Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between delivery-food consumption frequency and urinary bisphenol concentrations among Korean adults: a nationally representative study (Korean National Environmental Health Survey cycle 5, 2021–2023): Gwisang Park, Hyeyun Lee, Inchul Jeong, Eunhee Ha, Kihun Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2026;38:e37. Published online July 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2026.38.e37

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Bisphenol exposure remains a public health concern, particularly as the use of bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS) has increased. In the post-pandemic period, delivery-food consumption has become routine in South Korea and may represent an important behavioral pathway for bisphenol exposure. This study examined whether delivery-food consumption in plastic containers is associated with urinary bisphenols among Korean adults.
Methods
This study used adult data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 5 (2021–2023). Delivery-food consumption frequency (nine categories) was modeled per 1-time-per-month increase. Outcomes were urinary bisphenol A (BPA), BPS, and bisphenol F (BPF). Creatinine-adjusted concentrations were analyzed on the natural log scale using multivariable regression models. Model 1 adjusted for sociodemographic factors, and model 2 additionally adjusted for plastic-related behavioral variables.
Results
Among 4,275 adults with complete bisphenol and urinary creatinine data, delivery-food consumption frequency was positively associated with creatinine-adjusted urinary BPS concentrations (1.49% increase per 1-time-per-month increase; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74–2.24; p < 0.001) after sociodemographic adjustment, whereas associations with BPA (0.32% increase; 95% CI, −0.45 to 1.09; p = 0.416) and BPF (−0.14% change; 95% CI: −1.18 to 0.90; p = 0.787) were not statistically significant. After additional adjustment for plastic-related behavioral variables in model 2, the association remained statistically significant for BPS (1.54%; 95% CI, 0.76–2.33; p < 0.001), whereas the associations with BPA and BPF remained non-significant.
Conclusions
More frequent consumption of delivery foods packaged in plastic containers was independently associated with higher creatinine-adjusted urinary BPS concentrations. Given that common delivery container polymers in Korea are generally bisphenol-free, this association suggests that delivery-related behavior serves as a behavioral surrogate for a bundled exposure scenario. The observed BPS signal may partly reflect cumulative exposure from ancillary materials, such as thermal receipts and labels. Future studies should identify specific delivery-associated sources and migration pathways of bisphenols.; 배달음식 섭취 빈도와 소변 비스페놀 농도의 관련성: 국민환경보건기초조사 제5기(2021–2023)를 이용한 전국 대표성 성인 연구
목적
비스페놀 노출은 여전히 중요한 공중보건 문제이며, 최근 비스페놀 S(BPS) 등 비스페놀 유사체의 사용이 증가하고 있다. 코로나19 이후 국내에서 배달음식 섭취가 일상화되면서, 이러한 섭취 행동은 비스페놀 노출의 중요한 행동학적 경로가 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 플라스틱 용기에 포장된 배달음식 섭취가 국내 성인의 소변 비스페놀과 관련되는지 평가하였다.
방법
본 연구는 국민환경보건기초조사 5기(2021–2023) 성인 자료를 이용하였다. 배달음식 섭취 빈도(9개 범주)는 월 1회 증가 단위로 모델링하였다. 결과변수는 소변 비스페놀 A(BPA), BPS, 비스페놀 F(BPF)였으며, 크레아티닌 보정 농도를 자연로그 변환하여 다변량 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 모델 1은 사회인구학적 요인을 보정하였고, 모델 2는 플라스틱 관련 행동 변수를 추가로 보정하였다.
결과
비스페놀 및 소변 크레아티닌 자료가 모두 있는 성인 4,275명을 분석하였다. 배달음식 섭취 빈도는 사회인구학적 요인 보정 후 크레아티닌 보정 소변 BPS 농도와 유의한 양의 관련성을 보였으며, 월 1회 증가당 1.49% 증가하였다(95% 신뢰구간, 0.74–2.24; p < 0.001). 반면 BPA(0.32%; 95% 신뢰구간, −0.45–1.09; p = 0.416)와 BPF(−0.14%; 95% 신뢰구간, −1.18–0.90; p = 0.787)는 유의한 관련성을 보이지 않았다. 모델 2에서 플라스틱 관련 행동 변수를 추가로 보정한 후에도 BPS와의 관련성은 통계적으로 유의하게 유지되었으며(1.54%; 95% 신뢰구간, 0.76–2.33; p < 0.001), BPA와 BPF는 여전히 유의하지 않았다.
결론
플라스틱 용기에 포장된 배달음식을 더 자주 섭취하는 행동은 크레아티닌 보정 소변 BPS 농도 증가와 독립적으로 관련되었다. 국내 주요 배달용기 재질이 일반적으로 비스페놀을 포함하지 않는다는 점을 고려할 때, 이러한 관련성은 배달 관련 행동이 복합 노출 시나리오의 행동학적 대리 지표로 작용할 수 있음을 시사한다. 관찰된 BPS 신호는 감열지 영수증이나 라벨과 같은 부속 재료로부터의 누적 노출을 일부 반영할 수 있다. 향후 연구에서는 배달 관련 비스페놀 노출원과 이행 경로를 구체적으로 규명할 필요가 있다.

