Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Cardiometabolic diseases according to the type and degree of hearing loss in noise-exposed workers: KyooSang Kim, Sun-Haeng Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e3. Published online February 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e3

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
This study aimed to determine the association between cardiometabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes, and the type and degree of hearing loss in noise-exposed workers.
Methods
A total of 237,028 workers underwent air conduction pure tone audiometry in 2015 to assess their health and diagnose cardiometabolic diseases. The study defined metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes using blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Mid-frequency hearing loss was defined as ≥ 30 dB at 2,000 Hz, whereas high-frequency hearing loss was ≥ 40 dB at 4,000 Hz. The average air conduction hearing thresholds at these frequencies were used to determine hearing loss degrees.
Results
The odds ratio (OR) of combined exposure to noise and night-shift work in all cardiometabolic diseases was higher than that of noise exposure alone. The risk of cardiometabolic diseases was dose-response, with higher hearing loss causing higher ORs. The ORs of hypertension compared with the normal group were 1.147 (1.098–1.198), 1.196 (1.127–1.270), and 1.212 (1.124–1.306), and those of diabetes were 1.177 (1.119–1.239), 1.234 (1.154–1.319), and 1.346 (1.241–1.459) for mild, moderate, and moderate-severe hearing loss, respectively.
Conclusions
Workers who are exposed to noise tend to demonstrate high risks of hearing loss and cardiometabolic diseases; thus, bio-monitoring of cardiometabolic diseases, as well as auditory observation, is necessary.; 소음 노출 근로자의 난청 유형 및 정도에 따른 심혈관대사성 질환
목적
본 연구는 소음 노출 근로자의 사회인구학적 특성, 직업적 특성, 야간 근무 및 난청 여부에 따른 대사증후군, 고혈압, 당뇨병을 포함한 심장-대사성 질환과의 관련성을 파악하고자 하였다.
방법
2015년 237,028명의 근로자들의 기도 순음청력검사를 시행하여 난청 유형과 정도를 평가하고 심장-대사성 질환을 진단하였다. 이 연구는 혈압, 공복 혈당, 콜레스테롤 및 중성지방 수치를 이용하여 대사증후군, 고혈압 및 당뇨병을 정의하였다. 중음역 난청은 2000 Hz에서 30 dB 이상으로 정의한 반면 고음역 난청은 4000 Hz에서 40 dB 이상으로 정의하였다. 난청의 중증도는 이들 주파수의 기도 순음 청력역치의 평균으로 정하였다.
결과
모든 심장-대사성 질환에서 소음 노출과 야간 교대근무에 복합 노출된 경우 소음에만 노출된 경우보다 오즈비가 높았다. 청력손실이 클수록 유의하게 오즈비가 높으며 심장-대사성 질환과의 용량-반응 관계를 보였다. 정상군에 비해 고혈압의 오즈비는 경도 난청의 경우 1.147 (1.098 - 1.198), 중등도 난청의 경우 1.196 (1.127 - 1.270), 중등고도 난청의 경우 1.212(1.124 - 1.306)였다. 정상군에 비해 당뇨병의 오즈비는 경도 난청의 경우 1.177 (1.119 - 1.239), 중등도 난청의 경우 1.234 (1.154 - 1.319), 중등고도 난청의 경우 1.346 (1.241 - 1.459)이었다.
결론
소음에 노출된 근로자는 난청 및 심혈관계 질환의 위험이 높은 경향이 있으므로 청각적 관찰 뿐만 아니라 심혈관계 질환에 대한 생체 모니터링이 필요하다.

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Original Article

The Association of Workplace Cumulative Noise Exposure and Blood Pressure: Sang Yun Lee, Jai Young Kim, Hyoung June Im, Ki Jung Yoon, Hong Ryul Choi, Sang Baek Koh, Dae Hee Kang, Soo Hun Cho; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(2):200-208. Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.2.200

OBJECTIVES
The association of workplace cumulative noise exposure and blood pressure was investigated in this study using cross-sectional design.
METHODS
The study population comprised 852 manufacturing male workers of whom occupational health examination data, questionnaire and personnel records were available. Workplace ambient noise monitoring data was used for calculating individual cumulative noise exposure level. Mean of each systolic and diastolic blood pressure of occupational health examination data was used for individual systolic and diastolic blood pressure level. Possible confounding variables including family history of hypertension, smoking habit, alcohol drinking habit were collected by questionnaire. On the basis of job location and duration of work at the location, a cumulative time-weighted average noise level was calculated for each workers. According to this cumulative noise exposure level, each study subject was categorized as low noise exposure group, moderate noise exposure group, high noise exposure group, very high noise exposure group. Among noise exposure groups, mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was compared after adjusting possible confounding variables such as age, body mass index, serum cholesterol level, family history of hypertension, smoking history, alcohol drinking habit.
RESULTS
After adjusting possible confounding variables, noise exposure group was significant explanatory variables for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and mean of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of very high exposure group was higher than that of low exposure group.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggested that the high cumulative noise exposure might elevate the blood pressure.

