Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Research Article

Carbon disulfide exposure estimate and prevalence of chronic diseases after carbon disulfide poisoning-related occupational diseases: Hweemin Chung, Kanwoo Youn, Kyuyeon Kim, Kyunggeun Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:52. Published online October 26, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0208-6

Background

In Korea, Carbon disulfide (CS₂) toxicity was an important social problem from the late 1980s to the early 1990s but there have been few large-scale studies examining the prevalence of diseases after CS₂ exposure discontinuance. So we investigated past working exposure to CS₂ characteristics from surviving ex-workers of a rayon manufacturing plant including cumulative CS₂ exposure index. Furthermore, we studied the prevalence of their chronic diseases recently after many years.

Methods

We interviewed 633 ex-workers identified as CS₂ poisoning-related occupational diseases to determine demographic and occupational characteristics and reviewed their medical records. The work environment measurement data from 1992 was used as a reference. Based on the interviews and foreign measurement documents, weights were assigned to the reference concentrations followed by calculation of individual exposure index, the sum of the portion of each time period multiplied by the concentrations of CS₂ during that period.

Results

The cumulative exposure index was 128.2 ppm on average. Workers from the spinning, electrical equipment repair, and motor repair departments were exposed to high concentrations of ≥10 ppm. Workers from the maintenance of the ejector, manufacturing of CS_2, post-process, refining, maintenance and manufacturing of viscose departments were exposed to low concentrations below 10 ppm. The prevalence for hypertension, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, arrhythmia, psychoneurotic disorder, disorders of the nervous system and sensory organ were 69.2%, 13.9%, 24.8%, 24.5%, 1.3%, 65.7%, 72.4% respectively.

Conclusions

We estimated the individual cumulative CS₂ exposure based on interviews and foreign measurement documents, and work environment measurement data. Comparing the work environment measurement data from 1992, these values were similar to them. After identified as CS₂ poisoning, there are subjects over 70 years of average age with disorders of the nervous system and sensory organs, hypertension, psychoneurotic disorder, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmia. Because among ex-workers of the rayon manufacturing plant, only 633 survivors recognized as CS₂ poisoning were studied, the others not identified as CS₂ poisoning should also be investigated in the future.

Citations

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Bioorthogonal Delivery of Carbon Disulfide in Living Cells
Ruohan Zhao, Yinghan Chen, Yong Liang
Angewandte Chemie International Edition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Bioorthogonal Delivery of Carbon Disulfide in Living Cells
Ruohan Zhao, Yinghan Chen, Yong Liang
Angewandte Chemie.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Quantification and Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) in Atmospheric Emissions in Large (Petro) Chemical Complexes in Different Countries of America and Europe
Joaquín Hernández-Fernández, Heidi Cano, Susana Rodríguez-Couto
Sustainability.2022; 14(18): 11402. CrossRef
Role of environmental toxicants in the development of hypertensive and cardiovascular diseases
Ehsan Habeeb, Saad Aldosari, Shakil A. Saghir, Mariam Cheema, Tahani Momenah, Kazim Husain, Yadollah Omidi, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Muhammad Akram, Rais A. Ansari
Toxicology Reports.2022; 9: 521. CrossRef
Rapid Gas-Sensing Detection of Carbon Disulfide by a CdS/SnS Nanocomposite-Based Cataluminescence Sensor
Bai Sun, Guoji Shi, Zhuo Tang, Pengyu Zhang, Yuxian Guo, Shuguang Zhu, Jinyun Liu
Chemosensors.2022; 11(1): 10. CrossRef
Associations of urinary carbon disulfide metabolite with oxidative stress, plasma glucose and risk of diabetes among urban adults in China
Tao Xu, Bin Wang, Xing Wang, Shijie Yang, Limin Cao, Weihong Qiu, Man Cheng, Wei Liu, Linling Yu, Min Zhou, Dongming Wang, Jixuan Ma, Weihong Chen
Environmental Pollution.2021; 272: 115959. CrossRef

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Original Article

Heart Rate Variability of Carbon Disulfide Poisoned Subjects after Exposure Cessation: Sang Yoon Lee, Sung Il Cho, Do Myung Paek, Chang Bum Byeon, Mi Jeong Kim, Kyung Keun Park, Sang Hyeok Yim, Kil Seung Yang, Chang Kook Hwang, Hyung Joon Jhun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(2):123-129. Published online June 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.2.123

