Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT: using the 5th and 6th Korean Working Condition Surveys: Tae-Yeon Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Byungyoon Yun, Domyung Paek, Kyung Ehi Zoh, Kanwoo Youn, Yun Keun Lee, Yangho Kim, Jungwon Kim, Eunsuk Choi, Mo-Yeol Kang, YoonHo Cho, Kyung-Eun Lee, Juho Sim, Juyeon Oh, Heejoo Park, Jian Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e19. Published online August 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e19

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Accurate occupation classification is essential in various fields, including policy development and epidemiological studies. This study aims to develop an occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT.
Methods
This study used data from the 5th and 6th Korean Working Conditions Surveys conducted in 2017 and 2020, respectively. A total of 99,665 survey participants, who were nationally representative of Korean workers, were included. We used natural language responses regarding their job responsibilities and occupational codes based on the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (7th version, 3-digit codes). The dataset was randomly split into training and test datasets in a ratio of 7:3. The occupation classification model based on DistilKoBERT was fine-tuned using the training dataset, and the model was evaluated using the test dataset. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were calculated as evaluation metrics.
Results
The final model, which classified 28,996 survey participants in the test dataset into 142 occupational codes, exhibited an accuracy of 84.44%. For the evaluation metrics, the precision, recall, and F1 score of the model, calculated by weighting based on the sample size, were 0.83, 0.84, and 0.83, respectively. The model demonstrated high precision in the classification of service and sales workers yet exhibited low precision in the classification of managers. In addition, it displayed high precision in classifying occupations prominently represented in the training dataset.
Conclusions
This study developed an occupation classification system based on DistilKoBERT, which demonstrated reasonable performance. Despite further efforts to enhance the classification accuracy, this automated occupation classification model holds promise for advancing epidemiological studies in the fields of occupational safety and health.; DistilKOBERT를 기반으로 한 직업 분류 모델 개발: 제5차, 6차 한국근로실태조사를 이용하여
목적
정확한 직업분류는 정책 개발 및 역학 연구를 포함한 다양한 분야에서 중요하다. 본 연구는 자연어처리모델인 DistilKoBERT를 기반으로 한 직업 분류 모델을 개발하는 것을 목표로 한다.
방법
본 연구는 2017년과 2020년에 실시된 제5차와 제6차 근로환경조사 (KWCS)의 데이터를 활용하였다. 대한민국 근로자를 국가적으로 대표하는 총 99,665명의 참가자가 포함되었고, 직무 내용과 관련된 자연어 응답과 그에 맞는 대한민국 표준직업 분류코드(7차 개정, 3자리 코드)를 연구에 사용하였다. 데이터셋은 7:3의 비율로 훈련 및 테스트 데이터셋으로 무작위로 분할되었고, 사전 학습된 DistilKoBERT을 훈련 데이터셋을 통해 파인튜닝하여 모델을 학습시키고, 테스트 데이터셋을 사용하여 그 기능을 평가하였다. 정확도, 정밀도, 재현율 및 F1 점수가 평가 지표로 계산되었다.
결과
테스트 데이터셋의 28,996명의 참가자를 142개의 직업 코드로 분류한 최종 모델은 84.44%의 정확도를 보였다. 샘플 크기를 기준으로 가중치를 적용하여 계산한 모델의 정밀도, 재현율 및 F1 점수는 각각 0.83, 0.84 및 0.83 이었다. 최종 모델은 서비스, 판매 종사자 그룹에서 높은 정밀도를 보여주었지만 관리자 그룹에서는 낮은 정밀도를 보였다. 또한 훈련 데이터셋에서 표본의 수가 많았던 직업에서 대체로 높은 정밀도를 보였다.
결론
본 연구는 DistilKoBERT를 기반으로 합리적인 성능을 보이는 직업 분류 모델을 개발하였다. 분류의 정확성을 향상시키기 위한 추가적인 노력이 필요하지만, 자동화된 직업 분류 모델은 직업 안전 및 보건 분야의 유행병 연구를 발전시키는 데 기여할 것이라 기대된다.

