Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Chang Sun Sim

17 Articles

Association between sleep quality and type of shift work in Korean firefighters: Hyun-Jeong Oh, Chang Sun Sim, Tae-Won Jang, Yeon Soon Ahn, Kyoung Sook Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e27. Published online October 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e27

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Shift work that interferes with normal sleep patterns, is known to be a cause of sleep disturbance and has been studied through various occupational groups. However, it is not known which shift type is better for sleep health.

Methods

This study included 568 firefighters. Sleep quality was evaluated using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep quality was categorized into 2 groups; good quality (≤ 5 points) and poor quality (≥ 6 points). Demographic variables, depression, anxiety, type of shift, and job were collected by self-reported questionnaires. The χ² test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the effect of shift type on the sleep quality of firefighters.

Results

Three hundred thirty-seven firefighters (59.3%) have poor sleep quality. Compared to day workers, the odds ratios (ORs) of poor sleep quality were 2.169 (95% confidence interval: 1.137–4.134) in 6-day cycle, 2.161 (1.150–4.062) in 9-day cycle, 1.805 (1.087–2.997) in 21-day cycle, and 1.485 (0.718–3.069) in 3-day cycle. The ORs of poor sleep quality were 1.697(1.021–2.823) in fire suppression and 2.325 (1.213–4.455) in emergency medical service compared to administration.

Conclusions

All shift work type except for the 3-day cycle was associated with poor sleep quality compared to day work.

한국 소방관에서 수면의 질과 교대근무 유형의 연관성
목적
소방관의 수면의 질에 어떤 교대근무 유형이 적합한지 결정하는 것이다.
방법
이 연구는 568명의 소방관을 포함하여 피츠버그 수면의 질 지수를 사용하여 수면의 질을 평가하였고, 다른 교란 요인은 자기보고형태의 설문지를 통해 수집하였다. 소방관의 수면의 질에 대한 교대근무 유형의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 카이제곱 검정, t-검정, 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용하였다.
결과
337명(59.3%)은 나쁜 수면의 질을 가졌다. 주간 근무자와 비교했을 때, 나쁜 수면의 질에 대한 오즈비는 6주기에서 2.161 (95% 신뢰구간 1.137-4.134), 9주기에서 2.161 (1.150-4.062), 21주기에서 1.805 (1.087-2.997), 3주기에서 1.485 (0.718-3.069). 직무별로는 행정에 비해 화재진압 소방관의 수면의 질이 나쁠 오즈비는 1.697 (1.021-2.823)이었고, 구급업무 소방관은 2.325 (1.213-4.455)이었다.
결론
3주기를 제외하고 다른 형태의 교대근무에서 수면의 질은 주간근무에 비해 에서 나쁜 것으로 나타났다.

Citations

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Association of age and night flight duration with sleep disorders among Chinese airline pilots
Ruizi Shi, Fang Wang, Wanying Xu, Li Fu
Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Working hours and the regulations for night shift workers
Tae-Won Jang
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Nickel dust-induced occupational contact dermatitis by welding and grinding work in shipyard workers: a report of nine cases: Daehwan Kim, A Ram Kim, Hanjun Kim, Sunghee Lee, Byeonghak Seo, Ho Seok Suh, Chang Sun Sim, Heun Lee, Cheolin Yoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e7. Published online March 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e7

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Occupational skin diseases are skin conditions that occur or worsen in relation to work and known to be the second most common type of occupational disease affecting individuals in the United States. In Korea, epidemiological reports related to occupational skin diseases are rare. But, no cases of occupational contact dermatitis caused by welding and grinding work have been reported previously.

Case presentation

Nine male workers working in the production department for liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships in Ulsan complained of erythematous papules/patches and itching in various areas of the body after welding and grinding work. The work environment monitoring report revealed that the amount of nickel dust exceeded the time weighted average (TWA) and poor local ventilation status. Based on the symptoms and the overall results of surveys, several tests, and work environment monitoring report, the 2 workers who had positive patch-test reactions to nickel were diagnosed with nickel dust-induced allergic contact dermatitis. The other 7 workers were diagnosed that there was a high probability that they had nickel dust-induced irritant contact dermatitis. The 2 workers who had nickel dust-induced allergic contact dermatitis were recommended to switch their jobs.

Conclusions

Nickel is one of the most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis. In this case, the dust was assumed to be created by welding work with a high nickel content new welding rod and subsequent grinding work, and the concentration of this dust exceeded the time weighted average. Thus, it is thought that the nickel dust may have caused contact dermatitis through continuous contact with the workers' exposed skin in a poorly ventilated space. Currently, several domestic shipbuilding companies are manufacturing LNG tankers using a new construction method. Consequently, it is highly likely that similar cases will occur in the future, which makes this case report meaningful.