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
A previous study conducted in 2000 measuring the heart rate variability (HRV) of carbon disulfide (CS2)-poisoned subjects suggested that their HRV was reduced after exposure cessation. However, the study was limited by the following procedural limitations: (1) only 71 CS2-poisoned subjects participated, (2) no females participated, and (3) the CS2-poisoned subjects were older than the controls. This study was therefore conducted to overcome these limitations of the earlier study.
METHODS
The study subjects comprised 122 retired workers with CS2 poisoning and the same number of age- and sex-matched controls. Information on individual age, sex, height, weight, smoking history, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, medical and occupational history, chest x-ray, and ECG recording of the two groups was collected though a self-administered questionnaire and a medical examination. Standard Deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), Root-Mean-Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD), Total Power (TP), Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio were measured as HRV indices for 5 minutes in the sitting position.
RESULTS
Univariate analysis revealed that all HRV indices of CS2-poisoned subjects were lower than those of the controls. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CS2 poisoning had negative association with all HRV indices and that its association with RMSSD was statistically significant (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that CS2-poisoned subjects continue to have reduced HRV, even though the exposure has ceased.

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Original Article

The Association of Carbon Disulfide Poisoning with Heart Rate Variability: Hyung Joon Jhun, Sang Hyuk Yim, Do Myung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(1):48-56. Published online March 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.1.48

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Mass poisoning by carbon disulfide (CS2) occurred in a viscose rayon factory in Korea. Up until 1998, 830 employees, including 38 who had died, were diagnosed with CS2 poisoning. Among the CS2 poisoned subjects, heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated to investigate whether the toxic effect of CS2 persists after the exposure has ceased. The dose-response relationship between carbon disulfide exposure and HRV was also evaluated.
METHODS
The case group was comprised of 71 retired male workers diagnosed as being CS2 poisoned. The control group was comprised of 127 males of same age-range who had no history of CS2 exposure and cardiovascular diseases. Information on individual age, height, weight, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, medical and occupational history, chest x-ray, and ECG recording of the two groups were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and with a medical examination. Time (maximum, average, minimum RR interval) and frequency domain measures (low frequency - LF, high frequency - HF, total power spectrum TPS, and LF/HF ratio) of the two groups were analyzed. CS2 exposure indices of the case group (duration of employment, exposure level per work department, cumulative exposure index and duration of retirement) were investigated.
RESULTS
Using a univariate analysis, the frequency domain measures for the case group were significantly lower than those in the control group, except for HF. In the multivariate analysis, previous history of CS2 poisoning was inversely related to all frequency domain parameters and it significantly affected the LF (p<0.05) and the LF/HF ratio (p<0.05). There was no significant dose-response relationship between CS2 exposure indices and HRV parameters in the case group.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that further studies are necessary to evaluate the residual effects of CS2 poisoning even after the CS2 exposure has ceased.

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Original Article

Health Evaluation of ex-workers occupationally exposed to Carbon disulfide: Subjective Symptoms and Related Factors according to compensation for CS2 poisoning: Kyung Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim, Hyun Rim Choi, Gil Seong Yang, Ho Kim, Shang Hyuk Yim, Yun Geun Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(2):150-161. Published online June 30, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.2.150