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Research Article

Association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease: the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey: Kyusung Kim, Sung-il Cho, Domyung Paek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e28. Published online October 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e28

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Discrimination is a representative social determinant of health. Presenteeism is defined as presenting to work despite of illness and is an indicator of group health. We investigated the association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease using Korean data.

Methods

This study used the fourth Korea Working Conditions Survey (2014) data of 27,662 wage workers (employees). Presenteeism and discrimination related to age, sex, education, birth region, and employment type were ascertained. Self-reported cardiovascular disease was also assessed using the survey questionnaire. General and occupational characteristics found to be significant in univariate analyses were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis of the association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease. We also calculated the odds ratios of multiple discriminations and/or presenteeism for cardiovascular disease.

Results

In the univariate analyses, sex, age, education, monthly income, employment type, occupation, hours worked per week, workplace scale, and shift work were significantly associated with cardiovascular disease. A multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for general and occupational characteristics showed that discrimination and presenteeism were significantly associated with cardiovascular disease. Finally, the association with cardiovascular disease was strongest when both multiple discriminations and presenteeism were present.

Conclusions

Discrimination and presenteeism are associated with cardiovascular disease, and this association was stronger in the presence of multiple types of discrimination and presenteeism.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The effect of occupational coping self-efficacy on presenteeism among ICU nurses in Chinese public hospitals: a cross-sectional study
Jijun Wu, Yuxin Li, Qin Lin, Jiquan Zhang, Zhenfan Liu, Xiaoli Liu, Xian Rong, Xiaoli Zhong
Frontiers in Psychology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Sickness Presenteeism in Shift and Non-Shift Nurses: Using the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey
Ari Min, Minkyung Kang, Hye Chong Hong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3236. CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between organizational justice and depressive symptoms among securities company workers: HyunSuk Lee, KangHyun Um, YoungSu Ju, Sukkoun Lee, Min Choi, Domyung Paek, Seong-Sik Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e7. Published online June 5, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e7

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Background

The organizational justice model can evaluate job stressor from decision-making process, attitude of managerial or senior staff toward their junior workers, and unfair resource distribution. Stress from organizational injustice could be harmful to workers' mental health. The purpose of this study is to explore the association between organizational justice and depressive symptoms in a securities company.

Methods

To estimate organizational justice, a translated Moorman's organizational justice evaluation questionnaire (Korean) was employed. Cronbach's α coefficient was estimated to assess the internal consistency of the translated questionnaire. To assess depressive symptoms, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale was used. The link between the sub-concepts of the organizational justice model and depressive symptoms was assessed utilizing multiple logistic regression models.

Results

The risk of depressive symptoms was significantly higher among workers with higher levels of all subcategory of organizational injustice. In the full adjusted model odds ratio (OR) of higher level of procedural injustice 2.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–4.90), OR of the higher level of relational injustice 4.25 (95% CI, 2.66–6.78), OR of higher level of distributional injustice 4.53 (95% CI, 2.63–7.83) respectively. Cronbach's α coefficient of the Korean version was 0.93 for procedural justice, 0.93 for relational justice, and 0.95 for distributive justice.

Conclusions

A higher level of organizational injustice was linked to higher prevalence of depressive symptoms among workers in a company of financial industry.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Organizational Justice and Health: Reviewing Two Decades of Studies
Laura Cachón-Alonso, Marko Elovainio, Richard Crisp
Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Effects of procedural justice on prospective antidepressant medication prescription: a longitudinal study on Swedish workers
Viktor Persson, Constanze Eib, Claudia Bernhard-Oettel, Constanze Leineweber
BMC Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between working time quality and self-perceived health: analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey (2011): Jaeyoup Jung, Gyuree Kim, Kyusung Kim, Domyung Paek, Sung-il Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:55. Published online November 13, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0211-y

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Background

Self-perceived health, a subjective assessment of one’s health condition, is an important health indicator at the level of quality of life. In this study, working time quality refer to job factors with qualitative aspects of working time. This study was conducted to investigate the association between working time quality and self-perceived health in paid workers in Korea.