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Original Article

Association between urinary bisphenol levels and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study using the fourth Korean National Environmental Health Survey: Chang Ho Jae, Young Hoo Shin, Chang Ho Chae, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Yong Tae Park, Dae Yeon Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2026;38:e36. Published online July 27, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2026.38.e36

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Background
Bisphenols are representative endocrine-disrupting chemicals and have shown an association with metabolic disorders. Although the use of alternative bisphenols such as bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) has been increasing while that of bisphenol A (BPA) has been declining, limited population-based studies exist in Korea examining the association between these substances and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association of urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations with MetS in South Korean adults using data from the fourth Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS).
Methods
This study included 2,639 participants from the 2018–2019 KoNEHS. MetS was defined based on the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The fasting blood glucose criterion was replaced with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (≥5.7% or medication use). Urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations were categorized into tertiles per substance. Weighted binary logistic regression analysis accounting for the complex sampling design was performed to calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
Results
In the final adjusted model, urinary BPF concentration demonstrated a significant positive association with MetS, with ORs of 1.320 (95% CI: 1.029–1.693) for T2 and 1.452 (95% CI: 1.122–1.878) for T3. Urinary BPS concentration demonstrated a significant association only in the highest tertile, with an OR of 1.476 (95% CI: 1.067–2.043) for T3. Conversely, urinary BPA concentration did not show a significant association with MetS.
Conclusions
In this study, urinary BPF and BPS concentrations in the general Korean adult population showed a significant positive association with MetS. The study findings may provide a baseline for expanding our understanding of the effects of bisphenols on health. Future long-term, prospective studies involving the general population remain necessary.; 대한민국 성인에서 요중 비스페놀 수치와 대사증후군과의 연관성: 제 4기 국민환경보건 기초조사를 이용한 단면연구
목적
비스페놀은 대표적인 내분비계 교란 화학물질로, 대사 이상과의 관련성이 제기되어 왔다. 특히 최근에는 bisphenol A (BPA)의 사용 감소와 함께 bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS) 등의 대체 비스페놀 사용이 증가하고 있으나, 이들 물질과 대사증후군(metabolic syndrome, MetS) 간의 연관성에 대한 국내 일반 인구 기반 연구는 부족하다. 이에 본 연구는 제4기 국민환경보건 기초조사(Korean National Environmental Health Survey, KoNEHS) 자료를 이용하여 대한민국 성인에서 요중 BPA, BPF, BPS 농도와 MetS 간의 연관성을 평가하고자 하였다.
방법
본 연구는 KoNEHS 참여자 중 2018-2019년 대상자 2,639명을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. MetS는 수정된 National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III 기준을 적용하여 정의하였고, 공복혈당 항목은 HbA1c (≥5.7% 또는 약물 복용)로 대체하였다. 요중 BPA, BPF, BPS 농도는 각 물질별 삼분위수로 범주화하였다. 복합표본설계를 반영한 이분형 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 교차비(odds ratio, OR)와 95% 신뢰구간(confidence interval, CI)을 산출하였다.
결과
최종 보정 모델에서 요중 BPF 농도는 MetS와 유의한 양의 연관성을 보였으며, OR은 T2에서 1.320 (95% CI: 1.029–1.693), T3에서 1.452 (95% CI: 1.122–1.878)였다. 요중 BPS 농도는 최고 삼분위수에서만 유의한 연관성을 보였으며, T3의 OR은 1.476 (95% CI: 1.067–2.043)이었다. 반면 요중 BPA 농도는 MetS와 유의한 연관성을 보이지 않았다.
결론
본 연구에서는 대한민국 성인 일반 인구에서 요중 BPF와 BPS 농도는 MetS와 유의한 양의 연관성을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 bisphenol의 건강 영향에 대한 이해를 넓히는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 향후 일반 인구를 대상으로 한 장기적이고 전향적인 연구가 필요하다.

