Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Case Report

IgA nephropathy in a laboratory worker that progressed to end-stage renal disease: a case report: Bokki Min, Gyuree Kim, Taesun Kang, Chungsik Yoon, Sung-il Cho, Domyung Paek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:35. Published online August 8, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0118-z

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of glomerulonephritis, a principal cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. The mechanisms of onset and progression of IgAN have not been fully revealed, and epidemiologic studies have yielded diverging opinions as to the role of occupational exposure to organic solvents in the initiation or worsening of IgAN. As the authors encountered a laboratory worker with IgAN that progressed to ESRD, we present a case report of IgAN progression due to dichloromethane exposure along with a review of literature.
Case presentation
A 41-year-old male laboratory worker began to experience gross painless hematuria after two years of occupational exposure to toluene. Although clinical follow-up was initiated under the impression of IgAN based on clinical findings, the patient continued to work for four more years in the same laboratory, during which he was in charge of laboratory analysis with direct exposure to a high concentration of dichloromethane without proper protective equipment. During that time, his renal function rapidly worsened and finally progressed to ESRD 10 years after the first clinical symptoms. The result of exposure assessment through reenactment of his work exceeded the occupational exposure limit for dichloromethane to a considerable degree.
Conclusions
The causal association between occupational solvent exposure and IgAN is still unclear; therefore, this case report could be used as a basis to support the relevance of occupational solvent exposure to IgAN and/or its progression. Early intervention as well as close monitoring of laboratory workers exposed to various organic solvents is important to prevent or delay the progression of glomerulonephritis to ESRD in the occupational setting.

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Original Article

Urinary Hippuric Acid and trans,trans-Muconic Acid Levels According to Commuting Mode and Duration, Residential Environment, and Intake of Preservative-Added Foods and Beverages in University Students: Kyoung Mee Kim, Sang Yong Eom, Dong Hyuk Yim, Sun In Moon, Yong Dae Kim, Heon Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):61-71. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.61

OBJECTIVES
Automobile exhaust gases contain benzene and toluene, which are excreted in human urine as trans,trans-muconic acid and hippuric acid, respectively. Sorbic acid and benzoic acid, used as food preservatives, are also metabolized into trans,trans-muconic acid and hippuric acid in the human body. The purpose of this study is to estimate the level of benzene and toluene exposure according to the commuting mode and duration, residential environment, and preservative-added foods intake in university students who are not occupationally exposed to benzene or toluene.
METHODS
Spot urine samples were collected from 211 university students who had no occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds. Information about their smoking history, residence type, traffic environments, commuting mode and duration, and their intake of bottled or canned food or beverages was gathered through a self-administered questionnaire. Urinary concentrations of trans,trans-muconic acid and hippuric acid were measured and statistically correlated to the individual's life style factors.
RESULTS
There was no significant difference in the urinary concentrations of trans,trans-muconic acid or hippuric acid according to the smoking history. Mean urinary concentration of hippuric acid in females was higher than that found in males. Subjects living in districts with a population density of 1,000~4,999 people/km2 showed the highest urinary hippuric acid level; individuals living in cities of 5,000~9,999 people/km2 population density were next. The mean urinary trans,trans-muconic acid concentration was higher in students who were living where traffic jams are common compared to those who did not, and in subjects whose residence were within 149 m from a 4-lane road compared to those whose residence was not. However, neither mode nor duration of the commute showed any effect on the urinary trans,trans-muconic acid or hippuric acid concentrations of the students. Urinary hippuric acid levels increased when consuming canned fruit or canned coffee, and urinary trans,trans-muconic acid levels increased when consuming fruit juices or pickled radishes.
CONCLUSIONS
The inhalation of vehicle exhaust and the ingestion of canned or pickled food may increase urinary hippuric acid and trans,trans-muconic acid levels in individuals who are not occupationally exposed to benzene or toluene.

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Comparative Analysis of Heavy Metal Exposure Concentrations and Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites among Residents in the Affected Area According to Residential Distance from a Coal-fired Power Plant
Jee Hyun Rho, Byoung-Gwon Kim, Jung-Yeon Kwon, Hyunji Ju, Na-Young Kim, Hyoun Ju Lim, Seungho Lee, Byeng-Chul Yu, Suejin Kim, Young-Seoub Hong
Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2024; 50(1): 25. CrossRef
Association of Urinary Benzene Metabolite and the Ratio of Triglycerides to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2018–2020)
Seungju Baek, Eunjung Park, Eun Young Park
Toxics.2023; 11(12): 985. CrossRef
Concentration of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in ambient air and level of residents in industrial area
Kyungsook Woo, Heejin Park, Tackshin Kang, Geunbae Kim, Junmin Jeon, Bongki Jang, Jongwha Lee, Busoon Son
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(1): 104. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effect of Soft Drink on Urinary Hippuric Acid Excretion in Workers Exposed to Low dose Toluene: Yong Jin Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):475-487. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.475