Methods

In this study, 35,902 paid workers were analyzed based on the 3rd Korean working conditions survey. For independent variables, working time quality (working at night, working in the evenings, working on Sundays, working on Saturdays, and working more than 10 h a day) were set as major job-related variables. Other occupational characteristics were divided into 6 groups and general characteristics were divided into 6 groups, and univariate analysis was conducted with self-perceived health, a dependent variable. Variables that had significance in the univariate analysis were used for multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

In the univariate analysis using Chi-square test, variables showing significance in self-perceived health were age, income, education, occupation, employment type, work hours per week, and shift work. Working time quality showed a significant association with self-perceived health. After adjusting for these variables using logistic regression analysis, working at night, working in the evening, working on Sundays, and working more than 10 h a day showed significant association with self-perceived health.

Conclusions

This study showed a statistically significant association between working time quality of employees with self-perceived health.

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Examining the structural effect of working time on well-being: Evidence from Abu Dhabi
Masood Badri, Mugheer Al Khaili, Hamad Aldhaheri, Guang Yang, Muna Al Bahar, Asma Al Rashdi
Social Sciences & Humanities Open.2022; 6(1): 100317. CrossRef
The mediating role of unhealthy behavior in the relationship between shift work and perceived health
Karin I. Proper, Eva Jaarsma, Suzan J. W. Robroek, Jolinda L. D. Schram, Hendriek Boshuizen, H. Susan J. Picavet, W. M. Monique Verschuren, Sandra H. van Oostrom
BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Job Quality Indices Affecting Work–Life Balance in South Korea According to Employee Gender
Seung-Hye Choi, Eun Young Choi, Haeyoung Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(13): 4819. CrossRef
Salaried Workers’ Self-Perceived Health and Psychosocial Risk in Guayaquil, Ecuador
Antonio Ramón Gómez-García, Cecilia Alexandra Portalanza-Chavarría, Christian Arturo Arias-Ulloa, César Eduardo Espinoza-Samaniego
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(23): 9099. CrossRef
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Mi-Hyun Kim, Yoosoo Chang, Hyun-Suk Jung, Hocheol Shin, Seungho Ryu
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2019; 8(1): 34. CrossRef
Association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease: the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey
Kyusung Kim, Sung-il Cho, Domyung Paek
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

The association of relational and organizational job stress factors with sleep disorder: analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey (2011): Gyuree Kim, Bokki Min, Jaeyoup Jung, Domyung Paek, Sung-il Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:46. Published online September 13, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0131-2

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Background

Sleep disorder is a disease that causes reduction in quality of life and work efficiency of workers. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between job-related stress factor and sleep disorder among wageworkers in Korea.

Methods

This study was based on analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey. We analyzed 35,902 workers whose employment status is wageworker. We classified the job-related stress factor into 12 sections. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the relationship between job-related stress factor and sleep disorder and Odds ratio and 95 % CI were calculated using the SPSS version 23.0 program.

Results

Many categories of Job-related stress factor were correlated with sleep disorder (8 of 12 for women, 10 of 12 for men). The results of the regression analysis, corrected for general and occupational characteristics, indicated that sleep disorder was significantly correlated with the following categories of job-related stress: discrimination experience (OR 3.37, 95 % CI = 2.49 ~ 4.56 in women, OR 1.96, 95 % CI = 1.53 ~ 2.51 in men), direct customer confrontation (OR 2.72, 95 % CI = 1.91 ~ 3.86 in women, OR 1.99, 95 % CI = 1.45 ~ 2.72 in men), emotional stress (OR 2.01, 95 % CI = 1.30 ~ 3.09 in men), work dissatisfaction (detailed) (OR 1.99, 95 % CI = 1.36 ~ 2.93 in men), work dissatisfaction (overall) (OR 2.30, 95 % CI = 1.66 ~ 3.20 in women, OR 2.40, 95 % CI = 1.88 ~ 3.08 in men), expression of opinion difficulty (OR 0.66, 95 % CI = 0.48 ~ 0.92 in women, OR 0.57, 95 % CI = 0.45 ~ 0.73 in men).

