Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between unpredictable work schedule and work-family conflict in Korea: Sang Moon Choi, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Yong Tae Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e46. Published online November 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e46

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
As unpredictable work schedule (UWS) has increased worldwide, various studies have been conducted on the resulting health effects on workers. However, research on the effect of UWS on workers' well-being in Korea is still insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between UWS and work-family conflict (WFC) using 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS).
Methods
Both UWS and WFC were measured using self-reported questionnaires, using data from the 6th KWCS conducted between 2020 and 2021, including 31,859 participants. UWS was measured by questions regarding the frequency of changes in work schedules and limited advanced notice. WFC was measured by questions regarding work to family and family to work conflicts. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association between UWS and WFC.
Results
The prevalence of UWS was higher among men, those under 40 years old, service and sales workers and blue-collar workers, and those with higher salaries. Workplace size also influenced UWS prevalence, with smaller workplaces (less than 50 employees) showing a higher prevalence. The odds ratio (OR) for WFC was significantly higher in workers with UWS compared to workers without UWS after adjusting for gender, age, marital status, occupation, salary, education, weekly working hours, shift work, company size, and having a child under the age of 18 years, employment status (OR: 3.71; 95% confidence interval: 3.23–4.25).
Conclusions
The analysis of nationwide data revealed that UWS interferes with workers’ performance of family roles, which can lead to WFC. Our findings suggest that it is crucial to implement policies to address unfair work schedule management, promoting a healthier work-life balance and fostering a conducive environment for family responsibilities.; 예측 불가능한 근무 일정과 일-가정 갈등의 연관성
목적
전 세계적으로 예측 불가능한 근무 일정(unpredictable work schedule, UWS)이 증가함에 따라, 근로자에게 미치는 건강 영향에 대한 다양한 연구가 진행되었다. 그러나, UWS가 근로자의 삶에 미치는 영향에 대한 국내 연구는 아직 미흡하다. 본 연구는 제6차 한국근로환경조사(Korean Working Conditions Survey, KWCS)를 이용하여 UWS와 일-가정 갈등(Work-Family Conflict, WFC)의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다.
방법
2020년과 2021년 사이에 수행된 제6차 KWCS의 데이터를 사용하여 총 31859명이 연구 대상으로 포함되었고 UWS와 WFC는 모두 자기기입식 설문을 통해 측정되었다. UWS는 업무 일정의 변경 빈도 및 제한된 사전통지에 관한 질문으로 측정되었으며, WFC는 업무로부터 발생하는 가족 갈등과 및 가족으로 발생하는 업무 갈등에 관한 질문으로 측정되었다. UWS와 WFC의 연관성을 조사하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 수행하였다.
결과
UWS는 남성, 40세미만, 서비스 및 판매 종사자, 블루칼라 종사자, 그리고 더 높은 급여를 받는 사람들 사이에서 더 많았다. 작업장 규모도 UWS에 영향을 미쳤으며, 소규모 작업장(직원 수 50명 미만)에서 더 많았습니다. WFC의 오즈비는 성별, 연령, 결혼 여부, 직업, 급여, 교육, 주간 근로시간, 교대근무, 회사 규모, 18세 미만 자녀 여부, 정규직 여부를 보정한 후 나타난 결과에서 UWS가 없는 근로자에 비해 UWS가 있는 근로자에서 유의하게 높았다(OR: 3.78, 95% CI: 3.28-4.34).
결론
전국적인 자료를 분석한 결과, UWS가 근로자의 가족 역할 수행을 방해하여 WFC를 유발할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 근로자에게 건강한 일과 삶의 균형을 제공하고 가족 역할을 수행하기 좋은 환경을 조성하기 위해 불공정한 근무 일정 관리를 해소시키는 정책의 필요성을 시사한다.

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Original Article

Association between shift work and serum homocysteine level in female electronic manufacturing services workers: Jae Won Lim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Eui Yup Chung, Changho Chae, JunSeok Son, Young Hoo Shin, Seung Hyun Park, Sang Moon Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e4. Published online March 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e4

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Shift work has been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on several evidences. The classic risk factors of CVD include age, hypertension, smoking, obesity and diabetes. Recently, the serum homocysteine level has been reported to be a valuable indicator of CVD risk. This study aimed to determine the variation in serum homocysteine level as a cardiovascular risk indicator among female workers according to shift work.

Methods

The data of regular health examination of workers at an electronic manufacturing services company in Yeongnam region, South Korea in 2019 were examined in this study. The investigation was based on a cross-sectional study conducted on 697 female workers (199 day workers and 498 shift workers). The sociodemographic and biochemical characteristics were compared between day workers and shift workers. Through a logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of the increased serum homocysteine level in relation to shift work was determined.