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Research Article

Relationship between seafood consumption and bisphenol A exposure: the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014): Yeji Kim, Minkyu Park, Do Jin Nam, Eun Hye Yang, Jae-Hong Ryoo; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e10. Published online March 5, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e10

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aimed to identify the relationship between exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and seafood consumption using a nationally representative data of the general Korean population.

Methods

This study was conducted on 5,402 adults aged 19 years and older (2,488 men, 2,914 women) based on the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014). We stratified the data according to gender and analyzed urinary BPA concentrations in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, health behavior, dietary factor, and seafood consumption. In the high and low BPA exposure groups, the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis according to the top 75th percentile concentration.

Results

In men, large fish and tuna and other seafood categories had significantly higher ORs before and after adjustment in the group who consumed seafood more than once a week than in the group who rarely consumed seafood, with an adjusted value of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–3.48) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.10–2.75), respectively. In the shellfish category, the unadjusted OR was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.00–2.59), which was significantly higher in the group who consumed seafood more than once a week than in the group who rarely consumed seafood. However, the OR after adjusting for the variables was not statistically significant. In women, the frequency of seafood consumption and the concentration of urinary BPA were not significantly associated.

Conclusions

BPA concentration was higher in men who frequently consumed large fish and tuna, shellfish and other seafood in this study.

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V. Supornsilchai, L. Sutthirat, I. Kaewkamnerdpong, C. Jantarat, N. Sakorn, W. Nosoongnoen, T. Chaiboonyarak, L. Samaranayake, S. Wacharasindhu, T. Porntaveetus
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Research Article

Relationship between dietary factors and bisphenol a exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014): Jin-Soo Park, Seyoung Kim, Minkyu Park, Yeji Kim, Hyeeun Lee, Hyunrim Choi, Sinye Lim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:42. Published online October 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0200-1

Abstract PDF

Background

This study was aimed at finding out the exposure level of bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor, in relation to dietary factors using a data representing the Korean general population.

Methods

This study was performed on 5402 adults aged 19 years and older based on the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014). The data analyzed urinary BPA concentration in relation to socio-demographic variables, health behavior-related variables, and dietary factor-related variables. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated through a logistic regression analysis after dividing the participants into high BPA exposure group and low BPA exposure group based on the top 75 percentile concentration. The logistic regression analysis was carried out considering the appropriate sample weight, stratification, and clustering of the second KoNEHS sample design.

Results

The group drinking bottled water at home and the group using zip-top bags/plastic bags showed significantly higher urinary BPA concentration in female. OR tends to increase as the intake frequency of frozen food increased and OR of frozen food consumption of more than once a week was 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–2.24) for male and the group drinking bottled water showed significantly higher OR of 1.45 (95% CI 1.06–2.17) after adjusting the related factors for female.

Conclusions

BPA levels were high in female using bottled water and in male consuming frozen food, and therefore bottled water and frozen food need to be avoided to reduce BPA levels.

