Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volume 19 (2); June 2007

Original Article

Effect of Genetic Polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and ALDH2 on the Relationship between the Levels of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine and t,t-Muconic Acid: Yong Dae Kim, Jong Won Kang, Sang Yong Eom, Yan Wei Zhang, Sung Hoon Kim, Eun Young Kim, Chul Ho Lee, Jai Dong Moon, Heon Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):164-170. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.164

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the effect of genetic polymorphisms on the oxidative genetic damage caused by benzene exposure in workers.
METHODS
We measured urinary t,t-muconic acid levels as a biomarker for benzene exposure and measured the level of urinary 8-OHdG to assess oxidative DNA damage in benzene-exposed healthy male workers. Genetic polymorphisms of ALDH2 and CYP2E1 were determined by TaqMan assay. We estimated Pearson correlation coefficients between urinary t,t-muconic acid and 8-OHdG according to the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and ALDH2.
RESULTS
There was a significant relationship between urinary t,t-muconic acid and 8-OHdG concentrations in overall subjects (R=0.532, p<0.001). Smokers showed a higher correlation coefficient between the markers than nonsmokers did (R=0.520 vs. 0.010). Individuals with CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype also showed a higher correlation coefficient between them than those with CYP2E1 c1/c2 or c2/c2 genotypes (R=0.670 vs. -0.145). In multiple linear regression analysis including smoking status, sorbic acid intake, age and genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and ALDH2 as the independent variables, urinary t,t-muconic acid showed a significant association with urinary 8-OHdG.
CONCLUSIONS
There was a significant correlation between urinary 8-OHdG and urinary t,t-muconic acid in benzene-exposed workers. This relationship was affected by genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1and ALDH2.

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Original Article

Relationship Between Self-reported Symptoms of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Health Related Quality of Life: Jin Wook Bahk, Sangchul Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):156-163. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.156

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To explore the relationship between symptoms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and health-related, quality of life (QoL).
METHODS
WMSDs symptoms were measured by a self-assessed questionnaire on musculoskeletal disorders symptoms and health-related QoL was measured by SF-36. Analysis of variance and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between WMSDs and health-related QoL.
RESULTS
The prevalence of WMSDs was 64.6% in the upper limbs, 44.0% in the low back, and 39.6% in the lower limbs. Subjects with musculoskeletal symptoms had significantly lower scores on all SF-36 dimensions than those without symptoms among all body parts. Compared with the control, the case's odds ratio was higher in all SF-36 dimensions, especially for physical functioning.
CONCLUSIONS
WMSDs have a negative effect on health-related QoL. The essential prevention of WMSDs requires intervention for health promotion in manufacturing workers.

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Original Article

Dose-Response Relationships between Work-Related Musculoskeletal Neck Symptom and Physical Risk Factors (2 year follow-up study): Jingon Sul, Dongmug Kang, Suill Lee, Youngki Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):145-155. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.145

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To estimate the association of work-related musculoskeletal neck symptom and occupational risk factors, and to identify the dose-response relationships between work-related musculoskeletal neck symptom and physical condition.
METHODS
Workers from four metal industry companies were enrolled in the study. General characteristics, psyhcosocial and physical risk factors and work-related musculoskeletal neck symptom were investigated by questionnaire in the baseline study. At the follow-up study 2 years later, the neck symptom was surveyed. Workers who did not complain neck symptom at baseline and complain at follow-up, and workers who did complain neck symptom at baseline and follow-up were defined as case. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of physical risk factors were estimated for these subjects. Additionally, subjects who did not change their work at follow-up were analysed.
RESULTS
Among the cohort of 251, 199 (79.3%) were used in the analysis, of which 71 (35.7%) were classified as cases. The adjusted ORs and the ORs of the subjects who did not change their work were increased with exposure to the following kinds of work: 'repetitive', 'lift', 'push/pull', 'neck/shoulder (overhead/bend)', 'hand/wrist (bend/pinch)', 'trunk (twist/bend)', 'pressure point', and 'incentive work'. Finally, with increasing exposure to 'repetitive', 'lift', 'push/pull', 'awkward postures', 'pressure point', and 'incentive work', the risks of work-related musculoskeletal neck symptom were increased.
CONCLUSIONS
Work-related musculoskeletal neck symptom was increased with increasing exposure time of certain physical risk factors, and a dose-response relationship was observed.