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effect of soft drink containing benzoic acid on the excretion of urinary hippuric acid after ingestion of soft drink containing benzoic acid before working (Edthe deleted section is not an objective).
METHODS
Fifty workers (male, 35; female, 15) exposed to toluene in Choongchung province area were studied. Urinary samples were collected on two days. On the first day, all study subjects were required to avoid any soft drink containing benzoic acid for the 24-hour period before urine collection. After emptying their bladder before starting work, the total volume of urine for the full shift period was collected and spot urine was collected at the end of the shift. On the second day, all workers were provided with soft drink containing benzoic acid before the shift and the same urine collection procedure was applied as on the first day. The air concentrations of toluene for each workers was measured with personal air sampling with 3M organic solvent badge. Personal informations such as age, sex, smoking and drinking habit were collected by self-administered questionnaire method.
RESULTS
The geometric mean of urinary hippuric acid without ingestion of soft drink containing benzoic acid was 0.49+/-0.45 g/g creatinine in total volume urine, and 0.51+/-0.53 g/g creatinine in spot urine, whereas the equivalent results with ingestion of soft drink were increased to 0.92+/-0.61 g/g and 0.96+/-0.78 g/g, respectively. Stepwise multiple regression of urinary hippuric acid with air concentration of toluene, benzoic acid and other covariates revealed that 49% and 11% of urinary hippuric acid concentration in total volume urine analysis were attributed to the air concentration of toluene and benzoic acid, respectively, compared to 45% and 6% in spot urine analysis, respectively. On the other hand, taking the difference of urinary hippuric acid before and after ingestion of soft drink containing benzoic acid as a dependent variable and taking the air concentration of toluene, benzoic acid and other covariates as independent variables, stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that 14% and 13% of urinary hippuric acid concentration in total volume urine analysis were attributed to the air concentration of toluene and benzoic acid, respectively, whereas only 9% of urinary hippuric acid concentration in spot urine analysis was attributed to the air concentration of toluene, (Ed- note that there is no respective comparison here).
CONCLUSION
Soft drink containing benzoic acid significantly affected the level of urinary hippuric acid after ingestion of soft drink before working. It is recommended that for the accurate elevation of urinary hippuric acid as an index of toluene exposure, detailed information on soft drink containing benzoic acid needs to be checked in the process of the health examination of toluene exposure workers.

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Effects of Factors Associated with Urine Hippuric Acid Correction Values in Urinary Creatinine by HPLC and Jaffe Method and Specific Gravity HPLC Jaffe Method
Key-Young Kim, Jong-Gyu Kim, Ki-Nam Yoon, Wha-Me Park, Hun-Hee Park
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(4): 493. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effects of Toluene on the Expression of Placental PRL-GH Family Genes and Reproduction in the Rat: Byong Soo Choe, Chae Kwan Lee, Deog Hwan Moon, Byung Chul Son, Dae Hwan Kim, Chang Hee Lee, Hwi Dong Kim, Jung Won Kim, Jong Eun Kim, Chae Un Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(3):262-275. Published online September 30, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.3.262

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the toxic effects of toluene on the placental functions and reproductionin the rat. In this study, the expression of placental prolactin-growth hormone (PRL-GH) and Pit-1 genes, the frequency of placental trophoblast cells, and the reproductive data were analyzed.
METHODS
The pregnancy of the Sprague-Dawley rats (250+/-25 g) was determined by verifying the presence of the copulatory plug or sperm in the vaginal smear and the day on which this was observed was defined as pregnancy day 0. The pregnant rats were divided into three groups. The control group was intraperitoneally (ip) injected with sesame oil, and the other two groups were given either 150 or 750 mg/kg BW/day of toluene resuspended in sesame oil during pregnancy days 7-11 and 16-20. The rats from the three experimental groups were sacrificed on pregnancy days 11 and 20, respectively. The mRNA levels of the PRL-GH, Pit-1a and b isotype genes were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization and Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. The hormonal concentration was analyzed by Radioimmunoassay. The frequency of the placental trophoblast cells was determined by means of a histochemical study. Reproductive data, such as the placenta and infnat weight, pregnancy period and litter size were surveyed at pregnancy day 20 and after birth. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of the SAS program (version 8.1).
RESULTS
The mRNA levels of the PRL-GH family genes were reduced in a linear fashion by exposure to toluene. The mRNA levels of the Pit-1a and b isotype genes, which induce the expression of the PRL-GH family genes, were also reduced by exposure to toluene. The placental lactogen Iv and II concentrations in the rat placenta, fetus and maternal blood were also decreased by exposure to toluene. During the last stage of gestation, exposure to a high dose of toluene reduced the frequency of the spongiotrophoblast cells that secrete the PRL-GH hormones. Reproductive data such as the placenta and infant weight, and litter size were reduced, and the pregnancy period was extended in the toluene exposed group as compared with the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
Toluene disrupts the PRL-GH hormone metabolism in the rat placenta and this leads to reproductive disorder.