Results

Compared to female day workers, female shift workers showed significantly higher level of serum homocysteine (8.85 ± 2.16 vs. 9.42 ± 2.04 μmol/mL; p = 0.001). The OR of day workers against shift workers was 1.81 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–2.63). With the adjustment of variables that may influence the level of serum homocysteine, the adjusted OR was 1.68 (95% CI: 1.09–2.60).

Conclusions

The serum homocysteine level was significantly higher in shift workers than in day workers. It is thus likely to be a useful predictor of CVD in shift workers.

전자제조서비스업 회사의 여성 근로자에서 교대근무와 혈청 호모시스테인 수준과의 연관성
목적
교대근무가 심혈관계질환의 발병위험도를 증가시킨다는 여러 증거들이 있다. 심혈관계질환의 고전적 위험인자로는 나이, 고혈압, 흡연, 비만, 이상지질, 당뇨병 등이 있으며, 최근 혈청 호모시스테인 수치는 심혈관계 질환의 위험도 지표로 유용한 것으로 알려지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 여성 근로자에서 교대근무 여부에 따라 심혈관계 질환의 위험도 지표인 혈청 호모시스테인의 수준 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2019년 영남지방의 한 전자제조서비스업회사 근로자의 정기건강검진 자료를 이용하여 수행하였다. 총 697명의 여성근로자(주간근무자 199명, 교대근무자 498명)의 데이터로 단면연구를 수행하였다. 주간 근무자와 교대근무자의 인구사회학적, 생화학적 특성을 비교하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 교대근무와 상승된 혈청 호모시스테인 수치의 교차비를 조사하였다.
결과
여성 주간 근로자와 비교하여 여성 교대근무자의 혈청 호모시스테인 수치가 통계적으로 유의하게 더 높았다. (8.85 ± 2.16 vs 9.42 ± 2.04 μmol/ml ; p=0.001). 교대근무자에 비해 주간 근무자의 교차비는 1.81(95% CI : 1.25-2.63) 였으며, 혈청 호모시스테인 수치에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변수를 보정한 후, 수정된 OR은 1.68(95% CI : 1.09-2.60) 이었다.
결론
혈청 호모시스테인 수치는 주간 근무자에 비해 교대근무자에서 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 교대근로자의 심혈관계 질환 발병의 예측에 있어 혈청 호모시스테인 수치가 유용하겠다.

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Dietary habits of night shift workers: A reason or an excuse for poor nutrition
Svetlana Anđelković, Maja Babić
Srpski medicinski casopis Lekarske komore.2024; 5(1): 75. CrossRef

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Original Article

Association between coronavirus disease 2019-related workplace interventions and prevalence of depression and anxiety: Hyun Woo Park, Seung Hyun Park, Young Wook Kim, JunSeok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Chang Ho Chae, Eui Yup Chung, Hun Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e11. Published online June 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e11

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Although coronavirus disease 2019 is causing a variety of psychological problems for workers, there are few longitudinal studies on changes in workers’ mental health by workplace intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the change in the prevalence of depression and anxiety according to the active involvement of the workplace.

Methods

This study was conducted on 1,978 workers at a workplace who underwent a health screening from January 2019 to August 2020, and classified depression and anxiety disorders using a self-report questionnaire. After the first pandemic, the company stopped health screening, took paid leave and telecommuting, and conducted interventions such as operating its own screening clinic. To see if this workplace intervention affects workers’ mental health, we conducted generalized estimating equations to compare odds ratio (OR).

Results

In the pre-intervention group, 384 people (16.86%) had depression, and 507 people (22.26%) had anxiety disorder. Based on the OR before intervention, the OR of depression decreased to 0.76 (0.66–0.87) and the OR of anxiety disorder decreased to 0.73 (0.65–0.82).

Conclusions

As a result of this study, it was confirmed that workplace intervention was related to a decrease in depression and anxiety. This study provides basic data to improve workers’ mental health according to workplace intervention, and further research is needed according to workplace intervention in the future.