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Case Report

A Case of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Epichlorohydrin and tris-DMP in an Epoxy Resin Worker: Min Kim, Daehwan Kim, Seonwook Hwang, Juhong Park, Chunhui Seo, Seunghwan Shin, Jinhong Ahn, Jongtae Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(3):276-282. Published online September 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.3.276

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Epoxy resin compounds are one of the common causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis. In Korea, most cases of allergic contact dermatitis from epoxy resin compounds have been caused by the epoxy resin itself. We report a rare case of allergic contact dermatitis which was caused by epichlorohydrin, an ingredient of epoxy resin and 2,4,6-tris-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (tris-DMP), a kind of hardeners.
CASE
REPORT: A 43-year-old man, who had worked at the epoxy resin glue manufacturing factory since 1999, presented with mild and intermittent erythematous papules and rashes on his face, neck, trunk, and both arms. He was dealing with epoxy resin, epichlorohydrin, bisphenol A and hardeners. After a new hardener was added in August 2008, his skin lesions worsened from what he had experienced in the past. A skin patch test was performed to identify the causative chemicals of the skin lesion. Epichlorohydrin and tris-DMP elicited positive reactions after 48 hours and increased after 96 hours.
CONCLUSION
This case confirmed occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by epichlorohydrin and tris-DMP, an ingredient of epoxy resin and a hardener, respectively.

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Original Article

The Association among Exposure of Bisphenol A, Genetic Polymorphism of Metabolic Enzyme and Urinary Metabolite: Sang Baek Koh, Jun Ho Park, Su Song Yun, Sung Su Oh, Sei Jin Chang, Sun Haeng Choi, Bong Suk Cha; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(2):112-118. Published online June 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.2.112

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To examine bisphenol A (BPA) exposure with subjects in the manufacturing industry and to determine its correlation with metabolites according to genetic polymorphism of metabolic enzymes.
METHODS
The study subjects comprised 104 workers in the manufacturing industry, 64 and 40 in the exposed and control groups, respectively. The questionnaire variablesincluded age, use of protective equipment, smoking habit and alcohol intake. Their urine samples were collected in the afternoon and urinary BPA concentration was measured by revising with the urinary creatinine concentration. The genetic polymorphism of the metabolic enzymes was examined by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) after extracting DNA from leucocytes.
RESULTS
The minimum and maximum BPA level of the exposed group during working time was 34.22 and 221.20 ng/mg, respectively. The urinary BPA concentration was significantly higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. There was no significant difference in the urinary BPA level according to genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1, but UGT1A6 showed a significant difference. In multiple regression analysis on the urinary and airborne BPA levels, UGT1A6, use of protective equipments and workplaces were significant variables.
CONCLUSIONS
The urinary BPA concentration was affected by the levels to which workers were exposed during their working time and was considered to be metabolized by UGT1A6.

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Seon‐Kyung Park, Heon‐Jun Lee, Eugene Song, Yerin Jung, Hyun Jung Yoo, Jeong‐Eun Oh, Hyeong‐Moo Shin, Jung‐Hwan Kwon
Indoor Air.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Study Design, Rationale and Procedures for Human Biomonitoring of Hazardous Chemicals from Foods and Cooking in Korea
Seokwon Lee, Ryoung Me Ahn, Jae Hyoun Kim, Yoon-Deok Han, Jin Heon Lee, Bu-Soon Son, Kyoungho Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(14): 2583. CrossRef

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Original Article

Acute Toxicity of Administered Bisphenol A Di Glycidyl Ether in Male Sprague Dawley Rats: Jae un Im, Yun jung Yang, Tae jin Lee, Yeon pyo Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(4):318-326. Published online December 31, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.4.318