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Original Article

The Need-Assessment of Employee Assistance Programs among Korean Manufacturing Industry Workers in Gyeongsang-do: Dae Seong Kim, Hyang Woo Ryu, Soo Chan Choi, Seong Kyeon Lim, Jong Min Woo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):135-144. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.135

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: Employee Assistance Programs have recently been introduced to Korea as a potential solution to relieve workers's stress and improve their mental health. This study was conducted to determine the needs of EAPs among manufacturing industry workers in Gyeongsang-do Korea.
METHODS
Responses to structured survey questionnaires were received from 556 workers at 7 mediumsized manufacturing factories.
RESULTS
Among the 556 workers who responded to the questionnaire 'Prevention & management of work stress', 'Mental health & management of daily life stress', 'Physical exercise health promotion program'. 'Elderly care', 'Outplacement', 'Financial support for leisure activities', and 'Ensuring leisure time'were raised as the main issues and services that they expected to be provided by the company.
CONCLUSION
EAPs have recently been introduced in Korean companies. The study results will be helpful to clarify the needs of individual Korean workers and to determine what EAP services should be provided.

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Original Article

Influence of Self-Esteem and Social Support on the Depression Stati of Some Clinical Nurses: Hye Suk Kim, Hyeon Woo Yim, Ji Yeon Lee, Hyun Ju Cho, Sun Jin Jo, Won Chul Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):125-134. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.125

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of self-esteem and social support on the depression stati of some clinical nurses, and propose basic data for a depression care program.
METHODS
Between March 31 and April 5 at 2006, a self-reporting questionnaire survey was administered to 200 nurses at a general hospital located in Gyeonggi-do. The Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess the subjects'depression stati.
RESULTS
The average BDI score of the clinical nurses was 8.9+/-7.5, with 59% belonging to the normal category, 28% having mild depressive symptoms, and 13% with a moderate degree of depressive symptoms. The degree of depression was significantly increased in the clinical nurses with a lower self-esteem and less social support. The degree of depression was significantly increased in the clinical nurses with a lower self-esteem and less social support. According to a multivariate regression analysis, a significant association was found between self-esteem and social support in relation to the depression of clinical nurses. The effect of social support was found to not be significant in cases where the self-esteem was high: however, depression was significantly influenced by social support in cases where the self-esteem was low.
CONCLUSION
Self-esteem and social support were observed to influence the depression stati of clinical nurses. Therefore, it is suggested that an increase in depression management programs is required to create systematic management to maintain an atmosphere of high self-esteem and close relationships to manage the depression of clinical nurses.

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Original Article

The Effect of Job Stress on Umemployment: Yun Kyung Chung, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, So Yong Park, Jung Yeon Hong, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):115-124. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.115

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study estimated the relationship between job stress and unemployment through a 2-year follow-up study in the KOSS cohort.
METHODS
We established the KOSS cohort in 2004. Among this cohort, we selected 5680 persons with complete KOSS scores and resident registration numbers. We investigated the state of unemployment using unemployment insurance data from Jan. 2005 to Oct. 2006. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between job stress and unemployment. We also adjusted for age, education, marital status, experience of medical visiting, and size of enterprise.
RESULTS
Insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, occupational system, and lack of reward were related to unemployment for men, while only lack of reward was an unemployment risk factor for women.
CONCLUSIONS
Insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, occupational system, and lack of reward were found to be risk factors for male unemployment. Efforts should be made to reduce these job stressors as risk factors.

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Original Article

Occupational Stress in Relation to Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Disease: Longitudinal Analysis from the NSDSOS Project: Chang Kook Hwang, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Chong Yon Park, Bong Suk Cha, Sook Jung Hyun, Jun Ho Park, Kang Myoung Lee, Kyoung Tae Cha, Woo Jin Park, Hyung Joon Jhun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):105-114. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.105

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This prospective study was performed to investigate the association between occupational stress and the development of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.
METHODS
A total of 8,429 employees were selected from a nationwide sample, proportional to both the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to access the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior and work related characteristics. 43-items of the full version of Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) were used to access the participants occupational stress. New cases of hospitalization due to cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases were evaluated using medical utilization files received from the National Health Insurance Corporation for the period of March 2004 to December 2005. A logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between occupational stress and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.
RESULTS
43 new cases of hospitalization due to cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases were found. According to the results of the logistic regression analysis, job stressors were related with circulatory diseases after adjustment for gender, age, number of workers, employment type, shift work, smoking, alcohol intake, and regular exercise. Of the 8 subscales, insufficient job control (Adj. RR 2.802; 95% CI 1.038-7.564) and occupational climate (Adj. RR 2.365; 95% CI 1.087~5.143) were significantly associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. However, no significant relationships were found between the 6 KOSS subscales and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the short-term follow-up of about two years, the KOSS subscales of insufficient job control and occupational climate were significantly associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.

