3.59 (95% CI 1.48 ~ 8.76), and the group with high job stress had 3.19 (95% CI 2.01 ~ 5.07).

Conclusion

Regarding the occupational factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms of university hospital nurses, it was found that ANSI Z-365 checklist high risk group, total job tenure, department, shiftworks, and job stress had high relation with musculoskeletal symptoms. It is necessary to find an ergonomic solution and a stress reduction plan to prevent musculoskeletal disease.

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Review

Nonspecific Building Related Illnesses: Chunhui Suh, Eun Hee Ha, Yun Chul Hong, Yoo Mi Chae, Kyu Jin Chang, Jungwon Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):319-327. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.319

Abstract PDF: Nonspecific building related illnesses (NBRI) are an array of diverse symptoms related to working in particular buildings. There are numerous contributing factors, including basic factors (temperature, humidity and ventilation) as well as chemicals, dust, microorganisms, and psychosocial factors. At the individual level, taking a careful history is the essential first step. After ruling out other diseases, clinicians can start the symptomatic treatment for NBRI. If a relationship to the building is suspected, a walk through evaluation is very helpful. At the group level, standardized questionnaires and investigations of the building environment can be applied simultaneously. If the prevalence of symptoms are greater than that of general population, appropriate interventions have to be provided for prevention and group health care. In both approaches, it is essential to periodically follow up with symptomatic patients and work environments after an intervention. For the management of NBRI, taking care of the patient's symptoms and maintaining a good indoor environment are important. To achieve this goal, cooperation among workers, building managers, employers and occupational health staff is crucial.

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Original Articles

Estimation of Demand and Supply for Occupational and Environmental Medicine Specialties in Korea (II): Demand Estimation and Demand-Supply Balance: Yoomi Chae, Jungwon Kim, Jonghan Leem; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):80-88. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.80

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To estimate the demand and demand-supply balances of occupational and environmental medical specialties (OEMS) in the target year of 2020.
METHODS
We adopted a new OEMS demand model based on the situations of periodic workers' health examination (PHE) agencies, health management agencies (HMA), and legal enforcement for health and safety systems in Korea. The model uses data selected primarily from the database of the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (KSOEM), a survey for certified members of KSOEM, statistics and internal documents from the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL).
RESULTS
From the data and assumptions, newly demanded OEMS were 193 for workers who had received PHE, and 205 based on total workers for PHE in 2020 for PHE. But no OEMS for HMA area is demanded. Comparing with the calculated numbers of supply estimates, the demand was slightly higher, but could be balanced if MOEL kept consistent and unchanging policies.
CONCLUSIONS
The study results suggest that the demand-supply balance of OEMS is mainly influenced by the policy of MOEL. Further studies are needed examining more detailed data and statistics about PHE agencies, HMA and considering MOEL policies are needed to configuring more sophisticated and need-included estimation.

Citations

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Residency programs and the outlook for occupational and environmental medicine in Korea
Youngil Lee, Jungwon Kim, Yoomi Chae
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Estimation of Demand and Supply for Occupational and Environmental Medicine Specialties in Korea (I): Estimation of Supply: Jungwon Kim, Yoomi Chae, Jonghan Leem; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):71-79. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.71

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To estimate the supply of occupational and environmental medicine specialties in the target year of 2020.
METHODS
We adopted alternative projection models combined with a demographic method as a supply forecasting method. The model uses data selected primarily from the database of the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (KSOEM), a survey for certified members of KSOEM, audit data from the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL) and Hospital Accreditation. We assumed five viable alternatives in supply forecasting.
RESULTS
Depending on the assumptions, the total occupational and environmental medicine specialties supply ranged from 706 by low-level supply estimates to 754 by high-level supply estimates in 2020. Among them, approximately 81% were estimated to engage themselves in agency for health management and periodic health examinations for workers exposed to hazards.
CONCLUSIONS
The study results suggest that the supply of occupational and environmental medicine specialties is related to the policy of MOEL. Further studies are needed concerning overall policy about health and safety and for the newly demanded market.

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Residency programs and the outlook for occupational and environmental medicine in Korea
Youngil Lee, Jungwon Kim, Yoomi Chae
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
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Shintaro OKAHARA, Byeong-Woo LEE, Takayuki OGASAWARA, Koji MORI
Journal of UOEH.2014; 36(3): 217. CrossRef

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The Effects of the Structural Unemployment on Health-related Behavior and Health: Daegyun Hong, Jungwon Kim, Dongmug Kang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):346-353. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.346

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to examine the effects of unemployment on health-related behavioral changes and worker's health, and to produce the basic data that is needed to formulate the necessary measures for reducing the health hazards and social costs caused by unemployment.
METHODS
A questionnaire survey was conducted with a group of 123 people who had lost their jobs due to structural unemployment (the unemployment group) and with a group of 155 employed people (the employment group). The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used as a tool for evaluating the demographic characteristics, the health-related behaviors and the health level.
RESULTS
Irregular mealtimes and increased smoking and drinking rates were observed in the unemployment group (P<0.05). The results of the logistic regression analysis that was conducted after correcting for the confounding variable showed that in the unemployment group, unlike in the employment group, the odds ratio of the group with a low health level score on the SF-36 has a significant difference in "Role limitation resulting from physical problems" (OR 2.20, 95% CI=1.01~4.78), "Role limitation resulting from emotional problems" (OR 4.51, 95% CI=1.90~10.69) and "Mental health" (OR 3.43, 95% CI=1.52~7.74) among the eight lower areas.
CONCLUSIONS
Unemployment causes a negative change in health-related behaviors and lower levels of mental and physical health. Systematic research must be conducted to promote good health among unemployed workers and to reduce their social costs.

