Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Chi Nyon Kim

11 Articles

Review on Potential Risk Factors in Wafer Fabrication Process of Semiconductor Industry: Dong Uk Park, Hyae Jeong Byun, Sang Jun Choi, Jee Yeon Jeong, Chung Sik Yoon, Chi Nyon Kim, Kwon Chul Ha, Doo Yong Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(3):333-342. Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.3.333

OBJECTIVES
To associate work in the semiconductor industry, including silicon wafer fabrication, with cancer risks or mortality and other adverse health effects, the operation of wafer fabrication should initially be understood. A detailed study on the fabrication operation allows retrospective exposure to be assessed and wafer fabrication workers to be classified into similar exposure groups. Therefore, the objective of this study was to comprehensively review silicon wafer fabrication operations and related hazardous materials and agents.
METHODS
The literatures related to semiconductor industry processes were reviewed from an occupational health viewpoint based on wafer manufacturing, wafer fabrication and packaging. The focus was especially related to the hazardous materials used in wafer fabrication industries.
RESULTS
During the fabrication of silicon wafers, many toxic chemicals, a strong electric field and hazardous equipment are used. The process allows the integration of a three-dimensional array of electric circuits onto a silicon wafer substrate. Wafers are sliced from single crystal silicon and subject to a series of steps during the fabrication process, which alternatively adds and then selectively removes materials in layers from the surface of the wafer to create different parts of the completed integrated circuit. There are four major steps in this process; patterning, junction formation, thin film and metallization.
CONCLUSIONS
In order to associate exposure to the hazard agents generated during wafer fabrication operations with adverse health effects the details of the operation should be completely studied, which will be helpful in both exposure assessments and epidemiological studies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Assessment of Occupational Health Risks for Maintenance Work in Fabrication Facilities: Brief Review and Recommendations
Dong-Uk Park, Kyung Ehi Zoh, Eun Kyo Jeong, Dong-Hee Koh, Kyong-Hui Lee, Naroo Lee, Kwonchul Ha
Safety and Health at Work.2024; 15(1): 87. CrossRef
Sintering of silver nanoparticle structures and the pursuit of minimum resistivity
Arif Hussain, Hee Lak Lee, Seung Jae Moon
Materials Today Communications.2023; 34: 105159. CrossRef
Lymphohematopoietic cancer mortality among Korean semiconductor manufacturing workers
Dong-Wook Lee, Sooyoung Cho, Aesun Shin
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Temperature Estimation during Pulsed Laser Sintering of Silver Nanoparticles
Arif Hussain, Hee-Lak Lee, Yoon-Jae Moon, Heuiseok Kang, Seung-Jae Moon, Jun-Young Hwang
Applied Sciences.2022; 12(7): 3467. CrossRef
Stepwise Current Increment Sintering of Silver Nanoparticle Structures
Dongkeun Kim, Arif Hussain, Hee-Lak Lee, Yoon-Jae Moon, Junyoung Hwang, Seung-Jae Moon
Crystals.2021; 11(10): 1264. CrossRef
Chemical use in the semiconductor manufacturing industry
Sunju Kim, Chungsik Yoon, Seunghon Ham, Jihoon Park, Ohun Kwon, Donguk Park, Sangjun Choi, Seungwon Kim, Kwonchul Ha, Won Kim
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health.2018; 24(3-4): 109. CrossRef
Comparative Analysis between Direct-reading Meter of PID and GC-FID using the Active Type Air Sampler for VOCs Measurement
Jin-Hee Yeo, Kwang-Min Choi
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2016; 26(3): 301. CrossRef
Review of Hazardous Agent Level in Wafer Fabrication Operation Focusing on Exposure to Chemicals and Radiation
Donguk Park
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2016; 26(1): 1. CrossRef
Clean Room Structure, Air Conditioning and Contamination Control Systems in the Semiconductor Fabrication Process
Kwang-Min Choi, Ji-Eun Lee, Kwi-Young Cho, Kwan-Sick Kim, Soo-Hun Cho
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(2): 202. CrossRef
A Design of the Ontology-based Situation Recognition System to Detect Risk Factors in a Semiconductor Manufacturing Process
Seung-Min Baek, Min-Ho Jeon, Chang-Heon Oh
The Journal of Korea Navigation Institute.2013; 17(6): 804. CrossRef
Occupational Cancers with Chemical Exposure and their Prevention in Korea: A Literature Review
Kyung-Taek Rim
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2013; 14(6): 3379. CrossRef
Ecotoxicity Estimation of Hazardous Air Pollutants Emitted from Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes Utilizing QSAR
Hyung-Geun Park, Min-Kyeong Yeo
Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society.2013; 34(12): 3755. CrossRef
Leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in semiconductor industry workers in Korea
Inah Kim, Hyun J. Kim, Sin Y. Lim, Jungok Kongyoo
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health.2012; 18(2): 147. CrossRef