코로나바이러스감염증-19 관련 사업장 개입과 우울증 및 불안장애 유병률 간의 관련성
목적
COVID-19가 근로자에게 다양한 심리적 문제를 야기하고 있지만, 사업장 개입이 근로자의 정신 건강의 변화에 대한 종단적 연구는 거의 없다. 이 연구는 사업장의 적극적인 개입 여부에 따른 우울, 불안의 유병률 변화를 평가하는 것을 목표로 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 2019년 1월부터 2020년 8월까지 건강검진을 받은 한 사업장의 근로자 1,978명을 대상으로 하였으며, 자기기입식 설문지를 이용하여 우울증, 불안장애를 분류하였다. 이 회사는 1차 대유행 이후 건강검진을 중단하고, 유급휴직 및 재택근무, 자체선별진료소 운영 등의 개입을 실시하였다. 이런 사업장 개입이 근로자의 정신건강에 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 Generalized estimating equation(GEE)을 시행하여 Odds ratio(OR)을 비교하였다.
결과
Pre-intervention group에서 우울증은 총 384명(16.86%)이었으며, 불안장애는 총 507명(22.26%)이었다. Pre-intervention group의 OR를 기준으로 하였을 때, post-intervention group의 우울증 OR는 0.76(0.66-0.87), 불안장애의 OR는 0.73(0.65-0.82)로 감소하였다.
결론
본 연구 결과, 사업장의 개입이 우울, 불안의 감소와 관련이 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 사업장 개입 여부에 따른 근로자 정신건강을 개선시키기 위한 기초자료를 제공하며, 향후 사업장 개입에 따른 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 본다.

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Telecommuting-related health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea: a national population-based cross-sectional study
Seung-Woo Ryoo, Jin-Young Min, Dong-Wook Lee, Baek-Yong Choi, Juho Choi, Ho-Yeon Kim, Kyoung-Bok Min
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Multidimensional typologies of precarious employment and their relationships with mental well-being in Korean wageworkers: A latent class analysis based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2023; 177: 107787. CrossRef

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Original Article

Distribution of Lung-RADS categories according to job type in a single shipyard workers: Eui Yup Chung, Young Hoo Shin, Young Wook Kim, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Seung Hyun Park, Sung Joon Woo, Chang Ho Chae; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e22. Published online June 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e22

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Recently, lung cancer screenings based on age and smoking history using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) have begun in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of lung imaging reporting and data system (Lung-RADS) categories in shipyard workers exposed to lung carcinogens such as nickel, chromium, and welding fumes according to job type, to provide basic data regarding indications for LDCT in shipyard workers.

Methods

This study included 6,326 workers from a single shipyard, who underwent health examinations with LDCT between January 2010 and December 2018. Data on age, smoking status and history, medical history, and job type were investigated. The participants were categorized into high-exposure, low-exposure, and non-exposure job groups based on the estimated exposure level of nickel, chromium, and welding fumes according to job type. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to determine the difference between exposure groups in Lung-RADS category ≥ 3 (3, 4A, and 4B).

Results

Out of all participants, 97 (1.5%) participants were classified into Lung-RADS category ≥ 3 and 7 (0.1%) participants were confirmed as lung cancer. The positive predictive value (ratio of diagnosed lung cancer cases to Lung-RADS category ≥ 3) was 7.2%. The hazard ratio (HR) of Lung-RADS category ≥ 3 was 1.451 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.911–2.309) in low-exposure and 1.692 (95% CI: 1.007–2.843) in high-exposure job group. Adjusting for age and pack-years, the HR was statistically significant only in the high-exposure job group (HR: 1.689; 95% CI: 1.004–2.841).

Conclusions

Based on LDCT and Lung-RADS, among male shipyard workers, Lung-RADS category ≥ 3 were significantly higher in the high-exposure job group. Their HR tended to be > 1.0 and was statistically significant in the high-exposure job group. Additional studies should be conducted to establish more elaborate LDCT indications for occupational health examination.

일개 조선소 근로자의 직종간 Lung-RADS 비교
목적
최근 폐암의 조기 발견을 위해 저선량 흉부CT (LDCT)를 이용하기 시작했으며, 국내에서도 연령과 흡연력을 기준으로 한 국가폐암검진이 시작되었다. 니켈, 크롬, 용접흄은 조선소 근로자에서 흔히 노출될 수 있는 폐암 발암물질로 알려져 있으나, 이러한 위험 요인은 아직 폐암 검진의 기준이 되지 못하였다. 이 연구는 LDCT를 이용하여 니켈, 크롬, 용접흄에 노출되는 일개 조선소 근로자들에서 직종과 폐 CT 선별 판독 시스템 (Lung-RADS) 양상을 비교하여, 조선소 근로자의 LDCT 적응증에 대한 기초 자료를 생성하고자 하였다.
방법
2010년 1월부터 2018년 12월까지 건강검진에 참여한 경남지역 조선소 근로자 6,326명이 연구에 참여했다. 문진과 자기기입식 설문지를 이용하여 연령, 흡연력, 과거력, 직종 등을 확인하여, 직군에 따른 크롬, 니켈, 용접흄의 노출 추정 정도에 따라 고노출 직군, 저노출 직군, 비노출군으로 분류하였다. 그룹 간 Lung-RADS 3 이상인 군에 차이가 있는지 cox 비례위험 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 또한 연령과 갑년을 보정하여 그룹간 hazard ratio (HR)를 비교하였다.
결과
전체 대상자 6,326명 중 Lung-RADS 3 이상인 군은 97명, 폐암으로 확진된 대상자는 7명으로, 양성예측도 (PPV)는 7.2%이였다. Lung-RADS 3 이상에 대하여 직군에 따른 HR은 저노출 직군 1.451 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.911-2.309), 고노출 직군 1.692 (95% CI: 1.007-2.843)으로 나타났다. 연령과 갑년을 보정했을 시 HR은 고노출 직군에서만 유의하게 1.689 (95% CI: 1.004-2.841)로 나타났다.
결론
현행의 폐암검진 방법인 LDCT와 진단기준인 Lung-RADS를 이용하였을 때, 일개 조선소 남성 근로자 중 니켈, 크롬, 용접흄 노출 직군에서 Lung-RADS 3 이상군이 유의하게 많으며, HR이 1.0보다 높은 경향을 보이고, 고노출 직군에서는 유의한 결과를 보였다. 향후 추가적인 연구를 통해 보다 정밀한 근로자 건강검진 상 LDCT 적응증을 만들어야 한다.

