Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volume 21 (1); March 2009

Review

Health Effects of Manganese and Some Recent Issues in Manganese Neurotoxicity Research: Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):87-105. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.87

INTRODUCTION: This article reviews the health effects of manganese (Mn) and introduces readers to recent issues in Mn neurotoxicity research.
METHODS
An extensive Medline search that covered publications up to December 2008 was conducted and the relevant papers and their references were evaluated for review.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION: Exposure to excess levels of the essential trace element Mn produces cognitive, psychiatric, and motor abnormalities. The lungs and the gastrointestinal tract both absorb Mn, but homeostatic mechanisms limit the absorption of Mn by the gastrointestinal tract. Elimination of Mn occurs primarily by excretion into the bile. Average Mn levels in the blood reflect the total body burden on a group basis, but not on an individual basis. Previous studies have shown that blood Mn contributes to a high pallidal signal in a T1-weighted brain MRI and that the high signal is an effective predictor of neurobehavioral performance. Thus, a high pallidal signal on an MRI may offer clues concerning the target organ dose from Mn exposure in the spectrum of Mn symptomatology. Neuroimaging as well as a clinical evaluation with exposure history is very important in a differential diagnosis that can distinguish manganism from Parkinson disease (PD). Recent research on Mn neurotoxicity has focused on several issues. First, concerns about the interaction between manganism and PD have been raised, but further research is needed. Second, epidemiological studies on non-occupational Mn exposure have suggested that environmentally induced neurotoxicities may have features that are different from the classic features of occupational manganism, but, again, this requires further research. Third, liver cirrhosis could be used as a model of manganism. Finally, functional neuroimaging such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional MRI, or diffusion tensor imaging appears to have promising applications in Mn research.
CONCLUSION
Reviewing the health effects of Mn and recent issues in Mn neurotoxicity research provides us with important suggestions for how to pursue other lines of toxicological research as well as for how best to develop a systematic understanding of Mn symptomatology.

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Fundamental Study on Adsorption of Manganese in Water using Manganese-oxide coated Sand (MCS) Generated in a Filtration Tank of a Mine Drainage Treatment Facility
Sangwoo Ji, Dong-Wan Cho, Gil-Jae Yim, Jong-Man An, Gi-O An, Jeong-Yun Jang, Young-Wook Cheong
Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers.2020; 57(3): 249. CrossRef
A large, nationwide, longitudinal study of central nervous system diseases among Korean workers exposed to manganese
Jin-Ha Yoon, Yeon-Soon Ahn
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2015; 21(3): 194. CrossRef
Associations between Airborne Manganese and Blood Manganese in the Korean General Population according to KNHANES 2008-2009
Kyung Sick Jung, Jong Dae Lee, Yong Bae Kim
Journal of Environmental Science International.2013; 22(12): 1589. CrossRef
Occupational Neurological Disorders in Korea
Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S26. CrossRef

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Original Articles

The Relationship between Job Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Migrant Workers in Kyung-gi Province in Korea: Sun Wung Lee, Kyoo Sang Kim, Tae Gyun Kim, Hyang Woo Ryu, Mi Young Lee, Yong Lim Won, Yoon Hee Song; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):76-86. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.76

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the mental health status of migrant workers. We focused on the relationship between depressive symptoms and job stress. METHEOD: A questionnaire was administered to 488 migrant workers who visited NGO migrant worker centers located in Kyung-gi province. A structured, self-reported questionnaire was used to assess each responder's sociodemographics, work related characteristics, health behaviors, past medical history, job stress and depression symptoms. The job stress questionnaire was used according to KOSS-26 and depression symptoms were measured using CES-D, which was translated into Korean. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship between risk factors included job stress and depression symptoms.
RESULTS
The prevalence of depression symptoms in survey subjects was 25.2%, but the prevalence of non-Chinese nationalities and illegal workers were 32.1% and 32.8%, respectively. Adjusting for confounding factors, job stress (OR 2.55, 95% CI=1.30-4.99) had a statistical meaningful relationship with depression symptoms. Among job stress domains, physical environment (OR 2.97, 95% CI=1.59-5.53), job demand (OR 2.33, 95% CI=1.26-4.32) and occupational climate(OR 3.10, CI=1.49-6.48) were most likely to experience depression symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of depressive symptoms among the study subjects was similar to the prevalence among the general population in Korea, but higher than that among the Korean workers. In particular, the prevalence among non-Chinese and illegal workers was higher. However, the job stress factor appeared to have a more direct correlation with depressive symptoms than the sociodemographic factors of nationality or residential status. Hence, in order to prevent depressive symptoms of the migrant workers, we believe that intervention on job stress is necessary.