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Jaeseung Kim, RaeHyuck Lee, Joyce Shim
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Case Report

A Case of Chronic Renal Failure and Renal Cancer in a Worker Exposed to Lead: Somin Park, Jongeun Kim, Jungwon Kim, Daegyun Hong, Sangbum Ye, Dongmug Kang, Euna Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(3):272-281. Published online September 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.3.272

Abstract PDF: INTRODUCTION: Studies evaluating rats and mice have provided convincing evidence that renal adenoma and carcinoma are induced by oral doses of lead acetate and lead subacetate, as well as by parenteral doses of lead phosphate. In addition, at least 2 cases of kidney cancer associated with heavy exposure to lead have been reported. However, there is still not enough information to confirm or rule out an association between kidney cancer and exposure to lead.
CASE
REPORT: In this study, we describe a case of kidney cancer in 54-year-old male worker that was exposed to lead-stearate while employed in the polyvinyl chloride processing industry for 17 years. The patient presented with gout and hypertension. Further examination revealed proteinuria, glucose in the urine and elevated blood urea nitrogen/creatinine levels. Renal ultrasonography, renal computed tomography and renal biopsy revealed chronic renal failure and renal cell cancer.
CONCLUSION
We concluded that the gout and chronic renal failure in this case was caused by chronic lead exposure. However, further study is required to determine if the renal cancer was induced by lead exposure.

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Original Articles

Work Related Factors Affecting Perceived Fatigue in Male Metal Assemblers: Jun Ho Jang, Dongmug Kang, Sang Baek Koh, Jungwon Kim, Byung Mann Cho, Su Ill Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(2):155-165. Published online June 30, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.2.155

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To find work related factors affecting perceived fatigue among male metal product assemblers.
METHODS
The study subjects were metal product assemblers from three metal product companies (476 car parts assemblers, 610 car engine assemblers, 454 ship engine assemblers). From the total of 1,540 subjects, 1,136 (73.8%) were included and 38 respondents with insufficient replies were excluded. Associations between fatigue score and other variables (general characteristics, job related factors, workload, job stresses) were investigated in terms of the concept of multidimensional fatigue construct by self administered questionnaire. Using MFS (Multidimensional Fatigue Scale), JCQ (Job Content Questionnaire), and Borg's scale, we estimated the fatigue, job stress, and workload, respectively. Fatigue score was estimated by 'sum of fatigue' in MFS. Associations were tested by linear regression analysis using SAS v.8.0.
RESULTS
In this study, the fatigue related factors were older age, longer working hours per week, higher workload, higher job demand, lower decision latitude, and lower supervisor support.
CONCLUSIONS
Prolonged working hours, higher workload, higher job demand, poor supervisor support and lower decision latitude were fatigue related factors among the male metal product assemblers of this study.

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Sungeun Lee
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Min-Hee Hong
Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2013; 13(1): 136. CrossRef
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Kyung-Hee Lee, Kyung-Sook Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(2): 143. CrossRef

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Reliability and Validity of Questionnaire for Assessing Physical Workloads: Dongjun Lee, Dongmug Kang, Sang Baek Koh, Jungwon Kim, Junho Jang, Jongeun Kim, Byungmann Cho, Suill Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(4):388-400. Published online December 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.4.388

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The aims of the study were to make a questionnaire for assessing physical workloads and to evaluate its reliability and validity.
METHODS
A total of 220 workers (foundry workers 30, large vehicle assemblers 30, shipyard workers 75, and automobile manufacturers 80) completed a self-administered questionnaire and took examinations for physical work capacity and working heart rate. We excluded data with insufficient responses or incorrect physical work capacity and working heart rate. Finally, the data of 154 workers (70.0%) were used for our study. In order to evaluate the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, we used statistical analyses including the scaling assumption test and a comparison with the objective tool for physical workload which was evaluated by working energy expenditure.
RESULTS
The items of the questionnaire in the same categories had close distribution in the evaluation of the scaling assumption. The item internal consistency was 0.41-0.73 for posture factor, and 0.62-0.79 for non-posture factor. The item discriminate validity was 100%. Cronbach's alphacoefficient of the total items was 0.73 (0.58 for posture factor and 0.74 for nonposture factor). In the correlation between working energy expenditure and questions, general physical activity (p=0.008), proportion of the workday with hands above shoulder (p=0.002), proportion of the workday with trunk bent (p=0.028), proportion of the workday with awkward posture (p=0.048), sweating after work (p=0.006), total scales (p=0.003) and Borg scale (p=0.011) all had statistical significance.
CONCLUSIONS
Our questionnaire for assessing physical workloads demonstrated statistically significant reliability and validity. But the questions for the proportions of the workday with sitting work posture and with static posture should be modified via a larger study.

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