조선소에서 용접 및 그라인더 작업 중 발생한 니켈 분진에 의한 직업성 접촉피부염 사례 : 9 cases
배경
직업성 피부질환은 업무와 관련되어 발생하거나 악화하는 피부질환을 말하며 미국에서 직업성 질환 중 2번째로 흔한 질환으로 알려져 있다. 국내에서는 직업성 피부질환과 관련하여 역학적인 보고는 가끔 있었으나, 용접/사상 작업을 하는 근로자들에게서 니켈에 의한 직업성 접촉피부염이 발생한 보고는 없었다.
증례
울산 소재의 한 조선회사의 LNG선 생산부에 근무 중인 9명의 남성 근로자가 용접/사상 작업 후 여러 국소 부위에 발진 및 가려움을 호소했다.
작업환경측정 보고에 따르면 니켈 분진의 양이 한계 수준을 초과했고 국소 환기 상태가 불량한 것으로 나타났다.
직업성 피부염의 증상, 문진, 여러 검사 결과, 작업환경측정 결과 등을 고려하였을 때 우리는 니켈에 양성 반응을 보인 2명을 니켈 분진에 의한 알레르기접촉피부염으로 진단하였다. 다른 7명은 니켈 분진에 의한 자극접촉피부염 가능성이 높음으로 진단하였다. 니켈 분진에 의한 알레르기접촉피부염으로 진단한 2명에게 작업 전환을 권고하였다.
고찰
니켈은 직업 환경 및 일반 인구에서 피부에 노출 시 발생하는 알레르기접촉피부염의 가장 흔한 원인이다. 본 사례에서 높은 니켈함유량을 가진 새로운 용접봉을 이용한 용접작업 및 이어진 사상 작업으로 인해 고농도의 니켈 분진이 발생한 것으로 추정되며, 이 분진의 농도는 기준치를 초과했다. 따라서 환기가 잘 되지 않는 공간에서 니켈 분진이 근로자들의 노출된 피부에 지속적으로 닿아 접촉피부염을 일으켰을 것으로 생각된다. 현재 국내 여러 조선사들이 새로운 공법으로 LNG 탱크를 생산하고 있다. 결과적으로 우리의 사례와 유사한 여러 사례가 향후 발생할 가능성이 매우 높아 이를 보고하는 바이다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Numerical simulation of the collection efficiency of welding fume particles in electrostatic precipitator
Yindong Song, Yuni Zhang, Yiliang Liu, Wangyang Long, Kun Tao, Kambiz Vafai
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The association between direct supervisor's behavior and employee presenteeism in Korean wage workers: findings from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey: Sung Hee Lee, Joo Hyun Sung, Dae Hwan Kim, Chang Sun Sim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e30. Published online September 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e30

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Background

Presenteeism is a phenomenon in which employees go to work, but physical or mental health problems make it impossible for them to properly demonstrate their abilities, and productivity decreases accordingly. Recent studies have considered the behavior of direct supervisors to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of various health-related outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the association between the direct supervisor's behaviors and presenteeism among wage workers in South Korea.

Methods

A total of 25,798 participants from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey conducted in 2017 were included in the analysis. The behaviors of direct supervisor were assessed by 6 questionnaire items. In this study, the distribution of the scores was categorized into 4 categories (very good, good, bad, and very bad). To assess presenteeism, the corresponding questionnaire item was used. χ² tests and multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for general, occupational, and psychosocial factors were performed to determine the association between the behaviors of direct supervisor and presenteeism.

Results

Direct supervisor's behavior were significantly associated with presenteeism. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of presenteeism in the good, bad, and very bad groups were 1.297 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.153–1.458), 1.191 (95% CI: 0.941–1.507), and 1.604 (95% CI: 1.184–2.175), compared with the very good group. Associations between presenteeism and the behaviors of direct supervisor were significant in male workers, but not in female workers. For male workers, the aORs of presenteeism in the good, bad, very bad groups were 1.661 (95% CI: 1.425–1.936), 1.445 (95% CI: 1.053–1.982), 2.340 (95% CI: 1.569–3.491), respectively.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the behavior of a direct supervisor can influence the occurrence of presenteeism, particularly in men. The proper management of senior employee's behaviors is necessary to reduce the risk of presenteeism in the workplace.

Citations

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Association Between Sickness Presenteeism and Depressive Symptoms by Occupation and Employment Type During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Minkoo Kang, Won-Tae Lee, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
Safety and Health at Work.2024; 15(3): 338. CrossRef
Sickness Presenteeism among Employees Having Workplace Conflicts—Results from Pooled Analyses in Latvia
Svetlana Lakiša, Linda Matisāne, Inese Gobiņa, Hans Orru, Ivars Vanadziņš
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(17): 10525. CrossRef

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Effect of shift work on hypertension: cross sectional study: Jeong Han Yeom, Chang Sun Sim, Jiho Lee, Seok Hyeon Yun, Sang Jin Park, Cheol-In Yoo, Joo Hyun Sung; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:11. Published online April 11, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0166-z

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The need of efficient resource management and full-time accessibility to resources has increased with the development of industry, resulting in the increase of shift workers. Previous researches of past decades show that there are various health effects on shift workers. However, the definition and the form of shift work have varied from each research and occupational harmful factors except for shift work have not been excluded completely in previous researches. Therefore, in this research, we tried to find out the effect of shift work focusing on the hypertension. To complement previously mentioned weakness of other researches, we performed our research on participants to whom we could minimize other risk factors excluding shift work.

