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Original Article
Factors related to depressive symptoms in Korean self-employed workers
Hanjun Kim, Jungsun Park, A Ram Kim, Yangho Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e20.   Published online June 15, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e20
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFPubReaderePub
Background

We examined factors related to depressive symptoms in Korean self-employed workers.

Methods

This secondary analysis examined data of 14,454 self-employed individuals from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2017). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of depressive symptoms with different variables.

Results

Self-employed workers who had a good work-life balance, a good subjective health, and worked 40 to 48 hours or 48 to 60 hours/week were less likely to report depressive symptoms (all p < 0.05). However, those who always interacted with angry clients, had severe exposure to ergonomic risk factors, and were exposed to moderate or severe abusive behaviors were more likely to report depressive symptoms (all p < 0.05). Age, gender, weekly work days, and working at very fast speed were unrelated to depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Several factors known to be related to depressive symptoms do not lead to depression in self-employed individuals. Different interventions may therefore be needed to prevent depression in self-employed workers.

한국의 자영업자에서의 우울증상과 관련된 요인
목적
한국 자영업자와 우울 증상과 관련된 요인들을 분석하였다.
방법
이 2차 분석은 5차 한국근로환경조사(2017)의 14,454명의 자영업자들의 데이터를 조사하였다. 우울 증상과 관련된 다양한 변수들에 대하여 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다.
결과
고졸 학력, 높은 월간 수입, 좋은 일과 삶의 균형, 주간 40시간에서 48시간 및 48시간에서 60시간 근무한 자영업자들은 우울증상을 보고를 하는 경향이 적었다 (모두 P < 0.05). 그러나 화난 고객과 대하는 경우, 근골격계 위험요소에 크게 노출되는 경우, 폭력적인 행위에 중간 혹은 심하게 노출되는 경우 우울증상을 더 많이 보고하였다 (P < 0.05). 나이, 성별, 직업군, 수입 변화, 주간 근무일수, 빠른 속도의 근무환경등은 우울 증상과 관련이 적었다.
결론
전 연구들과 비교하였을 때, 몇몇 같은 인구통계학적, 사회경제적, 심리사회적 요소들이 자영업자와 임금근로자에서 우울증상을 이끌어낸다. 그러나 몇몇 요소들은 임금근로자와 다르게 나타난다. 따라서 자영업자에서 우울증을 예방하기 위해 다른 간섭이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

Citations

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    Yu‐Ting Huang, Ming‐Shyan Lin, Kathy James, Chia‐Hao Chang, Wen‐Hsuen Tsai, Yu‐Chih Lin, Mei‐Yen Chen
    Journal of Advanced Nursing.2023; 79(8): 3025.     CrossRef
  • Association between physical risk factors and sleep disturbance among workers in Korea: The 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
    Inho Park, Seunghan Kim, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Sleep Medicine.2022; 100: 157.     CrossRef
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    Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park
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Research Articles
The relationship between night work and breast cancer
Hye-Eun Lee, Jongin Lee, Tae-Won Jang, In-Ah Kim, Jungsun Park, Jaechul Song
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:11.   Published online February 6, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0221-4
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background

Since the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified shift work that involves circadian disruption as “probably carcinogenic to humans,” there has been growing concern on the relationship between night work and breast cancer. In Korea, about 10–15% of workers are engaged in night-shift work, and breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. The purpose of this study was to review epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between night work and breast cancer.

Methods

We reviewed 21 original articles and 5 meta analyses on relationship between nightwork and breast cancer, and investigated the compensation criteria of Denmark.

Results

The association between breast cancer and night work has been reported by numerous epidemiologic studies, including cohort studies, case-control studies, and meta-analysis. However, a dose-response relationship has not clearly emerged among workers exposed to less than 20 years of night work.

Conclusion

Although there are some limitations to the epidemiological studies so far, further consideration of breast cancer cases in patients with high exposure to night work is needed to assess breast cancer as a work-related disease.