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Pratibha Bhandari, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0288375. CrossRef
Occupational stress changes and new-onset depression among male Korean manufacturing workers
Jiho Kim, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Minsun Kim, Seong-Cheol Yang, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem, Dong-Wook Lee
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Jaehyuk Jung, Inchul Jeong, Kyung-Jong Lee, Guyeon Won, Jae Bum Park
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Acculturation Stress and Health Promotion Behaviors of the Korean Chinese Elderly Immigrants Living in Korea
Xianglan Jin, Misoon Song
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Moderating Effect of Stress Coping Strategies on the Relationship between a National Statistics Office Workers' Occupational Stress and Mental Health
Yuran Jeong, Bo-Hyun Yoon, Eun-Joo Oh, Je-Heon Song, Soo-Hee Park, Haran Jung, Moon-Doo Kim, Man-Ki Baek, Eun-Rak Son, Ja-Young Jung
Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2015; 54(4): 587. CrossRef
Acculturative Stress, Work‐related Psychosocial Factors and Depression in Korean‐Chinese Migrant Workers in Korea
Hyeonkyeong Lee, Hyunmi Ahn, Arlene Miller, Chang Gi Park, Sun Jung Kim
Journal of Occupational Health.2012; 54(3): 206. CrossRef

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Framingham Risk Scores by Occupational Group: Based on the 3rd Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Min Chul Choi, Yoon Hee Song, Sang Youl Rhee, Jeong Taek Woo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):63-75. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.63

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To find differences in Framingham risk scores which predict the probable risk of future cardiovascular disease, among three different occupational categories.
METHODS
Subjects were selected from respondents of the 3rd Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 2,059 employed people between 20 to 59 years old were selected. The occupational categories were professional and office workers, salespeople and service workers and technicians and elementary occupations. The Framingham risk score was calculated to find the risk of cardiovascular disease within the next 10 years. In addition socio-demographic characteristics, life-styles, the prevalence of chronic disease, and cardiovascular disease were compared among the occupational categories.
RESULTS
The average Framingham risk score was 2.77+/-6.44 for professional and office workers (n=771), 5.95+/-6.10 for salespeople and service workers (n=603) and 7.07+/-5.87 for technician and elementary occupations (n=685) Statistically significant multiple regression equations were derived (p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Framingham risk scores of technicians and elementary occupations were highest which suggests that this occupational group has the highest risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Differences in the awareness of stroke symptoms and emergency response by occupation in the Korean general population
Gyung-Jae Oh, Kyungsuk Lee, Kyungsu Kim, Young-Hoon Lee, Yan Li
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(6): e0218608. CrossRef
Relationship of Riboflavin and Niacin with Cardiovascular Disease
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Comparison of Questionnaire Items Used to Evaluate the Level of Occupational and Environmental Exposure in Questionnaires for Epidemiological Studies
Jiyeon Lim, Hyung-Suk Yoon, Mansuk Park, Young Seoub Hong, Jong-Koo Lee, Se-Eun Oh, Daehee Kang, Kyoung-Mu Lee
Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2016; 42(2): 71. CrossRef
Influencing and Mediating Factors in Stroke: Based on 2007-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Seung-Geun Bae, Sung-Kook Lee, Chang-Hyun Han
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(1): 418. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes According to Gender among Korean Employees
Sang-A Kim, Woong-Sub Park, Su Jeong Yu, Young Ran Chae, Donghee Choi
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10-Year Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Among Male Workers in Small-Sized Industries
Kyongok Park, Seon Young Hwang
Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2015; 30(3): 267. CrossRef
Colorectal Cancer Screening in Korean Workers
Su Ho Park, Gwang Suk Kim
Cancer Nursing.2014; 37(4): 278. CrossRef
Gender Differences in Factors Influencing The Framingham Risk Score-Coronary Heart Disease by BMI
Kwang-Ok Park, Ji-Yeong Seo
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(4): 248. CrossRef
The framingham risk score, diet, and inflammatory markers in Korean men with metabolic syndrome
Cheongmin Sohn, Juyong Kim, Wookyung Bae
Nutrition Research and Practice.2012; 6(3): 246. CrossRef
Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Screening of Blue-Color Workers
Su Ho Park, Gwang Suk Kim, Jong Uk Won, Chang Gi Park
Asian Oncology Nursing.2012; 12(2): 166. CrossRef
Associations of Serum Lipid Profiles with Incidence of Ischemic Heart Diseases in Korean Adults: Retrospective Cohort Study
Sook-Hee Shin, Tae-Yong Lee
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The Effects of a Walking Leader Program on Walking Knowledge and Self-efficacy
Chang Hyun Lee, Young Im Kim, Souk Young Kim
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Occupational Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Cases Evaluated by Workers' Compensation in Korea: Hwa Pyung Lee, Dong Hee Koh, Eui Cheol Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):53-62. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.53