Methods

This research examined 1,953 petrochemical plant male workers (shift work 1,075, day worker 878) who did medical checkup from 1st Jan. 2014 to 31th Dec. 2014 in a general hospital located in Ulsan, based on their medical records and questionnaires. With the questionnaire, we found out their basic information including age, social status, occupational history, and we took their physical measurements.

Results

Compared to day workers, shift workers’ odds ratio of developing hypertension was 1.31 (95% CI 0.98–1.75). After adjusting confounding variables, adjusted odds ratio for entire subjects was 1.51 (95% CI 1.11–2.06). Also, for subjects who were in continuous service for over 20 years, odds ratio was 1.51 (95% CI 1.08–2.11).

Conclusions

Shift workers had a higher chance of hypertension than day workers do. Particularly, the longer the workers work continuously, the risk of hypertension getting higher.

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The responses of subjective feeling, task performance ability, cortisol and HRV for the various types of floor impact sound: a pilot study: Seok Hyeon Yun, Sang Jin Park, Chang Sun Sim, Joo Hyun Sung, Ahra Kim, Jang Myeong Lee, Sang Hyun Lee, Jiho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:13. Published online May 15, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0168-x

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Background

Recently, noise coming from the neighborhood via floor wall has become a great social problem. The noise between the floors can be a cause of physical and psychological problems, and the different types of floor impact sound (FIS) may have the different effects on the human’s body and mind. The purpose of this study is to assess the responses of subjective feeling, task performance ability, cortisol and HRV for the various types of floor impact.

Methods

Ten men and 5 women were enrolled in our study, and the English listening test was performed under the twelve different types of FIS, which were made by the combinations of bang machine (B), tapping machine (T), impact ball (I) and sound-proof mattress (M). The 15 subjects were exposed to each FIS for about 3 min, and the subjective annoyance, performance ability (English listening test), cortisol level of urine/saliva and heart rate variability (HRV) were examined. The sound pressure level (SPL) and frequency of FIS were analyzed. Repeated-measures ANOVA, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test were performed for data analysis.

Results

The SPL of tapping machine (T) was reduced with the soundproof mattress (M) by 3.9–7.3 dBA. Impact ball (I) was higher than other FIS in low frequency (31.5–125 Hz) by 10 dBA, and tapping machine (T) was higher than other FIS in high frequency (2–4 k Hz) by 10 dBA. The subjective annoyance is highest in the combination of bang machine and tapping machine (BT), and next in the tapping machine (T). The English listening score was also lowest in the BT, and next in T. The difference of salivary cortisol levels between various types of FIS was significant (p = 0.003). The change of HRV parameters by the change of FIS types was significant in some parameters, which were total power (TP) (p = 0.004), low frequency (LF) (p = 0.002) and high frequency (HF) (p = 0.011).

Conclusions

These results suggest that the human’s subjective and objective responses were different according to FIS types and those combinations.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Quantifying the Effect of Noise on Cognitive Processes: A Review of Psychophysiological Correlates of Workload
Jan Grenzebach, Erik Romanus
Noise and Health.2022; 24(115): 199. CrossRef

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Levels of blood lead and urinary cadmium in industrial complex residents in Ulsan: Sang Hoon Kim, Yang Ho Kim, Hyun Chan An, Joo Hyun Sung, Chang Sun Sim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:26. Published online June 26, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0179-7

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Background

Populations neighboring industrial complexes are at an increased health risk, due to constant exposure to various potentially hazardous compounds released during industrial production activity. Although there are many previous studies that focus on occupational exposure to heavy metals, studies that focused on environmental exposure to lead and cadmium are relatively rare. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent of the environmental exposure of heavy metals in residents of industrial area.

Methods

Four areas in close proximity to the Ulsan petrochemical industrial complex and the Onsan national industrial complex were selected to be included in the exposure group, and an area remotely located from these industrial complexes was selected as the non-exposure group. Among the residents of our study areas, a total of 1573 subjects aged 20 years and older were selected and all study subjects completed a written questionnaire. Blood and urine samples were obtained from about one third of the subjects (465 subjects) who provided informed consent for biological sample collection. Total 429 subjects (320 subjects from exposure area, 109 subjects from non-exposure area) were included in final analysis.

Results

The geometric mean blood lead level among the subjects in the exposed group was 2.449 μg/dL, which was significantly higher than the non-exposure group’s level of 2.172 μg/dL. Similarly, the geometric mean urine cadmium levels between the two groups differed significantly, at 1.077 μg/g Cr. for the exposed group, and 0.709 μg/g Cr. for the non-exposure group.

In a multiple linear regression analysis to determine the relationship between blood lead level and related factors, the results showed that blood lead level had a significant positive correlation with age, the male, exposure area, and non-drinkers. In the same way, urine cadmium level was positively correlated with age, the female, exposure area, and smokers.

Conclusions

This study found that blood lead levels and urine cadmium levels were significantly higher among the residents of industrial areas than among the non-exposure area residents, which is thought to be due to the difference in environmental exposure of lead and cadmium. Furthermore, it was clear that at a low level of exposure, differences in blood lead or urine cadmium levels based on age, gender, and smoking status were greater than the differences based on area of residence. Therefore, when evaluating heavy metal levels in the body at a low level of exposure, age, gender, and smoking status must be adjusted, as they are significant confounding factors.