29 View
2 Download
13 Crossref

Urinary Excretion of Thiodiglycolic Acid According to Sampling Time in Workers Exposed to Vinyl Chloride Monomer: Hyun Soo Kim, Chi Nyon Kim, Jong Uk Won, Bong Suk Cha, Kyung Jong Lee, Jaehoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(2):138-145. Published online June 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.2.138

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The study was performed to investigate the changes of urinary thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA) concentration in workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) according to the time of sampling urine.
METHODS
The personal exposure to airborne VCM was assessed and urinary TDGA concentration was sampled in 31 workers employed in a VCM and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing factory. Urinary TDGA was sampled three times: before the start of the shift after 3 days off (TDGA1), after the end of the first-day shift (TDGA2) and before starting the following day shift after completing the oneday shift (TDGA3). Urinary TDGA in 30 workers who had not been exposed to airborne VCM was sampled after the end of the shift. A gas chromatography/pulsed flame photometric detector (GC/PFPD) was utilized to analyze TDGA concentration in urine after the urine was methylated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane(2.0M in diethyl ether).
RESULTS
The creatinine level was 0.179+/-0.271 mg/g in the control workers and 0.218+/-0.443 mg/g in the workers before the start of the shift after 3 days off (TDGA1), showing no significant difference (p=0.7035). Urine samples were compared according to sampling time in order to investigate the change of urinary TDGA concentration in the case of continuous exposure to airborne VCM. In VCM-exposed workers, urinary creatinine concentration was 0.434+/-0.623 mg/g in TDGA2 and 0.767+/-1.056 mg/g in TDGA3, which indicated a gradual but significant increase (p=0.024). In terms of the statistical correlation between airborne VCM and urinary TDGA to evaluate exposure dose per day, of the three urinary TDGA concentrations, TDGA3 showed the highest degree of regression (R(2)=0.4215) with 8h-TWA airborne VCM concentration.
CONCLUSION
Based on this result, the excretion half-life of urinary TDGA was assumed to be less than 3 days, because the concentration of urinary TDGA at 3 days after exposure to airborne VCM was decreased to the level of urinary TDGA concentration in the control workers. The concentration of urinary TDGA increased in the case of continuous shift, due to the accumulation of residual metabolites of TDGA. It was considered that TDGA3 can be applied as a useful biological index to evaluate the exposure dose of airborne VCM during one day because TDGA3 showed the highest correlation with the exposure dose of airborne VCM in the previous shift day.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Assessment of urinary thiodiglycolic acid exposure in school-aged children in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex in central Taiwan
Po-Chin Huang, Li-Hsuan Liu, Ruei-Hao Shie, Chih-Hsin Tsai, Wei-Yen Liang, Chih-Wen Wang, Cheng-Hsien Tsai, Hung-Che Chiang, Chang-Chuan Chan
Environmental Research.2016; 150: 566. CrossRef

34 View
0 Download
1 Crossref

Prevalence of Occupational Asthma in TDI-Exposed Workers: Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Cheol Woo Kim, Yun Chul Hong, Hyung Joon Chun, Chi Nyon Kim, Hyun Soo Kim, Jee Na Lee, Joo Yeon Shin, Dong Hee Koh, Jaehoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(2):191-199. Published online June 30, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.2.191