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Does formaldehyde have a causal association with nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia?
Soon-Chan Kwon, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Jungsun Park
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:5.   Published online January 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0218-z
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background

The South Korean criteria for occupational diseases were amended in July 2013. These criteria included formaldehyde as a newly defined occupational carcinogen, based on cases of “leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure”. This inclusion was based on the Internal Agency for Research on Cancer classification, which classified formaldehyde as definite human carcinogen for nasopharyngeal cancer in 2004 and leukemia in 2012.

Methods

We reviewed reports regarding the causal relationship between occupational exposure to formaldehyde in Korea and the development of these cancers, in order to determine whether these cases were work-related.

Results

Previous reports regarding excess mortality from nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure seemed to be influenced by excess mortality from a single plant. The recent meta-risk for nasopharyngeal cancer was significantly increased in case-control studies, but was null for cohort studies (excluding unexplained clusters of nasopharyngeal cancers). A recent analysis of the largest industrial cohort revealed elevated risks of both leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma at the peak formaldehyde exposure, and both cancers exhibited significant dose-response relationships. A nested case-control study of embalmers revealed that mortality from myeloid leukemia increased significantly with increasing numbers of embalms and with increasing formaldehyde exposure. The recent meta-risks for all leukemia and myeloid leukemia increased significantly. In South Korea, a few cases were considered occupational cancers as a result of mixed exposures to various chemicals (e.g., benzene), although no cases were compensated for formaldehyde exposure. The peak formaldehyde exposure levels in Korea were 2.70–14.8 ppm in a small number of specialized studies, which considered anatomy students, endoscopy employees who handled biopsy specimens, and manufacturing workers who were exposed to high temperatures.

Conclusion

Additional evidence is needed to confirm the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and nasopharyngeal cancer. All lymphohematopoietic malignancies, including leukemia, should be considered in cases with occupational formaldehyde exposure.


Citations

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Factors affecting heat-related diseases in outdoor workers exposed to extreme heat
Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim, Inbo Oh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:30.   Published online June 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0183-y
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background

The objectives of the present study are to: (i) evaluate the effect of environmental and metabolic heat on heat-related illnesses in outdoor workers; and (ii) evaluate the effect of personal factors, including heat acclimation, on the risk of heat-related illnesses in outdoor workers.

Methods

We identified 47 cases of illnesses from exposure to environmental heat in outdoor workers in Korea from 2010 to 2014, based on review of workers’ compensation data. We also obtained the information on location, time, and work environment of each heat-related illness.

Results

Our major results are that 29 cases (61.7%) occurred during a heat wave. Forty five cases (95.7%) occurred when the maximum estimated WBGT (WBGTmax) was equal to or greater than the case specific threshold value which was determined by acclimatization and metabolic rate. Twenty two cases (46.8%) were not acclimated to the heat. Thirty-seven cases (78.7%) occurred after tropical night (temperature above 25 °C), during which many people may find it hard to sleep.

Conclusion

Personal risk factors such as heat acclimation as well as environmental factors and high metabolic rate during work are the major determinants of heat-related illnesses.


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Hazards and health problems in occupations dominated by aged workers in South Korea
Jungsun Park, Soo Geun Kim, Jong-shik Park, Boyoung Han, Kab Bae Kim, Yangho Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:27.   Published online June 26, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0177-9
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background

South Korea’s population is aging more rapidly than any other country. Aging of the productive population will lead to shortage of labor and the decreasing quality of the labor force in South Korea. South Korea needs health care strategies to support the establishment of work environments that are appropriate for elderly workers who have reduced physical capacity. This paper aims to identify occupations that are dominated by aged workers and assess the exposure to hazards and work-related health problems of aged workers in these occupations.

Methods

We identified the 20 occupations in South Korea that employ the most aged workers (at least 55 years-old), among all 149 occupations that are defined as minor categories (identified by three digits) by the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). Exposure to hazards and work-related health problems of individuals in these occupations were evaluated by analyzing the results of the fourth Working Conditions Survey of 2014.