Citations

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Xiruo Kou, Lucía Iglesias-Vázquez, Martí Nadal, Josep Basora, Victoria Arija
Environmental Research.2023; 235: 116677. CrossRef
The Protection of Zinc against Acute Cadmium Exposure: A Morphological and Molecular Study on a BBB In Vitro Model
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Tzu-Hsuen Yuan, Ming-Jie Jhuang, Yen-Po Yeh, Yi-Hsuan Chen, Sasha Lu, Chang-Chuan Chan
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Won-Ju Park, Soo-Hyeon Kim, WonYang Kang, Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Dae-Young Lim, Suwhan Kim, Jai-Dong Moon
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2020; 75(6): 333. CrossRef
Lead and kidney: Concentrations, variabilities, and associations across the various stages of glomerular function
Ram B. Jain
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Thaís Karolina Lisboa de Queiroz, Karytta Sousa Naka, Lorena de Cássia dos Santos Mendes, Brenda Natasha Souza Costa, Iracina Maura de Jesus, Volney de Magalhães Câmara, Marcelo de Oliveira Lima
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(17): 3047. CrossRef
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Joo Hyun Sung, Chang Sun Sim, Minsu Ock, Inbo Oh, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Cheolin Yoo
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(6): 1259. CrossRef
Environmental and Body Concentrations of Heavy Metals at Sites Near and Distant from Industrial Complexes in Ulsan, Korea
Joo Hyun Sung, Inbo Oh, Ahra Kim, Jiho Lee, Chang Sun Sim, Cheolin Yoo, Sang Jin Park, Geun-Bae Kim, Yangho Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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The association between cadmium and lead exposure and blood pressure among workers of a smelting industry: a cross-sectional study: Hyun Chan An, Joo Hyun Sung, Jiho Lee, Chang Sun Sim, Sang Hoon Kim, Yangho Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:47. Published online October 4, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0202-z

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Background

Lead and cadmium are harmful heavy metals that are used for a variety of occupational purposes. Considering their potentially hazardous effects on health, studies on the association between exposure to these two heavy metals and health disorders have been actively conducted. This study aimed to determine the association between blood lead and cadmium levels and blood pressure in workers exposed to lead and cadmium in a smelter.

Methods

Nine hundred and sixty-three male workers who worked in a smelter, and underwent medical examinations at the Ulsan University Hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2014, were selected as participants. Among them, 310 subjects whose data on height, weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, and blood lead and cadmium levels were available and who answered the questionnaire were selected as the final participants. We investigated the drinking habit, smoking status, exercise adequacy, and family history of hypertension of these workers using formal questionnaires. A statistical analysis was conducted using Student’s t-test, analysis of variance, and linear or logistic regression.

Results

The association between blood lead and cadmium levels and blood pressure was analyzed through statistical adjustment of the risk factors of hypertension. Results showed an association between blood cadmium level and blood pressure elevation. However, blood lead level was found to be not correlated with blood pressure elevation.

Conclusions

This study shows the association between blood cadmium level and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) elevation.

Trial registration

IRB No. 2017–03-037. Retrospectively Registered 30 March 2017.

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Comparisons of hearing threshold changes in male workers with unilateral conductive hearing loss exposed to workplace noise: a retrospective cohort study for 8 years: Sang Jin Park, Joo Hyun Sung, Chang Sun Sim, Seok Hyeon Yun, Jeong Han Yeom, Joong-Keun Kwon, Jiho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:51. Published online September 22, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0132-1

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Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate hearing threshold changes of workers with unilateral conductive hearing loss who were exposed to workplace noise for 8-years.

Methods

Among 1819 workers at a shipyard in Ulsan, 78 subjects with an air-bone gap ≥10 dBHL in unilateral ears were selected. Factors that could affect hearing were acquired from questionnaires, physical examinations, and biochemistry examinations. Paired t-test was conducted to compare the hearing threshold changes over time between conductive hearing loss (CHL) ear and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) ear.

Results

The study included male subjects aged 48.7 ± 2.9, having worked for 29.8 ± 2.7 years. Hearing thresholds increased significantly in CHL ears and SNHL ears at all frequencies (0.5–6 kHz) during follow-up period (p < 0.05). The threshold change at 4 kHz was 3.2 dBHL higher in SNHL ears which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). When workers were exposed to noise levels of 85 dBA and above, threshold change at 4 kHz was 5.6 dBHL higher in SNHL ears which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Among workers aged below 50, the threshold change values were lower in low-frequency (0.5–2 kHz) in SNHL ears, with a small range of changes, whereas in high-frequency (3–6 kHz), the range of changes was greater SNHL ears (p < 0.05). Among workers aged 50 and above, SNHL ears showed a wider range of changes in both high- and low-frequency areas (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

At high-frequencies, particularly at 4 kHz, the range of hearing threshold changes was lower in ears with conductive hearing loss than in contralateral ears. This is suggested as a protective effect against noise exposure.