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of isocyanate-induced occupational asthma in toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposed workers.
METHODS
We examined 170 workers who had been directly exposed to TDI through a medical questionnaire, physical examination, and pulmonary function test. Based on screening examination, workers with suspected occupational asthma were selected for further evaluation such as methacholine and TDI challenge tests.
RESULTS
Eleven (6.9%) among 170 workers complained of symptoms of occupational asthma, and 7 among these 11 symptomatic workers showed positive responses to the methacholine challenge test (4.1%). One spray painter was confirmed as having the TDI induced occupational asthma following a positive response to TDI challenge test.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of TDI-induced asthma was at 0.58% was lower than that for former studies (2-20%). Improved workplace environment, lower level of TDI exposure compared to the past, and the healthy workers effect may have contributed to this low rate of asthma prevalence in workers with TDI exposure.

25 View
0 Download

Pain Related Factors in Upper Extremities Among Hospital Workers Using Video Display Terminals: Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Jong Uk Won, Jae Suk Song, Chi Nyon Kim, Hyun Soo Kim, Jaehoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(2):140-149. Published online June 30, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.2.140

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was designed to quantify symptoms in the upper extremities and to identify the pain related factors among hospital workers using video display terminals.
METHODS
The subject-group consisted of 138 employees working at a hospital using video display terminals. A structured questionnaire was used to estimate the participants' general characteristics, and job contents. Job stress was measured using Karaseks JCQ(Job Content Questionnaire). Pain in the upper extremities was identified according to the NIOSH symptoms survey criteria. Quantification was measured using Kim Chul's method. Pearson's Correlation analysis was used to identify validity in quantification. VAS(visual analog scale) was used to compare with this method. Multiple regression analyses elucidated the relationship between quantified pain and various work factors, such as job stress. Data were analysed with SAS 6.12 program.
RESULTS
First, in quantification using Kim Chul's method, the correlation between modified PRS(pain rating score) and VAS was extremely high by 0.60(P<0.01), indicating the high validity of PRS. Second, the groups of high job demand, high job control, and females were related to an increased pain level.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the self pain assessment method, PRS, is valuable and useful in analyzing occupational musculoskeletal symptoms. High demand, job control and gender may influence the levels of pain. Prospective studies about musculoskeletal disorder are required.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The association between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of Korean wage workers: data from the fourth Korean working conditions survey (a cross-sectional study)
Jae-Gwang Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, Sang Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
A study on relationships between characteristics of smart usage and symptoms of MSDs
Kyung-In Kim, Seo-Yeon Choi, Dong-Hyun Park
Journal of the Korea Safety Management and Science.2016; 18(1): 119. CrossRef
Change in Musculoskeletal Pain in Patients With Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder After Tailored Rehabilitation Education: A One-Year Follow-Up Survey
Dong Hun Lee, Boram Kang, Seungyoung Choi, Taikon Kim, Seong Ho Jang, Kyu Hoon Lee, Mi Jung Kim, Si-Bog Park, Seung Hoon Han
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2015; 39(5): 726. CrossRef
Related Factors to Musculoskeletal Discomfort Symptoms on Some Middle·High school Teachers
Jae-Yoon Lee, Byeong-Yeon Moon, Youn-Hong Jeong, Hyun-Kyung Woo
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(1): 264. CrossRef
Effect on Turnover Intention in Hotel Employees with Musculoskeletal Pains by Working Environment
Seong-Yeol Kim
The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2012; 12(8): 256. CrossRef
Work-related Musculoskeletal Diseases and Occupational Injuries in Health Care Workers
Jung-Yeon Hong, Jung-Wan Koo
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2010; 53(6): 446. CrossRef
Gender-related Factors Associated with Upper Extremity Function in Workers
Kyoo Sang Kim, Min Gi Kim
Safety and Health at Work.2010; 1(2): 158. CrossRef