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the chronological subjective symptoms and related factors in ex-workers who were occupationally exposed to Carbon disulfide.
METHODS
One hundred and seventy-seven subjects (147 males and 30 females) were randomly selected among ex-workers and interviewed by well trained doctors, who filled out a structured questionnaire developed by authors on the subjective symptoms. The questionnaire was composed of symptoms in the head and neck, and those of the neuro-psychological, respiratory, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and reproductive systems. Other factors such as general and occupational characteristics including work department, work duration, duration since cessation of exposure, and compensation for occupational disease were also investigated.
RESULTS
The mean subject age was 55.4 years. The mean cumulative exposure index (CEI) was 38.96 +/- 31.18. CEI was significantly higher in the compensated group (47.61 +/- 32.51) than in the non-compensated group (26.81 +/- 24.75)(p=0.000). Symptom complaints were significantly higher in the compensated group in all organ systems, and their incidence increased gradually until 10 years after cessation of work, and then decreased. The mean duration for cessation of exposure at the time of compensation was 10.97 years. The significantly different factors between the compensated group and the non-compensated group were total cumulative exposure index and the time interval between the cessation of work and the time of compensation.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that total cumulative exposure index and the time interval between the cessation of work and the time of compensation may be important factors affecting the compensation for occupational disease. Therefore, further studies will be necessary.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Health Behavior and Health Condition of Patients Exposed to Carbon Disulfide according to Exposure Level
Hyun Joe
Soonchunhyang Medical Science.2020; 26(2): 53. CrossRef
Recognition and Using Status of Carbon Disulfide (CS2) as Fumigant for Controlling Chestnut Weevil, Curculio sikkimensis among Chestnut Farmers
Moo-Sik Lee, Eun-Young Kim, Jae-Lim Lee, Gi-Yeon Sohn
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2016; 41(2): 63. CrossRef

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Original Article

Cerebrovascular, and Other Health Effects, Due to the Exposure of Ex-Workers to Carbon Disulfide in the Maunfacture of Rayon: Joo Ja Kim, Kyung Jae Lee, Hyun Sook Hong, Dae Ho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(1):72-83. Published online March 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.1.72

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cerebrovascular and other related health effcets, due to the exposure of ex-workers to carbon disulfide in the manufacture of rayon.
METHODS
The study subjects comprised of 453 workers from the rayon manufacturing industry (387 males, 66 females). They were examined with a brain MRI and for other risk factors related to their occupation, such as age, work department, work duration, duration of work cessation, and blood pressure. Laboratory tests were also performed such as blood sugar, hemoglobin, cholesterol, etc. The cumulative exposure levels were calculated as the mean exposure level, per work department, multiplied by the total work duration in months.
RESULTS
75.1% of the subjects were between the ages of 40 and 59 years. 76.0% of the subjects had worked in high exposure departments (e.g., department of spinning and refining etc). 52.5% of the subjects had worked for more than 10 years, and 63.3% of the subjects had ginven up the work (exposure) more than 10 years earlier. The brain MRI findings were normal, a single lacunar infarct, multiple lacunar infarcts (mostly, on subcortex and white matter), and a hemorrhage in 52.5, 8.6, 36.2 and 2.7% respectively. Multiple lacunar infarcts were not related to the cumulative exposure level but in the female workers only, were significantly related to the increasing level of work duration (p<0.05), and in the male workers only, were related to the increased duration of work cessation and age (p<0.01). Abnormal rates of laboratory tests were higher in the multiple lacunar infarcts subjects with hypertension compared to theose with normal brain MRI findings (p<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The multiple lacunar infarcts of the brain seemed not to be related to the cumulative exposure level but to the low exposure departments, duration of work, duration of work cessation, age and hypertension. This was conducted as a health evaluation on workers from the rayon manufacturing industry who had terminated their exposure to carbon disulfide many years earlier.

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Original Article

Vibration Perception Threshold of Male Workers Exposed to Carbon Disulfide: Seung Hoi Park, Eun Il Lee, Byung Chul Chun, Yong Tae Yum, Jae Wook Chi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(1):85-96. Published online February 29, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.1.85