Citations

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Prevalence of Pre-Existing Hearing Loss Among Patients With Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa
Hyejeong Hong, David W. Dowdy, Kelly E. Dooley, Howard W. Francis, Chakra Budhathoki, Hae-Ra Han, Jason E. Farley
American Journal of Audiology.2020; 29(2): 199. CrossRef

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Relationship of cigarette smoking and hearing loss in workers exposed to occupational noise: Joo Hyun Sung, Chang Sun Sim, Choong-Ryeol Lee, Cheol-In Yoo, Hun Lee, Yangho Kim, Jiho Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:8-8. Published online July 3, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-8

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

To investigate the effects of smoking on hearing loss among workers exposed to occupational noise.

Methods

From the results of a special workers health examination performed in 2011, we enrolled 8,543 subjects exposed to occupational noise and reviewed the findings. Using self-reported questionnaires and health examination results, we collected data on age, smoking status, disease status, height, weight, and biochemistry and pure tone audiometry findings. We divided the workers into 3 groups according to smoking status (non-smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker). Current smokers (n = 3,593) were divided into 4 groups according to smoking amount (0.05–9.9, 10–19.9, 20–29.9, ≥30 pack-years). We analyzed the data to compare hearing thresholds between smoking statuses using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling for confounder effects.

Results

According to ANCOVA, the hearing thresholds of current smokers at 2 k, 3 k, and 4 kHz were significantly higher than that of the other groups. Multiple logistic regression for smoking status (reference: non-smokers) showed that the adjusted odds ratios of current smokers were 1.291 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.055–1.580), 1.180 (95% CI: 1.007–1.383), 1.295 (95% CI: 1.125–1.491), and 1.321 (95% CI: 1.157–1.507) at 1 k, 2 k, 3 k, and 4 kHz, respectively. Based on smoking amount, the adjusted odds ratios were 1.562 (95% CI: 1.013–2.408) and 1.643 (95% CI: 1.023–2.640) for the 10–19.9 and ≥30 pack-years group, respectively, at 1 kHz (reference: 0.05–9.9 pack-years). At 2 kHz, the adjusted odds ratios were increased statistically significantly with smoking amount for all groups. At all frequencies tested, the hearing thresholds of noise-exposed workers were significantly influenced by current smoking, in particular, the increase of hearing loss at low frequencies according to smoking amount was more prevalent.

Conclusions

Current smoking significantly influenced hearing loss at all frequencies in workers exposed to occupational noise, and heavier smoking influenced low-frequency hearing loss more greatly. There was a dose–response relationship between smoking amount and low-frequency hearing thresholds; however, this was not observed for high-frequency hearing thresholds. Therefore, well-designed prospective studies are needed to clarify the effects of smoking on the degree of hearing loss.

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Tobacco Smoking as a Risk Factor of Hearing Impairment in Workers Exposed to Occupational Noise: A Literature Review
Vladimir F. Spirin, Svetlana V. Raikova, Nataliia E. Komleva, Andrey M. Starshov
ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT.2024; : 49. CrossRef
Association of Smoke and Nicotine Product Consumption With Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Population-Level Analysis
Marwin Li, Natalie M. Perlov, Jena Patel, Dev Amin, Ayan Kumar, Zachary D. Urdang, Thomas O. Willcox, Rebecca C. Chiffer
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Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2021; 211: 111939. CrossRef
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Dialechti Tsimpida, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Darren M. Ashcroft, Maria Panagioti
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Ratnaningtyas Wahyu Kusuma Wardani, Globila Nurika, Indah Lutfiya, Erwin Dyah Nawawinetu
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S Patel, N Wooles, T Martin
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T I N Prihatini, N P Adi, S Wibowo
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Dongming Wang, Zhichao Wang, Min Zhou, Wenzhen Li, Meian He, Xiaomin Zhang, Huan Guo, Jing Yuan, Yue Zhan, Kun Zhang, Tao Zhou, Weijia Kong, Weihong Chen
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The Characteristics of Tinnitus and Hearing Threshold: In Workers with Noise Induced Hearing Loss from a Hospital Setting: Nam Jeong Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Chang Sun Sim, Choong Ryeol Lee, Young Joo Kwon, Ji Ho Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):431-440. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.431

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to define the relationship between the characteristics of tinnitus and hearing threshold (puretone and speech) in workers with noise induced hearing loss (NIHL).
METHODS
A total of 189 cases(378 ears) from workers with compensation claims for NIHL during 2004-2009 were investigated. Various factors, including age, work carriers, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, noise exposure level of worksite hearing threshold, speech discrimination score, pitch match, and loudness of tinnitus were analyzed.
RESULTS
The average hearing threshold of all subject was 44.2 dBHL, puretone audiometry thresholds in subjects with tinnitus were lower than the non-tinnitus group (except at 8000 Hz). Using speech audiometry, the tinnitus group showed a lower speech recognition threshold and speech discrimination score. The tinnitus group also had an average tinnitus frequency of 4195.2 Hz, loudness of 73.6 dB, and tinnitus sensation average of 6.0 dBSL. These frequencies of tinnitus were in the lowest puretone audiometry frequencies. Tinnitus loudness had a strong relationship with puretone and speech audiometry thresholds.
CONCLUSIONS
In cases beyond moderate hearing loss, the tinnitus group had a better puretone (except 8000 Hz) and speech hearing status, and most comfortable loudness (MCL) level. In addition, puretone and speech audiometry thresholds increase with tinnitus loudness.

