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Review
The Relationship between the Occupational Exposure of Trichloroethylene and Kidney Cancer
Inah Kim, Jaehyeok Ha, June-Hee Lee, Kye-mook Yoo, Jaehoon Rho
Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:12-12.   Published online June 3, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-12
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been widely used as a degreasing agent in many manufacturing industries. Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer presented “sufficient evidence” for the causal relationship between TCE and kidney cancer. The aim of this study was to review the epidemiologic evidences regarding the relationship between TCE exposure and kidney cancer in Korean work environments. The results from the cohort studies were inconsistent, but according to the meta-analysis and case–control studies, an increased risk for kidney cancer was present in the exposure group and the dose–response relationship could be identified using various measures of exposure. In Korea, TCE is a commonly used chemical for cleaning or degreasing processes by various manufacturers; average exposure levels of TCE vary widely. When occupational physicians evaluate work-relatedness kidney cancers, they must consider past exposure levels, which could be very high (>100 ppm in some cases) and associated with jobs, such as plating, cleaning, or degreasing. The exposure levels at a manual job could be higher than an automated job. The peak level of TCE could also be considered an important exposure-related variable due to the possibility of carcinogenesis associated with high TCE doses. This review could be a comprehensive reference for assessing work-related TCE exposure and kidney cancer in Korea.


Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Occupational Inhalation Health Risk Assessment of TCE Exposure in the Korean Manufacturing Industry
    Sueji Seo, Saemi Shin, Sanghoon Byeon
    Applied Sciences.2024; 14(13): 5510.     CrossRef
  • Application of multiple occupational health risk assessment models in occupation health risk prediction of trichloroethylene in the electroplating and electronics industries
    Shibiao Su, Zhiming Liang, Sheng Zhang, Haijuan Xu, Jinru Chen, Zhuandi Zhao, Meibian Zhang, Tianjian Wang
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2023; 29(1): 70.     CrossRef
  • Time-concentration-dependent profile of histone modifications on human hepatocytes treated by trichloroacetic acid
    Xinyue Peng, Susu Yu, Hui Lin, Fan Wu, Jiani Yang, Cheng Zhou, Luyun Zhang, Jianping Yang, Wenjuan Zhang
    International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2022; 32(11): 2376.     CrossRef
  • Intracellular complement activation in podocytes aggravates immune kidney injury in trichloroethylene-sensitized mice
    Xiaodong Yang, Wei Jiang, Meng Huang, Yuying Dai, Bodong Li, Xian Wang, Yun Yu, Tong Shen, Changhao Wu, Qixing Zhu
    The Journal of Toxicological Sciences.2020; 45(11): 681.     CrossRef
  • DNA methyltransferase expression and DNA hypomethylation status in human hepatocytes following trichloroacetic acid exposure
    Caiyun Lai, Jianji Gao, Zhiliang Zhu, Jianhui Yuan, Wenjuan Zhang, Jianping Yang
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2019; 511(2): 266.     CrossRef
  • Respiratory effects of trichloroethylene
    Orianne Dumas, Thomas Despreaux, Frédéric Perros, Edmund Lau, Pascal Andujar, Marc Humbert, David Montani, Alexis Descatha
    Respiratory Medicine.2018; 134: 47.     CrossRef
  • Review of refractory ceramic fiber (RCF) toxicity, epidemiology and occupational exposure
    L. Daniel Maxim, Mark J. Utell
    Inhalation Toxicology.2018; 30(2): 49.     CrossRef
  • Association between working time quality and self-perceived health: analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey (2011)
    Jaeyoup Jung, Gyuree Kim, Kyusung Kim, Domyung Paek, Sung-il Cho
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Disruption of F-Actin Polymerization, and Transcriptomic Alterations in Zebrafish Larvae Exposed to Trichloroethylene
    Sara E. Wirbisky, Nur P. Damayanti, Cecon T. Mahapatra, Maria S. Sepúlveda, Joseph Irudayaraj, Jennifer L. Freeman
    Chemical Research in Toxicology.2016; 29(2): 169.     CrossRef
  • Trichloroethylene-Induced DNA Methylation Changes in Male F344 Rat Liver
    Yan Jiang, Jiahong Chen, Cong Yue, Hang Zhang, Tao Chen
    Chemical Research in Toxicology.2016; 29(10): 1773.     CrossRef
  • Association Between Kidney Cancer and Occupational Exposure to Trichloroethylene
    Morten Buhagen, Anna Grønskag, Siri Fenstad Ragde, Bjørn Hilt
    Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2016; 58(9): 957.     CrossRef
  • Case report of renal cell carcinoma in automobile manufacturing factory worker due to trichloroethylene exposure in Korea
    June-Hee Lee, Inah Kim, Hongdeok Seok, Inhyo Park, Jungho Hwang, Jae-Oh Park, Jong-Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Original Article
The Association between Nonstandard Employment and Suicidal Ideation: Data from the First~Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Woncheol Lee, Jaehyeok Ha
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):89-97.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.89
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
In light of the high percentage of nonstandard workers and the high suicide rates in South Korea since the 1997 economic crisis, we examined the association between nonstandard employment and suicidal ideation among South Korean employees.