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Dana Loomis, Angel M. Dzhambov, Natalie C. Momen, Nicholas Chartres, Alexis Descatha, Neela Guha, Seong-Kyu Kang, Alberto Modenese, Rebecca L. Morgan, Seoyeon Ahn, Martha S. Martínez-Silveira, Siyu Zhang, Frank Pega
Environment International.2022; 170: 107565. CrossRef

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Research Article

The effect of shift work on high sensitivity C-reactive protein level among female workers: Ho Sung Kwak, Hyoung Ouk Park, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Seung Hyun Park, Eui Yup Chung, Chang Ho Chae; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e5. Published online May 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e5

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

This study assessed the association between shift work and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), in female workers in electronics manufacturing services (EMS).

Methods

Female EMS workers who received special medical examinations for workers in Gyeongnam, Korea between January 2017 and December 2017 were enrolled in this study. Their age, marital status, education level, alcohol consumption, smoking habit, regular exercise, quality of sleep, work stress, and depression were investigated, and blood tests were conducted. The t- and χ² tests were conducted to compare the general and biochemical characteristics between daytime and shift worker groups. Age-adjusted partial correlation analysis was performed to examine the linear relationship between hs-CRP level and other risk factors for CVDs. In addition, the difference in hs-CRP levels according to work schedule was analyzed by ANCOVA after adjusting for variables that could affect the hs-CRP level.

Results

Although the average hs-CRP levels did not differ significantly between daytime and shift workers (0.92 ± 1.87 and 1.07 ± 2.20 mg/dL, respectively), shift workers tended to show a higher hs-CRP level (p = 0.067). After adjusting for variables that can affect the hs-CRP level, the estimated average hs-CRP level was significantly higher in shift workers (1.325 ± 0.156 mg/dL) than that in daytime workers (0.652 ± 0.350 mg/dL) (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

The results of this study identified a relationship between shift work and hs-CRP level increase in women. Because multiple studies have reported associations between increased hs-CRP and CVD, follow-up of hs-CRP may help early detection of CVD in shift workers.

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Research Article

Comparison of risk-assessment tools for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in male shipyard workers: a cross-sectional study: Jea Chul Ha, Jun Seok Son, Young Ouk Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Hyun Woo Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e4. Published online May 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e4

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Background

Periodic revision of assessment tools is essential to ensure risk assessment reliability and validity. Despite the recent revision of the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) 2018, there is no evidence showing that the revision is superior to other cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) risk-assessment tools for workplace health management. We conducted a comparative analysis using the Framingham risk score (FRS) as a gold standard to identify the most relevant CVDs risk-assessment tool for workplace health management.

Methods

We included 4,460 shipyard workers who had undergone a workers' health examination during January–December 2016. Risk levels for CVDs were calculated based on the FRS, KOSHA 2013, KOSHA 2017, KOSHA 2018 (2 methods), National Health Screening Program health risk appraisal (NHS HRA) 2017, and NHS HRA 2018. Study participants were categorized into low-risk, moderate-risk, or high-risk groups. Sensitivity, specificity, correlation, and agreement of each risk-assessment tool were calculated compared with the FRS as a gold standard. For statistical analyses, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the linearly weighted kappa coefficient were calculated.

Results

Sensitivity of the risk assessments was highest in the KOSHA 2018 (health risk appraisal [HRA]). The FRS showed correlation coefficients of 0.354 with the KOSHA 2013, 0.396 with the KOSHA 2017, 0.386 with the KOSHA 2018, 0.505 with the KOSHA 2018 (HRA), 0.288 with the NHS HRA 2017, and 0.622 with the NHS HRA 2018. Kappa values, calculated to examine the agreement in relation to the KOSHA 2013, KOSHA 2017, KOSHA 2018, KOSHA 2018 (HRA), NHS HRA 2017, and NHS HRA 2018 with the FRS, were 0.268, 0.322, 0.352, 0.136, 0.221, and 0.559, respectively.