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To analyse the characteristics of occupational COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) cases that were evaluated by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (OSHRI) of the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (KOSHA).
METHODS
Using the OSHRI database from KOSHA, we collected 13 cases of occupational COPD that had been evaluated from 1998 to 2007.
RESULTS
Four cases had been evaluated as occupational COPD: 1) a nonsmoking road sweeper exposed to automobile exhaust gases and trash dust; 2) an oxygen welding worker exposed to cadmium fumes; 3) a cotton mill air conditioner cleaning worker exposed to cotton dust; and 4) a foundry grinding worker exposed to dust, gases, vapors and fumes. Nine cases had been evaluated as non-occupational COPD: 1) 4 cases in which smoking was determined to be the main cause rather than occupational exposure; 2) 1 case that was evaluated as another respiratory disease (severe tuberculosis sequelae); 3) 1 case that had been misdiagnosed as COPD; 4) 2 cases in which the exposure levels in the workplace environments were too low; and 5) 1 case that had developed before the employment. Among these 13 cases, a shipyard grinding worker had been evaluated in 2006 as having had a low occupational hazard, but a similar case (a foundry grinding worker) was evaluated as having had a high hazard in 2007.
CONCLUSIONS
Proper evaluation of occupational COPD demands an accurate diagnosis of COPD itself and also the exclusion of other respiratory diseases that have similar symptoms; an investigation of the relevant occupatioonal hazards and the amount of the exposure; and a consideration of smoking history. The evaluation should also take into account any substantial loss of life due to occupational hazards as well as any disease-free periods.

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Characteristics of forklift accidents in korean industrial sites
Kwan Woo Kim
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Jahyun Kim, Young Wook Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Jun Seok Son, Chan Woo Kim, Jun Ho Lee, Hyung Wook Park, Byung Mann Cho
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(4): 525. CrossRef
Work-related COPD after years of occupational exposure
YounMo Cho, JongIn Lee, Min Choi, WonSeon Choi, Jun-Pyo Myong, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jung-Wan Koo
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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A Workplace Cardiovascular Health Promotion Program and its Short-term Health Effects: Wooseok Kwak, Jong Uk Won, Jeongbae Rhie, Myoung Suk Lee, Eun Ju Kang, Jaehoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):46-52. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.46

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and a major source of workers' compensation claims in Korea. Since 2000 the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA), working through local occupational health institutions, has supported cardiovascular disease prevention programs at a number of companies in Korea. The purpose of this study was to assess the short-term effects of this effort.
METHODS
A total of 11,077 workers at risk were enrolled in the workplace cardiovascular disease prevention program and 5,902 workers (53.3%) completed the 1-year course during 2007. The program consisted of a medical checkup and health counseling for the workers by occupational health nurses. The guidelines for this prevention program were adopted from KOSHA Code H-11-2004. To determine the program's effectiveness, the workers' risks for cardiovascular disease were assessed before and one year after completion of the program.
RESULTS
The intervention led to significant reductions in the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of 4.9 mmHg and 3.1 mmHg, respectively. Mean total cholesterol and BMI were also reduced significantly by 8.4 g/dl and 0.1 kg/m2. The rate of smoking was decreased by 6.0% and the percentage of workers engaging in regular exercise was increased by 23.1%. Of the 3,530 workers with the low risk and above, the overall cardiovascular risk was improved in 1,734 (49.1%) of them.
CONCLUSIONS
The cardiovascular disease prevention program supported by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency reduces cardiovascular diseases risks among workers and may improve the health status of workers in Korea.