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Original Article

Assessment of Neurobehavioral Performance Among Rotogravure Printing Workers Exposed to Toluene: Soo Young Chung, Seong Kyu Kang, Dae seong Kim, Se Hoon Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(2):115-128. Published online June 30, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.2.115

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study were to investigate the occupational exposure level to toluene among rotogravure printers and neurobehavioral effects among them.
METHODS
Fifty rotogravure printers and 147 controls participated in this study. Environmental and biological monitoring was performed for the investigation of toluene exposure level, and neurobehavioral performance test were performed by using the Behavioral Assessment and Research System with Korean language instructions(BARS-K).
RESULTS
The major results were as follows; 1. Geometric mean toluene concentrations in the ambient air of 5 rotogravure printing workplaces were 10.5 (GSD 5.9)~181.9 (GSD 17.7), with a grand total of 56.7 (GSD60.9) ppm. 2. The geometric mean urinary hippuric acid level for rotogravure printers of 5 workplaces were 0.31 (GSD 0.11)~5.14 (GSD 0.55), with the grand total of 1.87 (GSD 2.06) g/g creatinine. 3. There was a linear correlation between hippuric acid levels in urine and the exposed toluene in air: urine hippuric acid (g/g creatinine)=0.03 toluene (ppm) + 0.15 (r=0.899, p<0.01, n=50). 4. After adjustment for confounders, significant associations were found between toluene exposure and Digit span forwards, Digit span backwards, Tapping preferred hand, Symbol digit and Selective attention trials.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Rotogravure printers were occupationally exposed to relatively high concentration to toluene, and their neurobehavioral performances were decreased. 2. The BARS neurobehavioral testing program, which minimizes the use of text in the instructions, was very effective in overcoming the cultural barriers in neurobehavioral testing.

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Evaluation of environmental and biological monitoring methods for toluene exposure assessment in paint industry
Mansour A. Balkhyour, Radhouane Chakroun, Faycal Faidi
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2023; 30(2): 103538. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effect of Toluene on Phenol and S-phenylmercapturic Acid Excretion as Urinary Metabolites of Benzene in Rats: Jong Kook Moon, Chi Nyon Kim, Jae Hoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(2):143-153. Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.2.143

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to provide accurate exposure evaluation of workers in a biologicallymonitored state who were simultaneously exposed to benzene and toluene. For the purpose of this study, an animal experiment was conducted.
METHODS
The following concentrations of solvents were administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats : benzene at 2.26 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 2.5 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-ShortTerm Exposure Limit, in the USA) and 9.02 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 10 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-TimeWeighted Average in Korea), simultaneously with toluene at 106.42 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 100 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-TimeWeighted RESULTS: The following results were obtained from the analysis of reading taken at 3hour intervals of S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) and phenol concentration in urine metabolites of benzene after oral administration for 30 hours. 1. The concentrations of phenol and SPMA in urine were markedly decreased in the initial phase of the mixed group (both benzene and toluene administered group) as compared with the benzeneonly administered group, and the concentrations were slightly elevated. 2. The total excreted amounts of phenol and SPMA in urine decreased in the mixed group compared with the benzene-only group, and these decreases were more remarkable at the benzene administration concentration of 9.02 mg/kg than at 2.26 mg/kg. 3. The urinary excretions of phenol and SPMA were delayed in the case of the mixed group, and the extent of the delay was dependent on the amount of benzene administrat CONCLUSIONS: Benzene metabolism was suppressed by toluene, and hence the excretion of phenol and SPMA as urinary metabolites of benzene was delayed. This result will have applications in the interpretation of results from future biological monitoring of workers exposed to mixed solvents. We should not underestimate the importance of carefully interpreting the results of biological monitoring data when workers are exposed to mixed solvents. We should not underestimate the importance of carefully interpreting the results of biological monitoring data when workers are exposed to mixed benzene and toluene.