METHODS
We analyzed data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) I, II, III and IV, conducted in 1998, 2001, 2005 and 2007-2009, respectively (13,632 waged workers aged 20-69 years). Employment status was categorized into standard and nonstandard (part-time, temporary and daily) employment. Prevalence ratios (PRs) for self-reported suicidal ideation were compared between nonstandard and standard workers according to each survey wave.
RESULTS
After adjusting for background variables, the risk for suicidal ideation was consistently higher among nonstandard workers in every survey wave. In women, the PRs for suicidal ideation of nonstandard workers compared with standard ones were 1.24~1.37 and all of them were statistically significant. In men, those PRs were 1.36~1.52 with (marginal) statistical significance except for the First KNHANES (1998). Because nonstandard employment is closely related to other factors of suicidal ideation, these estimates are unlikely to have been underestimated.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest the impact of employment status on suicidal ideation and the need for further prospective investigation that lead to policies aimed at improving the problematic labor markets.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Wage Workers’ Suicidal Ideation
    Hwanjin Park, Kounseok Lee
    Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 12(6): 945.     CrossRef
  • Mental health and quality of life according to sleep in cancer survivors
    Yoonjung Kim
    Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.2022; 58(4): 2442.     CrossRef
  • Temporary employment and suicidal ideation in COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: A cross-sectional nationwide survey
    Natsu Sasaki, Takahiro Tabuchi, Ryo Okubo, Tomohiro Ishimaru, Mayumi Kataoka, Daisuke Nishi
    Journal of Occupational Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Sleep Duration Is Closely Associated with Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempt in Korean Adults: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
    Yujin Ko, Jieun Moon, Sangsoo Han
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(11): 5594.     CrossRef
  • The Association between Unstable Employment and Suicidal Behavior in Young-Adult Precarious Workers
    Yoanna Seong, Eun-Sun Lee, Subin Park
    Psychiatry Investigation.2021; 18(7): 661.     CrossRef
  • Association of Bedtime with both Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Planning among Korean Adolescents
    Wonjeong Jeong, Yun Kyung Kim, Hyeon Ji Lee, Jieun Jang, Selin Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Sung-In Jang
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(20): 3817.     CrossRef
  • Employment conditions and use of gastric cancer screening services in Korea: a nationwide survey
    Hye-Young Shim, Jae Kwan Jun, Ji-Yeon Shin
    BMC Public Health.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Long and short sleep duration are both associated with suicidal ideation in Korean employees
    Young-Chul Shin, Jin-woo Kim, Jin-Mi Seol, Kang-Seob Oh, Dong-Won Shin, Eun-Jin Kim, Se-Won Lim
    Sleep and Biological Rhythms.2017; 15(1): 81.     CrossRef
  • The Association between Unemployment and Suicidal Ideation by Gender - Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 -
    Hyun-Kyung Lee, Hye-Sun Jung
    Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2014; 31(5): 97.     CrossRef
  • The Effects of Employment Conditions on Smoking Status and Smoking Intensity: The Analysis of Korean Labor & Income Panel 8th–10th Wave
    Youn Jung, Juhwan Oh, Soonim Huh, Ichiro Kawachi, Chris Bullen
    PLoS ONE.2013; 8(2): e57109.     CrossRef
  • Association between Total Sleep Duration and Suicidal Ideation among the Korean General Adult Population
    Jae-Hyun Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Woo-Hyun Cho, Jong-Yeon Park, Won-Jung Choi, Hoo-Sun Chang
    Sleep.2013; 36(10): 1563.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between the Suicidal Ideation of the Married Women and the Characteristics of Their Children
    Eunjung Kim, Sunmi Lee, Seungji Lim, Woojin Chung
    Health Policy and Management.2013; 23(4): 358.     CrossRef
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Original Article
The Effects of Smoking and Drinking on Blood Lead and Cadmium Levels: Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Boram Lee, Jaehyeok Ha
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):31-41.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.31
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of smoking and drinking on blood lead and cadmium levels based on a dose-response relationship in the general Korean adult population.