21 View
0 Download
7 Crossref

The Application of Biological Monitoring and Effects of Ethanol and Phenobarbital on Plasma Protein Adducts Formed in Rats Exposed to Benzidine: Chi Nyon Kim, Se Hoon Lee, Jaehoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(4):353-363. Published online December 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.4.353

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The effects of ethanol and phenobarbital,which are known to affect metabolism of xenobiotics, on the formation of benzidine-and its metabolites-plasma protein adducts in rats administered benzidine were evaluated.
METHODS
The experimental rats were divided into the control,ethanol and phenobar-bital groups. The experimental groups (ethanol and phenobarbital group)were pretreated with ethanol (1g/kg)or phenobarbital (80mg/kg)24 hours prior to the oral administration of benzidine (0.5mmol/kg). Blood samples were obtained from the vena cava from 5 rats in each group; and at 30 min,3 h,6 h,9 h,12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h,96 h,and 144 h after the administration of benzidine using heparin treated syringes.The plasma protein levels were separated immediately after taking blood samples. The adducts were underwent basic hydrolysis to convert them into aromatic amines. The hydrolyzed benzidine, monoacetylbenzidine, and 4-aminobiphenyl were analyzed by reverse-phased liquid chro-matography with an electrochemical detector. The quantitative amount of the metabolites was expressed by the plasma protein binding index(PBI).
RESULTS
Similar to the hemoglobin adducts,the levels of the plasma protein adducts of the ethanol and phenobarbital groups (benzidine-, monoacetylbenzidine-, and 4-amino-biphenyl-PBI)were higher than those of the control group. These results are attributable to the fact that ethanol and phenobarbital induced to the plasma protein adduct formation. The N-acetylation ratio in the control group was highest at 72 h with 2.34.In the ethanol group,it was highest at 72 h with a ratio of 2.46 and was highest in the phenobarbital group at 72 h with a ratio of 2.43. The N-acetylation ratio of the plasma protein adducts was relatively lower than that of the hemoglobin adducts.The level of the plasma protein adduct increased more rapidly than the hemoglobin adducts in all experimental groups regardless of the pretreatment,and decreased rapidly after reaching the maximum level.
CONCLUSION
The above results indicate that ethanol and phenobarbital increased the level of plasma protein adduct formation. The plasma protein adducts tended to decrease more rapidly than the hemoglobin adducts in the body after benzidine exposure. This results in this study result suggests that the effects of ethanol or phenobarbital need to be considered in the biochemical monitoring,and that the level of the plasma protein adducts be a more proper biomarker than the hemoglobin adducts for assessing the short term exposure to a benzidine and benzidine based dye.

20 View
0 Download

Effect of Toluene on Phenol and S-phenylmercapturic Acid Excretion as Urinary Metabolites of Benzene in Rats: Jong Kook Moon, Chi Nyon Kim, Jae Hoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(2):143-153. Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.2.143

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to provide accurate exposure evaluation of workers in a biologicallymonitored state who were simultaneously exposed to benzene and toluene. For the purpose of this study, an animal experiment was conducted.
METHODS
The following concentrations of solvents were administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats : benzene at 2.26 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 2.5 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-ShortTerm Exposure Limit, in the USA) and 9.02 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 10 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-TimeWeighted Average in Korea), simultaneously with toluene at 106.42 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 100 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-TimeWeighted RESULTS: The following results were obtained from the analysis of reading taken at 3hour intervals of S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) and phenol concentration in urine metabolites of benzene after oral administration for 30 hours. 1. The concentrations of phenol and SPMA in urine were markedly decreased in the initial phase of the mixed group (both benzene and toluene administered group) as compared with the benzeneonly administered group, and the concentrations were slightly elevated. 2. The total excreted amounts of phenol and SPMA in urine decreased in the mixed group compared with the benzene-only group, and these decreases were more remarkable at the benzene administration concentration of 9.02 mg/kg than at 2.26 mg/kg. 3. The urinary excretions of phenol and SPMA were delayed in the case of the mixed group, and the extent of the delay was dependent on the amount of benzene administrat CONCLUSIONS: Benzene metabolism was suppressed by toluene, and hence the excretion of phenol and SPMA as urinary metabolites of benzene was delayed. This result will have applications in the interpretation of results from future biological monitoring of workers exposed to mixed solvents. We should not underestimate the importance of carefully interpreting the results of biological monitoring data when workers are exposed to mixed solvents. We should not underestimate the importance of carefully interpreting the results of biological monitoring data when workers are exposed to mixed benzene and toluene.