Conclusion

A number of studies have reported that stress affects sleep disorder. In this study, many factors suspected to increase the risk of sleep disorder were added to previously known job stress factors. In particular, this study found a strong correlation between work-associated sleep disorder and relational and organizational job stress factors. Sleep disorder may lead to large decreases in workers’ quality of life and work efficiency. Awareness and interventions are therefore required to reduce workplace stress; additional research of this topic is also required.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0131-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Sergio Salas-Nicás, Grace Sembajwe, Albert Navarro, Salvador Moncada, Clara Llorens, Orfeu M. Buxton
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Case Report

IgA nephropathy in a laboratory worker that progressed to end-stage renal disease: a case report: Bokki Min, Gyuree Kim, Taesun Kang, Chungsik Yoon, Sung-il Cho, Domyung Paek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:35. Published online August 8, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0118-z

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of glomerulonephritis, a principal cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. The mechanisms of onset and progression of IgAN have not been fully revealed, and epidemiologic studies have yielded diverging opinions as to the role of occupational exposure to organic solvents in the initiation or worsening of IgAN. As the authors encountered a laboratory worker with IgAN that progressed to ESRD, we present a case report of IgAN progression due to dichloromethane exposure along with a review of literature.
Case presentation
A 41-year-old male laboratory worker began to experience gross painless hematuria after two years of occupational exposure to toluene. Although clinical follow-up was initiated under the impression of IgAN based on clinical findings, the patient continued to work for four more years in the same laboratory, during which he was in charge of laboratory analysis with direct exposure to a high concentration of dichloromethane without proper protective equipment. During that time, his renal function rapidly worsened and finally progressed to ESRD 10 years after the first clinical symptoms. The result of exposure assessment through reenactment of his work exceeded the occupational exposure limit for dichloromethane to a considerable degree.
Conclusions
The causal association between occupational solvent exposure and IgAN is still unclear; therefore, this case report could be used as a basis to support the relevance of occupational solvent exposure to IgAN and/or its progression. Early intervention as well as close monitoring of laboratory workers exposed to various organic solvents is important to prevent or delay the progression of glomerulonephritis to ESRD in the occupational setting.

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Research Article

Effect of Long Working Hours on Self-reported Hypertension among Middle-aged and Older Wage Workers: Dong Hyun Yoo, Mo-yeol Kang, Domyung Paek, Bokki Min, Sung-il Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:25-25. Published online September 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0025-0

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

Many studies have reported an association between overwork and hypertension. However, research on the health effects of long working hours has yielded inconclusive results. The objective of this study was to identify an association between overtime work and hypertension in wage workers 45 years and over of age using prospective data.

Methods

Wage workers in Korea aged 45 years and over were selected for inclusion in this study from among 10,254 subjects from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Workers with baseline hypertension and those with other major diseases were excluded. In the end, a total of 1,079 subjects were included. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios and adjust for baseline characteristics such as sex, age, education, income, occupation, form of employment, body mass index, alcohol habit, smoking habit, regular exercise, and number of working days per week. Additional models were used to calculate hazard ratios after gender stratification.

Results

Among the 1,079 subjects, 85 workers were diagnosed with hypertension during 3974.2 person-months. The average number of working hours per week for all subjects was 47.68. The proportion of overtime workers was 61.0% (cutoff, 40 h per week). Compared with those working 40 h and less per week, the hazard ratio of subjects in the final model, which adjusted for all selected variables, working 41-50 h per week was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–4.06), that of subjects working 51-60 h per week was 2.40 (95% CI, 1.07–5.39), and that of subjects working 61 h and over per week was 2.87 (95% CI, 1.33–6.20). In gender stratification models, the hazard ratio of the females tended to be higher than that of the males.