METHODS
The study population consisted of 1,901 Koreans, who took part in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in which blood lead and cadmium levels were measured. Geometric mean concentrations and their 95% confidence intervals of metals in blood were estimated by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors.
RESULTS
We observed a statistically significant dose-response relationship with daily smoking amount/alcohol intake and blood lead/cadmium levels. While daily smoking amount was more consistent with blood cadmium level (0.1-0.2 microg/L per 5 cigarettes), blood lead concentrations were higher as daily alcohol intake increased (0.1-0.2 microg/dL per 10 gram of alcohol).
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings clearly support a relationship between daily smoking amount/alcohol intake and blood lead/cadmium levels, suggesting an additional reason towards efforts to reduce smoking and drinking habits.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association between Suicidal Ideation and Blood Cadmium Levels Based on the 3rd to 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
    Sunmi Kim
    STRESS.2024; 32(1): 46.     CrossRef
  • Association between Atopic Dermatitis and Hyperuricemia in the Adult Korean Population based on the 7th and 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Sunmi Kim
    Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2023; 23(4): 198.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Hyperuricemia Based on the 7th and 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Sunmi Kim
    Korean Journal of Clinical Geriatrics.2023; 24(3): 104.     CrossRef
  • Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals using Exposure Biomarkers among Residents Living Near a Chungcheongnam-do Province Industrial Complex Area
    Yosub Joo, Sangchul Roh
    Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2016; 42(3): 213.     CrossRef
  • Health Effect and Blood Lead Concentration among Residents in Gwangyang and Yeosu
    Heejin Park, Myung-Kyu Park, Tack-Shin Kang, Geun-Bae Kim, Jong-Wha Lee, Bong-Ki Jang, Bu-Soon Son
    Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2016; 42(3): 205.     CrossRef
  • Association of among alcohol consumption and blood vitamin D and lead concentrations: Based on 2010-2012 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey
    Ho-Ki An, Jae-Yong Park, Hee-Jung Yoon
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(1): 498.     CrossRef
  • Association between secondhand smoke exposure and blood lead and cadmium concentration in community dwelling women: the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012)
    Se Young Jung, Suyeon Kim, Kiheon Lee, Ju Young Kim, Woo Kyung Bae, Keehyuck Lee, Jong-Soo Han, Sarah Kim
    BMJ Open.2015; 5(7): e008218.     CrossRef
  • Simultaneous Exposure to Heavy Metals among Residents in the Industrial Complex: Korean National Cohort Study
    Heejin Park, Kyoungho Lee, Chan-Seok Moon, Kyungsook Woo, Tack-Shin Kang, Eun-Kyung Chung, Bu-Soon Son
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2015; 12(6): 5905.     CrossRef
  • A Study on Concentrations of Heavy Metal in Blood and Urine of Local Area in Korea
    Ji-Young Im, Eun-Kyung Chung, Hee-Jin Park, Seungdo Yu, Bong-Ki Jang, Bu-Soon Son
    Journal of Environmental Science International.2013; 22(1): 59.     CrossRef
  • Smoking Prevalence and the Association between Smoking and Sociodemographic Factors Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2008 to 2010
    Sungroul Kim
    Tobacco Use Insights.2012; 5: TUI.S9841.     CrossRef
  • The association of heavy metals in blood, fish consumption frequency, and risk of cardiovascular diseases among Korean adults: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2010)
    Ji-Ye Shin, Ji-Myung Kim, Yuri Kim
    Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012; 45(4): 347.     CrossRef
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Case Report
Cement Burn from Waterproof Work: A Case Study
Jaehyeok Ha, Soo Geun Kim, Min Gi Kim, Euna Kim
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(2):127-131.   Published online June 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.2.127
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Portland cement, which is a common material used in the construction industry, is known to cause caustic burns due to its alkalinity. Although cement burns are frequent and can be severe, many workers are inadequately aware of its risks.