19 View
0 Download

Evaluation of Dermal Measurement for Workers in Benzidine Dihydrochloride and Benzidine Based Dye Manufacturing Factory: Hye Kyeong Yeom, Jae Suk Song, Chi Nyon Kim, Jong Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(1):83-94. Published online February 28, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.1.83

Abstract PDF

This study is performed to evaluate usefulness of dermal measurement of benzidine and benzidine based dye as one of the occupational exposure assessment method for these compounds. We selected one benzidine manufacturing factory and one dye manufacturing factory in Incheon area. Eleven workers were for benzidine manufacturing factory and twenty four for dye. We analyzed relationships among air level, amount on skin and concentration of urinary metabolites for these compounds. Airborne levels of benzidine and dye were measured by NIOSH 5509, 5013 methods. Amount of these compounds on skin was measured with skin wipe method. Concentration of benzidine metabolites in urine was measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography after alkaline hydrolysis. The amount of benzidine on hand skin was 25.05( - 233.2) ng/ur, and the amount of the neck was 2.01 ( - 11.9) ng/cm2 in the benzidine dihydrochloride manufacturing factory. The amount of benzidine on hand and neck skin has positive correlation with concentration of urinary monoacetyl benzidine (r=0.644, p < 0.05) . The amount of benzidine based dye on hand skin was 55.75( - 457.7) ng/cm2, and the amount of the neck skin was 18( - 284.7) ng/cm in benzidine based dye manufacturing factory The amount of dye on hand and neck skin has positive correlation with concentration of urinary benzidine for dye workers (r=0.467, p < 0.05). When assessing the exposure of workers who deal with benzidine, the amount of benzidine on skin should be measured for an accurate exposure assessment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A work-relatedness assessment in epidemiological case investigation of occupational cancers: II. Practice: an upper urinary tract cancer in a dyer
Kihun Kim, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jungwon Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

22 View
0 Download
1 Crossref

Benzidine Exposure Among Benzidine-based Dye Manufacturing Workers: Jae Hoon Roh, Yeon Soon Ahn, Kyoo Sang Kim, Chi Nyon Kim, Hyun Soo Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995;7(2):347-353. Published online October 31, 1995; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1995.7.2.347

Abstract PDF

To evaluate,the differences of benzidine exposure patterns of the workers in two benzidine-based dye manufacturing factories, the concentration of benzidine: in. air, blood, and urine were measured. The air levels of benzidine dihydrochloride and benzidine-based dye were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. Blood samples were collected at 3 hours after exposure and urine samples were collected at the end of shift. Blood and urine samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detector. The level of benzidine in reaction process (input, diazotization, and coupling); was 0.381+/-7950 g/m3. The blood benzidine was deteced in 25 workers among 38 in reaction process and their mean levels were 0.0153?0376 ng/mg Hb. The urinary benzidine was detected for 11 workers among 38 workers in the reaction process. The level of benzidine-based dye in drying and packing process was 52.1748+/-4.4111g/m3. The blood benzidine was deteced in 6 workers among 38 in drying and packing process and their mean levels was 0.0062+/-0274 ng/mg Hb. The urinary benzidine was detected for 1 worker among 38 workers exposed to benzidine-based dye. The blood and urinary benzidine were detected in workers exposed to benzidine-based dye. Such results suggested that some part of benzidine-based dye was metaboized to benzidine. Therefore, some regulations for manufacturing and use of the benzidine-based dye are needed to prevent its hazards in industries.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A work-relatedness assessment in epidemiological case investigation of occupational cancers: II. Practice: an upper urinary tract cancer in a dyer
Kihun Kim, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jungwon Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