Conclusion

As the number of working hours per week increased, the hazard ratio for diagnosis of hypertension significantly increased. This result suggests a positive association between overtime work and the risk of hypertension.

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Original Article

Depressive Symptoms of Workplace Violence Exposed Subjects in Korea: Chang Bum Byun, Kan woo Youn, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Yunho Cho, Domyung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):314-323. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.314

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate the association between workplace violence and depression METHODS: In total, 2236 employees who were providing services at hotels, casinos and amusement halls were used in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to assess exposures to violence, which was classified into physical violence, verbal violence, sexual harassment and bullying together with jobs and sociodemographic factors. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). Those with total BDI-II score over 22 points were defined as people with depression.
RESULTS
Prevalence of depression among subjects exposed to any violence was higher than those who were not exposed to violence. After adjusting covariates, the odds ratio of depression was 2.47 (95% CI;1.13~5.39) for sexually harassed male subjects (n=72, 4.90%), 3.22 (95% CI; 1.51~6.87) for bullied male subjects (n=570, 38.83%), and 2.57 (95% CI; 1.52~4.32) for bullied female subjects (n=447, 58.20%).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that depression can be an important psychological issue to those exposed to workplace violence in Korea. First of all, acknowledgement of the problem should be made in the workplace. Exalting public awareness and transforming work ethics and culture is cardinal to making this a social rather than an individual problem.

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Depressive Symptoms Following Work-Related Violence and Threats and the Modifying Effect of Organizational Justice, Social Support, and Safety Perceptions
Lars Peter Sønderbo Andersen, Annie Hogh, Johan Hviid Andersen, Karin Biering
Journal of Interpersonal Violence.2021; 36(15-16): 7110. CrossRef
Influences of Workplace Violence on Depression among Nurses: The Mediating Effect of Social Support
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Emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms in female Bank employees: a questionnaire survey using the K-ELS and K-WVS
Guang Hwi Kim, Hee Sung Lee, Sung Won Jung, Jae Gwang Lee, June Hee Lee, Kyung Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
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The impact of occupation according to income on depressive symptoms in South Korean individuals: Findings from the Korean Welfare Panel Study
Woorim Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Tae-Hoon Lee, Yeong Jun Ju, Jaeyong Shin, Sang Gyu Lee
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Relationship of workplace violence and perpetrators on sleep disturbance-data from the 4th Korean working conditions survey
Taejun Yoo, Byeongjin Ye, Jung-Il Kim, Siwoo Park
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Association between second-hand smoke and psychological well-being amongst non-smoking wageworkers in Republic of Korea
Seong-Jin Kim, Dirga Kumar Lamichhane, Shin-Goo Park, Bum-Joon Lee, So-Hyun Moon, Sung-Min Park, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim
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Reliability and validity of the workplace harassment questionnaire for Korean finance and service workers
Myeongjun Lee, Hyunjung Kim, Donghee Shin, Sangyun Lee
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Original Article

The Health Effects of Mercury on the Cardiac Autonomic Activity According to the Heart Rate Variability: Sinye Lim, Min Cheol Choi, Kee Ock Joh, Domyung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(4):302-313. Published online December 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.4.302

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The effect of mercury on the cardiovascular system has recently been reported on, but the mechanisms as well as its nature of this effect still need to be confirmed. In this study, the mercury in the hair of a community population was analyzed in relation to the cardiac autonomic activity.
METHODS
A hair sample was obtained from the occiput area and the mercury in the hair was analyzed by using a Direct Mercury Analyzer. We measured the cardiovascular risk factors, including total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, and the body mass index (BMI). Heart rate variability was assessed for 5 minutes, in the time and frequency domain, by using SA-3000P from the Medi-core(R). company. The association between the mercury in the hair and heart rate variability was assessed after controlling for the other cardiovascular risk factors.
RESULTS
The mean age of the 671 total subjects was 36 years. The geometric mean of the hair mercury was 0.90 ppm. The hair mercury level was elevated in males, adults, smokers and drinkers. Hair mercury and age, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and BMI were all positively correlated. However, hair mercury and heart rate, HDL cholesterol, standard deviation of the NN intervals (SDNN), total power (TP), low-frequency (LF), high- frequency (HF) were negatively correlated. In the higher mercury group, heart rate, SDNN, LF and HF indices were significantly lower compared with those of the lower mercury group. Heart rate was decreased 2.6 beats/min, Ln (HF) was decreased 0.131 msec2 and HF norm was decreased 2.550 with a 1 ppm increase of Ln (Hg), according to multiple linear regression analysis after controlling for age, gender and other cardiovascular risk factors.
CONCLUSION
This cross-sectional study showed that mercury may affect the cardiac autonomic activity through parasympathetic dysfunction.