CASE
A 39-year-old man presented with exudative lesions and pain on his right hand after working with wet cement during waterproof work. The patient stated that wet cement entered his protective glove and he did not wash the cement off for 3 hours. Debridement of necrotic tissue and skin grafting was performed on his second and fifteenth hospital day respectively.
CONCLUSION
The prevention of cement burns can be improved by extensive risk instruction and the provision of adequate skin protection.

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Original Article
Job Stress and Psychosocial Stress among Firefighters
Jaehyeok Ha, Dong Il Kim, Byung Sung Seo, Won Sool Kim, Seungho Ryu, Soo Geun Kim
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(2):104-111.   Published online June 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.2.104
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to assess the level of job and psychosocial stresses in Korean firefighters, and to evaluate the determinants of psychosocial stress.
METHODS
The study subjects comprised 1,712 male firefighters working in Seoul, Busan, and Kyungnam in 2006. We collected information about demographic and job-related characteristics, healthrelated behaviors, Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), and psychosocial Well-being Index (PWI) through self-administered questionnaires. Statistical analyses were done by using the chi-square-test and logistic regression model.
RESULTS
The multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the proportion of high-risk psychosocial stress is significantly higher in the groups with high job stress level in 'lack of rewards' (OR=2.90, 95% CI=2.18-3.85), 'occupational climate' (OR=1.92, 95% CI=1.47-2.51), 'job demand' (OR=1.72, 95% CI=1.32-2.23), 'job insecurity' (OR=1.53, 95% CI=1.17-2.01), 'interpersonal conflict' (OR=1.53, 95% CI=1.16-2.01), 'physical environment' (OR=1.45, 95% CI=1.11-1.89), and 'organizational injustice' (OR=1.38, 95% CI=1.04-1.85).
CONCLUSIONS
Psychosocial stress might be adversely influenced by job stressors for the most part. Firefighters need job stress management to minimize their psychological problems.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Occupational stress and musculoskeletal disorders in firefighters: the mediating effect of depression and job burnout
    Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh, Saleh Al Sulaie, Marziyeh Mirzahosseininejad, Saeid Yazdanirad, Robin Marc Orr, Fereydoon Laal, Umesh Bamel
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The association between effort-reward imbalance, work-life balance and depressive mood in Korean wage workers: The 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey
    Hyun-mook Lim, Cham-jin Park, Ji-hoo Yook, Min-seok Kim, Ho-yeon Kim, Yun-Chul Hong
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Job Demands and Exhaustion in Firefighters: The Moderating Role of Work Meaning. A Cross-Sectional Study
    Andra Cătălina Roșca, Alexandru Mateizer, Cristina-Ioana Dan, Evangelia Demerouti
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(18): 9819.     CrossRef
  • Effects on Heart Rate Variability of Stress Level Responses to the Properties of Indoor Environmental Colors: A Preliminary Study
    Jiyoung Oh, Haengwoo Lee, Heykyung Park
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(17): 9136.     CrossRef
  • Mental health and quality of life in firefighters working on the scene in South Korea: Focus on the capital area and growth promotion area
    Woo‐Hyuk Jang, Da‐Som Kim, Hye‐Won Park, Ji‐Hoon Kim
    Brain and Behavior.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Occupational stressors among firefighters: application of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM)Techniques
    Fazel Rajabi, Hossein Molaeifar, Mehdi Jahangiri, Shekofeh Taheri, Sean Banaee, Payam Farhadi
    Heliyon.2020; 6(4): e03820.     CrossRef
  • The effect of a mental health promotion program on Korean firefighters
    Geun Hui Won, Jin Hyeok Lee, Tae Young Choi, Seoyoung Yoon, So Yeun Kim, Ju Hyun Park
    International Journal of Social Psychiatry.2020; 66(7): 675.     CrossRef
  • A Study on the Relationship between Firefighters Disease and Health Status
    Ho-Jung Kang, Sung-Ho Byun, Chul-Hwan Mun, Yu-Jung Choi, Jae-Wook Choi
    Fire Science and Engineering.2020; 34(5): 86.     CrossRef
  • The adverse impact of personal protective equipment on firefighters’ cognitive functioning
    Juyeon Park