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Original Article

Effects of Respirator Use Evaluated by Urinary Hippuric Acid Concentration in Toluene-Exposed Workers: Bum Seok Kim, Chung Yill Park, Hyeon Woo Yim, Hyoung Ah Kim, Sang Yong Oh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(4):461-469. Published online December 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.4.461

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out in order to raise workers'recognition of the effects of respirator use by providing concrete and practical data.
METHODS
Twenty-six workers who dealt with toluene based ink and diluents at a gravure printing office in Seoul were investigated. The toluene exposure level and urinary hippuric acid level were monitored under respirator non-wearing(RNW) and under respiratory wearing(RW) conditions.
RESULTS
The mean concentrations of toluene exposed to each worker through the air of gravure printing office were 147.52+/-57.34 and 134.55+/-52.44 ppm on respirator non-wearing day and respirator wearing day, respectively. There was no significant difference in toluene exposure concentration for the two days. The mean concentration of urinary hippuric acid in RNW and RW groups were 1.51 (0.53) g/L and 0.49 (0.14) g/L, respectively, as measured at the end of the workday. There was a significant difference seen in urinary hippuric acid concentration between the two days. The urinary hippuric acid concentration began to increase at 4 hours after the start of the workday(13:00) in RNW. However, there was no significant increase until the end of the workday in the case of RW. The urinary hippuric acid concentration in RW reduced 89.3% as compared with the concentration seen in RNW. There was a significant correlation between the toluene concentration and the urinary hippuric acid concentration in RNW. The regression equation was Y (urinary hippuric acid concentration, g/L) = 0.007 X x(toluene concentration in the air, ppm) + 0.665.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that the respirator intercepted most toluene that may have been absorbed into the respiratory organs, and suggested that properly wearing a respiratory such as wearing the respirator during the entire workday and performing a proper fit test played an important role in the protection from toluene exposure

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Effects of Factors Associated with Urine Hippuric Acid Correction Values in Urinary Creatinine by HPLC and Jaffe Method and Specific Gravity HPLC Jaffe Method
Key-Young Kim, Jong-Gyu Kim, Ki-Nam Yoon, Wha-Me Park, Hun-Hee Park
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(4): 493. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effects of Genetic Factor, Life Styles, and Diet on Urinary Hippuric Acid Excretion in Toluene Exposed Workers: Hyeon Woo Yim, Chung Yill Park, Young Man Roh, Kang Sook Lee, Jung Min Lee, Won Chul Lee, Se Hoon Lee, Chee Kyung Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(3):405-420. Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.3.405

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose was to investigate the distributions and the effects of genetic polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2), cytochrome P450 1A1(CYP1A1), and cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1) on the toluene metabolism.
METHODS
The subjects consisted of 160 workers who were exposed to toluene in different industries such as paint manufacturing, painting on steel and wood products, printing, bonding, and coating. The exposed toluene level was monitored by passive air sampler, and the questionnaire variables were age, sex, smoking, drinking, previous nights drinking, use of personal protective equipment, work duration, and taking benzoic acid containing food. The urinary hippurric acid collected in the end of shift was corrected by urinary creatinine concentration. The genotypes of ALDH2, CYP1A1, and CYP2E1 were investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) methods with DNA extracted from venous blood.
RESULTS
The geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation of urinary hippuric acid concentration were 0. 44 g/g creatinine and 2. 80. The urinary hippuric acid concentration was significantly related to personal exposed toluene level among personal exposed toluene level, use of personal protective equipment, and benzoic acid containing food diet. The slope differences of the regression for ALDH2, CYP1A1, and CYP2El genetic polymorphism, age, smoking, and work duration tended to be significant. In multiple regression analysis, the regression coefficient of toluene, ALDH2, CYP1A1, CYP2E1 genetic polymorphism were significant.
CONCLUSIONS
Prom the above results, urinary hippuric acid level after toluene exposure was significantly affected by the genetic polymorphism of ALDH2, CYP1A1, CYP2E1. It is needed further investigation of the urinary hippuric acid level considering the effect of genetic polymorphism.

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Applications of CYP-450 expression for biomonitoring in environmental health
Ho-Sun Lee, Mihi Yang
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.2008; 13(2): 84. CrossRef
Past and Future Applications of CYP450-Genetic Polymorphisms for Biomonitoring of Environmental Toxicants
Bitna Yi, Ji-Yeon Yang, Mihi Yang
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C.2007; 25(4): 353. CrossRef

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Original Article

A Study on Comparison of the Metabolites Related with Working Methods and Immunity of the Toluene diisocyanate-Exposed Workers: Su Ill Lee, Byung Man Cho, In Kyung Hwang, Cheol Ho Lee, Jung Rae Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(3):320-332. Published online August 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.3.320