Conclusions

The NHS HRA 2018 risk calculation method is a useful risk-assessment tool for CVDs, but only when appropriate classification criteria are applied. In order to enhance the risk-group identification capability of the KOSHA guideline, we propose to apply the classification criteria set in this study based on the risk group definition of the 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension instead of the current classification criteria of the KOSHA 2018.

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Comparing Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency and National Health Insurance Service’s cardio-cerebrovascular diseases risk-assessment tools using data from one hospital’s health checkups
Yunrae Cho, Dong Geon Kim, Byung-Chan Park, Seonhee Yang, Sang Kyu Kim
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Won Bin Kim, Jun-Bean Park, Yong-Jin Kim
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Research Article

Changes of depression and job stress in workers after merger without downsizing: Jun Ick Jung, Jun Seok Son, Young Ouk Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Jea Chul Ha; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:54. Published online August 29, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0266-4

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Background

Since the 1980s, restructuring, which includes downsizing, closures, mergers, and privatization, has expanded worldwide, and various studies have investigated its effect on health. However, previous studies have mainly focused on restructuring accompanied by massive lay-offs, and the effect of a merger on workers’ health is still controversial. This study aims to investigate changes in worker depression and job stress after a merger without downsizing, which is unusual in Korea.

Methods

Repeated surveys were done in April 2014, April 2015, and April 2016 involving the participation of 209 subjects. Participants were divided into two groups, which were comprised of blue-collar workers (104) and white-collar workers (105). Sociodemographic characteristics, including age, education level, job tenure, gender, marital status, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, were measured via a survey. To determine the level of depression, the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was employed, and to investigate job stress, the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF) was used. For statistical analyses, Pearson’s chi-square test, the Student’s t-test, and repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed.

Results

The results showed that depression (CES-D, F[2, 400] = 0.466, p = 0.628) was changed but without significance and job stress (KOSS-SF, F[1.899, 379.831] = 3.192, p = 0.045) were significantly different. The between-group difference in the CES-D score between the blue- and white-collar workers by survey administration time was not statistically significant (F = 0.316, p = 0.574). The interaction between the survey time and occupational group was also not statistically significant (F = 0.967, p = 0.381). The between-group difference in the KOSS-SF total score was not statistically significant (F = 1.132, p = 0.289), and the interaction between the survey administration time and occupational group was also not significant (F = 0.817, p = 0.437). In the job stress subgroup analyses Job insecurity and Lack of reward showed a significant difference by survey administration time.

Conclusion

This study showed that a merger without massive downsizing can cause negative health effects such as an changes in depression and increase in job stress. To improve the health of workers, both the immediate negative effects on health, and the long-term effects or their resolution over time should be considered prior to the merger.

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A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
Bruno Špiljak, Maja Vilibić, Ana Glavina, Marija Crnković, Ana Šešerko, Liborija Lugović-Mihić
Behavioral Sciences.2022; 12(10): 400. CrossRef

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Research Article

The relationship between serum vitamin D levels and sleep quality in fixed day indoor field workers in the electronics manufacturing industry in Korea: Young Saeng Jung, Chang Ho Chae, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Ho Sung Kwak; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:25. Published online June 24, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0187-7

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Background

Although recent studies have investigated the influence of vitamin D on sleep patterns, there is a lack of research on the relationship between vitamin D and sleep patterns in Korean workers. This study focused on the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and sleep in fixed day indoor field workers in the electronics manufacturing industry in Korea.

Methods

The 1472 subjects who were included in this study were selected from fixed day workers in the electronics manufacturing industry who had received a worker’s special health examination at a hospital in Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province between January 2015 and December 2015. Nighttime workers and those who showed symptoms of depression were excluded from this study. The sociodemographic and lifestyle variables of the participants were investigated, including age, sex, marital status, level of education, body mass index, smoking habits, alcohol consumption habits, and regular exercise. Work-related factors were evaluated, such as employee tenure and occupational stress. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured as an indicator of vitamin D levels, and quality of sleep was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) translated into Korean.

Results

The subjects had a mean serum vitamin D level of 13.70 ± 5.93 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency, defined as a serum vitamin D level of <10 ng/mL, was found in 24.8% of males and significantly more frequently in females (47.6%). Poor sleep quality was reported by 19.8% of participants with serum vitamin D levels ≥10 ng/mL and by 21.7% of those with serum vitamin D levels <10 ng/mL, which was a significant difference (P = .007). Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for significant variables found that poor sleep quality was more likely in those with vitamin D deficiency than those with higher serum vitamin D levels (odds ratio = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01–1.82). A comparison of serum vitamin D levels and PSQI components showed that the mean scores for subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, and sleep duration were significantly higher in the vitamin D-deficient participants, indicating that the vitamin D-deficient participants had poorer sleep quality.