    The Research Journal of the Costume Culture.2019; 27(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Do police officers and firefighters have a higher risk of disease than other public officers? A 13-year nationwide cohort study in South Korea
    Minkyung Han, Sohee Park, Jong Heon Park, Seung-sik Hwang, Inah Kim
    BMJ Open.2018; 8(1): e019987.     CrossRef
  • The US firefighter’s perception and lived experience with station work uniform: occupational safety concerns in public appearance
    Juyeon Park, Alan Fletcher
    International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education.2018; 11(1): 113.     CrossRef
  • Particularities of occupational health and safety management in the police environment
    Adrian-Constantin Achim
    Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence.2018; 12(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Nationwide firefighter survey: the prevalence of lower back pain and its related psychological factors among Korean firefighters
    Min Gi Kim, Ju-il Seo, KyooSang Kim, Yeon-Soon Ahn
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2017; 23(4): 447.     CrossRef
  • The impact of long working hours on psychosocial stress response among white-collar workers
    Kyungjin LEE, Chunhui SUH, Jong-Eun KIM, Jae Oh PARK
    INDUSTRIAL HEALTH.2017; 55(1): 46.     CrossRef
  • Psychological Factors Influence the Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Their Effect on Quality of Life among Firefighters in South Korea
    Seung-Ho Jang, Han-Seung Ryu, Suck-Chei Choi, Sang-Yeol Lee
    Psychiatry Investigation.2017; 14(4): 434.     CrossRef
  • Psychological factors influence the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and their effect on quality of life among firefighters in South Korea
    Seung-Ho Jang, Han-Seung Ryu, Suck-Chei Choi, Sang-Yeol Lee
    International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health.2016; 22(4): 315.     CrossRef
  • The Effects of Job Stress and Psychosocial Stress among Dental Hygienists
    Young-Soon Won, Han-Na Oh
    Journal of dental hygiene science.2015; 15(5): 679.     CrossRef
  • Job Stress, Coping Type, and Job Satisfaction in Firefighters
    Hyun Kim
    Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2015; 24(4): 323.     CrossRef
  • Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory as related factor for post traumatic stress disorder symptoms according to job stress level in experienced firefighters: 5–year study
    In-Sung Chung, Mi-Young Lee, Sung-Won Jung, Chang-Wook Nam
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Associated Domains of Job Stress for the Depression among Local Public Officials
    Hyun-Hee Park, So-Yeon Ryu, Bo-Eun Kim, In-Ae Chun, Myung-Guon Kim
    The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences.2013; 8(9): 1373.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Foot Pressure according to the Work Postures on Fire Fighters
    Sung Min Son, Hyo Lyun Roh
    Journal of the Korean Society of Safety.2013; 28(1): 88.     CrossRef
  • The Influence of Field-Shock Experience and Post Traumatic Stress Perceived by Fire Officials upon Somatic Symptoms and Coping Methods
    Tae-Young Moon
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(8): 3815.     CrossRef
  • Factors Influencing Job Involvement among Korean Female Office Workers by Marital Status
    Hae Ok Jeon, Min Hee Park
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(10): 4953.     CrossRef
  • Duty-Dependent Changes in Stress Hormones of Firefighters
    Kyoo-Sang Kim, Seung-Won Yoo, Yong-Lim Won, Mi-Young Lee
    Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2012; 38(3): 195.     CrossRef
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    Mi-Suk Choi, Dong-Ha Ji, Jin-Woo Kim
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(10): 4917.     CrossRef
  • A Study on Occupational Satisfaction and Stress of Visiting Nurses at District Health Centers in Chungnam Province
    Hyun Kim, Hyun-Li Kim
    Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(2): 204.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Perception of Job Stress and Stress Coping Style on Mental Health of Firefighters
    Ho Jin Lee, Hee Sook Kim, Sang Yeon Park
    Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2011; 20(3): 315.     CrossRef
  • Health Hazards in Firefighters
    Kyoo Sang Kim
    Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(4): 296.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Stress and Job Satisfaction of Fire-fighters
    Sang-Il Ryu, Jong-Mook Cho
    The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2009; 9(12): 270.     CrossRef
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