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Development and Application of a Web-Based Nutritional Management Program to Improve Dietary Behaviors for the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome
YOON CHOI, MIN JUNE LEE, HEE CHEOL KANG, MEE SOOK LEE, SUN YOON
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2012; 21(1): 1. CrossRef
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Kieun Moon, Ill Keun Park, Yeon Sang Jo, Yun Kyun Chang, Yun Mi Paek, Tae In Choi
The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2011; 44(4): 292. CrossRef
The Effects of a Worksite On-line Health Education Program on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors and Nutrient Intakes of Male Workers
Ji-Yeon Kang, Sang-Woon Cho, Ji-Young Lee, Sook-Hee Sung, Yoo-Kyoung Park, Yun-Mi Paek, Tae-In Choi
The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2010; 43(1): 57. CrossRef

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Blood Lead Level as a Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease: Ryoung Jin Park, Seung Hyun Kim, Ji Ung Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Myoung Bo Kim, Won Ju Park, Jai Dong Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):38-45. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.38

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Lead exposure is known to be associated with high blood pressure, hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, left ventricular hypertropy, and electrocardiographic abnormalities. We investigated the association between blood lead and coronary artery calcification and stenosis.
METHODS
Between April 2006 and July 2007, 502 adults (345 males and 157 females), who had no history of cardiovascular disease or occupational exposure to lead, were recruited as study subjects. All subjects underwent coronary CT angiography and blood lead measurement.
RESULTS
Blood lead levels were distributed from 0.43 to 11.30 (microgram/dL with a geometric mean blood lead level of 2.98+/-1.5 (microgram/dL. The geometric mean blood lead levels were higher in men than women (3.31+/-1.5 (microgram/dL vs. 2.36+/-1.5 (microgram/dL, P < 0.01). Based on a multivariate analysis, a 1 unit ((microgram/dL) increase in blood lead level was associated with a 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 0.92~1.29) and a 1.01 fold (95% confidence interval, 0.63~1.63) greater risk for coronary artery calcification in men and women, respectively. Similarly, a 1 unit (microgram/dL) increase in blood lead level was associated with a 1.25 (95% confidence interval, 1.03~1.51) and a 1.42 fold (95% confidence interval, 0.73~2.75) greater risk for coronary artery stenosis in men and women, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that increased blood lead levels are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery stenosis.

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Blood Lead Levels and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yoonjin Park, Jungjin Han
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(19): 10315. CrossRef
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Nam-Soo Kim, Byung-Kook Lee
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The Relationship Between Job Stress and Quality of Life for Hospital Workers by Type of Employment: Eun Sook Jeon, Kang Sook Lee, Seon Young Lee, Jae Hee Yu, A Rum Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):28-37. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.28

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between job stress and quality of life for hospital workers by type of employment.
METHODS
Data were obtained for 361 workers in a large hospital 172 of whom were categorized as typical workers defined by permanent employee and 189 of whom were categorized as atypical workers defined by fixed-term contraction. Job stress was assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Questionnaire RESULTS: Atypical workers had significantly higher scores for job-related stress in the domains of insufficient control, over work, job insecurity, and lack of reward in the workplace compared with typical workers, who had higher scores for stress in the domains of job demands and occupational climate. Test scores also indicated that typical workers had a significantly better quality of life than atypical workers, especially in terms of mental health, social relationships and environment.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggested that factors contributing to job-related stress were different between typical and atypical hospital and typical workers are likely to have a better quality of life.