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The association between mercury concentrations and lipid profiles in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3
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Mercury and metabolic syndrome: a review of experimental and clinical observations
Alexey A. Tinkov, Olga P. Ajsuvakova, Margarita G. Skalnaya, Elizaveta V. Popova, Anton I. Sinitskii, Olga N. Nemereshina, Evgenia R. Gatiatulina, Alexandr A. Nikonorov, Anatoly V. Skalny
BioMetals.2015; 28(2): 231. CrossRef

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Original Article

Case Series for Occupational Skin Disorders in Carbon Fiber Exposed Packing Workers: Hye Eun Lee, Chang Bum Byun, Sinye Lim, Seung Ho Jeon, Sang Yong Oh, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Soon Choi, Domyung Paek, Mijin Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(3):199-208. Published online September 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.3.199

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
We report an outbreak of skin disorder in semiconductor packing workers. Through an evaluation of the degree of work-relatedness in this case, we aim to develop a method to overcome such health problems in the workplace.
METHODS
A questionnaire investigating the job characteristics and skin symptoms was administered to 51 packing workers working in a semiconductor production factory and 49 questionnaires returned. The 16 subjects in the exposure group and 12 in the non-exposure group underwent doctor's examination and patch test. Two of 28 subjects were excluded in patch test. We investigated the work environment and carbon fiber level which was the potential causative agent.
RESULTS
Forty-five (91.8%) of 49 packing workers complained of itching and stinging. Three of 14(21.4%) in the exposure group and 3 of 11 (27.3%) in the non-exposure group were positive at 48hr reading of patch test for carbon fiber and carbon fiber paper. None was positive at 96hr reading of patch test. Prominent carbon fibers were microscopically observed on the surface of the packing box and the fiber diameter, measured up to 6.0~7.5 micrometer, was likely to induce skin irritation to skin. To avoid worker's direct contact with to carbon fiber, carbon fiber paper box was substituted by a wax coated carbon fiber paper box was substituted for the original carbon fiber paper box, which caused and the workers' symptoms to of workers disappeared.
CONCLUSION
The probably cause of this outbreak of skin disorder was mild irritant contact dermatitis for carbon fiber. To prevent outbreaks of such occupational skin disorder like this, workers should avoid direct contact with carbon fiber.

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Original Article

The Relationship between Heart Rate Variability and Metabolic Syndrome at a Rural Area: Kyoung Bok Min, Jin Young Min, Kyung Hee Jung-Choi, Hyung Joon Jhun, Sung Il Cho, Domyung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):459-466. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.459

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and to investigate the relation between metabolic syndrome and heart rate variability in a community population.
METHODS
The study design was cross-sectional, and 1028 subjects, aged 20~87 years, were recruited. Heart rate variability was measured in the sitting position for five minutes. The recorded data were assessed by time-domain (standard deviation of RR interval) and frequencydomain analysis. All subjects were examined for five components of metabolic syndrome.
RESULTS
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in male and female subjects was 25.9% and 27.7%, respectively. The mean value of heart rate variability of the subjects was significantly different between healthy subjects and those with metabolic syndrome. The regression model showed that metabolic syndrome was negatively correlated with heart rate variability.
CONCLUSIONS
The results demonstrate that metabolic syndrome has potentially negative effects on the cardiovascular system, and that these effects could be detected by heart rate variability. Follow-up studies able to control the cohort effect are necessary to evaluate the relation between metabolic syndrome and heart rate variability.