Results

Among the 20 occupations that employ the most aged workers, ‘Elementary Occupations’, which the KSCO classifies as major category (9), had the largest proportion of aged workers. After this, there were five occupations of skilled manual workers and six occupations of skilled non-manual workers. Aged workers in elementary and skilled manual occupations reported frequent exposure to job-specific hazards, such as noise, vibrations, high and low temperatures, solvents, and chemicals. Relative to other workers, aged workers in the occupations reported more frequent exposure to ergonomic hazards, such as tiring or painful positions, carrying or moving heavy loads, and repetitive movements, and also reported more work-related musculoskeletal disorders and general fatigue. Injury due to accident was common in machinery-handling occupations.

Conclusion

Job-specific hazards should be reduced to prevent occupation-related disorders in elementary and skilled manual occupations that are dominated by aged workers.


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Commentary
Health care strategy for ensuring work ability in an aging Korea
Jungsun Park, Jong-tae Park, Soo Geun Kim, Cheol-In Yoo, Junseok Son, Jun Yim, Dae-seong Kim, Kyung Young Rhee, Yangho Kim
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:42.   Published online September 7, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0127-y
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The rapid aging trend in South Korea will cause a growing shortage of labor and decreasing quality of the labor force. The purpose of this commentary is to recommend a health care strategy to maintain and promote the work ability of employees in an aging Korea. Strategies to promote the work ability require the collaboration of governmental agencies at the central and local levels. First, the common goal should be the reinforcement of follow-up measure in general medical examinations and the promotion of healthy lifestyles for workers. Second, collaborating activities should be performed among the Worker’s Health Center, the Health Promotion Center, and community health centers. In conclusion, health care strategies for ensuring the work ability in an aging Korea require the collaboration of governmental agencies at the central and local levels.


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Original Articles
Developing an Occupational Stress Scale for Korean Employees
Sei Jin Chang, Sang Baek Koh, Dongmug Kang, Seong Ah Kim, Myung Geun Kang, Chul Gab Lee, Jin Joo Chung, Jung Jin Cho, Mia Son, Chang Ho Chae, Jung Won Kim, Jung Il Kim, Hyeong Su Kim, Sang Chul Roh, Jae Beom Park, Jong Min Woo, Soo Young Kim, Jeong Youn Kim, Mina Ha, Jungsun Park, Kyung Yong Rhee, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Jeong Ok Kong, In Ah Kim, Jeong Soo Kim, Jun Ho Park, Sook Jung Huyun, Dong Kook Son
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(4):297-317.   Published online December 31, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.4.297
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
AND PURPOSES: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002- 2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Fortythree items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories.
RESULTS
We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

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Are Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases among Employees Work-related?
Jungsun Park
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(4):288-296.   Published online December 31, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.4.288
AbstractAbstract PDF
Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of deaths among workers as well as in general population in Korea. The term "Karoshi" in Japan represents work-related cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases (WR-CVD) due to excessive overwork. According to the Karasek's Demand-Control Model many prospective studies reported a significant association between working in jobs with high strain and increased likelihood of subsequent development of cardiovascular diseases. However, further understanding of the etiopathology of each different work-relatedness is needed to prevent WR-CVDs effectively. This review was planned to help the readers with knowledge on the etiopathology of the WR-CVDs. Based on the causal or triggering factors, work-relatedness in the literature can be classified into four types: 'accidental type (e.g. sudden cardiac deaths)', 'typical Karoshi type due to extreme overwork', 'maladaptation type due to dramatic change in job characteristics', and 'job stress type due to inherent characteristics'. Even though the outcome of each type is apparently similar, their causes and pathophysiologic mechanisms are quite different. In conclusion, the work-relatedness of CVDs among employees is very limited and usually works as a trigger rather than as the causal factors. A thorough understanding of the etiopathology of WR-CVDs can be very helpful in developing a prevention strategy.

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