Abstract PDF

Following recent advanced industrialization. the amount of polyurethane to use as thermal insulating materials, upholstery mattresses and packing materials in automotive and furniture industry is increasing world-widely, and the number of polyurethane-producing worker will be increased. Because the numerous organic solvents are used in polyurethane-producing factory, the workers in this work site is exposed to many organic solvents. Of the organic solvents. Toluene Diisocyanate(TDI) has many hazardous effects to human. The effects of TDI on human are the irritation to respiratory mucosa and gastrointestinal symptoms. Conjunctival irritation, dermal inflammation (redness, pain, vesicular formation) and gastrointestinal symptom(nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain) are reported just after short-term exposure of TDI. TDI is known to give rise to bronchial asthma, as the immune disorder. And because of strongly volatile characteristics of TDI, it is suggested as a more injurious material to human health, especially human immune system, than other organic solvents. Bronchial asthma inducing mechanism of TDI is not clearly known, but on the analogy of TDI-induced symptoms and recent studies, early-onset asthma is type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by immunoglobulin E(IgE), and late-onset asthma is maybe type III hypersensitivity reaction by circulating IgG. And we know that the complicated human immune function is likely to move in such that mechanisms, there are not studies on immune indices evaluating the bronchial asthma-related immune function. The evaluation of change patterns of humoral immunity including IgE and IgG and cellular immunity including T-helper cell, T-suppressor cell and T-cytotoxic cell will be helpful to evaluate exposure degrees and prognosis in TDI-exposed workers. Because TDA(toluene diamine) as a biological exposure index of TDI becomes the focus of interest, we know that a study on the correlation between urinary TDA and air TDI and immunological indices will make a contribution to biological effect monitoring indicies. We examined human immunity indicators such as WBC. %Lymph (percentile of Lymphocyte in WBC). %T-cell(percentile of T-lymphocyte in total lymphocyte). CD4, CD8, C3, C4, IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE in peripheral blood to evaluate the health hazard of the TDI-exposed workers. And we examined TDA to evaluate correlation between exposure and effect. Total 90 subjects was selected, 45 workers who worked in the polyurethane-producing factories as an exposed group, and 45 cases who were office workers(10 cases), other blue collors(27 cases), and medical college students(8 cases) as a control group. And the results were as follows ; 1. The logarithm of IgE -Log10(IgE)+/-SD- in peripheral blood of a exposed group was significantly higher than a control group, 2 22+/-.62 in case group compared with 1.98+/-.53 in control group.(p<0.05) 2. IgA and IgM in the polyurethane-producing workers were 261.02+/-3.12 mg/dl, 151.97+/-9.64 mg/dl, respectively, and 292.77+/-00.45, 179.17+/-00.78 in control group. IgA and IgM was slightly lower in polyurethane-producing group than control (p>0.05). 3. WBC, %Lymph, %T-cell, C3, C4, CD4, CD8, CD4/CDB ratio and IgG in case group were 6,391.1 ea/ml, 37.53%, 59.54%, 76.68 mg/dl, 30.54 mg/dl, 0.76x10(9) ea/L, 0.63x10(9) ea/L, 1.39, and 1606.29 mg/dl, respectively, and 6,974.7 ea/ml, 35.12%, 59.64%, 71.95 mg/dl, 33.94 mg/dl, 0.80x109 ea/L, 0.61x10(9) ea/L, 1.39, and 1581.51 mg/dl in control group. There was no statistical sinificance between two groups. (p>0.05) 4. In the comparison of each other companies, average of individual urinary TDA in polyurethane paint manufacturing companies is higher than that of polyurethane sponge foaming companies. And, the concentration of 2,6-TDA which is a metabolite of well-vaporized 2,6-TDI is higher than that of 2,4-TDA in the polyurethane sponge foaming companies. But, the concentration of 2,4-TDA which is a metabolite of illvaporized but well skin-absorbed 2,4-TDI is higher in polyurethane paint manufactures. 5. There were no statistical significance in the correlations between individual urinary TDA and immunologic indices.

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Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to Diisocyanates using Urinary Diamines
Jong Seong Lee, Boowook Kim, Jungah Shin, JinEe Baek, Jae Hoon Shin, Ji-hye Kim
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2016; 26(2): 178. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effects of Toluene, Xylene and Trichloroethylene on the Regulation of GnRH, GnRH Receptor and Pit-1 Gene Expression in Male Rat Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Dae Hwan Kim, Hun Lee, Chae Kwan Lee, Dae Sung Kang, Jung Ho Kim, Jong Tae Lee, Jin Ho Chun, Chae Un Lee, No Suk Ki; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(2):267-281. Published online May 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.2.267