Abstract PDF

This study was conducted on 367 male workers to evaluate the change of vibration perception threshold (VPT) according to exposure degree to carbon disulfide. VPT was measured on both metacarpal bones of index and little fingers and on fibular malleoli by Vibrometer (Rion, on 125Hz). The exposure degree was classified by the name of department. Workers in department 1 had been exposed to high concentration of carbon disulfide, those in. department 2 had been exposed to carbon disulfide moderately or intermittently, and those in department 3 had been exposed to undetectable concentration of carbon disulfide. The results were as follows: 1. The mean values of VPT of metacarpal(MC) bones showed dose-response pattern, i.e., the mean values of VPT at department 1 were highest, and those of VPT at department 3 were lowest with similar work duration or age. But the mean values of VPT of fibular malleoli (FM) showed dose-response pattern only in workers having above 5 years of work duration or whose age were above 30. 2. The mean values of VPT of MC bone of workers increased by age. 3. There were statistically significant difference in mean values of VPT of MC bone only in workers having 5-10 year work duration. And there were statistically significant difference of mean values of VPT of left 2nd and 5th MC bone in workers whose age was 30's, of right 2nd MC bone in those whose age was 40's, and of left 2nd MC bone in those whose age was 50's. 4. The variables affecting VPT significantly were department and age (or age group) both in multiple regression and general linear model. The department showed to have more effect to VPT than age in multiple regression, but age group showed to have more effect to VPT than department in general linear model. 5. The variables were transformed to indicator variable to do logistic regression analysis. Department 1, 2, 3 were classified into high exposure (spinning department) and low exposure (other department), age was classified into old (above 30) and young, and work duration was classified into long(above 10 years) and short. The exposure and age were significant variables by logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios of department and VPT on metacarpal bones or malleoli were 2.7-3.2 and those of age and VPT were 2.6 or 2.7. Odds ratio of age and abnormality of VPT on'any point was 3.3(1.59-6.;8), and that of department and VPT was 2.8(1.5-5.5). We concluded that exposure of carbon disulfied was significantly associated with reduction of VPT regardless of age; and that the test of VPT would be useful tool for screening and early detection in neuropathy by carbon disulfide or other neurotoxic chemicals,even though it is simple and cheap.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Trans‐Cranial Doppler and Peripheral Sensory Threshold Tests for Carbon Disulfide Poisoning
Eunil Lee, Hun‐Jong Chung, Soon‐Duck Kim, Jong‐Tae Park, Donggeun Sul, Myung‐Hyun Kim
Journal of Occupational Health.2001; 43(6): 307. CrossRef
Carbon Disulfide Poisoning in Korea with Social and Historical Background
Eunil Lee, Soonduck Kim, Haejoon Kim, Kwangjong Kim, Yongtae Yum
Journal of Occupational Health.1996; 38(4): 155. CrossRef

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Original Article

Clinical Analysis of 8 Cases of Chronic Carbon Disulfide Poisoning in Workers Engaged in the Viscose Rayon Industry: Soon Duck Kim, Dong Bin Song, Yong Tae Yum; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1989;1(2):186-196. Published online November 30, 1989; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1989.1.2.186

Abstract PDF

The authors have experinced 8 cases of chronic carbon disulfide poisoning in workers engaged in the viacase rayon industry during the period between March 1987 and September 1988. Cases of carbon disulfide poisoning has not been reported in Korea till then. Carbon disulfide is primarily a neurotoxic poison, therefore those symptoms indicating central and peripheral nervous damage are very important. And it has toxic effects on the various organs such as skin, eye, ear, and respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, genitourinary, hematological, and endocrine system. Occupational histories were obtained, and clinical findings and laboratory findings were analysed on all cases. 1. Seven (7) cases had been exposed to carbon disulfide for more than 10 years, and 1 case has been exposed for 6 years. 2. Most common symptoms were neurological symptoms such as gait disturbance, extremity weakness, paresthesia, and speech disturbance. 3. Involvement of central nervous system was noted in 7 cases through abnormal findings of electroencephalography, brain computerized tomography, neurological signs, and psychological test. Needle electromyography and nerve conduction study showed polyneuropathy in all cases. Ophthalmological abnormalities were found in 7 cases, mainly retinal microaneurysms and peripheral constriction of the visual field. Renal damage appeared in 4 cases, increase of serum cholesterol and/or triglyceride level appeared in 3 cases, and dercrease of erythrocyte and hemoglobin appeared in 2 cases. And hypertenison appeared in 2 cases, and diabetes appeared in 1 case. One(1) case who has been exposed tn carbon disulfide for 6 years showed polyneuropathy and peripheral constriction of the visual field.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Occupational Neurological Disorders in Korea
Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S26. CrossRef
Work-related Cerebro-Cardiovascular Diseases in Korea
Dae-Seong Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S105. CrossRef
Carbon Disulfide Poisoning in Korea with Social and Historical Background
Eunil Lee, Soonduck Kim, Haejoon Kim, Kwangjong Kim, Yongtae Yum
Journal of Occupational Health.1996; 38(4): 155. CrossRef

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