Conclusions

This study investigated serum vitamin D levels in fixed day indoor field workers in the manufacturing industry in Korea and analyzed the relationship of vitamin D deficiency with sleep quality. A significant correlation was found between serum vitamin D deficiency and poor sleep quality. Based on the results of this study, sleep disorder management for workers can be improved by providing regular examinations checking their serum vitamin D levels and supplying vitamin D to workers with serum vitamin D deficiency to enhance their quality of sleep.

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Erratum

Erratum to: The relationship between quality of sleep and night shift rotation interval: Jae Youn Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Ja Hyun Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Soon Kwon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:6. Published online January 25, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0090-7

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Research Article

The relationship between quality of sleep and night shift rotation interval: Jae Youn Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Ja Hyun Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Sun Il Kwon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:31. Published online December 17, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0084-x

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Background

Shift work is closely related with workers' health. In particular, sleep is thought to be affected by shift work. In addition, shift work has been reported to be associated with the type or direction of shift rotation, number of consecutive night shifts, and number of off-duty days. We aimed to analyze the association between the night shift rotation interval and the quality of sleep reported by Korean female shift workers.

Methods

In total, 2,818 female shift workers from the manufacturing industry who received an employee physical examination at a single university hospital from January to August in 2014 were included. Subjects were classified into three groups (A, B, and C) by their night shift rotation interval. The quality of sleep was measured using the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Descriptive analysis, univariate logistic regression, and multivariate logistic regression were performed.

Results

With group A as the reference, the odds ratio (OR) for having a seriously low quality of sleep was 1.456 (95% CI 1.171–1.811) and 2.348 (95% CI 1.852–2.977) for groups B and C, respectively. Thus, group C with the shortest night shift rotation interval was most likely to have a low quality of sleep. After adjustment for age, obesity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, exercise, being allowed to sleep during night shifts, work experience, and shift work experience, groups B and C had ORs of 1.419 (95% CI 1.134–1.777) and 2.238 (95% CI 1.737–2.882), respectively, compared to group A.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that a shorter night shift rotation interval does not provide enough recovery time to adjust the circadian rhythm, resulting in a low quality of sleep. Because shift work is influenced by many different factors, future studies should aim to determine the most optimal shift work model and collect accurate, prospective data.

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Shiraz E-Medical Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Night Shift Work and Sleep Disturbances in Women
Suleima P. Vasconcelos, Lucia C. Lemos, Claudia R.C. Moreno
Sleep Medicine Clinics.2023; 18(4): 533. CrossRef
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Kampanat Wangsan, Naesinee Chaiear, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Piyanee Klainin-Yobas, Kanjana Simajareuk, Watchara Boonsawat
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(21): 13986. CrossRef
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Qiao Huang, Chong Tian, Xian-Tao Zeng
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Juan Luis Romero Cabrera, Mercedes Sotos-Prieto, Antonio García Ríos, Steven Moffatt, Costas A. Christophi, Pablo Pérez-Martínez, Stefanos N. Kales
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Erratum to: The relationship between quality of sleep and night shift rotation interval
Jae Youn Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Ja Hyun Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Soon Il Kwon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
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Research Article

Association between serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms among female workers in the manufacturing industry: Soon Il Kwon, Jun Seok Son, Young Ouk Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Ja Hyun Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Jun Ick Jung; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:28. Published online December 12, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0083-y

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Background

Vitamin D has been known to maintain the body’s balance of calcium and phosphorus as well as skeletal health. There has been increasing emphasis on the importance of vitamin D as recent studies have been reporting the specific functions of vitamin D in the cerebral nervous system and the association between the level of serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms. However, there is currently a paucity of research investigating the association between serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms in Korean subjects. Consequently, this study has aimed to determine the level of serum vitamin D and explore the association between serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms in Korean female workers.

Method

A medical examination, questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and a blood test were conducted between February 3 and March 7, 2014 in 1054 subjects among female workers in the manufacturing industry who underwent physical examinations in a university hospital. From this data, we identified the level of serum vitamin D and investigated the association between serum vitamin D deficiency and depressive symptoms.

Results

The average serum vitamin D level of the 1054 subjects was 9.07 ± 3.25 ng/mL, and the number of subjects in the serum vitamin D deficiency group with less than 10 ng/mL was 721 (68.4 %). The odds ratio of the depressive symptom group with a CES-D score of 16 or above being in the deficiency group with a serum vitamin D level less than 10 ng/mL was found to be 1.55 (95 % CI = 1.15–2.07).