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Bisphenol A Di Glycidyl Ether (BADGE) is the major component in commercial liquid epoxy resins, which are manufactured by co-reacting bisphenol A with epichlorohydrin. The authors investigated the acute toxicity of BADGE.
METHODS
BADGE was administered by a gavage to 8 week old SPF Sprague Dawley rats in a single dose of 0 (negative control), 0.37 (Diethylstilbesterol, DES), 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg/kg/day of BADGE. Each treatment group contained 7 rats. The general status and weight of the rats were observed for 14 days. The rats were anesthetized by ether at 14 days, and the changes in morphology, organ weight, sperm count and motility, and hormone level were measured.
RESULTS
All the rats treated with BADGE had diarrhea on the 1st day. The rats administered BADGE at 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg/day showed a soiled perineal region and soft stools with diarrhea until the 3rd day. The 8000 mg/kg/day BADGE rats had diarrhea for two days followed by emaciation, soiled fur, a soiled perineal region, staining around the mouth and were moribund for three to eight days. No weight gain was observed after the 1st day in the 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg/kg/day BADGE rats and after the 7th day in all the treatment groups compared with the control groups. Some treatment groups were observed to have a decrease in the weight of the heart (BADGE 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kg/day), liver (BADGE 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 mg/kg/day) and prostate (BADGE 4000 mg/kg/day) compared with control group. The weight of the liver was significantly lower in all treatment groups compared with the control group. The relative weight of the liver (BADGE 1000 and 4000 mg/kg/day) was significant lower than the control. No pathological changes were observed in the brain, liver, thyroid, heart, spleen, kidney, lung and prostate. The number of spermatid in the seminiferous tubule in the testes was lower in all treatment groups than the control. The sperm motility tended to decrease with increasing concentration but the sperm count was similar in all treatment groups. The plasma Estrogen and testosterone level were similar in the control and treatment groups.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that BADGE induces general, hepatic and reproductive toxicity at 1000 mg/kg/day.

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Distribution of serum bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and its metabolite in Korean adult men and its association with reproductive hormone levels
Sang-il Kim, Yun-jung Yang, Yeon-pyo Hong, Soon-Chul Myung, Sae-Chul Kim
Molecular & Cellular Toxicology.2015; 11(1): 71. CrossRef
Acute Testis Toxicity of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Yun-jung Yang, Shin-young Lee, Kyung-yong Kim, Yeon-pyo Hong
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2010; 43(2): 131. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effect of Toluene on Phenol and S-phenylmercapturic Acid Excretion as Urinary Metabolites of Benzene in Rats: Jong Kook Moon, Chi Nyon Kim, Jae Hoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(2):143-153. Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.2.143

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to provide accurate exposure evaluation of workers in a biologicallymonitored state who were simultaneously exposed to benzene and toluene. For the purpose of this study, an animal experiment was conducted.
METHODS
The following concentrations of solvents were administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats : benzene at 2.26 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 2.5 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-ShortTerm Exposure Limit, in the USA) and 9.02 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 10 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-TimeWeighted Average in Korea), simultaneously with toluene at 106.42 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 100 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-TimeWeighted RESULTS: The following results were obtained from the analysis of reading taken at 3hour intervals of S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) and phenol concentration in urine metabolites of benzene after oral administration for 30 hours. 1. The concentrations of phenol and SPMA in urine were markedly decreased in the initial phase of the mixed group (both benzene and toluene administered group) as compared with the benzeneonly administered group, and the concentrations were slightly elevated. 2. The total excreted amounts of phenol and SPMA in urine decreased in the mixed group compared with the benzene-only group, and these decreases were more remarkable at the benzene administration concentration of 9.02 mg/kg than at 2.26 mg/kg. 3. The urinary excretions of phenol and SPMA were delayed in the case of the mixed group, and the extent of the delay was dependent on the amount of benzene administrat CONCLUSIONS: Benzene metabolism was suppressed by toluene, and hence the excretion of phenol and SPMA as urinary metabolites of benzene was delayed. This result will have applications in the interpretation of results from future biological monitoring of workers exposed to mixed solvents. We should not underestimate the importance of carefully interpreting the results of biological monitoring data when workers are exposed to mixed solvents. We should not underestimate the importance of carefully interpreting the results of biological monitoring data when workers are exposed to mixed benzene and toluene.

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