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Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of the Use of the Hold Relax Technique to Treat Female VDT Workers with Work-related Neck-shoulder Complaints: Young Min Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):18-27. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.18

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of encouraging exercise to treat work-related neck-shoulder pain by mobile phone messages after training individuals to use the holdrelax technique.
METHODS
Subjects were randomly allocated into an exercise (n=20) and a control (n=21) groups. The exercise group was taught stretching exercise methods known as the hold-relax technique for the upper trapezius, levator scapula, scalenus, and suboccipitals. They then received mobile phone messages encouraging them to do the exercises twice a week for eight weeks. The visual analog scale (VAS) of neck and shoulder pain, the pressure pain threshold (PPT) for the four muscles, and the cervical ROM were measured at baseline and at the end of the study.
RESULTS
The VAS decreased significantly in the exercise group from 3.35 to 1.65 (p<0.001) for the neck, and from 4.55 to 2.05 for the shoulder (p<0.001). In addition, the PPT of the four muscles increased (p<0.001) in the exercise group. However, no significant changes in the VAS and the PPT of the control group were observed. Furthermore, the ROM did not differ significantly between the exercise and control groups after intervention.
CONCLUSION
Teaching patients to use the hold-relax technique and encouraging exercise using mobile phone messages can reduce work-related neck-shoulder pain.

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Original Articles

Work-Family Conflict and Job Satisfaction of Two-Income Family: Soo Chan Choi, Jong Min Woo, Woong Sub Park, Sang A Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):10-17. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.10

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Work-family conflict can arise from two opposite directions: the experiences at work interfere with family life and the experiences in the family interfere with work life. This study explored the effects of the presence of two income sources on the association between work-family conflict and job attitude.
METHODS
Responses to structured survey questionnaires were received from 236 two-income families living in the Seoul Metropolitan Area.
RESULTS
A differential effect was observed between single-income families and two-income families. Higher job satisfaction was related with lower work interference with family (WIF) among single-income families and with lower family interference with work (FIW) among two-income families.
CONCLUSIONS
Employee welfare programs need to be expanded to enhance job satisfaction for the increasing number of two-income families.

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Su-Yeon Choi, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jun-Pyo Myong
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Sulki Chung, Hong Sik Yoon
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Doo Hun Lim, Michael Lane Morris, Heather S. McMillan
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Gender-related Factors Associated with Upper Extremity Function in Workers
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The Relation between Employees' Lifestyle and Their Health Status in an Electronics Research and Development Company: Jun Pyo Myong, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Won Seon Choi, Seong Eun Jo, Boram Lee, Jung Wan Koo, Kang Sook Lee, Chung Yill Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(1):1-9. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.1.1

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
An unhealthy lifestyle is the most important cause of lifestyle-induced illness (diabetes, hypertension, liver enzyme abnormality, dyslipidemia etc.). This study was carried out to evaluate that relation between employees' lifestyle and their health status in a Korean electronic research and development company.
METHODS
We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional survey. 3,041 consecutive workers in a Korean R&D company were enrolled in this study. A checkup list for the health examination (from the National Health Insurance Coperation), which contained the information on the lifestyle, and the results of the health examination, which contained information on the body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and liver function tests (LFT, AST, ALT, gamma-GTP) and cholesterol profiles (total cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL) were done for all the subjects. We evaluated the health profile as normal or abnormal. Statistical analysis of the health profiles and the lifestyle of the employees' was performing by using multiple logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
The prevalence of 'excessive alcohol drinking' was 52.9% (n=1,610), that for 'lack of exercise' was 86.2% (n=2,662), that for 'meat eating' 12.2% (n=370) and that for 'current smoker' was 31.3% (n=952). According to results of health examination, the prevalence of obesity was 27.1% (n=824), hypertension was 7.1% (n=215), diabetes was 1.0% (n=30), abnormal LFT was 15.4% (n=469) and dyslipidemia was 18.7% (n=569). On multiple logistic regression analysis of the health profile and lifestyle, 'meat eating' was related to obesity, hypertension, abnormal LFT (ALT, gamma-GTP), dyslipidemia (LDL). 'Excessive alcohol drinking' was related to obesity, hypertension, abnormal LFT (gamma-GTP). 'Lack of exercise' was related to dyslipidemia (HDL). 'Current smoker' was related to obesity, diabetes, abnormal LFT (ALT, gamma-GTP), and dyslipidemia (TG, HDL) with statistically significance.
CONCLUSIONS
For workers in the R&D company, an unhealthy lifestyle (such as diet, alcohol drinking, lack of exercise and smoking) were related to obesity, hypertension, diabetes, abnormal LFT and dyslipidemia. Therefore health promotion is necessary for the young employees of an Korean R&D company.

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