Citations

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ChoHye Youn, LeeBom Chung, Minji Kang, Juyoung Lee
Journal of Environmental Science International.2024; 33(3): 217. CrossRef
The relationship between occupational noise exposure and hypertension using nearest age-matching method in South Korea male workers
Min Gi Kim, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Zhongmin Jin
Cogent Engineering.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Cohort study for the effect of chronic noise exposure on blood pressure among male workers in Busan, Korea
Ji Ho Lee, Weechang Kang, Seung Rim Yaang, Nari Choy, Choong Ryeol Lee
American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2009; 52(6): 509. CrossRef

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Original Article

Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of the Workers Exposed to Industrial Noise: Young Kee Kim, Tae Joon Cha, Joo Hyun Byun, Kwang Ook Koh, Yong Hwan Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):99-110. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.99

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of industrial noise on blood pressure and heart rate.
METHODS
Resting blood pressure, hearing loss, and general characteristics of the 102 subjects who were engaged in a factory in Pusan were measured from March to June for two years, in 1998 and 1999. With noise dosimeter, noise exposure level was measured from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were also measured every 30 minutes from 8 A.M. to 10 P. M.
RESULTS
Controlling for age, smoking, and Quetelet's index, in subjects of under 40 years old exposed to higher than 85dBA, noise exposure and systolic blood pressure had a statistically significant correlation, and the same result was obtained in all subjects. The daily variability of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were observed in older than 40 years old group, but only heart rate in under 40 years old.
CONCLUSIONS
The blood pressure and heart rate would be elevated when the workers exposed to noise. And in under 40 years old, the systolic blood pressure was elevated to the workers exposed to higher than 85dBA.

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Original Article

The Effect of Noise Exposure and Age on the Changes of Group Mean Hearing Threshold Level: Annual Follow-up Studies for Seven Years: Ji Ho Lee, Choong Ryeol Lee, Cheol In Yoo, Seung Rim Yaang, Ok Hyun Kim, Byung Mann Cho, Su Ill Lee, Don Kyoun Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(2):137-152. Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.2.137

Abstract PDF

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of noise exposure and age on the changes of group mean hearing threshold level(HTL) over 7-year period. For this purpose, consecutive annual audiometric tests were performed from 1991 to 1997. among 718 male employees of a metal product manufacturing factory. The subjects were divided four groups as follows according to noise level category(NLC). NLC-I officer, exposed noise level was under 60 dB(A) of time weighted average(TWA) NLC-JI technical assistant or engineer, they exposed to workplace noise occasionally NLC-IJJ worker, exposed noise level was below 85 dB(A) of TWA. wore hearing protection device(earmuff or earplug) NLC-IV worker, exposed noise level was over 85 dB(A) of TWA, wore hearing protection device(earmuff and earplug). The results were as follows 1. The improvement of group mean HTL was continued until the fifth year, showing the peak at the third year. The magnitudes of this learning effect were 1.5 - 4.6 dB. 2. The mean HTL of each age group tended to increase after the third year and the tendency was more prominent at 4000 Hz. 3. In noise exposed group(NLC-II, III, and IV), mean HTL increased from the third year after decreasing, meanwhile, in noise free group(NLC-I). it was few changed for the entire period. Among the noise exposure group, the mean HTL of NLC-IV was lower than that of NLC-III and NLC-IV. 4. After learning effect, the mean increase of HTL in noise free group(NLC-I) was 0.4-1.7 dB that suggests aging effect, and that in noise exposure group(NLC-ll, III, and IV) was 0.9 -4.1 dB that suggests noise effect. 5. Statistical analysis of the general linear model implicated that the effect of age was statistically significant at 500, 3000, 4000 and 6000Hz. and the effect of noise exposure was statistically significant at all frequencies except 6000Hz. However, the age * noise interaction was not significant at all frequencies. From these results, it was concluded that the effect of age and noise exposure seems to affect the mean HTL independently and these two factors contribute to an additive effect for the mean HTL change. Furthermore, more concerns should be needed for hearing conservation of low level exposures without any specific protection.