Conclusion

68.4 % of female workers in the manufacturing industry were in the deficiency group with serum vitamin D levels less than 10 ng/mL. Additionally, we identified an association between serum vitamin D deficiency and depressive symptoms. In the future, if serum vitamin D deficiency is checked regularly in workers, we expect to achieve better outcomes in managing their depressive symptoms.

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Luisella Vigna, Michela Carola Speciani, Amedea Silvia Tirelli, Francesca Bravi, Carlo La Vecchia, Caterina Conte, Francesca Gori
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Research Article

Anxiety symptoms and occupational stress among young Korean female manufacturing workers: Kang Ho Lee, Chang Ho Chae, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Ja-Hyun Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Saeng Jung; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:24. Published online November 14, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0075-y

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The prevalence of anxiety disorders has been increasing in South Korea, with recent studies reporting anxiety disorders as the most common mental disorder among all South Korean females. Anxiety disorders, which are independent risk factors of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, are significantly correlated with productivity loss, high medical costs, impaired work performance, and frequent worker absence, and thus are potentially serious problems affecting the health of South Korean female workers. In previous studies, anxiety disorders were shown to have a significant correlation with occupational stress. This study seeks to examine the prevalence of anxiety symptoms as well as the relationship between occupational stress and anxiety symptoms among South Korean female manufacturing workers.

Methods

A structured self-reported questionnaire was administered to 1,141 female workers at an electrical appliance manufacturing plant. The questionnaire collected data on general characteristics, health behaviors, sleep quality, job characteristics (shift work, shift work schedule, and job tenure), occupational stress, and anxiety symptoms. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, occupational stress with the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF), and anxiety symptoms with the Korean version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. A chi square test was conducted to determine the distribution differences in anxiety symptoms based on general characteristics, health behaviors, job characteristics, and sleep quality. A linear-by-linear association test was used to determine the distribution differences between anxietysymptoms and the levels of occupational stress. Last, logistic regression analysis was used in order to determine the association between occupational stress and anxiety symptoms.

Results

The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 15.2 %. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis that adjusted for sleep quality and general characteristics, a significantassociation was found for those with anxiety disorders; the odds ratios (OR) were significantly higher the greater the total KOSS-SF score (moderate-risk group OR=2.85, 95 % CI=1.79–4.56; high-risk group OR=5.34, 95 % CI=3.59–7.96). In addition, excluding insufficient job control, all other KOSS-SF subscales were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms, and a relatively high OR was seen in the high-risk group for job demand (OR=3.19, 95 % CI=2.27–4.49), job insecurity (OR=4.52, 95 % CI=2.86–7.13), and occupational culture (OR=4.52, 95 % CI=2.90–7.04).

Conclusion

There was a significant association between anxiety symptoms and occupational stress stemming from the psychosocial work environment among these South Korean female manufacturing workers. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine the association between the occupational stress caused by the psychosocial work environment and the incidence of anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, intervention programs that aim to address the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and improve the psychosocial work environment, especially for younger female manufacturing workers, are needed.

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Original Article

The Relationship of Serum Vitamin D Levels and the Framingham Risk Score among Male Workers in the Manufacturing Sector: Seung Hyun Park, Young Wook Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Jae Youn Kim, Ja Hyun Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(2):115-123. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.2.115

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
A growing body of evidence states that vitamin D deficiencies may adversely affect cardiovascular disease, however data from Korean workers are lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vitamin D level of the Korean worker and the relationship between vitamin D levels and the Framingham Risk Score.
METHODS
11,448 male workers who visited a university hospital for health screening between March 2010 and August 2011, were enrolled in the study. We measured their of serum vitamin D(25(OH)D) levels and calculated their Framingham Risk Score.
RESULTS
The mean serum vitamin D(25(OH)D) level of the surveyed workers was 13.03+/-6.47 ng/mL. 12.4% of the total workers had adequate vitamin D levels. It was found that the lower the vitamin D level, the higher the risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Risk Score and vitamin D levels were found to be significantly related (OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.14~1.68) through a multivariate logistic regression analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
87.6% of workers possessed inappropriate vitamin D levels. Management for this high risk group in regards to cardiovascular disease should be included in the evaluation and vitamin D levels should be corrected.