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Original Article

The effect of Residential Environments on the Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness: Sang Sup Kim, Hyung Joon Chun, Domyung Paek, Rokho Kim, Ho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):157-169. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.157

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The increased prevalence of asthma over the last 30 years has been reported from many different countries, including Korea. The increased prevalence may be due to increased exposure to indoor air pollutants.
METHODS
In this study, the relationship between residential environments and airway hyper-responsiveness has been examined among 280 family members. The bronchial hyper-responsiveness was expressed as the log-transformed slope of FEV decrease over the log-transformed dose of methacholine concentration(BRindex). Simple regression analysis was done for the effect of sex, age, atopic status, and residential environments including active and passive smoking exposures on airway responsiveness. Based on simple regression results, multiple rwegression analysis was performed for total group and also according to sex.
RESULTS
The mean of BRindex of residents living in gas boiler heating houses was higher than that of central heating system (p=0.014). Smoking status was a significant determinant of bronchial hyper-responsiveness in both genders; male(p=0.017), female (p%.022). In the male group the mean of BRindex of current smokers was significantly higher than those of ex-smokers and non-smokers, and the mean of BRindex of passive smokers was higher than that of non-smokers, but statistical significance was border-line(p=0.069). In female group, the mean of BRindex of kerosene stove users was higher than that of non-users(p=0.057).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that indoor air pollutants including type of heating, passive smoking and kerosene stove use can contribute to the increase in asthma prevalence in Korea.

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Original Article

Effect of Shift Work on Worker's Health, Family and Social Life at a Automobile Manufacturing Plant: Hyungjoon Chun, Mi A Son, Yongchul Kim, Eunyeon Cho, Jiyong Kim, Domyung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(4):587-598. Published online December 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.4.587

Abstract PDF

Effect of shift work on worker's health, family and social life was investigated at a automobile manufacturing plant in Inchon. In total, 2488 shift workers and 599 non-shift workers completed self administered questionnaire in their sleep pattern, subjective gastrointestinal symptoms, prevalent chronic disease status, general well-being schedule, family and social life. More shift workers complained of sleep disturbance, poor sleep quality, tiredness at awakening, and sleepiness in work than non-shift workers. More shift workers also complained of gastrointestinal disturbance than non-shift workers. Worker's mental health was assessed by General Well-Being Schedule(GWB) questionnaire developed for the U.S. Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys(HANES I). The percentage of severely distressed shift workers was significantly higher than that of non-shift workers(p<0.01). Among subscores in General Well-Being Schedule, anxiety, depression, positive well-being, vitality, and general health subscale of shift workers were lower than those of non-shift workers (p<0.05). In terms of family and social life, there was no significant difference between two groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done for discrete variables which showed statistically significant difference between shift and non-shift group. The variables included in analysis were sleep disturbance symptoms, gastrointestinal complaints, and distress level calculated from GWB score. Age, tenure, smoking, alcohol drinking, and exercise were adjusted as confounding factors and odds ratios for above symptoms due to shift work were calculated. Odds ratios (ORs) for sleep disturbance symptoms ranged from 0.52 to 3.59. ORs for gastrointestinal complaints ranged from 1.19 to 1.34. OR for distress level was 1.31. We concluded that shift workers are suffered from physical and psychological ailments due to shift work and interventional methods for preventing worker's health from adverse effects of shift work are needed.