26 View
0 Download
1 Crossref

Biological Monitorings of Workers Exposed to Toluene diisocyanate: Yeon Soon Ahn, Jae Hoon Roh, Chi Nyon Kim, Yun Jung Park, Sang Hyuk Jung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995;7(2):354-361. Published online October 31, 1995; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1995.7.2.354

Abstract PDF

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is widely used in the production of flexible polyurethane foams, as well as in the formulation of polyurethane paints and coatings. The commercial material is generally a mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-TDI, the predominant mix being 80% 2,4 and 20% 2,6-TDI. The 2,4-isomer is considerably more reactive than the 2,6-TDI at ambient temperatures due to steric factors involving the positions of the isocyanate groups relative to the ring methyl group. Because of this difference in the reactivities of the isomers, it seemed probable that there might be an increase in the amount of 2,6-TDI offgased relative to the 2,4-isomer. Therfore a relative enrichment of the 2,6-TDI has been found in industrial atmospheres. Toluene diamines, which are metabolites of TDI, in urine have a linear relation with exposure to TDI, so that urianry TDA could be used as a biological index of the exposure to TDI. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of TDI isomer in industrial atmospheres and to propose proper biological monitoring methods by identifying the relationships between the environmental TDI exposure and concentration of TDA in urine. Concentrations of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI in air were 4.38microgram/m3 and 25.43microgram/m3, respectively. The Threshold Limited Value of 40microgram/m3 was exceeded for the 2,6-TDI in about 46.8% (22samples) of the samples, while the 2,4-TDI was not at all exceeded. The ratio between 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI varied in air samples in the range, of 2.4%:97.6%-51.0%:49.0%. There was an enrichment of 2,6-TDI in air relative to the 2,4-TDL Concentrations of 2,4-TDA and 2,6-TDA in urine were 1.31microgram/g creatinine and 4.16microgram/g creatinine, respectively. The ratio between 2, 4-TDA and 2,6-TDA varied in urine samples in the range of 1.4%:98.6%-99.9%:0.1%. There was an enrichment of 2,6-TDA in urine relative to the 2,4-TDA. No relation between the concerations of TDA isomer in urine and concerations of TDI isomer in air was found. Above results of this study, workers were more exposed to the 2,6-TDI relative to the 2,4-TDI in industrial atmospheres. Therefore, the establishment of TLV for 2,6-TDI should be considered. Also, the further studies on biological monitorigs of workers exposed to TDI should be continued.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to Diisocyanates using Urinary Diamines
Jong Seong Lee, Boowook Kim, Jungah Shin, JinEe Baek, Jae Hoon Shin, Ji-hye Kim
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2016; 26(2): 178. CrossRef

25 View
0 Download
1 Crossref

Effects ethanol and phenobarbital on metabolism of trichloroethylene in rats: Kyung Jong Lee, Jae Hoon Roh, Chi Nyon Kim, Myung Hwha Cho, Bong Suk Cha, Young Hahn Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1993;5(1):76-87. Published online February 28, 1993; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1993.5.1.76

Abstract PDF

No abstract available.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Blood and Urine among Residents around Camp Carroll
Hyun-Sul Lim, Wonho Yang, Geun-Bae Kim, Young-Sung Cho, Young-Sun Min, Kwan Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Young-Su Ju, Sunshin Kim, Jung Heo, Dayoung Jung
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2016; 26(1): 11. CrossRef

23 View
0 Download
1 Crossref

A study on the urinary metabolites of carbon difulfide in rats: Chi Nyon Kim, Yong Bong Cho, Young Hahn Moon, Jaehoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1992;4(2):133-143. Published online October 31, 1992; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1992.4.2.133

Abstract PDF

No abstract available.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Acid-Labile Bound Carbon Disulfide in Whole Blood of Rats as a Biological Indicator for Carbon Disulfide Exposure
Jaehoon Roh, Myunghwa Cho, Chynyon Kim, Kyungjong Lee, Jonguk Won
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.1998; 13(4): 252. CrossRef

24 View
0 Download
1 Crossref

Author index