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Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(4): 573. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hearing Loss Using the Korean Working Conditions Survey
Kyoo Sang Kim, Oh Jun Kwon
Korean Journal of Audiology.2012; 16(2): 54. CrossRef
Cohort study for the effect of chronic noise exposure on blood pressure among male workers in Busan, Korea
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American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2009; 52(6): 509. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effect of Noise Exposure and Psychosocial Factors on Blood Pressure in Manufacturing Workers: Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Jung Ku Park, Myung Guen Kang, Sang Yul Koh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1997;9(2):244-257. Published online June 30, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.2.244

Abstract PDF

This study was conducted to assess the effects of noise exposure and psychosocial factor on blood pressure in manufacturing workers. The study subjects are 414 workers (243 males, 171 females) employed at the noisy department. The mean age of low exposed group (<85dB) was 34.65+/-9.53 years, and that of high exposed group (> or =85dB) was 36.37+/-11.15 years. The difference in mean age wart not significant. The mean and distribution of working duration, smoking status, drinking status were not significantly different between two groups. The mean systolic blood pressure of the low exposed groups was 120.01+/-12.06 mmHg, and that of high exposed group wart 126.27+/-13.84 mmHg. The mean diastolic blood pressure of the low exposed and the high exposed group were 77.18+/-10.83 mmHg, and 83.46+/-11.22 mmHg respectively. These differences of blood pressure were statistically significant(p<0.05). The workers in noisy department have significantly less work environmental satisfaction, higher job demand, and higher social support. The mean values of psychosocial distress were higher in the workers of the noisy department, but the difference was not statistically significant. This study was to speculate whether the work environmental satisfaction and social supports modify the association between the noise exposure level and the blood pressure. The results showed that work environmental satisfaction could not modify the association between the blood pressure and the noise exposure. Social support at work did not modify the association. Furthermore, we evaluated the high job strain from a combination of high job demand and low job control at work. Compared to the low strain group, the olds ratio of the high job strain group for hypertension in diastolic blood pressure were statistically significant, but not in systolic blood pressure. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether the independent variables contributed to explaining the blood pressure. After controlling for possible confounders, we found that the noise exposure level was a correlate of the diastolic blood pressure. But no association between the noise exposure level and the systolic blood pressure. No significant result was found for psychosocial factor.

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Original Article

Effect of Long-Term Noise Exposure on the Blood Pressure in Factory Workers: Bok Youn Kim, Cheon Tae Kim, Jung Jeung Lee, Hong Chin Park, Chang Yoon Kim, Pock Soo Kang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(1):43-58. Published online February 29, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.1.43

Abstract PDF

The question of an association between occupational noise exposure and blood pressure has important public health implications. The harmful effects of hypertension are well known and noise is considered the mosts pervasive problem of all occupational exposures in Taegu City, Korea. A cross-sectional study on the effect of long-term noise exposure on blood pressure was done for 276 noise exposed workers (203 male workers, 73 female workers). Long-term noise exposure was measured by cumulative noise exposure level and noise-induced hearing loss. Hearing loss=(500Hz+2x1,000Hz+2x2,000Hz+4,000Hz)/6 Questionaire was administered to the workers, which includes age, sex, occupational history on the noise exposure, habits on alcohol drinking and smoking, practice of regular exercise, family history of hypertension. Type A behavior, question on stress, height, weight and blood pressure were measured. Serum triglyceride and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were also measured. Audiometry was done in the closed booth at 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 6,000, 8,000, 1,000 and 500Hz in order. Mutiple logistic regression analysis revealed that cumulative noise exposure level(p<0.05), serum triglyceride(p<0.01), age(p<0.01) and family history of hypertension (p<0.05) predict hypertension (systolic blood pressure: 160mmHg or above, or diastolic blood pressure: 95mmHg or above) in male workers. In female workers, serum triglyceride (p<0.01), LDL (p<0.01) and family history of hypertension(p<0.05) were predictors of hypertension (systolic blood pressure: 160mmHg or above, or diastolic blood pressure: 95mmHg or above). As the number of female workers with hypertension was too small, the multiple logistic regression was done according to hypertension criteria of systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90mmHg. Based on this criteria, cumulative noise exposure level (p=0.055) and age (p=0.057) predict hypertension. It is suggested that long-term noise exposure which was calculated by cumulative noise exposure level was a significant predictor of hypertension in noise exposed workers.

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American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2009; 52(6): 509. CrossRef

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