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The Relationship Between Tinnitus Frequency and Speech Discrimination in Patients With Hearing Loss
Joo Hyung Oh, Taehun Lim, Joon Bum Joo, Ju Eun Cho, Pona Park, Jong Yang Kim
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2023; 66(3): 156. CrossRef
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Heonzoo Lee, Sejin Kim, Rayoung Park, Sungsu Lee, Hyong-Ho Cho, Yonggwan Won
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The General Characteristics and Results of the Cold Provocation Test in the Risk Group of HAVS: Jae Kook Yoon, Chang Sun Sim, Myoung Soon Oh, Joo Hyun Sung, Ji Ho Lee, Choong Ryeol Lee, Yangho Kim, Cheol In Yoo, Hun Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(3):207-216. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.3.207

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The cold provocation test for diagnosing the vascular component in hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is likely to be accepted as an objective test, and a few studies have been performed. However, controversy has continued regarding the diagnostic performance of this method. Although objective methods such as plethysmography and laser doppler flowmetry have been studied, they have not received as much attention as other diagnostic methods. Therefore, our study aim was to spread the awareness of HAVS by reporting the results of the cold provocation test in a hand-transmitted vibration exposure group.
METHODS
The study subjects were 549 workers who had been exposed to hand-transmitted vibrations and reported symptoms in their hands. While the subject immersed both their hands in 10degrees C water for 10 minutes, the skin temperature of 10 fingers was recorded from pre-immersion time to 20 minute postimmersion including 10 minutes immersion time. The recovery rates were calculated from the recorded skin temperatures. The 'decreased recovery rate' criteria were less than 30% at 5 minutes post-immersion and 60% at 10 minute post-immersion.
RESULTS
Of the subjects, 69.1% and 30.9% had more severe symptoms in the right and left hands, respectively. The mean finger skin temperature of the right hand after cold-water immersion for 10 minutes was approximately 10degrees C, which increased gradually with time, but they did not reach the baseline temperature at 20 minutes post-immersion. The deviations of the skin temperature in the subjects were higher in the recovery phase than in the baseline and cold immersion phase. The 3rd finger of both hands showed the lowest 5-minute recovery rate among the fingers examined, and the left 4th finger and right 3rd finger showed the lowest 10-minute recovery rate. Of the subjects, 37.6% and 10.4% of subjects showed a lower recovery rate at 5 and 10 minutes in at least one finger, respectively, while 10.2% showed a lower recovery rate at both 5 and 10 minutes simultaneously in at least one finger.
CONCLUSIONS
The larger deviations in the recovery phase than in the other phases indicated that interindividual differences are more prominent in the recovery phase. There might be no benefit in observing the finger skin temperature for an additional 10 minutes after 10 minutes post-immersion. Overall, approximately 10% of the subjects in the HAVS risk group had HAVS.

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Technetium-99m hand perfusion scintigraphy (Raynaud’s scan) as a method of verification in hand arm vibration syndrome: a review
Taewoong Ha, Hyeoncheol Oh, Jungwon Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Trend of Human Vibration Research in Korea
Hee-Sok Park
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2013; 32(4): 293. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A in a Manufacture Workplace: Hyun Soo Kim, Chang Sun Sim, Jae Kook Yoon, Hun Lee, Cheol In Yoo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(4):356-363. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.4.356

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The prevalence of hepatitis A decreases with improved hygiene and changing lifestyle. However, hepatitis A remains a global problem causing sporadic food-borne infections. Over the past 5 years, hepatitis A incidence has increased, and 15 deaths were reported in 2009 in Korea. Concerns about hepatitis A infection have increased. We checked hepatitis A virus antibody (HAV anti-IgG) in a large manufacturing company, so that the results could be a guideline for workplace preventive plan and health policy for hepatitis A.
METHODS
We investigated the seroprevalence of HAV anti-IgG and the demographic characteristics of employee volunteer, in a company in Ulsan. In addition, we estimated those factors that affected seroprevalence of HAV anti-IgG.
RESULTS
A total of 2,719 employee volunteers were enrolled into the study. The seropositive rate of HAV anti-IgG was 69.8% (n=1,899) and, the seronegative rate was 30.2% (n=820). There were no enrolled employees under age 24 years who tested positive for HAV anti-IgG; in this group, the seropositive rate was 0.0% (n=0); in 25~29 years the rate was 3.9% (n=12) and 26.5% (n=118) in 30~34 years olds. In the 35-39 ears, 61.1% (n=203) tested HAV anti-IgG positive and 86.8% (n=256) of 40~44 years tested positive. Other group tested as follows: 96.5% (n=335) in 45~49 year olds, 98.7% (n=593) in 50~54 year olds, and 100% (n=382) in over 55 years. There was a significantly increasing tendency to test HAV anti-IgG positive according to age group. In the 34-35 year olds, the seropositive rate exceeded the seronegative rate.
CONCLUSIONS
HAV anti-IgG seropositive rate increased according to age. The result can used for guideline recommendationsand establishing hepatitis A policies.