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Vitamin D status and associated occupational factors in Korean wage workers: data from the 5th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES 2010–2012)
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Case Report

A Case of Lead Poisoning by Ingesting Herbal Pills Tainted by Lead during the Manufacturing Process: Young Hoo Shin, Jun Seok Son, Young Wook Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Ja Hyeon Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Jun Ho Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(3):271-277. Published online September 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.3.271

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
This is a case report of lead poisoning after herbal pill ingestion. We report this case here as a reminder that contamination during the manufacturing process is an important issue regarding herbal pills. Case Report: A 37-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain caused by cholecystitis. He was transferred to the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine on 26 December 2008, because of anemia. On follow-up examination post cholecystectomy, the patient had increasing blood lead levels. There was no specific finding in his medical history, but he had been taking herbal pills for 3 months to treat dyspepsia. We performed an analysis on the herbal pills, and determined a lead concentration of 1485 mg/kg. When he was admitted to the hospital, the patient had a blood lead level of 84.13 microgram/dL and a zinc protoporphyrin level was 230 microgram/dL. The patient was treated with 250 mg of Penicillamine, 4 times per day. During follow-up 3 weeks later, the patient's blood lead level had been reduced to 36.52 microgram/dL which allowed us to take him off of Penicillamine. By 7 months follow-up, the patient's blood lead concentration had fallen from 36.52 microgram/dL to 20.93 microgram/dL.
CONCLUSION
Lead poisoning was confirmed by analyzing blood lead levels and the cause was herbal pills. Upon analysis of the herbal pills, we have discovered that the herbal pills contained an amount of lead acquired during the manufacturing process, based on the high levels of this heavy metal in comparison to other metals. Private herbal pill manufacturing plants need systematic management and oversight.

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Original Article

The Effects of the Frequency of Fish Consumption on the Blood Mercury Levels in Koreans: Chan Woo Kim, Young Wook Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Jun Seok Son, Seung Hyun Park, Jae Chul Koh, Dae Seon Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(2):114-121. Published online June 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.2.114

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: We studied two districts in Korea in order to investigate if the frequency of fish consumption has an effect on the blood mercury levels.
METHODS
This survey was conducted on 164 fishing district residents in Geoje city and 219 agricultural district residents in Changwon city from July to August in 2008. The data on the demographic characteristics, the living environment, lifestyle habits and the frequency of fish consumption was collected by interviewers. We used ANOVA to estimate the particular relevance between the frequency of fish consumption and the blood mercury concentration, and other various factors.
RESULTS
The mean total blood mercury level was 6.54+/-4.01 microgram/L for the total study population. Our results were even higher than that of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (USA) in, 2001~2002 and the German Environmental Survey in, 1998. In this study, there was a significant difference for the frequency of eating fish between the groups. (p<0.01, The level of the groups that ate fish 3 to 4 times per week was significantly higher as compared with the level of the other groups that ate fish 2 to 3 times per month and 1 to 2 times per week, respectively). As the frequency of fish consumption increased, so did the blood mercury concentration.
CONCLUSIONS
We found that the blood mercury concentration increases along with fish consumption and this was statistically significant and this fact reveals that fish consumption is positively related to the blood levels of mercury. Accordingly, we need systematic and periodic research on the general population to prevent mercury poisoning, which can be caused by low-level mercury exposure from dietary intake such as chronic fish consumption.

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Original Article

A Study on Olfactory Function in Painters Exposed to Organic Solvent in a Shipyard: Keong Bum Min, Jun Seok Son, Chang Ho Chae, Young Wook Kim, Cheol Ho Yi, Chan Woo Kim, Young Who Shin; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(3):246-258. Published online September 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.3.246

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effect of the occupational exposure to organic solvent on the olfactory function of shipyard painters; we measured the prevalence of olfactory function impairment between the exposure group and the controls by using the Korean Version of the Sniffin'Stick (KVSS) test through smell, and by analyzing factors related to olfactory alteration.
METHODS
The olfactory function of 245 painters exposed to organic solvents was compared to that of 122 unexposed controls. A total of 367 shipyard subjects underwent questionnaire study and the olfactory function test was performed by KVSS test I from April to August 2007. Suspected subjects of abnormal findings were referred to an otorhinolaryngologist. In addition, the Biologic Exposure Index (BEI) and industrial hygiene laboratory data were collected as well as analyzed by job title in the exposure group.
RESULTS
The difference in the result of KVSS test I was significantly different from the exposure group and the controls (P<0.05). For the exposure group, reduced olfaction and exposure group were correlated with statistical significance when compared to the controls (P<0.01). Adjusting for work duration, smoking, rhinitis or sinusitis history, exposure of the organic solvent (OR 1.76, 95% CI=1.05-2.96) had a statistically meaningful relationship with decreased olfaction. The data on BEI for the exposure group were collected; the difference in methylhippuric acid was significant between spray workers and others, but did not correlate well with decreased olfaction.
CONCLUSION
Occupational exposure to organic solvents in shipyard painters may affect the olfactory function. Therefore, shipyard painters should be monitored on a periodic bases by the quantitative test such as KVSS test. There is no other quantitative testing method or standardized procedure that can objectively diagnose the neurotoxic effect, further enhanced quality research in this field is necessary.

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