Abstract PDF: The workplace exposure of chemicals has steadily increased, therefore the concern for subsequent effect on reproductive outcome has been an important issue in occupational medicine. In previous studies, higher rates of spontaneous abortion, reduced fertility and menstrual disorder among women, and an impairment of sperm quantity and quality among men have been associated with a wide variety of chemical agents. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of toluene, xylene and trichloroethylene (TCE) injection on the mRNA levels of GnRH, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 genes in male rats hypothalamus and pituitary and the effects on the plasma levels of FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone. Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into five groups of five each according to concentration of toluene, xylene and TCE. The rats were injected subcutaneously to 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight/day of toluene, xylene and TCE, respectively for 6 days. Rat brains were excised and hypothalamus and pituitary were separated. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RNase protection assay (RPA) were used to evaluate the GnRH, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels. Plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone were assayed by radioimulunoassay (RIA). The results were as follows; 1. GnRH, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels in toluene and xylene injected groups, and GnRH receptor mRNA levels in TCE injected group were lowered dose-dependently. Especially, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels in 200 mg/kg of toluene injected group, and GnRH, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels in 400 mg/kg of toluene injected group were significantly lowed than control group (p<0.05). GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels in 400 mg/kg of xylene injected group, and GnRH receptor mRNA levels in 400 mg/kg of TCE injected group were significantly lower than control group (p<0.05). 2. The plasma levels of prolactin and testosterone in 400 mg/kg of toluene injected group, and LH in 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of xylene injected group, and testosterone in 400 mg/kg of TCE injected group were significantly lower than control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, we speculated that toluene and xylene affected reproductive system secondarily through hypothalamus-pituitary axis, and TCE affected directly through steroidogenesis. And we recomended that further study for assessment of the reproductive toxiclty of mixed organic solvent exposures should be conducted.

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Original Article

Development of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Several Volatile Organic Compounds: Jae Yeon Jang, Kyung Jong Lee, Ho Keun Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1997;9(2):357-377. Published online June 30, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.2.357

Abstract PDF: Recently physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) model has important role in industrial and environmental health. One of problem in application of PB-PK models is that they have uncertainties that is due to different input parameters according to authors. In order to develope a PB-PK model that hag good validity, the effect of several input parameters on simulation results was studies. Chemicals studied were perchloroethylene, toluene and styrene. Simulation of alveolar concentration, blood concentration and urinary metabolites was performed for three solvents, respectively. Input parameters discusses were physiological parameters, metabolic parameters and partition coefficient of chemicals. By comparing simulation results according to several pairs of parameters with experimental data, input parameters that showed best fit were decided.

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Original Article

Effect of Benzoic Acid Containing Foods on the Urinary Hippuric Acid Concentration in Workers Exposed to Toluene: Sang Hyo Sim, Jeong Il Park, Jeong Il Son; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(3):526-534. Published online December 31, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.3.526

Abstract PDF

This Study was performed to investigate the effect of foods containing benzoic acid on the urinary hippuric acid concentration in the toluene exposed workers. The urinary hippuric acid concentration were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minute after intake of soft drink and bread containing benzoic .acid: in volunteers,: who did not have been exposed toluene occupationally. After that urinary hippuric: acids also were measured at the end of shift in toluene exposed workers. And also the concentration of toluene in air were analysed! by gas chromatography. So the relationships between urinary hippuric acid concentration and age, work duration, concentration of toluene in air and intake of benzoic acid containing food were observed. The results were as follows: 1. The urinary hippuric acid concentration reached the highest level at 30 minute after intake of soft drink with bread at a level of 1.41g/g creatinine and soft drink; alone at a level of 1.04g/g creatinine which contained benzoic acid among unexposed toluene, and then gradually decreased. 2. In toluene exposed group no significant effect of general; characteristics siich; as gender, age, work duration, drinking and smoking on urinary: hippuric acid concentration was showed in toluene exposed group. 3. The mean value of urinary hippuric acid concentration of group taking benzoic acid containing foods was significantly higher than that of group not taking. 4. Multiple regression analysis showed that toluene concentration in .air and benzoic acid containing foods were together significantly influence on urinary ; hippuric acid concentration. And the function between variables is Y = 0.014Tpluene +0.489Benzoic acid +0.745 and the contribution rates were 31%. In conclusion, it was suggested that the information on intake of benzoic acid containing foods should be considered in measurement of urinary hippuric acid for the more accurate toluene exposure evaluation.