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Seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella-zoster antibodies in new female nurses in the Republic of Korea
Yeongjae Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Dae-Young Lim, Suwhan Kim, Wonyang Kang, Hyeonjun Kim, Jai-Dong Moon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Effects of Workplace Noise and Hearing Protective Devices on Worker's Speech Intelligibility: Hyoung Ouk Park, Chang Sun Sim, Joong Keun Kwon, Kyoo Sang Kim, Young Joo Kwon, Nam Jeong Kim, Min Suk Seo, Ji Ho Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(2):154-165. Published online June 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.2.154

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of intelligible speech in workers wearing hearing protective devices and the differences in background noise type.
METHODS
A total 82 shipyard company employees and normal hearing volunteers were recruited as subjects from a company in Ulsan: subjects were classified to the hearing-impaired group or to the control group according to hearing status. They were tested pure tone and speech audiometry in varying test environments including signal-to-noise ratio and background noise type in a headphone and in a free field environment.
RESULTS
For both groups, the attenuation of hearing protective devices was greater at high frequencies. For the hearing-impaired group, speech discrimination scores differences between the unprotected and the protected ear were not significant between background noise type, when speech was presented at 65 dBA. However speech intelligibility in white noise background was lower than in the other background noise types when speech was presented at 75 dBA.
CONCLUSIONS
Workers' speech intelligibility increased with an increasing signal-to-noise ratio. Speech intelligibility was also dependent on background noise type. Workers and their colleagues were trained to pronounce words more loudly and more clearly when they wearing hearing protective devices or other communication methods that do not use sound signal should be considered.

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Effects of Hearing Protection Methods and Noise Directions on Bone-Conduction Sensitivity
Woojae Han
THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF KOREA.2013; 32(5): 423. CrossRef
An experimental study on the improving noise characteristic of hydraulic power unit
Gi Chun Lee, Yong Bum Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering.2013; 37(6): 638. CrossRef

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A Case of Raynaud's Phenomenon of both Feet in a Rock Drill Operator with Hand-arm Vibration Syndrome: Nari Choy, Chang Sun Sim, Jae Kuk Yoon, Suk Hwan Kim, Hyoung Ook Park, Ji Ho Lee, Cheol In Yoo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(2):119-126. Published online June 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.2.119

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
There have been many studies on hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) for almost a century. The Stockholm Workshop scale has been accepted as a useful tool in diagnosing HAVS. Although they are not standard tests for diagnosis, cold provocation test and plethysmography of the fingers are commonly used as objective measurements to confirm the vascular component of HAVS. However, there are only a handful of case reports and studies worldwide on Raynaud's phenomenon in the toes. We report the case of a patient with HAVS who developed Raynaud's phenomenon in the toes after the vibration exposure had ceased. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this entity in Korea.
CASE
REPORT: A 58-year-old male, who had been diagnosed with HAVS in 2003, first noticed white toes in the summer of 2006 after immersing his feet in cold water. He had been working as a rock drill operator since 1976 for almost 30 years and had symptoms on his fingers since 1992. He underwent the cold provocation test, photoplethysmography, Nerve conduction velocity, and basic laboratory tests to rule out other causes of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. To describe the severity of his feet, it could be classified as vascular stage 2 and sensorineural stage 1 if we were to apply the Stockholm Workshop scale.
CONCLUSIONS
The patient showed vibration-induced white toes, and we would like to share the results of objective findings related to his condition. When diagnosing HAVS, symptoms of the feet should be assessed by the occupational and environmental medicine physicians. Further studies are needed to standardize test methods to diagnose "vibration-induced white toes."

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Raynaud’s phenomenon in the feet of Arctic open-pit miners
Albin Stjernbrandt, Hans Pettersson, Per Vihlborg, Anje Christina Höper, Anna Aminoff, Jens Wahlström, Tohr Nilsson
International Journal of Circumpolar Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Body physiological responses of city bus drivers subjected to noise and vibration exposure in working environment
Ramin Rahmani, Mohsen Aliabadi, Rostam Golmohammadi, Mohammad Babamiri, Maryam Farhadian
Heliyon.2022; 8(8): e10329. CrossRef
The Health Effect of Hand Arm Transmitted Vibration
Jung-Wan Koo
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2013; 32(4): 303. CrossRef
Examination of Vibration Characteristics, and Reported Musculoskeletal Discomfort for Workers Exposed to Vibration via the Feet
Mallorie Leduc, Tammy Eger, Alison Godwin, James P. Dickey, Ron House
Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control.2011; 30(3): 197. CrossRef

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Comparison of the Standard Threshold Shift Criteria for Evaluating Hearing Conservation Programs: Chang Sun Sim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Yu Jung Kim, Na Ri Choy, Choong Ryeol Lee, Hun Lee, Jong Pil Jung, Ok Hyun Kim, Yo Weon Lee, Seung Rim Yang, Sung Soo Oh, Ji Ho Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(3):179-188. Published online September 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.3.179