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Original Article

Relationship between Job Stress and Turnover of Registered Nurses in a University Hospital: Eun Hee Lee, Sei Jin Chang, Hyun Ok Kim, Jaehoon Roh, Eun Jung Park, Jong Uk Won; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):93-104. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.93

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the relationship between job stress and the type of turnover of registered nurses in a university hospital.
METHODS
A total of 553 registered nurses who left the hospital between 1994 and 2005 were surveyed, and aninterview record and self-administered questionnaire completed at the time of the turnover were used to assess the relationship. Job stress was categorized into four sub-scales (factor I: insufficient work authority and lack of autonomy, factor II: work overload and time urgency, factor III: interpersonal conflict and communication problems, and factor IV: role strain and ambiguity) using factor analysis. The type of turnover was classified into two categories: voluntary and involuntary. SPSS (version 11.0) was used for the statistical analyses.
RESULTS
The direct cause of the turnover was getting a new job, and the nurses in the voluntary turnover group were younger and less experienced than those in the involuntary turnover group. The discriminant analysis findings indicated that the determinant factors affecting the type of turnover were marital status, factor I (insufficient work authority and lack of autonomy), factor II (work overload and time urgency), educational background, and the intention to get a new job. Meanwhile, the voluntary turnover was associated with marital status (single), insufficient work authority and lack of autonomy, high educational background, the intention to get a new job, and low work overload and time urgency.
CONCLUSIONS
Job stress played a crucial role in the turnover of the registered nurses, and some job stressors such as insufficient work authority and lack of autonomy, work overload and time urgency were more related to the type of turnover. These results confirm the necessity for a management program or job redesign to eliminate or reduce job stressors which lead to turnover such as insufficient work authority, lack of autonomy, work overload and time urgency. Furthermore, greater opportunities need to be provided for developing their careers. Finally, further research is required to elucidate the specific job stressors affecting the turnover of registered nurses.

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Original Article

Occupational Malignant Lymphohematopoietic Diseases Compensated under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance from 1996 to 2005: Yeon Soon Ahn; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):81-92. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.81

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To analyze the characteristics of malignant occupational lymphohematopoietic diseases compensated under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance that is operated by the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation (KLWC).
METHODS
Using the KLWC database, we surveyed 50 cases of malignant occupational lymphohematopoietic diseases that received compensation during the 10 years between 1996 and 2005, inclusive. We analyzed the characteristics of occupational diseases using the KLWC electronic data and the epidemiologic data investigated by the Industrial Safety and Health Institute of the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency.
RESULTS
KLWC approved 50 cases, including 12 deaths (24.0%). Men accounted for 94.0% of the approved cases. The most common age group was 40~49 years of age (36.0%). The most common size of enterprise was larger than 1,000 workers (20.0%). The most common lymphohematopoietic disease was myeloid leukemia (21 cases, 40.0%), followed by lymphoid leukemia and aplastic anemia (7 cases, 14%) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (6 cases, 12.0%). The mean working duration was 15.1 years and the most common decade was 10~19 years (48.0%). The mean latency was 15.5 years and the most common decade was 10~19 years (44.0%). The causal hazardous agents were benzene (43 cases, 86.0%), ionizing radiation (4 cases, 8.0%), and chemotherapeutics (1 case, 2.0%).
CONCLUSIONS
We were able to elucidate the kinds of occupational malignant lymphohematopoietic diseases and the characteristics of workers through this study. Benzene exposure sources emitted from cokeoven and foundry were very important findings that had not been identified in previous studies. The KLWC compensation received by several cases of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the results for which were not consistently related to benzene exposure, was relevant data to decide the work-relatedness of lymphohematopoietic diseases of workers exposed to benzene.

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