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Effects of the Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or Toluene on Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance Level in Elementary School Children and the Elderly in a Rural Area
Dae-Seon Kim, Chul-Ho Lee, Sang-Yong Eom, Tackshin Kang, Yong-Dae Kim, Heon Kim
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2008; 41(1): 61. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effect of Aldehyde dehydrogenase2 (ALDH2) Genotypes in Urinary Hippuric Acid Excretion as a Biological Exposure Index of Toluene: Seong Sil Chang, Chung Yill Park, Kang Sook Lee, Young Man Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(3):454-465. Published online December 31, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.3.454

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We investigated toluene exposure level, urinary hippuric acid concentrations, subjective symptoms and genotype of ALDH2 DNA in 134 exposed workers and 53 nonexposed workers for evaluating the effect of ALDH2 polymorphism on toluene metabolism and urinary hippuric acid concentration as biological exposure indices (BEI) of toluene. The results were as follows; 1. The percentage of inactive genotype of ALDH2 in exposed workers was lower than that of exposed (P=0.081). 2. The percentages of exposed workers with inactive genotype did not have any significant difference by the increase of toluene exposure level or work duration. 3. The frequency of drinking, monthly and maximum amount of alcohol intake in workers with normal genotype were significantly higher than those with inactive genotype. 4. The urinary hippuric acid concentration of nonexposed workers ,with inactive genotype was significantly lower than that with normal genotype. Under 100 ppm of toluene, similar but statistically insignificant trends were found, while above that concentration of toluene, reverse but statistically insignificant trends were found. 5. The number of acute and chronic subjective symptoms were increased positively with the concentration of toluene in workers with normal genotype, but ho such trends were found in workers with inactive genotype. 6. The result of simple linear regression between toluene and urinary hippuric acid concentrations showed a very significant positive linear relation-ship. The mean hippuric acid concentration of nonoccupational exposure was 0.289+/-0.227 (0.062-0.516) g/l. Toluene exposure level unable to discriminate with nonoccupational exposure estimated from regression equation, it range from 7.29 to 9.87 ppm. Considering above all things, it was useful to estimate the exposure level of toluene by means of analysing urinary hippuric acid concentration in both genotype workers, but the biological exposure indices (BEI) of both genotypes were different from each other. The BEI of the total exposed workers was 2.76 g/ I, which was lower than current criteria 3.0g/ I (2.5 g/g Cr), and it also suggest that the BEI for the exposed workers in our country be lowered to the appropriate level after further study.

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Effects of Factors Associated with Urine Hippuric Acid Correction Values in Urinary Creatinine by HPLC and Jaffe Method and Specific Gravity HPLC Jaffe Method
Key-Young Kim, Jong-Gyu Kim, Ki-Nam Yoon, Wha-Me Park, Hun-Hee Park
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(4): 493. CrossRef

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Original Article

Biological Monitorings of Workers Exposed to Toluene diisocyanate: Yeon Soon Ahn, Jae Hoon Roh, Chi Nyon Kim, Yun Jung Park, Sang Hyuk Jung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995;7(2):354-361. Published online October 31, 1995; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1995.7.2.354

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Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is widely used in the production of flexible polyurethane foams, as well as in the formulation of polyurethane paints and coatings. The commercial material is generally a mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-TDI, the predominant mix being 80% 2,4 and 20% 2,6-TDI. The 2,4-isomer is considerably more reactive than the 2,6-TDI at ambient temperatures due to steric factors involving the positions of the isocyanate groups relative to the ring methyl group. Because of this difference in the reactivities of the isomers, it seemed probable that there might be an increase in the amount of 2,6-TDI offgased relative to the 2,4-isomer. Therfore a relative enrichment of the 2,6-TDI has been found in industrial atmospheres. Toluene diamines, which are metabolites of TDI, in urine have a linear relation with exposure to TDI, so that urianry TDA could be used as a biological index of the exposure to TDI. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of TDI isomer in industrial atmospheres and to propose proper biological monitoring methods by identifying the relationships between the environmental TDI exposure and concentration of TDA in urine. Concentrations of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI in air were 4.38microgram/m3 and 25.43microgram/m3, respectively. The Threshold Limited Value of 40microgram/m3 was exceeded for the 2,6-TDI in about 46.8% (22samples) of the samples, while the 2,4-TDI was not at all exceeded. The ratio between 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI varied in air samples in the range, of 2.4%:97.6%-51.0%:49.0%. There was an enrichment of 2,6-TDI in air relative to the 2,4-TDL Concentrations of 2,4-TDA and 2,6-TDA in urine were 1.31microgram/g creatinine and 4.16microgram/g creatinine, respectively. The ratio between 2, 4-TDA and 2,6-TDA varied in urine samples in the range of 1.4%:98.6%-99.9%:0.1%. There was an enrichment of 2,6-TDA in urine relative to the 2,4-TDA. No relation between the concerations of TDA isomer in urine and concerations of TDI isomer in air was found. Above results of this study, workers were more exposed to the 2,6-TDI relative to the 2,4-TDI in industrial atmospheres. Therefore, the establishment of TLV for 2,6-TDI should be considered. Also, the further studies on biological monitorigs of workers exposed to TDI should be continued.