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Workers from a factory was selected to compare 8 standard threshold shift criteria with the Korean diagnostic criteria of noise-induced hearing loss for this cohort study.
METHODS
From 1990 to 1999, 491 workers at a manufacturing company with complete record of the hearing test covering the range of 0.5~6 kHz for 10 consecutive years were finally selected. Eight standard threshold shift criteria (15 dB once, NIOSH (1972), 10 dB average 3~4 kHz, OSHA STS, AAOHNS, 15 dB twice, 15 dB 1~4 kHz, OSHA STS twice) along with the Korean standard for diagnosing the noise-induced hearing loss (the average hearing threshold at 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz) were compared to calculate the degree of the threshold shift and the minimum time required to detect the change.
RESULTS
Those workers showing at least one positive shift in the 'once'criteria of NIOSH (1972) were 92.5%; the 'average'criteria of 10 dB average 3~4 kHz were 35.8%; 'twice'criteria of 15 dB twice were 44.4%. The duration from the baseline to the year showing the first positive shift was from 3.2 +/- 3.1 years (NIOSH, 1972) to 6.0 +/- 2.1 years (OSHA STS twice). The percentage of true positive shift ranging from 20.4% (AAO-HNS) to 69.8% (NIOSH, 1972). There were 10 (2%) which met the Korean diagnostic criteria of noise-induced hearing loss.
CONCLUSIONS
Currently the concept of hearing threshold shift in diagnosing the hearing loss was adopted in Korea thus in this study we determined the validity and the effect of the various hearing threshold shift criteria and showed that NIOSH (1972) criteria was the best of all. In the future, hearing data from various manufacturing workers should be compared to thoroughly evaluate the threshold shift criteria and to establish adequate standard for Korean workers.

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A Case of Acute Organotin Poisoning: Yu Jung Kim, Yangho Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Chang Sun Sim, Nari Choy, Jongchul Kim, Jun Bum Eum, Yoshiaki Nakajima, Yoko Endo, Cheol In Yoo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(3):255-262. Published online September 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.3.255

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Although organotin compounds are widely used as PVC stabilizers, catalysts and biocides, their effects on humans are not well known. However, their acute intoxication is known to cause neurotoxicity in the central nervous system, renal toxicity, and hepatotoxicity. As there has been no previously published case of organotin intoxication in Korea, we report here the first Korean case of acute exposure to organotin.
CASE
REPORT: A 43-year-old male with disorientation and behavioral change was admitted to a hospital. He had been working as a tank cleaner for several different companies in the previous 8 years and a week before admission, he had cleaned a tank containing dimethyltin (DMT) for 4 days. A day after finishing the job, he suffered decreased memory, behavioral change and progressive mental deterioration when he arrived at the emergency room. The result of spinal tapping was negative but on the 4th day of admission he deteriorated into a state of coma along with metabolic acidosis and severe hypokalemia. High levels of DMT and trimethyltin (TMT) were detected in a highly sensitive urine analysis. After conservative treatment and chelation therapy, the patient showed some clinical improvement but the neurological defects persisted.
CONCLUSION
The patient appeared to have been intoxicated from the acute exposure to a high level of organotin while cleaning the tank.

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Acute Occupational Poisoning in Korea
Hyunjoo Kim, Jia Ryu
The Ewha Medical Journal.2016; 39(4): 99. CrossRef
Compensation for Occupational Diseases by Chemical Agents in Korea
Soon-Chan Kwon, Soo-Yong Roh, Ji-Hoon Lee, Eun-A Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2014; 29(Suppl): S78. CrossRef
Occupational Neurological Disorders in Korea
Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S26. CrossRef
Occupational Neurologic Disorders in Korea
Yangho Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Yong-Hun Yun, Myoung-Soon Oh
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2010; 6(2): 64. CrossRef

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A case of Acute Arsine Poisoning with Hemolytic Anemia and Acute Renal Failure: Kyoungsook Jeong, Ji Ho Lee, Chang Sun Sim, Jong Soo Lee, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(3):238-248. Published online September 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.3.238

Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
There has been no reported case of arsine poisoning in Korea so far. This article presents the first reported case of arsine poisoning with hemolytic anemia accompanied by acute renal failure. Initially we suspected an infectious agent to be the cause of this case but later discovered that it was arsine poisoning suffered while working at a zinc-smelting industry in the process of recovering the cadmium by-product. We report this case and discuss the arsine poisoning.
CASE
REPORT: A 27-year-old man employed at a zinc-smelting industry was exposed to arsine while working in the process to recover the cadmium by-product.On the 4th day at work, he had to redissolve defected by-product into a pot and began to experience febrile sensation, diarrhea, upper quadrant abdominal pain, jaundice, and anorexia.After he was admitted to a hospital, the laboratory results showed hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure and elevated concentration of arsenic. He was thus diagnosed as suffering from arsine-poisoning and underwent hem dialysisand supportive therapy.He recovered from the poisoning after51 days and was discharged from the hospital.
DISCUSSION
When workers dealing with arsenic-containing material present with hematuria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dyspnea followed by hemolysis with acute renal failure, arsine poisoning must be suspected and diagnosis followed by treatment must commence immediately. If any future cases occur, blood and urine samples should be kept in storage so any necessary analysis can be processed later.

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