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Study on Health Consciousness and Eating Habits of Workers at Deluxe Hotels in Seoul and Gyonggi-do regions
Jae Joong Kim, Eun Jung Lee, Kyung-Ran Lee
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2016; 31(6): 587. CrossRef
The association between shift work and depression in hotel workers
Hyun Jey Moon, Sang Hyun Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Influence of shift work in process industry on workers' occupational health, productivity, and family and social life: An ergonomic approach
Kishor K. Dhande, Sunil Sharma
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries.2011; 21(3): 260. CrossRef

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Original Article

Lung Function Test for Workers and its Quality Control Program: Jung Keun Choi, Mi A Son, Hyun Kyung Kim, Domyung Paek, Byung Soon Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1994;6(2):187-200. Published online September 30, 1994; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1994.6.2.187

Abstract PDF: Lung function test can be influenced by technical as well as biological variables, and the quality control of test has been stressed as an important part of lung function test program. This study was done to survey the current status of lung function test program in workers' health examination, and examine the variablity of test results when quality control is not achieved. Forty nine Workers' Health Examination Institutes and 7 Pneumoconiosis Referal Centers were surveyed for their current lung function tests, types of spirometers, and performance of technicians. To examine the effect of quality control program of lung function tests on the variablity of test results, 118 miners were tested under a quality control guideline and the results were compared to those obtained ignoring 4 major areas of the guideline-spirometer calibration, minimum number of tests per session, suitable prediction equations, and selection process of final results for each tested subjects. Among surveyed Institutes and Centers, only 38%(20/53) are performing any calibration of spirometers, and most of those calibrations are done automatically by the machine. All the surveyed Institutes and Centers obtain acceptable test no more than 2 times. The background of technicians include office workers and nurse aids without an adequate training in pulmonary physiology, and the testing posture and formats vary among Institutes and Centers. When the types of pulmonary dysfunction under the definition of the Ministry of Labor were compared between those obtained with and without quality control guidelines, spirometer calibration affected the test results in 6(5.1%) out of 118 subjects. The change in the minimum number of adequate tests from 1 to 3 and more brought changes in 19(16.1%) subjects. The test results of 9(7.6%) subjects differed between two different prediction equations, and the results of 7(5.9%) subjects differed between two different selection process of final results. The current practice of lung function tests of workers needs quality control programs, and the results of this study indicate that the first remedy should be to bring the minimum number of acceptable test to more than 3.

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Original Article

Normal Predictive Values of FVC and FEV1 for Healthy Korean Male Workers: Domyung Paek, Jung Keun Choi, Byung Soon Choi, Kyou Chull Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1994;6(2):175-186. Published online September 30, 1994; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1994.6.2.175

Abstract PDF

Lung Function test results can be influenced by race, socioeconomic status, and physical fitness. The choice of the most appropriate predictive equations should be based upon these considerations as well as age, sex, and body size. About 70% of Korean males smoke, and non-smokers can be a selective group in Korea. In this study, lung function test results of 683 healthy Korean male workers were analyzed to get the predictive equations of Forced Vital Capacity(FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second(FEV(1)), and FEV(1)/FVC (FEV(1)%). The age of studied workers ranged from 18to 60, and most of those finished high school or less. Healthy smokers without any respiratory symptoms or disease history were included in the study, while the effect of smoking on the test results were examined in the analysis. FVC, FEV(1), and FEV(1)% were regressed against age, height, weight and smoking status or smoking amount. Age and height explained FVC and FVC(1) most efficiently and the contribution of other variables were not significant. Whereas, smoking was significantly associated with a decrease in FEV(1)% even among healthy un-symptomatic workers. For FEV(1)%, age, height, and smoking amount were significant variables, constituting the most efficient prediction model. The lower limit of normal for percent predicted values was calculated from lower 95 percentile as well as 95% confidence interval. When the results of this study was compared to those from studies of white Caucasians, the predicted FVC and FEV(1) were lower for the given age and height but the differences were less than 10%. The slopes of regression equation for height and age were, however, not significantly different when the social backgrounds of the studied subjects were similar.

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Jahyun Kim, Young Wook Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Jun Ho Lee, Hyung Wook Park, Byung Mann Cho
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(4): 525. CrossRef
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Sang-Yong Eom, Heon Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(3): 424. CrossRef
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Joung Oh Lee, Byung-Soon Choi
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2010; 69(2): 108. CrossRef

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