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Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to Diisocyanates using Urinary Diamines
Jong Seong Lee, Boowook Kim, Jungah Shin, JinEe Baek, Jae Hoon Shin, Ji-hye Kim
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2016; 26(2): 178. CrossRef

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Original Article

A Study on the Correlation of Ambient Toluene and Xylene with Biological Monitoring Index: Soung Hoon Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995;7(2):295-305. Published online October 31, 1995; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1995.7.2.295

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In order to study the correlation of ambient toluene and xylene exposure with their biological monitoring indices, we measured the concentration of toluene and xylene in the workplace. We also measured their biological monitoring indices of workers from August to November in 1994. The exposed group consisted of 103 male workers and the non-exposed group consisted of 34 male workers. The ambient concentration of toluene was 44.7 +/-55.4 ppm and that of xylene was 2.35+/-2.15 ppm. The urinary concentration of hippuric acid in exposed group was 1.72+/-1.53 g/g creatinine and that of non-exposed group was 0.34+/-0.28 g/g creatinine. The difference was statistically significant between two groups (p<.0.001). The urinary concentration of o-cresol in exposed group was 692.9+/-710.8 ug/g creatinine and that of non-exposed group was 184.7+/-167.6 microgram/g creatinine. The difference was also statistically significant between two groups (p<0.001). The urinary concentration of methylhippuric acid which was compensated with urinary creatinine in I exposed group was 62. 7+/-104.6 mg/g creatinine and that of non-exposed group was 64.0+91.5 mg/g creatinine. However the difference was not statistically significant between two groups (p>0.05). When compensated with urinary creatinine, the correlation coefficient of ambient toluene with urinary hippuric acid and ocresol were 0.63(p=0.0001) and 0.65(p=0.0001), respectively. When compensated with urinary specific gravity, the correlation coefficient of ambient toluene with hippuric acid and ocresol were 0.525 (p=0.0001) and 0.547 (p=0. 0001), respectively. The compensation method using urinary creatinine provided a higher correlation coefficient. We could not find any statistically significant differences between the duration of work and other variables (urinary hippuric acid, o-cresol and methylhippuric acid). In order to monitor biological indices of toluene-exposed workers, we suggest the measurement of urinary hippuric acid rather than o-cresol. As the compensation method, we suggest to use urinary creatinine rather than urinary specific gravity.

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Effects of the Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or Toluene on Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance Level in Elementary School Children and the Elderly in a Rural Area
Dae-Seon Kim, Chul-Ho Lee, Sang-Yong Eom, Tackshin Kang, Yong-Dae Kim, Heon Kim
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2008; 41(1): 61. CrossRef

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Original Article

A Study on Urinary Hippuric Acid and Subjective Symptoms in Toluene Exposed Workers: Joo Ja Kim, Jung O Ham, Kyu Dong Ahn, Byung Kook Lee, Taik Sung Nam, Nam Won Paik; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1989;1(2):206-217. Published online November 30, 1989; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1989.1.2.206

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To study the relationship between the urinary hippuric acid and subjective symptoms in toluene exposed workers, urinary hippuric acid was measured and subjective symptoms questionnarire was surveyed in 93 toluene exposed male workers and 96 non-exposed office male workers. The results are as follows: 1. Mean concentration of urinary hippuric acid, which is significantly higher in exposed group than in non-exposed group, was 1.3 g/l, 1.2(GM, GSD respectively) in exposed group and 0.6 g/l, 1.2(GM, GSD respectively) in non-exposed group. 2. Mean concentration of toluene in the air in the workplace, which is significantly higher in the department of coater than in the department of mixing, was 23.4 ppm, 6.2(GM, GSD respectively) in the department of mixing and 59.8 ppm, 3.4(GM, GSD respectively) in the department of coater. 3. Complained rates of subjective symptoms were significantly higher in exposed group than in non exposed group in all items. 4. In exposed group, complained rate of CNS related symptoms was higher than that of irritation related symptoms in the first part but there was no significant difference and complained rate of irritation related symptoms in the second part was significantly higher than that of CNS related symptoms. 5. In exposed group, complained rates of subjective symptoms were not compatible with dose-response relationship by the concentration of urinary hippuric acid, duration of work, department of work, and age group retrospectively.

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A Study of Working Environment for Automotive Painting in Auto Repair Shops and Workers' Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals
Sang-Hyo Sim, Chun-Hwa Jeoung, Jin-Suk Lim, Hyung-Gu Lee, Yoon-Shin Kim
Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2009; 35(3): 153. CrossRef

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